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CC B
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SA
li
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C
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s
p
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A
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:
Du
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Hu
u
Ai
Facu
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C
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p
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Un
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T
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T
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Un
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Dan
a
n
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Dan
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,
Vietn
am
E
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d
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ai@
v
k
u
.
u
d
n
.
v
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Op
tical
wir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
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n
(
OW
C
)
r
elies
h
ea
v
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o
n
lin
e
-
of
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s
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t
(
L
OS)
co
n
n
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tiv
it
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b
etwe
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an
s
m
itter
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.
T
h
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m
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th
at
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clea
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th
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d
esti
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Ho
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r
esear
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d
d
e
v
elo
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m
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t
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h
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v
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s
th
at
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on
-
lin
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of
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s
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NL
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f
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s
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FS
O)
lin
k
s
f
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co
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s
.
NL
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O
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v
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lv
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tech
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w
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m
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ev
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wh
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clea
r
d
ir
ec
t
p
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b
etwe
en
th
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two
en
d
p
o
in
ts
[
1
]
–
[
8
]
.
W
h
ile
NL
OS
FS
O
lin
k
s
f
ac
e
s
ev
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al
lim
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s
co
m
p
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to
tr
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L
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,
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s
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u
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to
m
ak
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m
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v
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th
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r
f
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s
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ca
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m
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b
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f
ea
s
ib
le
[
9
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
R
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f
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ab
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in
tellig
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t
s
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f
ac
es
(
R
I
S)
ar
e
an
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g
in
g
tech
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lo
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th
at
h
as
s
h
o
wn
p
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ten
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to
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m
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,
esp
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av
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R
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ac
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m
an
a
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lig
h
t
p
r
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p
a
g
ates
in
th
e
en
v
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o
n
m
en
t
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
B
y
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f
f
er
in
g
an
ad
a
p
tab
le,
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
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f
ac
e
th
at
m
an
ip
u
lates
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h
t
p
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p
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,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Do
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(
Du
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Hu
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1175
R
I
S
tech
n
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lo
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s
ig
n
if
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tly
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s
FS
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p
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d
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am
ic
o
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s
tr
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s
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o
s
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b
r
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d
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th
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p
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in
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
m
u
n
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n
n
et
wo
r
k
s
[
2
5
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
A
d
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le
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R
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in
to
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n
p
o
in
ts
i
n
th
e
o
p
tical
p
at
h
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etwe
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e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
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d
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.
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h
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p
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a
b
les
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r
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ter
f
lex
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a
n
d
c
o
v
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b
y
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d
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ter
m
ed
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h
o
p
th
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ws lig
h
t to
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h
m
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d
is
tan
t lo
ca
tio
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s
with
o
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t a
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t L
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Acc
o
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d
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ly
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m
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m
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W
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s
u
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ca
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m
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QAM
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is
s
h
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to
q
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titativ
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illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
ASER
)
in
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
R
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d
with
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o
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-
h
o
p
o
f
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h
e
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er
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th
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ap
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o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws.
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2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
wir
eles
s
o
p
tical
li
n
k
an
d
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
m
o
d
el.
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n
3
p
r
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ts
th
e
r
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lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
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io
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.
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ally
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s
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tio
n
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n
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es th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
T
H
E
W
I
RE
L
E
SS
O
P
T
I
CA
L
L
I
NK
AND
CH
ANN
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L
M
O
DE
L
S
2
.
1
.
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he
wire
less
o
ptic
a
l lin
k
Do
u
b
le
-
h
o
p
R
I
S
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ass
is
ted
FS
O
lin
k
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ar
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n
n
o
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tio
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f
o
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g
r
o
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u
s
t,
f
l
ex
ib
le,
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
FS
O
co
m
m
u
n
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n
p
ath
s
in
co
m
p
lex
o
r
o
b
s
tr
u
cted
en
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ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
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y
ad
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g
a
s
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o
n
d
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S
s
u
r
f
ac
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th
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s
y
s
tem
s
en
ab
le
g
r
ea
ter
NL
OS
co
v
e
r
ag
e,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
e
x
ten
d
ed
r
ea
c
h
,
m
a
k
in
g
th
em
v
alu
a
b
le
f
o
r
u
r
b
an
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
an
d
em
e
r
g
en
c
y
co
m
m
u
n
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n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ho
wev
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r
,
t
h
ey
also
c
o
m
e
with
ad
d
ed
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h
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ter
m
s
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alig
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en
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p
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wer
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u
ir
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n
ts
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d
s
y
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tem
co
m
p
le
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ity
.
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ith
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ce
m
en
ts
in
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
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ith
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s
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ig
n
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r
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s
s
in
g
,
an
d
R
I
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tech
n
o
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o
g
y
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
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o
u
b
le
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h
o
p
FS
O
s
y
s
tem
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co
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lay
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cr
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g
ly
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tan
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r
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le
i
n
n
ex
t
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g
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o
p
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m
m
u
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n
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k
s
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m
o
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f
d
o
u
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le
-
h
o
p
R
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aid
ed
wir
eless
o
p
tical
lin
k
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
m
o
d
el
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
-
h
o
p
R
I
S
-
aid
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o
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tical
lin
k
Fig
u
r
e
2
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er
v
iew
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
-
h
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p
R
I
S
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aid
ed
,
f
ir
s
t
R
I
S
h
o
p
:
th
e
o
p
tical
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ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
is
d
ir
ec
ted
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
R
I
S,
wh
i
ch
r
ef
lects
it
t
o
war
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
R
I
S.
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n
d
R
I
S
h
o
p
:
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e
s
ec
o
n
d
R
I
S
th
en
r
ed
ir
ec
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
al
to
war
d
th
e
f
in
al
r
ec
eiv
er
.
R
esu
ltin
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p
ath
:
th
is
two
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s
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r
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o
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s
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s
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e
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ig
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ld
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lo
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t
o
r
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g
le
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h
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at
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
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n
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r
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a
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(
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to
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(
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ir
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tly
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s
ca
d
e
d
r
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lectio
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ath
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f
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y
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.
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ten
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g
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h
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y
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er
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ly
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u
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ed
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lect
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(
1
)
.
ℎ
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1
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2
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2
.
(
1
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itted
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Sin
g
le
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ca
r
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QAM
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m
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tech
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iq
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e
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ten
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ir
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co
m
b
in
es
th
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p
r
in
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les
o
f
SC
m
o
d
u
latio
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QAM
.
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at
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1
9
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.
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e
r
PD
Fs
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
elem
en
ts
.
ASER
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
es
p
ec
ially
in
h
ig
h
-
d
ata
-
r
ate
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
.
A
lo
wer
ASER
ty
p
ic
ally
im
p
lies
a
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
with
f
ewe
r
er
r
o
r
s
,
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
to
b
etter
d
ata
in
teg
r
ity
.
T
h
e
clo
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
y
m
b
o
l e
r
r
o
r
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
is
g
iv
e
n
i
n
(
1
0
)
[
2
7
]
.
̄
(
)
=
2
∫
(
)
(
√
)
(
)
∞
0
+
2
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(
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√
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(
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)
(
√
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(
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3.
NUM
E
RIC
AL
R
E
SU
L
T
S A
ND
DIS
C
USS
I
O
N
Fro
m
(
7
)
an
d
(
1
0
)
,
we
s
h
o
w
n
u
m
er
ical
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
ASER
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
h
o
p
o
f
R
I
S
-
aid
ed
FS
O
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
a
wir
eless
o
p
tical
lin
k
o
v
er
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
ch
an
n
el
in
wh
ich
S
an
d
D
ar
e
s
itu
ated
at
th
e
s
am
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
=
1000
m
,
=
2000
m
,
=
3000
m,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
,
an
d
QAM
lev
el
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
two
s
y
s
tem
’
s
s
u
b
-
ch
an
n
els
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
iz
ed
b
y
th
e
s
am
e
i
n
d
ex
o
f
r
ef
r
a
ctio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
2
.
Par
am
eter
s
an
d
co
n
s
tan
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
o
u
r
a
n
aly
s
is
ar
e
p
r
es
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sy
s
tem
co
n
s
tan
s
an
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
Th
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
λ
1
5
5
0
n
m
Th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
si
v
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
ℜ
1
A
/
W
Th
e
mo
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
1
Th
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
i
se
N
0
10
-
7
A
/
H
z
Th
e
Q
A
M
mo
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
h
e
me
×
16
,
32
,
64
Th
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
a
p
e
r
t
u
r
e
d
i
a
me
t
e
r
0
.
0
6
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
e
x
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
2
1
0
−
15
−
2
/
3
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ASER
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
SNR
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
lin
k
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ASER
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
SNR
is
an
es
s
en
tial
asp
ec
t
o
f
ass
e
s
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
.
L
i
n
k
d
i
s
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
af
f
ec
ts
p
ath
l
o
s
s
an
d
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
p
o
we
r
,
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
ASER
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
well.
ASER
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
er
s
u
s
SNR
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
lin
k
d
is
tan
ce
s
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
t
o
r
in
e
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
As
lin
k
d
is
tan
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
SNR
g
en
er
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
lead
in
g
to
h
ig
h
er
ASER
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
ASER
a
n
d
SNR
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
lin
k
d
is
tan
ce
ca
n
v
a
r
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
b
ased
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
lik
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
em
e,
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
p
ath
lo
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
ASER p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
SNR
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t v
alu
es o
f
lin
k
d
is
tan
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
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t J Ar
tif
I
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tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
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2
,
Ap
r
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20
26
:
1
1
7
4
-
1
1
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0
1178
R
I
S
-
aid
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
w
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ASER
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
m
o
d
u
latio
n
ch
o
ices
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
with
lo
wer
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
.
B
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
SNR
o
v
er
d
o
u
b
le
-
h
o
p
lin
k
s
,
R
I
S
-
aid
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ak
e
h
ig
h
-
q
u
alit
y
,
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
f
ea
s
ib
le
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
p
o
wer
o
r
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
th
em
id
ea
l
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
lik
e
5
G
an
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ASER
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
SNR
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
QAM
s
ch
em
e.
R
I
S
-
aid
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
en
ab
le
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
ASER
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
QAM
s
ch
em
es,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
b
etter
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
r
eliab
le
h
ig
h
-
d
ata
-
r
ate
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
QAM
s
ch
em
e
,
th
e
R
I
S
-
aid
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
h
if
ts
th
e
ASER
v
s
.
SN
R
cu
r
v
e
to
th
e
le
f
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
n
o
n
-
R
I
S
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
less
S
NR
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
am
e
ASER,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
r
e
x
ten
d
ed
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
ASER p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ag
ain
s
t th
e
SNR
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
alu
es o
f
QAM
s
ch
em
e
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
u
n
if
ied
cl
o
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
an
d
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
-
h
o
p
o
f
R
I
S
-
aid
ed
f
o
r
wir
eless
o
p
tical
lin
k
u
n
d
er
l
o
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
f
a
d
in
g
ch
a
n
n
els.
I
n
a
d
o
u
b
le
-
h
o
p
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
l
e
in
tellig
en
t
s
u
r
f
ac
e
aid
ed
wir
eless
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
in
two
d
is
tin
ct
h
o
p
s
with
an
in
ter
m
ed
iate
R
I
S
u
s
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lin
k
q
u
ality
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Her
e,
"d
o
u
b
le
-
h
o
p
"
m
ea
n
s
th
at
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
tr
av
els
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
to
th
e
R
I
S
an
d
th
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
I
S
to
th
e
r
ec
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er
.
Utili
zin
g
a
R
I
S
in
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
i
s
ad
v
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eo
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s
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ec
a
u
s
e
it
ca
n
ad
ap
tiv
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r
ef
lect
th
e
o
p
tical
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ig
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al
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o
p
tim
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p
o
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ir
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d
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s
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ch
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F
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Au
th
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ax
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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.
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