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[
4
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[
7
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I
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[
1
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[
8
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[
9
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As
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[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
F
o
r
i
n
s
t
an
c
e
,
H
ag
en
d
o
r
f
f
[
1
3
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h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
s
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h
e
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m
p
o
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t
a
n
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r
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-
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p
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c
e
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e
s
,
an
d
cr
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c
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l
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y
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v
a
l
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a
t
in
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o
u
t
p
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o
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t
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v
e
A
I
.
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m
p
t
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g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
in
p
ar
tic
u
lar
,
r
e
q
u
ir
es
u
s
er
s
to
iter
ativ
ely
r
ef
in
e
in
p
u
ts
to
g
u
id
e
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
to
war
d
d
esire
d
o
u
tco
m
es,
b
len
d
in
g
tec
h
n
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
wi
th
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
.
S
im
ilar
ly
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
ass
es
s
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
co
n
ten
t
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
au
t
h
en
tic
an
d
m
an
ip
u
lated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
ese
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
r
ep
r
esen
t
o
n
ly
o
n
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
in
an
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
e
b
ate,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
clea
r
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d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
d
ef
in
es
th
e
co
r
e
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
clar
ity
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
a
p
s
in
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
s
o
f
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
,
p
o
s
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
g
ap
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
h
at
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
in
ter
ac
ti
n
g
with
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
W
ith
o
u
t
a
s
h
ar
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
wh
at
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
en
tails
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
ay
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
d
esig
n
r
elev
an
t
cu
r
r
icu
la
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
ig
h
t
lack
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
m
etr
ics
to
ass
ess
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
p
r
o
b
a
b
ly
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ch
allen
g
es
in
s
ettin
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
co
m
p
eten
cy
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
.
T
h
is
g
ap
also
c
r
ea
tes
tan
g
ib
le
r
is
k
s
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
a
y
g
r
a
d
u
ate
with
o
u
t
th
e
ess
e
n
tial
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
w
o
r
k
p
lac
es
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
h
ar
m
f
u
l
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
AI
m
a
y
s
p
r
ea
d
u
n
c
h
ec
k
ed
d
u
e
to
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
cr
itical
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
k
ills
[
1
7
]
,
an
d
in
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
co
u
ld
wid
e
n
ex
is
tin
g
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
es
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
m
ay
b
e
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
to
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ee
p
f
ak
es
an
d
s
y
n
th
etic
m
e
d
ia
[
1
9
]
,
p
o
ten
tially
u
n
d
er
m
in
i
n
g
tr
u
s
t
in
d
ig
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
r
o
ad
l
y
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
AI
liter
ac
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
io
r
itize
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
co
n
ce
p
ts
s
u
ch
as
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
2
0
]
,
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
r
is
k
s
.
W
h
ile
th
es
e
elem
en
ts
r
em
ain
r
elev
an
t,
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
u
s
e
r
s
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
ti
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
o
lv
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n
g
,
i
t
e
r
a
ti
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
at
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
n
u
a
n
c
e
d
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
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e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
A
I
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
d
co
n
t
e
n
t
.
Giv
en
th
ese
ch
alle
n
g
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
t
o
co
n
ce
p
tu
ali
ze
g
en
er
ati
v
e
AI
liter
ac
y
b
y
cr
itically
ex
am
in
in
g
ex
is
tin
g
d
e
f
in
itio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
e
s
s
en
tial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
en
g
ag
e
with
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
ile
AI
liter
ac
y
h
as
b
ee
n
w
id
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
n
ew
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
ev
alu
ativ
e
d
em
an
d
s
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
clea
r
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
g
ap
s
b
y
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
to
estab
lis
h
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
clar
ity
in
r
esear
ch
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
li
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
A
well
-
d
ef
i
n
ed
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
will
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
a
m
o
r
e
co
h
er
en
t
an
d
ac
tio
n
ab
le
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
g
u
id
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
h
o
w
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ca
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
an
d
cr
itically
in
ter
ac
t w
ith
g
en
er
at
iv
e
AI
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
d
r
aws
u
p
o
n
r
ev
is
ed
B
lo
o
m
’
s
ta
x
o
n
o
m
y
,
a
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
to
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
Or
ig
in
ally
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
class
if
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es,
r
ev
is
ed
B
lo
o
m
’
s
tax
o
n
o
m
y
em
p
h
asizes
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
o
h
i
g
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
s
k
ills
lik
e
an
aly
s
is
,
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
cr
ea
tio
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tag
es
alig
n
clo
s
ely
with
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
,
wh
er
e
u
s
er
s
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
AI
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
b
u
t
also
iter
ativ
ely
r
ef
in
e
in
p
u
ts
,
cr
itically
ass
ess
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
c
r
ea
te
co
n
ten
t
in
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
AI
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
ad
ap
tin
g
B
lo
o
m
’
s
tax
o
n
o
m
y
to
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
estab
lis
h
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
eth
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
awa
r
en
ess
in
to
ea
ch
s
tag
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es th
at
lear
n
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
k
ill s
et
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h ques
t
io
ns
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
ize
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
b
y
cr
itically
ex
am
in
in
g
ex
is
tin
g
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
W
h
ile
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
o
f
AI
liter
ac
y
ex
is
t,
th
ey
o
f
te
n
d
o
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
co
g
n
itiv
e,
tech
n
ical,
an
d
e
v
alu
ativ
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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tell
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
9
3
8
A
n
ex
p
lo
r
a
to
r
y
r
ev
iew
o
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
a
liz
in
g
g
en
era
tive
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tifi
cia
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tellig
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d
with
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
r
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
estab
lis
h
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
wh
at
co
n
s
titu
tes
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
an
s
wer
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
:
wh
at
ar
e
th
e
g
a
p
s
in
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
ce
p
t
u
aliza
tio
n
s
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
h
o
w
ca
n
th
ey
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
?
B
y
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
p
r
i
o
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
s
,
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
id
e
n
tifie
s
k
ey
th
em
es
a
n
d
th
e
o
r
etica
l
g
a
p
s
,
u
ltima
tely
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
a
clea
r
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
s
ea
rc
h a
nd
m
a
nu
s
cr
ipt
s
elec
t
io
n pro
ce
s
s
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
g
e
n
er
ati
v
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
m
u
ltip
le
s
tag
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
atab
ase
s
elec
tio
n
,
k
e
y
wo
r
d
-
b
ased
s
ea
r
ch
es,
an
d
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
id
en
tif
y
elig
ib
le
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
4
]
.
T
o
ca
p
tu
r
e
a
b
r
o
ad
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
ch
o
lar
ly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
th
r
ee
k
ey
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
atab
ases
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
:
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
Sco
p
u
s
,
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
la
r
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
ese
d
atab
ases
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
eir
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles,
co
n
f
er
en
c
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
p
ap
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
[
2
7
]
.
A
to
tal
o
f
6
0
ar
ticles
wer
e
in
itially
r
etr
iev
e
d
,
with
1
2
f
r
o
m
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
2
1
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
,
an
d
2
7
f
r
o
m
G
o
o
g
le
Sch
o
la
r
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
to
tar
g
et
liter
atu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
e
a
r
c
h
te
r
m
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
“
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
A
I
li
t
e
r
a
c
y
”
,
“
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
v
e
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
ia
l
i
n
t
e
ll
i
g
e
n
c
e
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
”
,
a
n
d
“
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
i
n
te
l
lig
e
n
c
e
(
A
I
)
li
t
e
r
ac
y
”
.
T
h
es
e
t
e
r
m
s
we
r
e
s
e
l
e
ct
e
d
t
o
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
s
s
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
o
r
et
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
d
is
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
l
it
e
r
a
cy
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
A
I
[
2
8
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
ele
v
an
ce
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
g
u
id
ed
b
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
c
r
iter
ia.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wa
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
ilter
liter
atu
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
o
n
ly
h
ig
h
ly
r
ele
v
an
t
a
n
d
cr
ed
i
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
o
u
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
W
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
clu
d
ed
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles,
co
n
f
er
en
c
e
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
p
ap
e
r
s
.
T
h
ese
p
u
b
licatio
n
ty
p
es
wer
e
p
r
io
r
itized
d
u
e
to
th
eir
in
h
er
e
n
t
ac
a
d
em
ic
v
ettin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ch
o
lar
ly
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
in
clu
d
ed
liter
atu
r
e
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
C
r
u
cially
,
in
clu
d
e
d
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
d
to
ex
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
g
en
er
a
tiv
e
AI
liter
ac
y
,
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
it
f
r
o
m
b
r
o
ad
e
r
AI
liter
ac
y
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
we
also
p
r
io
r
itized
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
ed
c
lear
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
t
h
eo
r
ies,
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
o
r
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
t
o
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
,
as
th
ese
we
r
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el.
Ar
ticles
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
ass
es
s
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
r
elate
d
t
o
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
wer
e
a
ls
o
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
as
t
h
ese
o
f
f
er
e
d
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
g
l
o
b
al
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
,
o
n
ly
wo
r
k
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
E
n
g
l
is
h
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
n
o
n
-
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
b
lo
g
p
o
s
ts
,
o
p
in
io
n
p
iece
s
,
o
r
non
-
ac
a
d
em
ic
web
s
ites
,
wer
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ex
clu
d
ed
.
T
h
es
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
w
h
ile
p
o
ten
tially
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
e,
ty
p
ically
lack
th
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
ch
o
lar
ly
r
esear
ch
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
A
k
ey
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
io
n
was
also
ap
p
lied
to
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
o
lely
o
n
g
e
n
er
al
AI
liter
ac
y
with
o
u
t
ex
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
cr
it
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lex
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
in
h
er
en
t
t
o
g
en
er
ativ
e
m
o
d
els.
Fin
ally
,
ar
ticles
lack
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
d
etail
o
n
th
eir
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
as
well
as
d
u
p
licated
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
r
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
c
o
n
ten
t
alr
ea
d
y
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
in
o
th
er
d
ata
b
ases
,
wer
e
f
ilter
e
d
o
u
t
t
o
m
ain
tain
co
n
cisen
ess
an
d
av
o
id
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
.
T
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
wed
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
two
-
s
tep
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
3
3
]
.
T
o
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
an
ce
o
b
jectiv
ity
an
d
m
in
im
ize
b
ias,
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
was in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
two
au
th
o
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
t
ep
,
d
u
p
licates
wer
e
r
em
o
v
ed
,
an
d
titl
es
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
wer
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
alig
n
m
en
t w
ith
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
is
in
itial
f
ilter
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
p
o
o
l
o
f
ar
ticles
to
2
7
p
o
t
en
tial
ca
n
d
id
ates.
An
y
d
is
cr
e
p
an
cies
o
r
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
r
ev
iewe
r
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ar
ticl
e
in
clu
s
io
n
wer
e
r
eso
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
,
o
r
b
y
c
o
n
s
u
ltin
g
a
th
ir
d
a
u
th
o
r
wh
en
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
,
a
f
u
l
l
-
tex
t
r
ev
iew
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
ar
ticles
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
h
ase,
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
o
r
f
ailed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
b
s
t
an
tial
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
f
in
al
co
r
p
u
s
o
f
2
0
ar
ticles
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
in
cl
u
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
ese
ar
ticles
co
llec
tiv
ely
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
,
s
p
an
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r
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l
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
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,
em
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ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
et
h
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
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s
.
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h
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tr
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ctu
r
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p
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ch
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tio
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en
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at
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r
o
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e
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a
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d
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ele
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t
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liter
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r
e,
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r
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t f
o
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n
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atio
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o
r
s
y
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th
esizin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
[
3
4
]
.
2
.
3
.
T
he
da
t
a
c
o
din
g
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
pro
ce
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e
s
T
h
e
d
ata
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o
d
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d
an
al
y
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ig
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r
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ativ
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liter
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A
co
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r
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elo
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ed
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ased
o
n
p
r
i
o
r
d
ef
in
itio
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o
f
AI
liter
ac
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em
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g
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n
g
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
to
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
in
iti
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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iter
ativ
ely
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ef
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ased
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atter
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ticles
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7
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was
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y
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e
p
r
im
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y
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esear
ch
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.
T
h
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co
d
ed
a
r
ticles
wer
e
th
en
p
r
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to
a
s
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co
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d
in
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ep
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en
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o
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ig
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r
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en
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1=
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o
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en
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s
Kap
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a
was
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lcu
lated
to
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u
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tif
y
in
ter
-
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ater
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eliab
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y
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y
ield
in
g
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
8
3
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
estab
lis
h
ed
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
[
3
5
]
.
Dis
cr
ep
an
cies
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
r
eso
lv
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
co
d
in
g
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
e
m
atic
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
t
an
t
co
m
p
ar
ati
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e
m
eth
o
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
th
em
es,
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
s
,
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
co
m
p
ar
in
g
c
o
d
es
ac
r
o
s
s
ar
ticles,
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
e
d
ata
its
elf
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
was
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
ited
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
as
it
en
a
b
led
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
em
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
m
u
ltid
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
,
s
u
c
h
as f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
u
n
ts
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
ar
ticle
ch
ar
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ter
is
tics
,
in
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d
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u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
,
s
tu
d
y
ty
p
e
,
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d
g
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g
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ap
h
ic
d
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tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
d
ataset.
Fin
ally
,
t
h
e
id
en
tifie
d
th
em
es
wer
e
m
a
p
p
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th
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d
y
’
s
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ch
q
u
esti
o
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t
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e
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en
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with
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e
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y
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s
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b
j
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tiv
es
an
d
f
ac
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ate
a
co
h
e
r
en
t
p
r
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o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
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h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
an
aly
s
is
was
b
o
th
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
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e,
p
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o
v
id
in
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a
s
o
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f
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d
atio
n
f
o
r
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
alizin
g
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
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.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
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SS
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ef
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e
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itio
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im
p
o
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t
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r
ticles
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ticles
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o
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tlin
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th
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m
eth
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lo
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n
.
T
h
e
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aly
s
is
o
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ch
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r
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in
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,
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me
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t
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0
First,
th
e
tem
p
o
r
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
a
r
ticles
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
t
h
e
r
ap
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
in
ter
est
in
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles
(
1
7
o
r
8
5
%
)
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
2
4
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
th
e
f
ield
’
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
an
d
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
cy
with
wh
ich
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
its
ch
allen
g
es.
On
ly
two
ar
ticles
(
1
0
%)
d
ate
b
ac
k
t
o
2
0
2
3
,
an
d
o
n
e
ar
ticle
(
5
%)
was
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
ea
r
ly
2
0
2
5
.
T
h
is
r
ec
en
t
s
u
r
g
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
y
et
r
ap
id
ly
ev
o
lv
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
as a
r
esear
c
h
d
o
m
ai
n
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ically
,
th
e
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles
r
ef
lect
a
d
i
v
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
tin
en
ts
.
Asi
a
lead
s
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ar
ticles,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
eig
h
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
4
0
%),
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
E
u
r
o
p
e
with
s
ev
en
ar
ticles (
3
5
%).
No
r
th
Am
er
ica
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
r
ee
ar
ticles (
1
5
%),
wh
ile
Oce
an
ia
an
d
Af
r
ica
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
two
ar
ticles
(
1
0
%)
an
d
o
n
e
ar
ticle
(
5
%),
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
No
tab
l
y
,
s
o
m
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as th
o
s
e
b
etwe
en
T
u
r
k
ey
an
d
Aze
r
b
aijan
o
r
th
e
Un
ite
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
a
n
d
C
h
in
a.
T
h
is
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
iv
er
s
ity
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
g
lo
b
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
its
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ile
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s
to
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ate
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
,
th
o
u
g
h
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
f
o
r
m
ats also
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
ad
v
an
cin
g
th
e
f
ield
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
f
u
r
th
er
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
a
cy
r
esear
ch
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ie
s
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
lar
g
est
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
with
1
0
ar
ticles
(
5
0
%)
u
tili
zin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
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u
r
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ey
s
,
ex
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er
im
en
ts
,
an
d
f
ield
s
tu
d
ies
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
o
r
etica
l
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
ar
e
th
e
n
ex
t
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
p
p
ea
r
in
g
in
f
iv
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ar
ticles
(
2
5
%)
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
o
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
alizin
g
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
an
d
p
r
o
p
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s
in
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m
o
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els
o
r
g
u
i
d
elin
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d
itio
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ally
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two
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(
1
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iew
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tu
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ies
th
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ile
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co
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ticle
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%).
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h
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in
m
eth
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lo
g
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h
lig
h
ts
th
e
f
ield
’
s
d
y
n
am
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ter
p
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elian
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b
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titativ
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in
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all,
th
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ch
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ac
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o
f
th
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ar
ticles
r
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t
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d
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ap
id
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ex
p
a
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d
in
g
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esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
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b
licatio
n
s
in
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
co
u
p
le
d
with
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
u
r
g
en
cy
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
ad
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
ese
tr
en
d
s
s
et
th
e
s
tag
e
f
o
r
a
d
ee
p
er
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
,
in
clu
d
in
g
its
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
an
d
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Giv
en
th
is
r
ap
id
ly
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
r
esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
th
e
n
ex
t sectio
n
ex
am
i
n
es h
o
w
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
h
as b
ee
n
d
ef
in
e
d
a
cr
o
s
s
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies,
id
en
tify
in
g
co
m
m
o
n
th
em
es a
n
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
g
ap
s
.
3
.
1
.
T
o
wa
rd
a
co
m
prehens
iv
e
def
ini
t
io
n o
f
g
ener
a
t
iv
e
AI
lite
ra
cy
Fro
m
th
e
2
0
ar
ticles
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
r
ev
iewe
d
,
s
ev
er
al
k
e
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
as
h
ig
h
ly
in
f
lu
en
tial
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
l
iter
ac
y
.
T
o
h
elp
g
u
id
e
th
e
r
ea
d
er
,
th
ese
k
ey
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
ese
s
elec
ted
wo
r
k
s
,
d
etailin
g
t
h
eir
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
an
d
r
elev
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ce
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
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-
d
ep
th
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aly
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is
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
k
e
y
ar
tic
les th
at
s
h
ap
e
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
d
ef
in
in
g
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
S
o
u
r
c
e
Ti
t
l
e
F
o
c
u
s a
n
d
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
[
3
8
]
W
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s
A
I
l
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t
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r
a
c
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C
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A
I
.
[
3
9
]
C
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p
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A
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[
4
0
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M
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[
4
1
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U
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p
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1
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W
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4
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W
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AI
liter
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[
2
0
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
g
en
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ativ
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AI
in
tr
o
d
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ce
s
u
n
iq
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co
p
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AI
liter
ac
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[
4
5
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.
U
n
lik
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n
tio
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AI
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
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ea
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[
4
1
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.
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h
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ter
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g
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d
em
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d
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O
n
e
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m
o
s
t
wid
ely
cited
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ef
in
itio
n
s
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
by
[
3
8
]
d
escr
ib
es
AI
liter
ac
y
as
“a
s
et
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies
t
h
at
en
ab
les
in
d
iv
id
u
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to
cr
i
tically
ev
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ate
AI
tech
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lo
g
ies;
co
m
m
u
n
icate
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ate
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
with
AI
;
an
d
u
s
e
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as
a
to
o
l
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at
h
o
m
e,
an
d
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wo
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k
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lace
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h
ile
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ef
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d
s
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tatic
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ter
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ass
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m
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g
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at
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f
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as
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r
eq
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ir
in
g
iter
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e
h
u
m
an
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
u
lly
a
d
d
r
ess
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ated
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t,
cr
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ass
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tp
u
ts
,
o
r
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av
ig
ate
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th
ical
d
ilem
m
as a
s
s
o
ciate
d
wit
h
g
en
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AI
.
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n
r
esp
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e
to
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itatio
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s
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m
e
s
ch
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t
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in
e
A
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in
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to
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etter
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lect
th
e
d
em
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o
f
g
en
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at
iv
e
AI
.
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r
in
s
tan
ce
,
B
o
zk
u
r
t
[
4
1
]
p
r
o
v
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d
es
a
v
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ab
le
s
tep
f
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war
d
b
y
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f
f
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r
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
tar
g
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d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
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as
“p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
in
t
er
ac
tin
g
with
,
an
d
cr
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g
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tech
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o
l
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ies.”
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h
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itio
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s
ef
u
lly
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asizes
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tiv
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t
with
g
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AI
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tem
s
,
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v
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ass
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co
m
p
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h
en
s
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o
f
AI
p
r
i
n
cip
les.
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wev
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,
it
co
u
ld
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e
n
ef
it
f
r
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g
r
ea
ter
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p
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icity
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eg
ar
d
in
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th
e
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e
p
th
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
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th
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m
ec
h
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is
m
s
th
r
o
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g
h
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
als
d
ev
elo
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s
u
ch
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
Similar
ly
,
An
n
ap
u
r
ed
d
y
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
ac
tio
n
ab
le
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
m
o
d
el
th
at
id
en
tifie
s
twelv
e
co
r
e
s
k
ills
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
.
W
h
ile
th
is
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
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n
d
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f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
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,
its
th
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etica
l u
n
d
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r
p
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co
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l
d
b
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s
tr
en
g
th
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ed
to
b
etter
ex
p
lain
h
o
w
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cies in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t w
ith
i
n
a
b
r
o
ad
er
liter
ac
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
W
e
d
o
b
eliev
e
b
o
th
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ad
v
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ce
m
en
ts
b
u
t
also
r
ev
ea
l o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
u
ll c
o
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
g
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n
er
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A
I
liter
ac
y
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
AI
liter
a
cy
m
o
r
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
h
av
e
led
to
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
attem
p
t
to
c
ateg
o
r
ize
k
ey
co
m
p
eten
cies
.
B
o
zk
u
r
t
[
4
2
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
3
wAI
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
a
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
“
k
n
o
w
wh
at
”
)
,
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
(
“
k
n
o
w
how
")
,
an
d
eth
ical
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
awa
r
en
ess
(
“
k
n
o
w
wh
y
”
)
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lin
ea
r
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
th
e
3
wAI
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
ex
p
licitly
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
e
a
d
ap
tiv
e
an
d
f
lex
ib
le,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
i
n
g
th
e
r
a
p
id
ly
ev
o
lv
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
liter
ac
y
to
ev
o
lv
e
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le
,
B
o
zk
u
r
t
[
4
2
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
AI
liter
ac
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
“
liq
u
id
an
d
r
ap
id
ly
u
p
d
atab
le
co
n
c
ep
t,
”
with
g
u
id
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
allo
w
u
s
er
s
to
r
ea
s
s
ess
co
m
p
eten
cies
as
A
I
to
o
ls
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
alig
n
s
with
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
,
wh
er
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u
s
er
s
m
u
s
t iter
ativ
ely
r
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in
e
in
p
u
ts
an
d
ad
ap
t t
o
ev
o
lv
in
g
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
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wev
er
,
wh
ile
3
wAI
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
4
2
]
o
f
f
er
s
a
v
alu
a
b
le
ad
a
p
tiv
e
an
d
f
lex
i
b
le
ap
p
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h
to
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
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o
p
p
o
r
t
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n
ities
f
o
r
r
ef
in
em
en
t
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till
r
em
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.
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ec
if
i
ca
lly
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ar
g
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e
th
at
th
e
f
r
am
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wo
r
k
co
u
ld
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
g
r
ea
ter
g
r
an
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lar
ity
in
ad
d
r
ess
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g
eth
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an
d
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o
cieta
l
c
h
allen
g
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s
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ch
as
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
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en
v
ir
o
n
m
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tal
im
p
ac
ts
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f
tr
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in
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lar
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e
m
o
d
els,
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d
leg
al
co
n
s
id
er
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ar
o
u
n
d
i
n
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p
r
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p
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ty
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d
itio
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ally
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in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
d
is
tin
ct
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
id
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tify
an
d
co
m
b
at
h
ar
m
s
u
ch
as
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
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,
d
ee
p
f
ak
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o
r
AI
-
g
en
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r
ated
b
ias
wo
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
its
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
s
tak
es
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
AI
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
w
o
u
ld
b
u
ild
o
n
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
’
s
ex
is
tin
g
s
tr
en
g
th
s
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
c
r
itical
g
a
p
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
b
r
o
ad
er
r
ese
ar
ch
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
AI
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
An
o
th
er
wid
el
y
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Ng
et
a
l.
[
3
9
]
,
d
ef
in
es
AI
liter
ac
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
u
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
k
n
o
w
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
u
s
e
an
d
a
p
p
ly
,
e
v
alu
ate
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d
cr
ea
te,
an
d
eth
ics
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
lit
er
ac
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
test
(
GL
AT
)
[
4
6
]
,
wh
ich
attem
p
ts
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
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ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
d
im
en
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io
n
s
.
W
h
ile
th
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f
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am
ew
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
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a
s
tr
u
ctu
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f
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n
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atio
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f
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r
ass
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g
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liter
ac
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it
d
o
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o
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f
u
lly
ca
p
t
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iter
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cr
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p
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s
s
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h
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in
g
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ati
v
e
AI
in
ter
ac
tio
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s
.
Sch
o
lar
s
s
u
ch
as
[
1
2
]
h
av
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ted
th
at
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f
r
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ten
d
s
to
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m
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ir
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o
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Mo
r
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“
ev
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ce
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ate
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m
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an
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s
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all
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
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elem
en
ts
o
f
g
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AI
liter
ac
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.
B
ey
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d
tech
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an
d
eth
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ch
allen
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g
en
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A
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liter
ac
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also
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s
o
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im
p
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a
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n
d
er
e
m
p
h
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in
ex
is
tin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
U
n
lik
e
tr
ad
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al
AI
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
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aly
ze
ex
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ata,
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e
w
co
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ten
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u
c
h
as
s
y
n
t
h
etic
m
ed
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ee
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a
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d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
9
3
8
A
n
ex
p
lo
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to
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ev
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p
tu
a
liz
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tive
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tellig
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(
Mo
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1029
AI
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g
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ated
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wh
ich
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e
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ticity
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ias,
an
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m
an
ip
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latio
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[
4
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Fo
r
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ater
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eth
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elev
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ig
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[
4
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Similar
ly
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u
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an
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h
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ias
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wh
ich
[
4
0
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a
r
g
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e
a
r
e
in
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q
u
ately
a
d
d
r
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in
c
o
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v
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n
al
AI
liter
ac
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m
o
d
el
s
.
T
h
ese
ex
am
p
les
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
in
teg
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g
s
o
cieta
l
awa
r
e
n
ess
in
to
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liter
ac
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r
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n
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ca
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ag
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with
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tech
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lo
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way
s
th
at
m
itig
a
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h
ar
m
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p
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q
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Giv
en
th
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lim
itatio
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s
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ten
cies
in
ex
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tin
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ef
in
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,
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d
y
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p
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s
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a
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ew
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o
f
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at
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tech
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f
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cieta
l
awa
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ess
in
to
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k
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ac
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e
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n
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er
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ely
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t
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h
iter
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t,
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as
s
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t,
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d
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g
m
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lik
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etec
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n
av
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ilem
m
as
ass
o
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with
AI
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ated
in
f
o
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m
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.
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co
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p
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en
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f
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liter
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s
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ec
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d
s
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d
tech
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ter
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ly
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n
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tan
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e
m
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m
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in
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b
u
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ev
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if
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in
p
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ased
o
n
AI
r
esp
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s
es,
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d
an
ticip
ate
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ten
tial
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is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
AI
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g
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ated
m
is
in
f
o
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m
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n
.
As
g
en
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ativ
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A
I
to
o
ls
in
cr
ea
s
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g
ly
in
f
lu
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n
ce
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ten
t
c
r
ea
tio
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,
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ec
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m
ak
in
g
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a
n
d
p
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b
lic
d
is
co
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r
s
e,
liter
ac
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in
th
is
d
o
m
ain
m
u
s
t
also
in
clu
d
e
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
s
o
cieta
l
im
p
ac
ts
,
r
eg
u
lato
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s
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s
,
an
d
th
e
b
r
o
ad
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im
p
licatio
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s
o
f
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
n
a
r
r
ativ
es
in
v
ar
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u
s
f
ield
s
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
elem
en
ts
,
we
b
eliev
ed
th
at
g
en
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ativ
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liter
ac
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ca
n
b
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
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as
a
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y
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am
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c
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o
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s
k
ill
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et
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ates
tech
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,
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ical
r
esp
o
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s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
awa
r
en
ess
.
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h
is
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
e
n
ab
les
in
d
iv
id
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to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
g
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tech
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ies,
f
r
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m
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n
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er
s
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o
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to
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3
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2
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a
d
ap
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B
lo
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m
'
s
tax
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[
2
3
]
b
y
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tr
ea
m
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it
to
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ile
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p
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els
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
Ou
r
ad
ap
tatio
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o
f
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lo
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tax
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o
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th
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v
is
ed
B
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tax
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[
2
3
]
,
w
h
ich
p
r
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itizes
ac
tio
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-
o
r
ien
ted
v
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b
s
lik
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W
h
ile
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its
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ad
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im
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itiv
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s
[
4
8
]
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o
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r
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d
ap
ted
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ateg
ically
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r
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elib
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ately
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clu
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th
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'
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tag
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[
4
8
]
,
ali
g
n
in
g
with
estab
lis
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cr
iti
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an
d
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p
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asizes
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g
a
g
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t
an
d
cr
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Ou
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ar
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An
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ig
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tax
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(
B
DT
)
[
4
9
]
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wh
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m
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izes
th
e
f
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am
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r
tech
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en
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Ho
wev
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r
ef
in
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f
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r
th
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r
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ct
ch
allen
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d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
p
r
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ted
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y
g
en
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ativ
e
AI
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
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d
esig
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u
n
iq
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ati
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er
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a
f
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r
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b
u
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o
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c
o
n
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p
tu
alizin
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e
p
r
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d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
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m
p
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with
in
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er
g
in
g
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o
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ain
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tag
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r
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g
r
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th
e
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tu
d
y
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s
p
r
o
p
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s
ed
d
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in
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n
o
f
g
e
n
er
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AI
liter
ac
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as
a
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
m
u
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en
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m
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m
t
h
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ac
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ter
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e
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Fig
u
r
e
1
v
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p
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f
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s
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atin
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ip
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s
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Fig
u
r
e
1
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p
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tiv
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r
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s
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ates
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h
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lth
ca
r
e,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
wh
eth
er
its
u
s
e
alig
n
s
with
b
r
o
ad
er
s
o
cieta
l
v
alu
es
an
d
eth
ical
n
o
r
m
s
[
4
0
]
.
At
th
e
ev
alu
ate
s
tag
e,
lear
n
er
s
en
g
ag
e
in
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
ab
o
u
t
th
e
et
h
ical
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
.
Dr
awin
g
f
r
o
m
[
4
2
]
“
3
wAI
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
”
th
is
p
h
ase
in
teg
r
ates
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
AI
,
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
,
a
n
d
et
h
ical
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
E
th
ic
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
is
em
p
h
asized
as
lear
n
er
s
c
r
itically
ass
ess
i
s
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
b
ias,
d
ee
p
f
a
k
es,
an
d
th
e
m
is
u
s
e
o
f
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
co
n
te
n
t
in
m
e
d
i
a,
p
o
liti
cs,
an
d
e
n
ter
tain
m
en
t
[
4
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
lear
n
er
s
e
v
alu
ate
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
eq
u
ita
b
le
ac
ce
s
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
h
o
w
t
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
s
h
ap
e
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
AI
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
[
4
3
]
.
So
cieta
l
awa
r
en
ess
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
ac
t
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
o
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
in
clu
d
in
g
its
alig
n
m
en
t
with
leg
al
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
s
u
ch
as th
e
ex
ac
er
b
atio
n
o
f
in
e
q
u
ali
ties
an
d
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
s
ec
to
r
s
.
Fin
ally
,
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lev
el,
t
h
e
cr
ea
te
s
tag
e
en
co
u
r
ag
es
lea
r
n
er
s
to
lev
er
a
g
e
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
A
I
to
o
ls
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icie
n
c
y
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
with
AI
to
g
en
er
ate
o
r
ig
in
al
co
n
ten
t,
wh
eth
er
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
v
is
u
al
ar
t,
wr
itin
g
,
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
E
th
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
r
em
ain
s
i
n
teg
r
al
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
AI
-
g
e
n
er
ated
cr
ea
tio
n
s
ad
h
er
e
to
eth
ical
an
d
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
p
r
i
n
cip
les
an
d
av
o
id
h
a
r
m
o
r
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
[
4
3
]
.
So
cieta
l
awa
r
en
ess
is
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
lear
n
er
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
h
o
w
th
eir
AI
-
d
r
iv
e
n
cr
ea
tiv
e
wo
r
k
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
s
o
ciety
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ch
allen
g
es
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
p
ass
iv
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
to
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
AI
-
m
ed
iated
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
ac
co
m
p
a
n
y
in
g
tab
le
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
etailed
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
s
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
.
B
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
we
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
liter
ac
y
[
4
3
]
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
a
n
d
r
esear
c
h
e
r
s
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
to
d
esig
n
cu
r
r
icu
la,
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
eth
ical,
s
o
cieta
l,
an
d
tec
h
n
ical
c
h
allen
g
es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Ultim
ately
,
th
is
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
a
n
d
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
eq
u
ip
s
lear
n
er
s
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
iti
es
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
em
p
o
wer
in
g
th
e
m
to
h
ar
n
ess
th
eir
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
o
ten
tial
wh
ile
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
e
th
ical
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
ac
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
t
h
eir
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
A
s
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
co
n
tin
u
es
to
r
esh
ap
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
d
is
co
u
r
s
e,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
liter
ac
y
in
t
h
is
d
o
m
ain
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
a
f
u
tu
r
e
th
at
i
s
eq
u
itab
le,
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t,
an
d
r
e
s
ilien
t.
On
g
o
in
g
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t
o
f
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
will
b
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
em
er
g
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
its
r
elev
an
ce
in
an
ev
er
-
ch
a
n
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
t
ic
al
u
t
il
it
y
o
f
th
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
e
x
te
n
d
s
to
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
co
n
tex
t
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
ed
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
in
t
eg
r
a
ti
n
g
g
en
er
a
ti
v
e
AI
li
ter
ac
y
in
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
in
d
u
s
t
r
i
al
s
e
tt
i
n
g
s
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
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co
n
t
ex
t
s
,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
iv
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
b
jec
t
iv
e
s
an
d
cu
r
r
i
cu
l
a,
m
o
v
in
g
lea
r
n
er
s
f
r
o
m
b
a
s
i
c
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
to
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
ap
p
l
ic
at
io
n
o
f
g
en
er
a
t
iv
e
AI
to
o
l
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
t
an
c
e,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
f
iv
e
co
g
n
it
iv
e
s
t
ag
e
s
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
th
a
t
b
u
i
ld
te
ch
n
i
ca
l
p
r
o
f
ic
ien
cy
in
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
e
th
i
ca
l
r
es
p
o
n
s
ib
i
li
ty
in
ev
a
lu
a
t
in
g
AI
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
,
an
d
s
o
cie
ta
l
aw
ar
en
e
s
s
o
f
A
I
's
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
l
ic
at
io
n
s
.
S
im
il
ar
ly
,
w
i
th
in
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l
s
e
tt
in
g
s
,
th
e
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
e
r
v
e
s
as
a
b
lu
ep
r
in
t
f
o
r
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
tar
g
et
ed
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
a
l
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
t
en
a
b
l
es
o
r
g
a
n
iza
t
io
n
s
to
cu
l
tiv
at
e
a
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
d
i
s
ce
r
n
in
g
AI
'h
a
llu
cin
at
io
n
s
,
'
n
av
ig
a
tin
g
in
te
ll
ec
tu
a
l
p
r
o
p
er
t
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co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e
ly
l
ev
e
r
ag
in
g
g
en
er
at
iv
e
AI
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
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g
an
d
co
n
te
n
t
cr
ea
tio
n
,
th
e
r
eb
y
f
o
s
t
er
i
n
g
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
l
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
AI
in
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
a
cr
o
s
s
s
e
cto
r
s
.
T
o
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
in
an
au
th
en
tic
l
ea
r
n
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
in
g
with
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
f
o
r
a
r
es
ea
r
ch
ass
ig
n
m
en
t.
At
th
e
‘
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
’
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
b
o
th
th
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
to
o
l,
in
clu
d
in
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
‘
h
allu
ci
n
atio
n
’
an
d
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
‘
ap
p
l
y
’
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
u
s
es
th
e
AI
to
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
id
ea
s
an
d
g
en
er
a
te
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
co
n
ten
t,
all
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
eth
ical
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
ies
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
an
d
o
r
ig
i
n
ality
.
I
n
t
h
e
‘
an
al
y
ze
’
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
cr
itically
ev
alu
ates
th
e
AI
-
g
e
n
er
ated
m
ate
r
ial
b
y
ch
ec
k
in
g
f
ac
tu
al
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
i
d
en
tify
in
g
p
o
te
n
tial
b
iases
,
an
d
v
e
r
if
y
in
g
all
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
i
tig
ate
f
ab
r
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
‘
ev
alu
ate’
s
tag
e
th
en
p
r
o
m
p
ts
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
to
r
ef
lect
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
eth
ical
co
n
d
u
ct,
a
n
d
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
s
o
cieta
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
ch
o
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
in
tellectu
al
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
at
th
e
‘
cr
ea
te’
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
teg
r
ates
v
alid
a
ted
co
n
te
n
t
with
th
ei
r
o
w
n
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
o
r
ig
in
al
ac
ad
em
i
c
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t.
W
h
er
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
m
ay
lo
o
p
b
ac
k
to
r
ev
is
e
p
r
o
m
p
ts
o
r
r
ea
s
s
ess
th
eir
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
t
h
e
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
AI
-
liter
ate
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
cy
cle
ex
em
p
lifie
s
h
o
w
g
en
e
r
ativ
e
A
I
liter
ac
y
e
x
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
tec
h
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
to
e
n
co
m
p
as
s
cr
itical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
eth
ical
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
s
o
cially
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
ac
tio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
ap
id
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
'
h
as
r
esh
ap
ed
in
d
u
s
t
r
ies
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
e
m
an
d
in
g
a
clea
r
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
r
e
v
iew
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
’s
liter
ac
y
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
ed
co
m
p
eten
cy
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
th
at
in
te
g
r
ates
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
eth
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
awa
r
en
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
tag
es.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
es
cr
itical
g
ap
s
in
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
s
b
y
clar
if
y
in
g
th
e
d
is
tin
ct
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
’s
liter
ac
y
,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t,
cr
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
AI
-
g
en
er
ate
d
co
n
ten
t,
b
ias,
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
a
n
d
au
th
en
ticity
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
asis
,
we
m
u
s
t
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
its
lim
itat
io
n
s
.
B
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
o
n
p
ee
r
-
r
e
v
iewe
d
ar
ticles
in
E
n
g
lis
h
,
o
u
r
r
ev
ie
w
m
ay
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
f
u
ll
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
g
lo
b
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic
wh
ich
p
o
ten
tially
n
ar
r
o
w
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
g
en
er
ati
v
e
AI
its
elf
m
ea
n
s
th
at
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
m
o
d
els
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
r
e
f
in
ed
to
k
ee
p
p
ac
e
with
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
.
L
o
o
k
in
g
ah
ea
d
,
th
is
wo
r
k
p
o
in
ts
to
war
d
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
ath
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
to
test
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
with
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
s
ettin
g
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
also
n
ee
d
e
d
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
if
f
er
in
g
s
o
cieta
l
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
s
o
f
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
’s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es,
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
r
esear
ch
i
s
ess
en
tial
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
th
is
liter
ac
y
ev
o
lv
es
o
v
er
tim
e
as
g
en
er
ativ
e
AI
’s
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
to
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
also
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
le
x
ib
le
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
m
o
v
in
g
b
ey
o
n
d
m
e
r
e
to
o
l u
s
ag
e
to
eq
u
ip
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
with
th
e
cr
it
ical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
eth
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
s
k
ills
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
d
iv
e
r
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
s
u
ch
as
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
,
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e.
I
ts
co
n
tin
u
ed
r
elev
a
n
ce
will
b
e
en
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
t
h
is
d
y
n
am
ic
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Gan
jar
an
Pen
er
b
itan
GP
-
KO2
1
8
5
4
an
d
T
AP
-
KO2
1
8
5
4
u
n
d
er
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
U
n
iv
er
s
iti Ke
b
an
g
s
aa
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UKM
)
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
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