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y
-
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
a
p
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
s
,
th
e
a
n
t
en
n
a
n
e
ed
s
t
o
w
o
r
k
we
ll
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
an
g
e
a
n
d
als
o
c
o
ll
ec
t
as
m
u
c
h
R
F
e
n
e
r
g
y
as
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
.
T
o
d
o
t
h
is
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
t
o
h
av
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
li
k
e
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
,
a
w
id
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
b
a
n
d
wi
d
t
h
,
g
o
o
d
r
a
d
ia
ti
o
n
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
s
te
ad
y
d
i
r
e
cti
o
n
al
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
.
A
n
te
n
n
a
s
y
s
t
em
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esi
g
n
e
d
p
a
r
ti
cu
la
r
l
y
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
p
r
o
p
a
g
ati
o
n
t
o
e
f
f
ici
en
tl
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
m
W
a
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
est
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
b
e
ca
u
s
e
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
p
r
o
p
a
g
ati
o
n
h
as
a
l
o
t
o
f
f
r
e
e
-
s
p
ac
e
p
at
h
l
o
s
s
,
l
ittl
e
d
i
f
f
r
ac
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
is
e
asy
to
b
lo
c
k
[
3
]
.
An
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
m
ad
e
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
b
a
n
d
s
,
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
g
r
ea
t
b
en
ef
its
th
a
t
ca
n
h
elp
g
et
ar
o
u
n
d
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
An
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
g
ain
,
an
d
s
p
atial
r
eso
lu
tio
n
b
y
p
u
ttin
g
to
g
et
h
er
m
an
y
r
ad
iatin
g
elem
en
ts
in
a
p
h
ased
o
r
g
eo
m
etr
ically
o
p
tim
ized
way
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
r
t
h
e
q
u
a
lity
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
t
also
f
o
r
g
ettin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
R
F
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fo
r
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
a
r
r
ay
s
m
a
y
b
e
m
ad
e
ev
en
b
etter
b
y
ad
d
in
g
p
o
lar
izatio
n
v
ar
iet
y
(
s
u
ch
cir
cu
lar
o
r
d
u
al
-
p
o
lar
iz
ed
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
)
,
b
ea
m
-
s
teer
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
s
m
ar
t
ar
r
ay
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
m
ak
e
th
em
wo
r
k
b
etter
in
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
c
h
an
g
e
all
th
e
tim
e
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
t
o
m
m
W
av
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
h
as
m
a
d
e
an
te
n
n
a
a
r
r
ay
d
esig
n
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
s
ar
e
s
h
o
r
ter
,
it'
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
f
it
m
o
r
e
an
ten
n
a
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
t
o
a
s
m
all
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
ar
r
ay
s
u
s
ef
u
l
ev
en
f
o
r
s
m
all
d
ev
ices
lik
e
wea
r
ab
les
o
r
em
b
ed
d
ed
d
e
v
ices.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
is
ca
n
ce
led
o
u
t
b
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
it
is
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
alig
n
m
en
t,
an
g
le
o
f
i
n
cid
en
ce
,
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
.
So
,
m
m
W
av
e
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
n
ee
d
to
b
e
b
u
ilt
to
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
av
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
g
ain
in
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
b
u
t a
ls
o
to
wo
r
k
well
at
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
an
g
les an
d
p
o
lar
izatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es su
r
e
th
a
t
d
ev
ices
k
ee
p
wo
r
k
in
g
ev
e
n
wh
en
th
ey
ar
en
'
t
ex
ac
tly
lin
ed
u
p
with
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
v
in
g
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
h
as
lo
o
k
ed
at
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
esig
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
g
et
ar
o
u
n
d
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
n
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
am
b
ien
t
en
er
g
y
is
b
ein
g
co
lle
cted
,
cir
cu
lar
ly
p
o
lar
ized
(
C
P)
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ally
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
ed
s
in
ce
th
ey
ca
n
k
ee
p
wo
r
k
i
n
g
well
n
o
m
atter
wh
ich
way
s
ig
n
al
is
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
T
h
is
is
esp
ec
ially
h
elp
f
u
l
in
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
ch
an
g
e
.
Mu
ltib
ea
m
a
n
d
m
u
ltib
an
d
a
n
ten
n
a
s
etu
p
s
also
let
y
o
u
co
v
er
a
wid
e
r
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
co
llect
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
at
s
am
e
tim
e.
Usi
n
g
d
ielec
tr
ic
len
s
es,
m
etam
ater
ials
,
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es c
an
b
o
o
s
t g
ain
an
d
an
g
le
co
v
e
r
ag
e
ev
e
n
m
o
r
e
with
o
u
t m
a
k
in
g
d
esig
n
an
y
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
[
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
,
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
m
W
av
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
a
n
ten
n
as.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
lik
e
C
ST
Mic
r
o
wav
e
St
u
d
io
,
A
n
s
y
s
HFSS
,
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
-
b
ased
m
o
d
elin
g
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
to
s
tu
d
y
h
o
w
an
ten
n
as
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
s
ettin
g
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
an
d
test
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
m
ak
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es.
T
h
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
let
y
o
u
s
im
u
late
g
ain
,
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
,
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
ts
in
f
u
ll
wav
e.
T
h
ey
also
m
ak
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
an
aly
ze
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
s
etu
p
s
lik
e
p
h
ased
ar
r
ay
s
,
ad
a
p
tiv
e
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
an
d
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
r
ec
tifie
r
lo
ad
in
g
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
ca
n
h
elp
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
c
o
llect
en
er
g
y
.
Alo
n
g
with
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ev
ices,
m
m
W
av
e
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
ar
e
also
b
ein
g
lo
o
k
ed
at
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial to
g
ath
er
e
n
er
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
wh
o
le
n
e
two
r
k
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
R
F
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
t
h
e
s
am
e
ar
ea
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
,
r
elay
s
,
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
i
n
ts
,
th
e
way
R
F
en
er
g
y
is
s
p
r
ea
d
o
u
t
in
s
p
ac
e
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
.
An
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
th
at
ca
n
ad
ap
tiv
ely
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
y
n
am
ic
b
ea
m
s
h
ap
i
n
g
,
ad
a
p
tiv
e
en
tity
p
a
r
titi
o
n
in
g
,
o
r
s
ig
n
al
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
y
o
u
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
ed
g
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ad
d
in
g
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
o
r
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
ef
in
e
d
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
u
c
h
as
h
y
b
r
id
an
alo
g
-
d
ig
ital
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
o
r
clev
er
r
ef
lecto
r
-
ass
is
ted
s
etu
p
s
,
m
ak
es
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ev
e
n
m
o
r
e
u
s
ef
u
l,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
m
ar
t
city
o
r
v
eh
icle
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
B
u
ild
in
g
th
ese
k
in
d
s
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
ea
l
life
is
s
till
h
ar
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
h
o
w
co
m
p
licated
th
ey
a
r
e
to
m
ak
e
an
d
h
o
w
h
ar
d
it
is
to
p
u
t
th
e
m
to
g
eth
er
,
b
u
t
m
u
c
h
o
f
th
e
n
e
w
id
ea
s
an
d
test
in
g
th
at
is
h
ap
p
en
in
g
r
ig
h
t
n
o
w
is
h
ap
p
en
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
lets
r
esear
ch
er
s
lo
o
k
at
a
lo
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
es,
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
with
o
u
t
h
av
in
g
to
p
ay
f
o
r
an
d
wait
f
o
r
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
es.
As
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
g
et
b
etter
,
a
n
ten
n
a
d
e
s
ig
n
er
s
m
ay
m
im
ic
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
,
u
r
b
a
n
clu
tter
,
u
s
er
m
o
v
em
en
t,
a
n
d
ch
an
g
es in
an
g
le
o
f
an
in
cid
en
t w
av
e
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
an
aly
s
is
a
u
s
ef
u
l a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
way
t
o
cr
ea
te
an
ten
n
as
[
4
]
.
As
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
e
o
p
le
wan
t
d
ev
ices
th
at
ca
n
r
u
n
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
an
d
co
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
wir
eless
ly
,
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
m
m
W
av
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
am
b
ien
t
R
F
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
is
an
esp
ec
ially
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ield
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
b
asis
f
o
r
th
is
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
is
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
e
en
d
esig
n
ed
ju
s
t
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
en
er
g
y
[
7
]
.
I
t
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
cr
ea
te
a
n
ten
n
as
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eliab
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
t
also
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
9
3
8
Mu
lti
-
d
imen
s
io
n
a
l p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
-
o
p
timiz
ed
a
r
r
a
y
d
esig
n
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
efficien
t
…
(
S
h
a
lin
i Mir
le
Ga
jen
d
r
a
)
1145
k
ee
p
th
eir
en
er
g
y
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
in
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
m
,
an
aly
zin
g
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
em
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Usi
n
g
a
s
im
u
lati
o
n
-
f
ir
s
t
s
tr
ateg
y
t
o
s
tu
d
y
m
m
W
av
e
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
is
a
v
iab
le
way
to
g
et
to
war
d
s
ca
lab
le,
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
R
F
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ce
d
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
5
G
an
d
6
G
wir
ele
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
m
o
v
in
g
s
o
q
u
ick
ly
,
it
is
n
o
w
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
to
u
s
e
m
m
W
av
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
s
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
f
ast,
h
ig
h
-
ca
p
ac
ity
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
wir
eless
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
wea
r
ab
les,
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
r
em
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
as
m
ad
e
it
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
f
in
d
en
er
g
y
-
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
d
o
n
'
t
r
ely
o
n
b
atter
ies
o
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
we
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
A
m
b
ien
t
R
F
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
is
a
g
r
ea
t
o
p
tio
n
s
in
ce
it
lets
d
ev
ices
u
s
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
e
n
er
g
y
t
h
at
is
f
r
ee
ly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
in
to
u
s
ab
le
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
it
is
v
er
y
h
ar
d
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
g
ath
e
r
en
e
r
g
y
at
m
m
W
av
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
ath
lo
s
s
,
lim
ited
b
ea
m
wid
th
s
,
an
d
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
ig
n
als
o
n
ly
g
o
in
o
n
e
way
[
1
0
]
.
Stan
d
ar
d
s
in
g
le
-
ele
m
en
t
o
r
f
ix
ed
-
b
ea
m
an
ten
n
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
h
av
e
lo
w
g
ain
,
a
n
ar
r
o
w
o
p
er
atio
n
al
b
an
d
wid
th
,
an
d
lim
ited
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
th
em
n
o
t th
e
b
est ch
o
ice
f
o
r
c
o
llectin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
am
b
ien
t RF
en
er
g
y
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ettin
g
s
.
Als
o
,
s
o
m
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
g
ain
o
r
b
r
o
a
d
r
o
d
s
,
b
u
t th
ey
ca
n
'
t a
lway
s
ch
an
g
e
to
ch
an
g
es in
s
ig
n
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
o
r
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ly
s
am
p
ler
s
,
b
u
r
lin
g
r
in
th
e,
o
r
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ed
im
en
ts
.
I
n
s
m
ar
t
city
,
m
o
b
ile,
o
r
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
R
F
co
n
tex
ts
wh
er
e
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
ci
d
en
ce
an
d
s
ig
n
al
in
ten
s
ity
ar
e
o
f
ten
ch
an
g
in
g
,
th
is
s
tatic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
m
ak
es
th
em
les
s
u
s
ef
u
l
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
b
ig
g
ap
i
n
r
esear
ch
s
in
ce
th
er
e
is
n
't
a
f
lex
ib
le,
s
im
u
latio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
at
b
alan
ce
s
h
i
g
h
g
ain
,
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
b
ea
m
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
R
F
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
W
e
n
ee
d
a
s
im
u
lated
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
y
s
tem
th
at
wo
r
k
s
well
in
th
e
lab
a
n
d
also
k
ee
p
s
its
en
er
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
ef
f
icien
cy
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
a
n
d
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
R
F
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
with
o
u
t
h
av
in
g
to
r
ely
o
n
h
ar
d
war
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
ast
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
o
f
I
o
T
,
w
ea
r
ab
les,
an
d
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
as
m
ad
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
r
u
n
o
n
th
ei
r
o
wn
en
e
r
g
y
ev
e
n
g
r
ea
ter
.
Usi
n
g
b
atte
r
ies
m
ak
es
th
in
g
s
h
ar
d
er
t
o
s
ca
le,
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
u
p
k
ee
p
,
an
d
r
aises
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Am
b
ie
n
t
R
F
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
is
a
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
h
at
tu
r
n
s
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
e
n
er
g
y
th
at
is
alr
ea
d
y
ar
o
u
n
d
u
s
i
n
to
u
s
ef
u
l
elec
tr
icity
.
5
G
an
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
u
s
e
m
m
W
av
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
lo
t
o
f
R
F
e
n
er
g
y
in
th
e
air
.
B
u
t
m
m
W
av
e
b
an
d
s
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ath
lo
s
s
,
s
m
all
b
ea
m
s
,
an
d
ar
e
s
e
n
s
itiv
e
to
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
an
ten
n
a
s
y
s
tem
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
h
i
g
h
-
g
ain
,
wid
eb
an
d
,
an
d
ab
le
to
c
h
an
g
e
with
th
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Mo
s
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
a
n
ten
n
as
ar
e
e
ith
er
f
ix
ed
-
p
atter
n
,
n
ar
r
o
wb
a
n
d
,
o
r
r
elian
t
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
w
h
ich
m
a
k
es
th
em
l
ess
u
s
ef
u
l
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ettin
g
s
wh
er
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
it
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
u
s
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
t
o
d
e
v
el
o
p
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
m
W
av
e
an
t
en
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
th
at
ca
n
ef
f
icien
tly
co
llect
R
F
en
er
g
y
in
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
Simu
latio
n
lets
y
o
u
test
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
r
ay
s
h
ap
es,
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
with
o
u
t
b
ein
g
lim
ited
b
y
h
ar
d
wa
r
e.
T
h
is
m
ak
es it a
g
r
ea
t to
o
l
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
n
ex
t g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
s
el
f
-
p
o
wer
e
d
d
ev
ices.
Dev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
e
n
e
r
g
y
–
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
f
ac
t
o
r
i
n
te
g
r
a
te
d
c
o
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
r
y
a
n
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
m
m
W
a
v
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
es
a
n
o
v
el
c
o
m
p
l
em
en
ta
r
y
a
n
t
en
n
a
ar
r
a
y
ar
c
h
it
ec
t
u
r
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
wit
h
an
e
n
e
r
g
y
–
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
p
t
im
iza
ti
o
n
f
ac
t
o
r
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
t
h
at
en
a
b
les
ef
f
i
cie
n
t
m
u
lti
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
-
o
p
ti
m
i
ze
d
a
r
r
ay
d
esi
g
n
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
(
MA
P
L
E
-
H
)
.
T
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ac
h
ie
v
es
h
i
g
h
p
ea
k
g
ai
n
(
PG
)
o
f
2
5
.
1
d
B
i
c,
b
r
o
a
d
ax
ial
r
at
io
b
an
d
w
id
th
(
AR
B
W
)
o
f
2
6
.
9
%,
a
n
d
r
a
d
i
ati
o
n
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
(
~9
0
%
)
o
v
e
r
a
wi
d
e
m
m
W
a
v
e
s
p
e
ct
r
u
m
(
3
2
–
4
4
GHz
)
.
U
n
l
ik
e
c
o
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
b
u
l
k
y
d
esi
g
n
s
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
el
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
s
a
c
o
m
p
ac
t
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
wi
th
o
n
ly
t
h
r
ee
PC
B
l
ay
er
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
co
s
t
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
f
o
r
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
y
a
n
d
I
o
T
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
ts
.
Si
m
u
l
at
io
n
-
b
as
ed
m
m
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2.
RE
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ch
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atch
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g
,
g
ain
,
an
d
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lar
d
i
v
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s
ity
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
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r
ess
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e
n
ee
d
f
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r
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b
u
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d
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m
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ac
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As,
wh
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s
ca
lab
ilit
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f
o
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wid
esp
r
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d
d
ep
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m
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
T
o
o
v
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r
co
m
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h
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s
tr
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p
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t
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t
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ar
r
a
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
b
y
F
en
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
i
n
co
r
p
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r
a
t
ed
s
u
b
s
tr
a
t
e
in
te
g
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id
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e
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g
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s
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7
%
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d
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,
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n
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g
n
p
r
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p
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s
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d
b
y
J
i
e
t
a
l.
[
1
6
]
,
wh
i
c
h
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
te
d
o
v
e
r
3
8
%
A
R
B
W
a
c
r
o
s
s
5
3
–
7
9
G
H
z
r
an
g
e
.
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h
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s
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d
e
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g
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l
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ag
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p
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m
en
t
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n
e
t
w
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k
s
a
n
d
o
p
t
im
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z
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r
ad
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to
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l
s
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a
b
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l
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e
v
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t
a
l
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
p
ar
allel,
s
im
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latio
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s
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b
le
in
tellig
en
t
s
u
r
f
ac
es
(
R
I
S)
to
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
co
v
er
a
g
e
an
d
h
a
r
v
ested
e
n
er
g
y
in
m
m
W
av
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Saleh
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
u
tili
ze
d
a
s
to
ch
asti
c
g
eo
m
etr
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
s
h
o
w
th
at
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
p
ass
iv
e
R
I
S
elem
en
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
etr
ics
s
u
c
h
as
en
er
g
y
co
v
er
ag
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
E
C
P)
an
d
av
er
ag
e
h
ar
v
ested
en
e
r
g
y
(
AHE
)
,
ev
en
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
p
ath
lo
s
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
R
I
S,
wh
en
co
u
p
led
with
o
p
tim
ized
a
n
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
,
ca
n
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
s
p
atially
a
d
ap
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
-
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
[
1
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
s
h
av
e
also
v
alid
ated
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
b
r
o
ad
b
ea
m
an
d
m
u
ltib
ea
m
an
ten
n
a
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
R
F
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
J
o
s
h
i
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
2
5
-
p
ix
el
C
P
r
ec
ten
n
a
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
3
D
eq
u
ico
n
v
ex
d
ielec
tr
ic
len
s
,
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
6
.
5
m
W
p
o
wer
ca
p
tu
r
e
a
cr
o
s
s
wid
e
an
g
u
lar
co
v
er
ag
e
[
2
0
]
.
Similar
ly
,
Den
g
an
d
L
u
k
[
2
1
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
d
u
al
-
p
o
la
r
ized
ME
-
d
ip
o
le
r
ec
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
with
an
in
teg
r
ated
L
u
n
e
b
u
r
g
len
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
1
3
0
°
s
p
atial
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
4
0
%
R
F
-
to
-
DC
ef
f
icien
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
2
4
–
4
0
GHz
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
in
tellig
en
t
len
s
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
an
d
m
u
ltib
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ad
ap
tin
g
to
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
ar
iati
o
n
s
in
s
ig
n
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
i
d
ea
l
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
v
eh
icu
lar
en
e
r
g
y
-
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
u
s
e
ca
s
es
[
2
2
]
.
An
o
th
er
cr
u
cial
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
r
ec
en
t
wo
r
k
in
v
o
lv
es
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
MA
PLE
-
H
ca
p
ab
ilit
i
es.
Hy
b
r
id
an
alo
g
-
d
i
g
ital
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
,
as
s
ee
n
in
NOM
A
-
b
ased
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
,
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
u
al
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
wh
e
r
e
th
e
an
ten
n
a
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
ar
v
ests
en
er
g
y
b
u
t
also
d
ec
o
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
h
as
led
t
o
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
en
er
g
y
–
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
ac
t
o
r
(
PS
)
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
s
ig
n
al
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
s
u
ch
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
h
in
g
es
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
C
SI
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
e
n
tity
p
a
r
titi
o
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
in
h
er
e
n
tly
co
m
p
lex
b
u
t
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
ic
ien
t
in
s
p
ec
tr
al
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
o
m
ain
s
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
wh
ile
ea
r
l
y
r
ese
ar
ch
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
en
e
r
g
y
-
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
ten
n
as
with
f
ix
ed
g
e
o
m
etr
y
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
en
d
g
r
av
itates
to
war
d
m
u
lti
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
al,
wid
eb
an
d
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
d
r
iv
en
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
-
f
i
r
s
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
at
io
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
lem
en
ta
r
y
an
ten
n
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
R
I
S,
M
A
PLE
-
H
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
i
n
teg
r
ated
a
n
alo
g
–
d
ig
ital
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
ch
em
es
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
h
if
t
in
m
m
W
av
e
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
r
esear
ch
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ex
p
a
n
d
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
b
an
d
wid
th
an
d
g
ain
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
b
u
t
also
en
s
u
r
e
r
esil
ien
ce
ag
ain
s
t
d
y
n
a
m
ic
u
r
b
an
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
th
e
m
as k
ey
en
a
b
ler
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
elf
-
s
u
s
tain
in
g
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Mu
lti
-
d
imen
s
io
n
a
l p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
-
o
p
timiz
ed
a
r
r
a
y
d
esig
n
fr
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
efficien
t
…
(
S
h
a
lin
i Mir
le
Ga
jen
d
r
a
)
1147
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Up
o
n
ca
r
ef
u
l
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
ec
o
d
e
d
m
m
-
wa
v
e
h
u
g
e
p
o
i
n
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
MI
M
O
NOM
A
s
y
s
tem
is
f
o
r
m
u
late
d
.
I
t
n
ee
d
s
p
r
ec
o
d
e
r
d
esig
n
a
n
d
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tio
n
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
b
ased
o
n
C
SI.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ch
an
n
els
th
at
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
li
n
k
ed
in
th
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
b
ea
m
s
o
f
th
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
an
ten
n
a
in
m
m
-
wav
e
e
n
ab
le
NOM
A
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
in
ea
ch
b
ea
m
f
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
g
ain
s
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
in
ter
-
b
ea
m
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
OM
A
eq
u
iv
alen
ts
.
T
h
e
f
u
lly
lin
k
ed
an
d
s
u
b
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
h
y
b
r
id
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
with
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
d
o
wn
lin
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
u
p
lin
k
ch
an
n
el
esti
m
atio
n
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
y
o
u
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ab
le
to
ap
p
ly
id
ea
s
to
m
ak
e
th
e
jo
b
b
etter
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
an
ten
n
a,
d
if
f
icu
lt
C
HS
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
en
tity
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
,
an
d
an
alo
g
/d
ig
ital
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
j
o
in
t
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
an
d
MA
PLE
-
H
-
b
ased
r
eso
u
r
c
e
allo
ca
tio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
MI
MO
-
NOM
A
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
J
o
in
t
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
a
n
d
MA
PLE
-
H
-
b
ased
r
eso
u
r
ce
all
o
ca
tio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
MI
MO
-
NOM
A
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
y
s
tem
is
m
o
d
elled
v
ia
a
s
in
g
le
ce
ll
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
RF
ch
ain
s
is
u
s
ed
f
u
lly
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
q
u
al
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
ea
m
s
,
r
a
y
s
an
d
clu
s
ter
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
et
o
f
u
s
er
s
in
a
clu
s
t
er
is
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
by
,
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
b
y
d
en
o
tin
g
th
at
∩
=
n
ul
l
,
k
≠
l
,
|
|
≥
1
an
d
∑
|
|
=
m
=
1
.
Fo
r
d
o
wn
lin
k
u
s
er
d
etec
tio
n
,
we
ass
u
m
e
an
u
p
lin
k
in
itial
C
SI,
wh
ich
i
s
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
v
ec
to
r
∈
(
×
1
)
at
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
clu
s
ter
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as (
1
)
.
=
∑
∑
√
,
,
|
|
=
1
+
=
1
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ch
an
n
el
m
atr
ix
o
f
by
p
er
clu
s
ter
.
T
h
e
a
d
jace
n
t
d
o
wn
lin
k
Gau
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e
v
ec
to
r
i
s
∈
(
×
1
)
.
T
h
e
a
n
alo
g
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
m
atr
i
x
(
×
)
alo
n
g
with
d
ig
ital
p
r
ec
o
d
i
n
g
as
∈
(
×
1
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
,
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
|
|
|
|
|
2
=
1
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
itted
with
in
th
e
−
ℎ
clu
s
ter
an
d
−
ℎ
u
s
er
is
,
.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
o
d
e
d
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
p
h
ases
,
th
e
f
u
lly
co
n
n
ec
ted
ty
p
e
(
)
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
co
-
ef
f
icien
t
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
th
e
t
y
p
e
|
|
th
at
is
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ad
i
o
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
m
ap
p
ed
v
ia
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
an
ten
n
a
u
s
in
g
(
)
=
[
1
(
)
,
2
(
)
,
…
,
(
)
]
with
(
)
∈
(
×
1
)
,
th
e
EE
(
)
=
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I
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2
2
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er
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ted
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er
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ce
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u
r
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2
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T
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.
,
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|
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(
1
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,
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+
,
)
(
1
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Mu
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Ga
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1149
Fig
u
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.
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atio
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d
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g
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p
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e
f
f
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cy
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T
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to
g
eth
er
with
g
ain
,
a
x
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ati
o
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icien
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o
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l
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p
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ts
th
e
id
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ested
an
ten
n
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d
esig
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is
b
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an
t
h
e
o
n
es
th
at
ar
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alr
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d
y
o
u
t
t
h
er
e.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
elem
en
t a
n
ten
n
a
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sin
g
le
-
elem
e
n
t a
n
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
R
e
f
e
r
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n
c
e
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
t
y
p
e
N
o
.
o
f
l
a
y
e
r
R
LB
W
(
%)
A
R
B
W
(
%)
P
G
(
d
B
i
c
)
[
2
2
]
H
e
l
i
c
a
l
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
20
3
5
.
9
3
4
.
2
8
.
5
6
[
2
3
]
S
l
o
t
-
c
o
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p
l
e
d
r
o
t
a
t
e
d
d
i
p
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l
e
10
2
4
.
5
1
1
.
8
5
.
2
[
2
4
]
ME
-
d
i
p
o
l
e
2
2
4
.
9
1
7
.
3
9
[
2
6
]
S
t
a
c
k
e
d
p
a
t
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h
3
26
1
7
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5
[
2
7
]
P
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e
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n
a
2
2
6
.
4
5
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6
5
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6
[
2
8
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S
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2
23
2
1
.
9
7
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9
[
2
9
]
C
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m
p
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me
n
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a
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n
n
a
(
e
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2
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5
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7
2
4
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1
0
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3
3
Th
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k
C
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m
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p
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2
8
.
1
2
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.
3
1
1
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1
5
T
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p
r
o
p
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p
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ten
n
a
with
en
er
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f
o
r
m
atio
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p
tim
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r
(
PS
)
ac
h
iev
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p
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p
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
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all
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teg
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I
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a
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atch
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lik
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2
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[
2
3
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r
th
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1
0
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lay
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s
lo
t
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co
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p
le
d
d
ip
o
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[
2
4
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,
th
u
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
lo
w
f
ab
r
icatio
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wid
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1
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with
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g
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r
f
o
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m
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ce
(
1
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.
3
3
d
B
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B
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d
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4
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8
%
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b
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t
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teg
r
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e
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ly
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MA
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k
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p
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ch
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im
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licity
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a
b
le
2
s
h
o
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er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
.
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ab
le
2
.
An
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
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is
o
n
R
e
f
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n
c
e
El
e
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e
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t
y
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e
N
o
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o
f
l
a
y
e
r
N
o
.
o
f
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
R
LB
W
(
%)
A
R
B
W
(
%)
G
B
W
(
%)
O
B
W
(
%)
P
G
(
d
B
i
c
)
[
1
6
]
H
e
l
i
c
a
l
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
20
4
×
4
60
22
20
1
5
.
1
1
5
.
1
1
5
.
2
[
2
2
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S
l
o
t
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c
o
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p
l
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d
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e
d
d
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4
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28
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9
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6
14
1
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2
[
2
3
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ME
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2
4
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[
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[
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S
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16
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5
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3
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1
3
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2
5
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9
Th
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s
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w
/
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S
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C
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m
p
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me
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(
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38
2
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2
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2
2
3
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4
Th
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S
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l
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4
×
4
38
2
3
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5
2
6
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9
2
5
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2
2
2
.
6
2
5
.
1
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
r
ay
d
esig
n
wit
h
PS
ex
h
ib
its
a
PG
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f
2
5
.
1
d
B
ic
,
wh
ich
is
am
o
n
g
th
e
h
ig
h
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t
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ted
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4
elem
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ay
s
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d
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n
ly
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ch
lar
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er
1
6
×
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6
s
eq
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en
tial
s
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t
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r
a
y
[
2
7
]
th
at
ac
h
iev
es
2
5
.
9
d
B
ic.
T
h
is
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
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ce
m
en
t
o
v
er
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e
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
o
d
el
with
o
u
t
PS
,
wh
ich
ac
h
iev
es
2
3
.
4
d
B
ic.
T
h
e
PS
-
en
h
a
n
ce
d
d
esig
n
als
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
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p
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r
b
a
n
d
wid
th
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
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R
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B
W
o
f
2
3
.
5
%,
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W
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f
2
6
.
9
%,
an
d
g
ain
b
a
n
d
wid
th
(
GB
W
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o
f
2
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.
2
%,
all
o
f
wh
ich
in
d
icate
ex
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m
p
ed
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ce
m
atch
in
g
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d
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lar
izatio
n
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r
ity
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v
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a
b
r
o
a
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
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r
an
g
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
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th
e
o
v
er
la
p
b
an
d
wid
t
h
(
OB
W
)
—
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
g
o
o
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
an
d
p
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lar
izatio
n
p
er
f
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m
a
n
ce
—
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
o
2
2
.
6
%
with
PS
,
f
u
r
th
er
v
alid
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its
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o
b
u
s
tn
ess
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
d
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lo
y
m
en
t
in
m
m
W
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e
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er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
s
tab
le
o
p
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ati
o
n
o
v
er
f
lu
ct
u
atin
g
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
ess
en
ti
al.
Un
lik
e
m
an
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
d
esig
n
s
th
at
r
ely
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n
s
eq
u
en
tial
f
ee
d
in
g
,
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
,
o
r
lo
w
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
-
f
ir
ed
ce
r
am
ic
(
L
T
C
C
)
f
ab
r
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
ar
r
ay
u
tili
ze
s
o
n
ly
3
PC
B
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b
ased
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er
s
with
a
f
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p
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in
g
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
th
e
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n
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t
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ly
h
ig
h
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p
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r
m
in
g
b
u
t
also
h
i
g
h
ly
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
a
b
le,
c
o
m
p
ac
t,
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
Fr
o
m
a
s
y
s
tem
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
–
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
PS
)
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
MA
PLE
-
H
ca
p
ab
il
ities
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
ar
r
ay
t
o
ef
f
icien
tly
d
ec
o
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
h
a
r
v
est
R
F
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
in
cid
e
n
t
wav
e.
T
h
is
ad
d
e
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
en
a
b
lin
g
s
elf
-
p
o
wer
ed
m
m
W
av
e
I
o
T
n
o
d
es a
n
d
s
m
ar
t c
ity
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
clea
r
ly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
ex
is
tin
g
d
esig
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
.
I
t
ac
h
iev
es
h
ig
h
er
PG
(
2
5
.
1
d
B
ic)
,
wid
er
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
(
R
L
B
W
o
f
2
3
.
5
%
an
d
AR
B
W
o
f
2
6
.
9
%),
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
OB
W
(
2
2
.
6
%)
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
a
n
d
s
eq
u
e
n
tially
f
e
d
ar
r
ay
s
.
Desp
ite
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
3
P
C
B
lay
er
s
,
it
r
iv
al
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
lar
g
er
1
6
×
1
6
ar
r
ay
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
alter
n
ativ
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
PS
en
ab
les
MA
PLE
-
H,
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
ab
s
en
ts
in
m
o
s
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
o
d
els.
T
h
is
d
u
al
-
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
co
u
p
led
with
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
m
ak
es p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
id
ea
l
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
ic
ien
t m
m
W
av
e
I
o
T
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t c
ity
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
MA
PLE
-
H
th
at
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
k
e
y
ch
a
llen
g
es
o
f
b
an
d
wid
th
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
m
i
n
iatu
r
izatio
n
in
n
ex
t
-
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
im
u
latio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
m
o
d
elin
g
,
i
n
teg
r
ated
a
n
alo
g
–
d
ig
ital
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
ad
a
p
tiv
e
en
tity
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
en
er
g
y
–
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
th
e
f
r
am
e
w
o
r
k
e
n
ab
les
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
ac
t,
wid
eb
a
n
d
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
c
y
ar
r
ay
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
th
at
ar
e
r
esil
ien
t
to
p
r
ac
tical
h
ar
d
war
e
non
-
id
ea
liti
es.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
an
en
er
g
y
–
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
f
ac
to
r
en
s
u
r
es
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
wir
eless
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
an
s
f
er
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
wir
eless
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
in
g
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
ac
h
ie
v
es
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
ain
,
b
an
d
wid
th
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
estab
lis
h
es
a
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t o
f
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
,
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t m
m
W
av
e
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
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