I
AE
S In
t
er
na
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Art
if
icia
l In
t
ellig
ence
(
I
J
-
AI
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
6
,
p
p
.
107
1
~
1
0
8
6
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijai.v
15
.i
2
.
p
p
1
0
7
1
-
108
6
1071
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
i
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
The ro
le of
pro
m
pt
eng
inee
ring
in
enha
ncing
LL
M
s
:
a
sy
stema
tic
revi
e
w of applica
tions
a
nd et
hica
l im
plic
a
tions
I
zz
ul F
a
t
a
wi
1
,
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Ro
il B
ila
d
2
,
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Asy
’
a
ri
3
1
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Te
a
c
h
e
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
Te
r
b
u
k
a
,
B
a
n
t
e
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
B
r
u
n
e
i
D
a
r
u
ss
a
l
a
m,
B
a
n
d
a
r
S
e
r
i
B
e
g
a
w
a
n
,
B
r
u
n
e
i
D
a
r
u
ssal
a
m
3
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
M
a
d
a
l
i
k
a
,
M
a
t
a
r
a
m,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
1
3
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 5
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
6
,
2
0
2
6
Larg
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
m
o
d
e
ls
(LL
M
s)
h
a
v
e
tran
sfo
rm
e
d
n
a
tu
ra
l
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
(NLP
)
,
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ti
n
g
e
x
c
e
p
ti
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
ficie
n
c
y
in
tas
k
s
su
c
h
a
s
tex
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
tran
sla
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
su
m
m
a
riza
ti
o
n
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
LL
M
s
a
re
p
ro
n
e
to
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
b
ias
e
d
,
i
n
a
c
c
u
ra
te,
o
r
c
o
n
tex
tu
a
ll
y
irrele
v
a
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
ts,
p
o
sin
g
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
risk
s
in
h
i
g
h
-
sta
k
e
s
d
o
m
a
in
s
su
c
h
a
s
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
,
leg
a
l
re
a
so
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
sy
st
e
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
in
v
e
sti
g
a
tes
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
ro
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
s
a
so
l
u
ti
o
n
t
o
th
e
se
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s.
By
stra
teg
ica
ll
y
d
e
sig
n
i
n
g
in
p
u
ts,
p
ro
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
LL
M
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
y
ield
in
g
m
o
re
a
c
c
u
ra
te,
c
o
n
tex
tu
a
ll
y
re
lev
a
n
t
,
a
n
d
e
th
ica
ll
y
a
li
g
n
e
d
o
u
t
p
u
ts.
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
c
h
a
in
-
of
-
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
(Co
T
)
p
r
o
m
p
ti
n
g
a
n
d
re
tri
e
v
a
l
-
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
(RAG
),
a
re
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
ir
a
b
il
it
y
to
imp
ro
v
e
re
a
so
n
in
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
ies
,
re
d
u
c
e
e
rro
rs,
a
n
d
m
it
i
g
a
te
b
ias
.
Co
T
p
ro
m
p
ti
n
g
fa
c
il
it
a
tes
stru
c
tu
re
d
,
ste
p
wise
re
a
so
n
in
g
,
w
h
il
e
RAG
in
c
o
r
p
o
ra
tes
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
d
a
ta,
e
n
su
rin
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
i
n
ra
p
id
l
y
e
v
o
l
v
in
g
field
s.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
we
p
re
se
n
t
a
n
o
v
e
l
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
p
e
r
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
o
n
t
h
e
se
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
in
g
th
e
ir
d
isti
n
c
t
stre
n
g
th
s
a
n
d
li
m
it
a
t
io
n
s
a
c
ro
ss
sp
e
c
ialize
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
su
c
h
a
s
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
d
iag
n
o
stics
a
n
d
sc
ien
ti
fic
d
a
ta
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
so
p
h
isti
c
a
ted
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
e
l
e
v
a
tes
th
e
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
re
c
isio
n
o
f
LL
M
o
u
t
p
u
ts,
wh
il
e
a
d
d
re
ss
in
g
c
rit
ic
a
l
e
th
ica
l
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s
su
c
h
a
s
d
a
ta
p
r
iv
a
c
y
,
b
ias
,
a
n
d
h
a
ll
u
c
i
n
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
se
in
sig
h
ts
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
th
e
n
e
c
e
ss
it
y
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
p
ro
m
p
t
d
e
sig
n
i
n
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
LL
M
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
imp
a
c
t
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
e
n
su
r
in
g
b
o
th
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
th
ica
l
i
n
teg
rit
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ias m
itig
atio
n
C
h
ain
-
of
-
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
Data
p
r
iv
ac
y
E
th
ical
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
L
ar
g
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
els
Pro
m
p
t e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
R
etr
iev
al
-
au
g
m
en
ted
g
en
er
ati
o
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Asy
’
a
r
i
Facu
lty
o
f
Ap
p
lied
Scien
ce
an
d
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Pen
d
id
ik
an
Ma
n
d
alik
a
St
.
Pem
u
d
a
No
.
5
9
A
,
Ma
tar
a
m
-
8
3
1
2
5
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: m
u
h
am
m
a
d
asy
ar
i@
u
n
d
ik
m
a.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
ar
g
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
els
(
L
L
Ms)
h
av
e
r
ap
id
l
y
b
ec
o
m
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
s
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
em
a
r
k
ab
le
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
g
en
er
atin
g
h
u
m
an
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
er
ativ
e
p
r
e
-
tr
ain
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
4
(
GPT
-
4
)
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
co
d
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
(
B
E
R
T
)
,
h
a
v
e
r
e
v
o
l
u
tio
n
ized
n
atu
r
al
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
NL
P)
b
y
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
v
ast
d
atasets
,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
c
o
m
p
lex
lin
g
u
is
tic
task
s
with
u
n
p
ar
alleled
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
L
L
Ms
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
g
e
n
er
alize
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
task
s
,
ex
ce
lli
n
g
in
s
ettin
g
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
i
n
im
al
f
in
e
-
tu
n
in
g
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
m
ax
i
m
izin
g
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
r
eq
u
ir
es
ca
r
ef
u
l
in
p
u
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
—
a
p
r
ac
tice
th
at
s
t
r
ateg
ically
cr
af
ts
in
p
u
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
5
]
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
L
L
Ms
p
r
esen
t
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
c
h
as
in
ac
c
u
r
ac
ies,
b
iases
,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
6
:
107
1
-
1
0
8
6
1072
in
ef
f
icien
cies
in
g
en
er
atin
g
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
cr
itical
f
ield
s
lik
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
p
o
o
r
ly
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
m
p
t
ca
n
lead
to
o
u
tp
u
ts
th
a
t
ar
e
ir
r
elev
an
t
o
r
ev
en
h
ar
m
f
u
l
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
i
s
ex
ac
er
b
ated
b
y
th
e
L
L
Ms’
in
h
er
en
t
te
n
d
en
c
y
to
war
d
g
en
er
atin
g
h
allu
cin
atio
n
s
—
f
ac
tu
ally
in
co
r
r
ec
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
—
wh
ich
co
u
ld
u
n
d
er
m
in
e
tr
u
s
t
in
AI
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
o
m
ain
s
lik
e
m
ed
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
o
r
leg
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
lies
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
g
u
id
in
g
L
L
Ms
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ac
cu
r
ate,
r
elev
a
n
t,
an
d
eth
ically
s
o
u
n
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es f
ield
s
wh
er
e
p
r
e
cisi
o
n
is
cr
u
cial.
Pro
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
k
ey
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
.
B
y
d
esig
n
i
n
g
p
r
ec
is
e,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
p
u
ts
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
ts
o
f
L
L
Ms,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
r
ele
v
a
n
t a
n
d
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
n
ee
d
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
ev
o
lv
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
with
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
ch
ain
-
of
-
th
o
u
g
h
t
(
C
o
T
)
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
a
n
d
r
etr
iev
al
-
au
g
m
en
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
(
R
AG)
b
e
in
g
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
L
L
M
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
co
m
p
lex
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
task
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
ex
p
an
d
ed
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
o
f
L
L
Ms
b
ey
o
n
d
s
im
p
le
tex
t
g
en
er
atio
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
in
d
o
m
ain
s
r
eq
u
i
r
in
g
n
u
a
n
ce
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
,
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
an
d
m
e
d
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
i
n
en
h
an
cin
g
L
L
M
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
.
I
n
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
h
as b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
r
ef
in
e
L
L
Ms
f
o
r
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
en
ab
lin
g
m
o
r
e
a
cc
u
r
ate
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
u
tp
u
ts
b
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
to
s
im
u
late
clin
ical
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
L
L
Ms
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
tailo
r
in
g
co
n
ten
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
in
tech
n
ical
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
,
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
allo
ws
L
L
Ms
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
g
e
n
er
ate
co
m
p
l
ex
r
ep
o
r
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
,
th
er
eb
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
at
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
an
d
R
AG
—
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
itig
ate
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
h
a
llu
cin
atio
n
s
an
d
b
ias
in
L
L
M
s
.
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
,
wh
ich
g
u
id
es
L
L
Ms
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
,
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
er
r
o
r
s
b
y
b
r
ea
k
in
g
d
o
w
n
co
m
p
lex
task
s
in
to
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
s
tep
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
esp
ec
ially
v
al
u
ab
le
in
f
ield
s
lik
e
m
ed
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
is
h
i
g
h
.
Si
m
ilar
ly
,
R
AG
en
h
an
ce
s
L
L
M
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ex
ter
n
al
d
atab
as
es
in
to
th
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
allo
win
g
L
L
Ms
to
ac
ce
s
s
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
eir
o
u
t
p
u
ts
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
g
en
er
al
tex
t
g
en
er
atio
n
to
s
p
ec
ialized
,
h
i
g
h
-
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
its
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
i
n
teg
r
ati
n
g
th
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
in
to
d
iv
er
s
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
g
en
e
r
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
L
L
Ms,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
etailed
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
C
o
T
an
d
R
AG
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
L
L
M
o
u
tp
u
ts
in
s
p
ec
if
ic,
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
eth
ical
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
L
L
M
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
b
ias
m
itig
atio
n
,
a
n
d
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
[
7
]
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
tech
n
i
ca
l
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
with
et
h
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
Ms in
s
en
s
itiv
e
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
o
e
s
b
ey
o
n
d
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
b
u
t a
ls
o
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
eth
ical
ch
allen
g
es th
at
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
r
o
m
in
en
t a
s
L
L
Ms a
r
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
cr
itical
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
I
n
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
an
d
R
AG
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
ac
cu
r
ac
y
w
h
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
l
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
atie
n
t
d
ata
is
p
r
o
tecte
d
a
n
d
th
at
b
iases
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
a
r
e
m
in
im
ized
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
f
o
cu
s
o
n
tech
n
ical
an
d
eth
ical
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
ets
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
h
as
o
f
ten
tr
e
ated
th
ese
is
s
u
es
s
ep
ar
ately
.
P
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
c
r
u
cial
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
L
L
M
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
.
B
y
s
tr
ateg
ically
cr
af
tin
g
in
p
u
ts
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
ca
n
g
u
id
e
L
L
Ms
to
g
en
er
ate
m
o
r
e
a
cc
u
r
ate,
r
ele
v
an
t,
a
n
d
eth
ica
lly
s
o
u
n
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
an
d
R
AG
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
to
th
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
is
s
u
es
o
f
h
allu
cin
atio
n
an
d
b
ias.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
p
ap
er
em
p
h
asizes
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
el
u
cid
a
tin
g
h
o
w
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es
—
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
tific
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ial
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
—
ca
n
b
en
e
f
it
u
n
iq
u
el
y
f
r
o
m
C
o
T
,
R
AG,
o
r
co
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lies
in
it
is
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
to
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
a
t
ad
d
r
ess
es
b
o
th
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
m
a
r
k
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
in
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
Ms.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
(
SLR)
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
L
L
Ms
ac
r
o
s
s
s
cien
tific
an
d
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
,
with
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
eth
ical
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
L
L
M
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
f
o
llo
wed
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
co
v
e
r
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
r
esear
ch
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
cr
o
s
s
-
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
was
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
d
o
m
ai
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es,
th
er
eb
y
ex
te
n
d
in
g
th
e
s
co
p
e
b
ey
o
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
SLR
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
r
o
mp
t e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
la
r
g
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
els
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
…
(
I
z
z
u
l F
a
ta
w
i
)
1073
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
h
o
w
d
o
es p
r
o
m
p
t e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
L
L
Ms in
s
cien
tific
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
o
m
ain
s
?
;
ii)
w
h
at
ar
e
th
e
k
ey
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
an
d
R
AG,
th
at
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
L
L
M
o
u
tp
u
ts
?
;
an
d
iii)
w
h
at
ar
e
t
h
e
eth
ical
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
L
L
M
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
in
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
b
i
as,
h
allu
cin
atio
n
,
an
d
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
?
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
ba
s
e
s
elec
t
io
n
T
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
was
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
th
is
r
ev
iew
d
u
e
to
its
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
o
f
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
jo
u
r
n
als,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
i
n
g
s
,
an
d
a
u
th
o
r
itativ
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
[
1
6
]
.
Sco
p
u
s
is
h
ig
h
l
y
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
f
o
r
its
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ac
ad
em
ic
c
o
v
er
ag
e
.
I
t
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
ies
th
a
t
d
is
cu
s
s
b
o
th
th
e
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
s
cien
ce
an
d
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
[
1
7
]
.
2
.
2
.
Sea
rc
h
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
A
tar
g
eted
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
in
te
r
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
L
L
Ms,
an
d
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
r
esear
ch
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
was
u
s
ed
in
Sco
p
u
s
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
titl
e,
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
an
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
:
T
I
T
L
E
-
A
B
S
-
KE
Y
(
(
“
Pro
m
p
t
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
”
OR
“
Pro
m
p
t
Desig
n
”
)
AND
(
“
L
ar
g
e
L
an
g
u
ag
e
Mo
d
els
”
OR
”
L
L
M
s
”
)
AND
(
“
E
n
h
an
cin
g
”
OR
”
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
”
OR
“
Op
tim
izin
g
”
)
AND
(
“
Ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
”
OR
“
Use
C
a
s
es
”
)
AND
(
“
E
th
ical
I
m
p
licatio
n
s
”
OR
“
E
th
ics
”
OR
“
R
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
AI
”
)
AND
(
“
Scien
ce
,
”
OR
“
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
”
)
.
T
h
is
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
was
d
esig
n
e
d
to
r
etr
iev
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
f
o
cu
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
L
L
Ms
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
in
c
lu
s
io
n
o
f
ter
m
s
s
u
ch
as
“
s
cie
n
ce
,
”
an
d
“
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
”
e
n
s
u
r
ed
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ar
ticles
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
id
en
tific
atio
n
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
6
:
107
1
-
1
0
8
6
1074
2
.
3
.
I
nclus
io
n a
nd
ex
clus
io
n
cr
it
er
ia
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
a
p
p
lie
d
in
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
cr
i
ter
ia
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
r
e
v
iew.
T
h
ey
also
h
elp
m
ain
tain
th
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
r
ev
iew.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
−
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
2
0
2
2
a
n
d
2
0
2
4
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
mo
st
r
e
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
LL
M
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
mp
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
.
−
P
e
e
r
-
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s,
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
s,
a
n
d
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
t
h
a
t
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
p
r
o
mp
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
sc
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
−
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
d
i
sc
u
ssi
n
g
t
h
e
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
LL
M
u
sa
g
e
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s a
r
o
u
n
d
b
i
a
s,
h
a
l
l
u
c
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
.
−
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
t
h
a
t
d
o
n
o
t
e
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
l
y
a
d
d
r
e
ss
p
r
o
mp
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
o
r
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
LL
M
s.
−
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
LL
M
s
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
,
b
u
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
c
l
e
a
r
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
o
r
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
d
o
m
a
i
n
s.
−
N
o
n
-
p
e
e
r
-
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s,
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
d
i
t
o
r
i
a
l
s,
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
p
i
e
c
e
s,
o
r
st
u
d
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
.
2
.
4
.
Study
s
elec
t
io
n pro
ce
s
s
T
h
e
in
itial
s
ea
r
ch
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
s
tr
in
g
y
ield
e
d
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
r
ev
iewin
g
th
e
titl
es
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
ts
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
ir
r
elev
an
t
p
ap
er
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase,
a
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
r
e
v
iew
o
f
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
ies
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
ea
c
h
p
ap
er
m
et
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
ed
at
least
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
atten
tio
n
was
p
aid
to
th
e
r
ig
o
r
an
d
r
el
ev
an
ce
o
f
ea
c
h
s
tu
d
y
’
s
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Stu
d
ies
wer
e
ev
alu
a
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
em
p
ir
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
clar
it
y
o
f
th
eir
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
eir
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
L
L
Ms.
Ar
ticles
th
at
lack
e
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
d
etail
o
r
wer
e
tan
g
e
n
tial
to
th
e
co
r
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
e
x
clu
d
ed
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
e
x
t
ra
ct
i
o
n a
nd
s
y
nthesis
Fo
r
ea
ch
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
y
,
k
ey
d
ata
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
:
i
)
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
em
p
l
o
y
ed
(
e.
g
.
,
C
o
T
an
d
R
AG)
;
ii
)
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
(
e.
g
.
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
s
cien
tific
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
tec
h
n
ical
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
)
;
iii
)
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
L
L
Ms,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
;
an
d
iv
)
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elate
d
to
b
ias,
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
h
allu
cin
atio
n
i
n
L
L
M
-
g
en
er
at
ed
co
n
ten
t.
On
ce
d
ata
wer
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
,
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
s
y
n
th
esized
to
id
e
n
tify
co
m
m
o
n
th
em
es
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
y
n
th
esis
,
we
al
s
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
a
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
ev
iew
to
ass
es
s
th
e
r
elativ
e
ef
f
ica
cy
o
f
ea
ch
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
e
.
g
.
,
C
o
T
v
s
.
R
AG)
wi
th
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
tific
d
ata
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
o
r
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ex
ce
l
o
r
f
ac
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
eth
ical
co
n
c
er
n
s
r
aised
i
n
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
w
er
e
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
i
n
to
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
th
e
m
es,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
d
el
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
b
ias m
itig
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
2
.
6
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
W
h
ile
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
L
L
Ms,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
First,
th
e
r
ev
iew
f
o
cu
s
ed
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
o
n
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase,
w
h
ich
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
e
x
clu
d
e
d
r
ele
v
an
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
ex
ed
in
o
th
e
r
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as
I
E
E
E
Xp
l
o
r
e
o
r
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
tr
in
g
,
w
h
ile
tar
g
eted
,
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
m
is
s
ed
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
u
s
ed
alter
n
ativ
e
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
o
r
L
L
Ms
.
T
h
i
r
d
,
th
e
r
e
v
iew
was
r
estricte
d
to
s
tu
d
ies
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
in
E
n
g
lis
h
,
wh
ich
m
ay
h
a
v
e
led
to
th
e
e
x
clu
s
io
n
o
f
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
o
t
h
er
lan
g
u
ag
es.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Su
mm
a
ry
o
f
f
ind
ing
s
Pro
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
k
ey
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
L
L
Ms
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
L
L
M
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
id
en
tifie
s
s
ev
e
r
al
n
o
t
ab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
e
er
in
g
(
1
6
s
tu
d
ies
in
c
lu
d
ed
f
o
r
r
e
v
iew)
th
at
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
we
h
av
e
ex
p
an
d
ed
T
ab
le
2
to
in
clu
d
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
etails
o
n
ea
ch
ap
p
licatio
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ti
n
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
t
h
e
eth
ical
im
p
licatio
n
s
b
u
t
also
wh
ich
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
e.
g
.
,
C
o
T
an
d
R
AG)
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
is
en
r
ich
m
en
t
aim
s
to
m
o
r
e
e
x
p
licit
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
h
o
w
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
im
p
ac
t
L
L
M
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
f
ie
ld
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
r
o
mp
t e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
la
r
g
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
els
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
…
(
I
z
z
u
l F
a
ta
w
i
)
1075
T
ab
le
2
.
No
tab
le
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
b
ased
o
n
s
y
n
th
esis
r
esu
lts
R
o
l
e
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
LL
M
s/
A
I
P
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
Et
h
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
Ref
R
o
l
e
o
f
L
LM
s i
n
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
−
L
L
M
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
G
P
T
-
3
.
5
-
t
u
r
b
o
)
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
(
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
i
z
e
d
=
0
.
1
9
)
a
n
d
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
(
d
=
0
.
3
6
)
.
−
Emp
l
o
y
e
d
a
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
ss
i
st
a
n
t
s
f
o
r
t
a
i
l
o
r
e
d
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
.
−
H
i
g
h
e
r
A
I
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
a
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
mes
.
−
LLM
s
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
,
a
n
d
s
e
l
f
-
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
−
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
(
r
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
f
o
r
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
)
−
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
(
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
d
o
ma
i
n
-
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
a
l
s)
−
M
i
s
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
r
i
sk
:
LL
M
s
c
a
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
i
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
i
f
n
o
t
v
e
r
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s.
−
A
c
c
e
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
B
i
a
s
:
o
v
e
r
-
r
e
l
i
a
n
c
e
o
n
A
I
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
m
a
y
e
x
a
c
e
r
b
a
t
e
b
i
a
s
,
e
sp
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
w
i
t
h
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
A
I
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
.
−
U
n
e
q
u
a
l
a
c
c
e
ss
:
d
i
s
p
a
r
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
A
I
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
c
a
n
w
i
d
e
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
g
a
p
s.
−
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s:
u
si
n
g
c
o
mm
e
r
c
i
a
l
LL
M
serv
i
c
e
s
f
o
r
s
e
n
si
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
d
a
t
a
ma
y
v
i
o
l
a
t
e
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
.
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
1
]
P
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
a
s
k
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
−
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
r
e
f
i
n
e
m
e
n
t
(
e
.
g
.
,
G
a
u
s
s
i
a
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
(
G
P
EI
)
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
)
t
o
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
L
L
M
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
.
−
R
o
l
e
-
p
l
a
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
a
s
k
s
l
i
k
e
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
r
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
−
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
h
a
t
b
o
t
s
r
e
f
i
n
e
d
f
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
s
i
v
e
n
e
ss
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
−
G
P
EI
f
o
r
r
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
−
R
o
l
e
-
p
l
a
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
(
t
o
si
mu
l
a
t
e
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s)
−
C
o
T
(
st
e
p
w
i
se
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
a
sk
c
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
)
−
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
:
u
s
i
n
g
c
o
m
merc
i
a
l
LLM
s
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
m
a
y
e
x
p
o
se
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
d
a
t
a
t
o
t
h
i
r
d
p
a
r
t
i
e
s
.
−
M
i
s
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
i
n
A
I
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
:
r
o
l
e
-
p
l
a
y
i
n
g
o
r
C
o
T
p
r
o
mp
t
i
n
g
c
a
n
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
b
i
a
se
s
i
f
n
o
t
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
.
−
B
i
a
s
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
ss
u
e
s
:
d
e
s
p
i
t
e
r
e
f
i
n
e
me
n
t
s,
p
r
o
m
p
t
-
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
e
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
c
a
n
s
t
i
l
l
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
i
n
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
a
n
d
b
i
a
s
e
s.
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
LLM
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
:
−
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
n
g
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
v
e
t
a
s
k
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
n
o
t
e
s
)
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
d
a
t
a
.
−
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
n
t
h
e
t
i
c
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
r
e
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
se
t
s.
−
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
t
r
e
n
d
s
f
o
r
i
n
v
e
st
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
i
sk
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
−
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
(
d
o
m
a
i
n
-
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
f
o
r
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
o
r
a
d
m
i
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
v
e
t
a
s
k
s)
−
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
f
i
n
e
me
n
t
(
i
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
n
t
h
e
t
i
c
d
a
t
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
)
−
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
r
i
s
k
s:
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
o
r
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
d
a
t
a
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
mi
s
h
a
n
d
l
e
d
.
−
B
i
a
s
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
:
s
y
n
t
h
e
t
i
c
d
a
t
a
mi
g
h
t
e
mb
e
d
o
r
a
m
p
l
i
f
y
e
x
i
st
i
n
g
b
i
a
s
e
s.
−
D
a
t
a
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
:
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
n
f
o
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
(
e
.
g
.
,
C
h
a
t
G
P
T
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
)
.
−
B
i
a
s
i
n
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s:
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
i
a
se
d
d
a
t
a
se
t
s m
a
y
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
mak
i
n
g
.
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
6
]
LLM
s
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s a
n
d
c
h
a
t
b
o
t
s:
−
U
sed
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
s
,
mu
l
t
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
p
u
b
l
i
c
serv
i
c
e
s,
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
−
“
Ll
a
ma
2
”
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
l
o
c
a
l
l
y
t
o
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
me
d
i
c
a
l
d
a
t
a
.
−
C
h
a
t
b
o
t
s
f
o
r
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
se
l
f
-
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
su
p
p
o
r
t
.
−
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
(
a
d
a
p
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
t
o
med
i
c
a
l
o
r
m
u
l
t
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
set
t
i
n
g
s)
−
Ta
sk
-
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
R
o
l
e
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
(
e
.
g
.
,
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
v
s.
d
o
c
t
o
r
r
o
l
e
s)
−
H
a
l
l
u
c
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
i
si
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
:
p
l
a
u
si
b
l
e
y
e
t
f
a
l
se
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
p
o
s
e
r
i
sk
s
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
−
B
i
a
s
a
n
d
a
g
e
i
sm:
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
mi
s
u
se
ma
y
marg
i
n
a
l
i
z
e
o
l
d
e
r
a
d
u
l
t
s
w
i
t
h
l
i
mi
t
e
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
.
−
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
:
c
l
o
u
d
-
b
a
s
e
d
LL
M
s
mu
s
t
c
o
m
p
l
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s (e
.
g
.
,
G
D
P
R
)
.
−
R
i
s
k
o
f
mi
s
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
:
m
i
sl
e
a
d
i
n
g
med
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
o
ma
y
h
a
r
m p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
i
f
u
n
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
d
.
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
L
L
M
s
f
o
r
d
a
t
a
s
e
t
J
a
i
l
b
r
e
a
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
d
v
e
r
s
a
r
i
a
l
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
:
−
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
a
u
t
o
mat
e
j
a
i
l
b
r
e
a
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
t
o
b
y
p
a
ss
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s.
−
C
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
j
a
i
l
b
r
e
a
k
p
r
o
mp
t
s
a
c
r
o
ss
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
LL
M
s.
−
A
d
v
e
r
s
a
r
i
a
l
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
u
n
d
e
r
m
i
n
e
L
L
M
s
a
f
e
t
y
.
−
A
d
v
e
r
sari
a
l
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
i
n
g
sy
st
e
m
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s)
−
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
-
b
a
se
d
p
r
o
m
p
t
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
r
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
p
r
o
m
p
t
s)
−
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
:
j
a
i
l
b
r
e
a
k
i
n
g
e
x
p
o
s
e
s
f
l
a
w
s
,
l
e
t
t
i
n
g
a
d
v
e
r
s
a
r
i
a
l
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
b
y
p
a
s
s
s
a
f
e
t
y
.
−
Et
h
i
c
a
l
mi
s
u
s
e
:
u
n
i
v
e
r
sal
j
a
i
l
b
r
e
a
k
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
p
o
s
e
r
i
s
k
s
o
f
m
a
l
i
c
i
o
u
s
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
−
H
a
l
l
u
c
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
o
d
e
:
e
r
r
o
n
e
o
u
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
mo
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
o
r
l
e
ss
d
e
t
e
c
t
a
b
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
a
d
v
e
r
sari
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s.
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
R
o
l
e
o
f
A
I
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
:
−
AI
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
s
v
i
t
a
l
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
t
o
u
se
LLM
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
−
P
r
o
mp
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
(
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
)
.
−
A
n
t
h
r
o
p
o
mo
r
p
h
i
z
i
n
g
A
I
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
t
o
mi
su
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
LL
M
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
.
−
A
I
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s
se
a
r
c
h
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s
.
−
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
(
u
s
e
r
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
l
o
o
p
s)
−
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
(
g
u
i
d
i
n
g
n
o
n
-
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
t
o
f
r
a
me
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
)
−
B
i
a
s
a
n
d
m
i
sa
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
:
n
o
n
-
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
ma
y
mi
si
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
A
I
o
u
t
p
u
t
s,
w
o
r
se
n
i
n
g
b
i
a
s
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
n
c
e
o
n
i
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
i
e
s.
−
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
:
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
,
i
n
s
e
c
u
r
e
A
I
t
o
o
l
s ri
s
k
d
a
t
a
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
.
−
R
i
s
k
o
f
mi
s
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
:
r
e
t
r
i
e
v
i
n
g
f
a
l
se
o
r
o
u
t
d
a
t
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
LL
M
s
c
a
n
u
n
d
e
r
m
i
n
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
.
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
L
L
M
s
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
u
b
l
i
c
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
:
−
G
P
T
-
4
v
s
.
G
o
o
g
l
e
A
I
c
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
f
o
r
t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
.
−
A
u
t
o
ma
t
i
n
g
t
a
s
k
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
d
r
a
f
t
i
n
g
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
n
o
t
e
s)
f
o
r
a
d
m
i
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
v
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
−
Te
st
i
n
g
b
i
a
s
i
n
p
h
i
s
h
i
n
g
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
F
1
-
sco
r
e
9
7
.
2
9
%
f
i
n
e
-
t
u
n
e
d
v
s.
9
2
.
7
4
%
p
r
o
m
p
t
-
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
e
d
)
.
−
P
r
o
mp
t
-
b
a
se
d
v
s.
f
i
n
e
-
t
u
n
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
(
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
i
n
t
a
s
k
s
l
i
k
e
p
h
i
sh
i
n
g
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
.
−
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
(
e
.
g
.
,
d
o
m
a
i
n
-
t
a
i
l
o
r
e
d
f
o
r
p
u
b
l
i
c
ser
v
i
c
e
s)
.
−
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
a
n
d
m
i
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
r
i
s
k
s
:
b
o
t
h
G
P
T
-
4
a
n
d
G
o
o
g
l
e
A
I
s
h
o
w
b
i
a
s
e
s
a
n
d
h
a
l
l
u
c
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
s
u
e
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
l
i
k
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
.
−
Et
h
i
c
a
l
u
se
:
u
n
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
d
LL
M
s
ma
y
y
i
e
l
d
h
a
r
mf
u
l
a
d
v
i
c
e
i
n
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
f
i
e
l
d
s.
−
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
:
n
e
e
d
c
l
a
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
A
I
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
c
y
b
e
r
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
p
h
i
s
h
i
n
g
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
.
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
3
]
LLM
s
f
o
r
c
o
d
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
b
u
g
g
i
n
g
:
−
C
h
a
t
G
P
T
u
se
d
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
/
r
e
f
i
n
e
c
o
d
e
(
e
.
g
.
,
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
LD
A
t
o
p
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
s)
.
−
S
t
r
e
a
m
l
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
c
o
d
e
f
o
r
mo
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
−
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
d
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
(
r
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
l
y
r
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
b
u
g
g
i
n
g
c
o
d
e
)
−
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
C
o
T
(
st
e
p
w
i
se
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
d
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
)
−
H
a
l
l
u
c
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
o
d
e
:
s
i
l
e
n
t
e
r
r
o
r
s
m
a
y
a
p
p
e
a
r
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
b
u
t
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
.
−
L
e
g
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
:
c
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
i
s
s
u
e
s
a
r
i
s
e
i
f
LL
M
s
w
e
r
e
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
o
n
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d
r
e
p
o
s
i
t
o
r
i
e
s
.
−
E
t
h
i
c
a
l
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
:
p
r
o
p
e
r
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
me
n
t
o
f
AI
-
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
c
o
d
e
i
s
n
e
c
e
ss
a
r
y
t
o
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
h
o
n
e
s
t
y
.
[
3
1
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
6
:
107
1
-
1
0
8
6
1076
Pro
m
p
t e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
h
as b
ec
o
m
e
a
cr
u
cial
to
o
l in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
L
L
Ms a
cr
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
L
L
Ms
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
b
y
g
en
er
atin
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ta
ilo
r
ed
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
a
n
d
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
in
e
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
ts
,
as
s
ee
n
in
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
C
o
p
ilo
t,
s
h
o
wca
s
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
well
-
d
esig
n
ed
p
r
o
m
p
ts
in
au
to
m
atin
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
h
as
o
p
tim
ized
L
L
Ms
to
d
eliv
er
task
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
u
id
an
ce
,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
clin
ical
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
au
to
m
atin
g
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
task
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
h
as
also
b
en
ef
ited
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
m
p
t
-
d
r
iv
e
n
s
y
n
th
etic
d
ata
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ataset
b
alan
ce
an
d
m
o
d
el
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
2
5
]
.
Ad
v
er
s
ar
ial
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
s
u
c
h
as
ex
p
lo
itin
g
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
ies
in
L
L
Ms,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
T
a
b
le
2
to
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
—
f
r
o
m
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
a
n
d
b
ias
to
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
AI
m
is
u
s
e
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
AI
liter
ac
y
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
k
ills
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
a
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
q
u
itab
l
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
f
ai
r
u
s
e
a
n
d
b
en
e
f
it
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
L
L
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies [
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
L
L
Ms
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
ed
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
to
o
p
tim
ize
b
o
th
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
eth
ical
s
af
ety
.
Stan
d
ar
d
i
ze
d
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
ca
n
h
elp
m
itig
a
te
b
iases
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
in
teg
r
at
in
g
AI
liter
ac
y
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
in
t
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
la
will
em
p
o
wer
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
alik
e,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e.
Pro
m
p
t
-
alig
n
ed
g
r
a
d
ien
t
tu
n
in
g
em
er
g
es
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
allo
wi
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
ts
to
b
etter
alig
n
with
th
e
d
e
s
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
an
is
m
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
at
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
a
f
f
o
r
d
s
,
b
r
i
d
g
in
g
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
h
u
m
a
n
in
ten
tio
n
an
d
AI
ex
ec
u
tio
n
,
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
p
r
o
m
p
ts
ca
taly
ze
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
L
L
Ms.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
wca
s
e
ex
p
licit
ex
am
p
les
o
f
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
s
.
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
p
r
o
m
p
ts
,
ea
ch
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
r
e
p
r
esen
tati
v
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
I
n
s
ec
to
r
s
lik
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
p
r
i
v
ac
y
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
AI
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
s
u
ch
as
lo
ca
lly
d
ep
lo
y
ed
L
L
Ms,
is
ess
en
tial
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
m
o
d
els.
Fin
ally
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
eth
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
in
g
ad
v
e
r
s
ar
ial
p
r
o
m
p
t
u
s
e
is
cr
itical
to
p
r
ev
en
t
m
is
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
As
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
c
o
n
tin
u
es
to
ad
v
an
ce
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
its
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
ap
p
licatio
n
is
k
ey
to
m
ax
im
izin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
o
m
ain
s
,
wh
ile
m
itig
atin
g
r
is
k
s
r
elate
d
to
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
b
ias.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Simp
lifie
d
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
aid
s
in
o
b
tain
in
g
th
e
d
esire
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
L
L
Ms
s
h
o
win
g
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
r
o
mp
t e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
la
r
g
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
els
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
…
(
I
z
z
u
l F
a
ta
w
i
)
1077
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n 1
:
perf
o
rma
nce
o
f
L
L
M
s
i
n
s
cient
if
ic
a
nd
eng
ineering
do
m
a
ins
?
Pro
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
is
cr
itical
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
L
L
Ms
in
s
p
ec
ialized
ar
e
as
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
ce
an
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
.
B
y
ca
r
ef
u
ll
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
in
p
u
ts
—
k
n
o
wn
as
“
p
r
o
m
p
ts
”
—
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
d
ir
ec
t
L
L
Ms
to
g
en
er
ate
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate,
co
n
tex
tu
ally
r
ele
v
an
t
o
u
tp
u
ts
an
d
tailo
r
th
em
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
tech
n
ical
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
ese
f
ield
s
.
I
n
s
cien
tific
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
is
cip
lin
es,
wh
er
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
tech
n
ical
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
ar
e
v
ital,
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
L
L
Ms
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
p
tim
ally
,
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
also
en
ab
le
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
—
s
u
ch
as
C
o
T
o
r
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
—
im
p
a
ct
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
v
er
s
atility
an
d
ex
p
an
d
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies o
f
L
L
Ms,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
r
esear
ch
in
p
r
o
m
p
t e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t p
o
p
u
lar
p
r
o
m
p
t te
ch
n
i
q
u
es
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Po
p
u
lar
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es to
e
n
h
an
ce
L
L
M’
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
d
esire
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
3
.
2
.
1
.
E
nh
a
ncing
do
m
a
in
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
un
dersta
nd
ing
a
nd
co
nte
x
t
ua
liza
t
io
n
A
k
e
y
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
i
s
i
t
i
s
a
b
i
li
t
y
t
o
r
ef
i
n
e
L
L
M
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
d
o
m
a
i
n
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
i
n
t
o
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
.
S
c
i
e
n
t
if
i
c
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
f
ie
l
d
s
a
r
e
m
a
r
k
e
d
b
y
h
i
g
h
l
y
s
p
e
c
i
al
i
z
e
d
j
a
r
g
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
.
L
L
M
s
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
o
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
d
a
t
a
s
e
ts
m
a
y
m
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
o
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
o
u
t
p
u
ts
n
o
t
a
l
i
g
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
u
c
h
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
t
o
p
i
c
s
.
P
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
es
t
h
is
b
y
e
m
b
e
d
d
i
n
g
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
,
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
i
n
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
,
t
h
u
s
g
u
i
d
i
n
g
L
L
M
s
t
o
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
t
h
a
t
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
d
t
as
k
s
.
F
o
r
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
i
n
m
a
t
e
r
ia
ls
s
c
i
en
c
e
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
u
s
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
ic
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
t
o
h
e
l
p
L
L
Ms
e
x
t
r
a
ct
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
a
p
e
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
m
a
t
e
r
i
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
,
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
is
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
d
a
t
a
[
1
4
]
.
L
L
M
s
a
r
e
b
e
tt
e
r
e
q
u
i
p
p
e
d
to
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
t
e
ch
n
i
c
a
l
li
t
e
r
at
u
r
e
b
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
in
g
d
o
m
a
i
n
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
ic
t
e
r
m
i
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
,
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
i
n
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
l
e
v
el
o
f
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
,
a
s
m
i
n
o
r
m
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
et
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
s
c
ie
n
t
i
f
i
c
d
a
t
a
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
t
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
I
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
d
esi
g
n
,
p
a
r
ti
c
u
la
r
l
y
i
n
ci
v
il
o
r
m
e
ch
an
ic
al
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
f
i
el
d
s
,
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
a
t
L
L
Ms
ca
n
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
n
d
d
e
tai
le
d
s
p
ec
i
f
i
ca
t
io
n
s
,
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
t
r
a
in
ts
,
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
e
tr
i
cs.
Pro
m
p
ts
tai
lo
r
e
d
t
o
i
n
c
lu
d
e
t
e
ch
n
i
ca
l
te
r
m
s
r
el
ate
d
t
o
l
o
a
d
-
b
ea
r
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
i
ties
,
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
a
l
i
n
t
eg
r
it
y
,
a
n
d
th
er
m
a
l
ex
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
a
ll
o
w
L
L
Ms
t
o
g
e
n
er
ate
u
s
ef
u
l
d
esi
g
n
alt
e
r
n
ati
v
e
s
th
at
a
li
g
n
wit
h
s
p
e
ci
f
i
c
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
i
n
im
iz
es
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
m
a
n
u
al
c
o
r
r
ec
ti
o
n
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
ef
f
i
cie
n
c
y
a
n
d
ac
c
u
r
a
cy
.
I
n
ch
em
i
ca
l e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
m
p
ts
c
an
als
o
e
m
p
h
asiz
e
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
v
ar
i
a
b
les
s
u
c
h
as
r
e
ac
t
io
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
a
n
d
c
ata
ly
s
t
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
ies
.
T
h
is
h
el
p
s
L
L
Ms
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
c
r
iti
ca
l a
s
p
e
cts
o
f
s
c
i
en
t
if
ic
an
al
y
s
is
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
ei
r
a
b
i
lit
y
t
o
in
te
r
p
r
et
co
m
p
le
x
d
a
ta
s
e
ts
wi
th
p
r
e
cisi
o
n
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
s
u
c
h
f
iel
d
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
r
el
ia
b
il
it
y
is
c
r
u
c
ial
,
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
b
y
s
t
ee
r
i
n
g
L
L
Ms
t
o
w
ar
d
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
a
n
d
r
e
lia
b
l
e
p
r
e
d
i
cti
o
n
s
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
I
m
pro
v
ed
re
a
s
o
nin
g
t
h
ro
ug
h c
ha
in
-
of
-
t
ho
ug
ht
pro
m
pting
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
ch
alle
n
g
es
in
u
s
in
g
L
L
Ms
f
o
r
s
cien
tifi
c
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
th
eir
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
m
a
n
ag
in
g
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
task
s
.
T
h
ese
task
s
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
lo
g
ical
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
s
tep
s
,
an
d
with
o
u
t
ex
p
licit
g
u
id
a
n
ce
,
L
L
Ms
m
ay
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
m
ain
tain
co
h
er
en
ce
.
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
is
s
u
e
b
y
g
u
id
in
g
L
L
Ms
th
r
o
u
g
h
ea
c
h
s
tep
o
f
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
B
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
p
r
o
m
p
ts
to
m
ir
r
o
r
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
h
elp
s
L
L
Ms m
ain
tain
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
e
r
r
o
r
s
.
I
n
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
L
L
M
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
h
y
p
o
th
esis
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
b
y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
m
p
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
tag
es o
f
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
—
f
r
o
m
h
y
p
o
th
esis
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
to
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
L
L
Ms
to
ass
is
t
in
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
tas
k
s
,
s
u
ch
as
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
aly
s
is
,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
all
cr
itical
v
ar
iab
les,
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e,
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
tr
ess
e
s
,
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
at
ea
ch
s
tep
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
k
ip
p
in
g
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
s
tep
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
ated
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
Rea
l
-
t
i
m
e
da
t
a
inte
g
ra
t
io
n wit
h r
et
riev
a
l
-
a
ug
m
ent
e
d g
ener
a
t
io
n
On
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
L
L
Ms
is
th
eir
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
tatic
d
atasets
,
wh
ich
ca
n
q
u
ick
l
y
b
ec
o
m
e
o
u
td
ated
in
f
ast
-
ev
o
lv
in
g
f
ield
s
lik
e
b
io
m
ed
ical
r
esear
c
h
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
cien
ce
.
R
AG
o
v
er
co
m
es
th
is
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
6
:
107
1
-
1
0
8
6
1078
en
ab
lin
g
L
L
Ms
to
ac
ce
s
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
ex
ter
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
it
in
to
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
W
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
R
AG
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
to
q
u
er
y
d
o
m
ain
-
ta
ilo
r
ed
r
e
p
o
s
ito
r
ies
—
s
u
ch
as
s
p
ec
ialized
m
ed
ica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
en
s
o
r
s
—
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
co
n
te
x
t
-
r
el
ev
an
t
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
T
h
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
alu
ab
le
in
d
y
n
am
ic
f
ield
s
,
wh
er
e
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
R
AG
co
m
b
in
es
L
L
M
g
en
er
atio
n
with
a
r
etr
iev
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
allo
ws
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
atab
ases
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
b
io
m
ed
ical
r
esear
ch
,
L
L
Ms
en
h
an
ce
d
with
R
AG
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
latest
cli
n
ical
g
u
id
elin
es,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
th
eir
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
[
1
0
]
.
Similar
ly
,
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
,
R
AG
all
o
ws
L
L
Ms
to
r
etr
iev
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
clim
ate
d
ata
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
m
o
d
els
a
r
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
ess
en
ti
al
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
f
ield
s
th
at
r
ely
o
n
c
o
n
s
tan
tly
u
p
d
at
ed
d
ata.
3
.
2
.
4
.
E
nh
a
ncing
inte
rpre
t
a
b
ility
a
nd
re
du
cing
er
ro
rs
I
n
h
i
g
h
-
s
tak
es
f
ield
s
lik
e
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
o
r
p
h
a
r
m
ac
eu
tical
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
in
te
r
p
r
eta
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
L
L
M
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
cr
itical.
Stru
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
,
wh
er
e
p
r
o
m
p
ts
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
elicit
d
etailed
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
a
n
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
o
f
L
L
M
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
m
ec
h
an
ical
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
r
o
m
p
ts
ca
n
g
u
i
d
e
L
L
Ms
to
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
b
u
t
also
ex
p
lain
h
o
w
th
ey
ar
r
i
v
ed
at
th
o
s
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
en
g
in
ee
r
s
to
r
ev
iew
th
e
lo
g
ic
b
eh
i
n
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
m
a
k
in
g
it
ea
s
ier
to
id
en
tify
an
d
c
o
r
r
ec
t
er
r
o
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
tical
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
e
ev
en
m
in
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
s
ca
n
h
av
e
s
er
io
u
s
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
h
allu
ci
n
atio
n
s
—
in
co
r
r
ec
t
b
u
t
p
lau
s
ib
le
-
s
o
u
n
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
—
b
y
g
u
id
in
g
th
e
L
L
M
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
v
er
i
f
ied
d
ata
an
d
k
e
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
tp
u
ts
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
g
en
er
ate
d
co
n
ten
t
alig
n
s
with
estab
lis
h
ed
s
cien
tific
p
r
in
cip
les.
3
.
2
.
5
.
Aut
o
ma
t
io
n a
nd
ef
f
icie
ncy
g
a
ins
t
hro
ug
h pro
m
pt
e
ng
ineering
P
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
l
s
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
a
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
L
L
M
s
t
o
t
a
k
e
o
v
e
r
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
t
a
s
k
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
d
a
t
a
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
li
t
e
r
at
u
r
e
r
e
v
ie
w
,
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
r
e
p
o
r
t
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
W
e
n
o
t
e
t
h
a
t
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
i
n
g
o
f
t
e
n
o
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
a
s
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
t
a
s
k
s
l
i
k
e
S
L
R
,
as
r
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
ti
o
n
s
c
a
n
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
n
u
a
n
c
e
s
m
i
s
s
e
d
i
n
one
-
s
t
e
p
q
u
e
r
i
e
s
.
T
h
is
f
r
e
e
s
u
p
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
a
n
d
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
t
as
k
s
.
I
n
b
i
o
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
p
r
o
m
p
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
c
a
n
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
ti
o
n
o
f
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
l
a
r
g
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
es
,
s
p
e
e
d
i
n
g
u
p
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
[
1
1
]
.
S
i
m
il
a
r
l
y
,
in
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
L
L
M
s
c
a
n
b
e
g
u
i
d
e
d
b
y
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
al
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
t
h
a
t
a
d
h
e
r
e
t
o
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
s
av
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
e
r
r
o
r
[
1
4
]
.
3
.
2
.
6
.
Cro
s
s
-
do
m
a
in a
pp
lica
t
io
ns
a
nd
inte
rdi
s
cipl
ina
ry
re
s
ea
rc
h
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ex
citin
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
is
its
ab
ilit
y
t
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
m
o
d
er
n
r
esear
ch
,
c
o
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
ten
r
e
q
u
ir
e
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
f
ield
s
.
Pro
m
p
t e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
all
o
ws L
L
Ms to
f
u
n
ctio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
b
y
g
u
id
i
n
g
th
em
to
in
teg
r
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
r
o
m
p
ts
ca
n
b
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
t
o
d
r
aw
o
n
clim
ato
lo
g
y
,
ec
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
b
i
o
m
ed
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
r
o
m
p
ts
ca
n
g
u
i
d
e
L
L
Ms
to
s
y
n
th
esize
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
b
io
lo
g
y
,
m
ed
icin
e,
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ical
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
to
d
ev
el
o
p
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
is
cr
o
s
s
-
d
o
m
ain
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
f
o
s
ter
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
y
e
n
co
u
r
ag
in
g
th
e
s
y
n
th
esi
s
o
f
id
ea
s
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
f
ield
s
.
3
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n 2
:
k
e
y
t
ec
hn
iqu
es i
n pro
m
pt
eng
ineering
Pro
m
p
t e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
is
ess
en
tia
l f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
L
L
Ms,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
p
ec
iali
ze
d
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
ce
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
Key
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
a
n
d
R
AG,
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
as
p
o
wer
f
u
l
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
lim
itatio
n
s
lik
e
s
tatic
d
atasets
an
d
co
m
p
lex
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
R
AG
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
p
e
r
ates
b
y
tr
an
s
latin
g
i
n
p
u
t
p
r
o
m
p
ts
in
t
o
tar
g
ete
d
q
u
er
ies,
wh
ic
h
a
r
e
th
en
u
s
ed
to
f
etch
r
elev
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
an
ar
r
ay
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
ea
r
ch
en
g
in
es
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
r
ap
h
s
.
C
o
T
ex
ce
ls
at
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
lo
g
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
wh
ile
R
AG
en
s
u
r
es
ac
ce
s
s
to
cu
r
r
en
t,
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ata
—
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
ea
ch
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
ch
o
s
en
o
r
co
m
b
in
e
d
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
task
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
in
s
cien
tific
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
h
o
w
q
u
er
ies
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
m
p
t
s
ca
n
b
e
au
g
m
en
ted
with
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
etr
iev
e
d
f
r
o
m
ex
ter
n
al
d
atab
ases
to
s
y
n
th
esize
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
co
n
t
ex
t
-
r
ich
r
esp
o
n
s
es
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lo
r
es
h
o
w
th
ese
an
d
o
th
e
r
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
co
n
te
x
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
an
d
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
ef
in
in
g
L
L
M
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
g
e
n
er
atin
g
co
n
te
x
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic,
ac
cu
r
ate,
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
Cha
in
-
of
-
t
ho
ug
ht
pro
m
pting
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
L
L
Ms
to
h
a
n
d
le
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
task
s
.
I
n
s
cien
tific
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
ch
t
ask
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
in
v
o
lv
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
to
f
o
llo
w
a
lo
g
ical
s
eq
u
en
ce
.
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
h
el
p
s
L
L
Ms
m
an
ag
e
th
is
co
m
p
lex
ity
b
y
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
d
o
w
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
to
s
m
aller
,
m
o
r
e
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
s
tep
s
.
W
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
co
m
p
ar
in
g
C
o
T
with
o
t
h
er
tech
n
i
q
u
es
lik
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
r
o
mp
t e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
la
r
g
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
els
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
…
(
I
z
z
u
l F
a
ta
w
i
)
1079
co
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
:
wh
il
e
C
o
T
ex
ce
ls
at
s
tep
wis
e
lo
g
ical
f
lo
w,
co
n
te
x
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
en
s
u
r
es
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
g
u
id
es
L
L
Ms
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
im
ilar
to
“th
in
k
in
g
al
o
u
d
,
”
wh
er
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
ar
ticu
late
ea
ch
s
tep
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
er
r
o
r
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
f
ield
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
m
ath
e
m
atics.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
a
ca
lcu
latio
n
task
,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
m
a
y
ask
th
e
L
L
M
to
ex
p
lain
ea
c
h
p
h
ase
o
f
a
d
esig
n
o
r
an
aly
s
is
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
o
r
o
v
er
s
ig
h
ts
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
eq
u
ally
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
task
s
,
s
u
ch
as
alg
eb
r
aic
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
,
wh
er
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
ea
ch
s
tep
is
cr
itical
[
3
7
]
.
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
t
in
g
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
p
a
r
ti
cu
la
r
l
y
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
i
n
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
is
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
,
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
,
an
d
d
at
a
i
n
te
r
p
r
eta
ti
o
n
i
n
s
ci
e
n
ti
f
i
c
r
es
ea
r
c
h
.
F
o
r
i
n
s
t
a
n
ce
,
r
ese
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
in
m
at
er
ial
s
c
i
en
ce
m
ay
u
s
e
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
ti
n
g
t
o
h
el
p
an
L
L
M
s
y
s
tem
ati
ca
l
ly
g
en
e
r
at
e
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
p
l
a
n
a
n
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
,
an
d
i
n
te
r
p
r
et
th
e
r
es
u
lts
.
B
y
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
to
r
ef
l
ec
t
th
e
lo
g
i
ca
l
f
l
o
w
o
f
s
cie
n
tifi
c
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
,
L
L
Ms
ca
n
b
ett
er
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
c
o
n
s
is
t
en
t
an
d
r
e
lia
b
l
e
o
u
t
p
u
ts
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
s
c
ie
n
ti
f
i
c
p
r
i
n
ci
p
l
es
[
3
3
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
ti
n
g
a
d
d
r
ess
es
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
p
it
f
alls
o
f
L
L
Ms
—
h
al
l
u
ci
n
ati
o
n
,
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
g
en
er
ates
p
la
u
s
i
b
l
e
b
u
t
i
n
c
o
r
r
e
ct
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
.
B
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
i
n
g
th
e
L
L
M
t
o
e
x
p
l
ai
n
i
ts
r
e
aso
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
t
e
v
e
r
y
s
tep
,
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
ti
n
g
h
el
p
s
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
h
a
ll
u
ci
n
a
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
e
p
wis
e
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
t
h
at
e
ac
h
c
o
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
is
b
ase
d
o
n
l
o
g
ic
al
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
,
m
ak
in
g
it e
asi
er
f
o
r
u
s
e
r
s
to
r
e
v
i
ew
a
n
d
v
e
r
i
f
y
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
T
h
i
s
is
p
ar
tic
u
l
ar
ly
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t in
h
i
g
h
-
s
t
a
k
es
a
p
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
s
li
k
e
m
e
d
ic
al
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
o
r
ae
r
o
s
p
a
ce
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
,
w
h
er
e
ev
en
s
m
all
m
is
t
ak
es
ca
n
h
av
e
s
er
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
[
3
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
r
a
p
h
as a
r
etr
ie
v
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
L
L
Ms to
en
h
an
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
e
with
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ex
ter
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
4
0
]
3
.
3
.
2
.
Ret
riev
a
l
-
a
ug
m
ent
ed
g
ener
a
t
io
n
W
h
ile
C
o
T
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
R
AG
ad
d
r
ess
es
an
o
th
e
r
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
lim
itatio
n
o
f
L
L
Ms:
th
eir
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
o
n
s
tatic,
p
r
e
-
tr
ai
n
e
d
d
atasets
.
L
L
Ms
ar
e
ty
p
ically
tr
ain
ed
o
n
lar
g
e,
f
ix
ed
d
atasets
,
wh
ich
m
ay
b
ec
o
m
e
o
u
t
d
ated
,
esp
ec
ially
in
f
ield
s
with
r
ap
id
ly
ev
o
lv
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ases
lik
e
b
io
m
ed
ical
r
esear
ch
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
.
W
e
n
o
te
th
at
R
AG
ex
ce
ls
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
liv
e
u
p
d
ates
o
r
d
o
m
ai
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
u
e
r
ies
—
a
k
ey
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
v
e
r
C
o
T
’
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
R
AG
en
ab
les
L
L
M
s
to
q
u
er
y
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ex
ter
n
al
d
at
ab
ases
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
R
AG
co
m
b
in
es
L
L
Ms’
g
en
er
ativ
e
a
b
ilit
ies
wi
th
a
r
etr
iev
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
ac
ce
s
s
es
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
ex
ter
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
b
io
m
ed
i
ca
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
L
L
Ms
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
R
AG
ca
n
r
etr
iev
e
th
e
latest
clin
ical
g
u
id
elin
es
o
r
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
o
u
tp
u
ts
r
e
m
ain
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
in
v
alu
ab
le
in
m
ed
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
wh
er
e
o
u
td
ated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
u
l
d
lead
to
i
n
co
r
r
ec
t tr
ea
tm
en
t r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
R
AG
all
o
ws
L
L
Ms
to
p
u
l
l
r
el
ev
an
t
d
at
a
o
n
d
em
a
n
d
i
n
r
ese
a
r
c
h
an
d
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
f
iel
d
s
.
F
o
r
i
n
s
ta
n
ce
,
wh
e
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
iz
in
g
r
ese
ar
c
h
in
n
e
u
r
o
s
c
ie
n
c
e,
a
R
AG
-
e
n
a
b
le
d
L
L
M
c
o
u
l
d
ac
ce
s
s
t
h
e
lates
t
s
t
u
d
i
es
f
r
o
m
s
cie
n
ti
f
i
c
d
ata
b
ases
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
an
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
a
te
a
n
a
ly
s
is
t
h
a
n
a
m
o
d
el
r
el
y
i
n
g
s
o
l
el
y
o
n
p
r
e
-
tr
ai
n
e
d
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
R
AG
p
ar
tic
u
l
ar
l
y
b
e
n
e
f
i
cia
l
i
n
f
ast
-
m
o
v
i
n
g
f
ie
ld
s
wh
e
r
e
n
e
w
d
is
c
o
v
e
r
i
es
a
n
d
d
at
a
a
r
e
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
n
g
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
d
ata
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
R
A
G
also
en
h
a
n
ce
s
L
L
M
o
u
t
p
u
ts
i
n
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
l
e,
L
L
Ms
m
u
s
t
o
f
te
n
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
co
d
es
o
r
m
at
er
ial
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
6
:
107
1
-
1
0
8
6
1080
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
ati
o
n
s
i
n
ci
v
i
l
o
r
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
ca
l
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
r
eli
ab
le
d
esi
g
n
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
tio
n
s
.
R
AG
e
n
ab
les
L
L
Ms
t
o
ac
c
ess
th
is
u
p
-
to
-
d
at
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
at
o
u
t
p
u
ts
ad
h
er
e
t
o
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
eg
u
l
ati
o
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
in
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
m
o
d
el
in
g
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
an
al
y
s
is
,
R
A
G
al
lo
ws
L
L
Ms
t
o
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
at
e
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
d
at
a
in
to
p
r
e
d
ic
ti
v
e
m
o
d
els
,
a
d
ap
t
in
g
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
m
o
r
e
r
el
ev
a
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
ts
[
4
2
]
.
R
AG
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
r
id
g
es
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
s
in
d
y
n
am
ic
o
r
h
ig
h
ly
s
p
ec
ialized
f
ield
s
.
As
L
L
Ms
ar
e
lim
ited
b
y
th
e
s
tatic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
eir
tr
ain
in
g
d
atasets
,
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
ts
m
ay
b
ec
o
m
e
o
b
s
o
lete.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
r
et
r
iev
al,
R
AG
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
L
L
Ms
ca
n
g
e
n
e
r
ate
o
u
tp
u
ts
th
at
ar
e
b
o
th
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
ap
id
ly
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
ar
ea
s
lik
e
g
e
n
o
m
ics o
r
clim
ate
s
cien
ce
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
3
.
3
.
3
.
Co
nte
x
t
ua
l
pro
m
pting
C
o
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
L
L
M
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
e
m
b
ed
d
in
g
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
to
p
r
o
m
p
ts
,
wh
ile
C
o
T
a
n
d
R
AG
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
a
n
d
r
e
al
-
tim
e
d
ata
in
te
g
r
atio
n
.
C
o
n
t
ex
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
ts
a
r
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
in
clu
d
e
th
e
r
elev
a
n
t
tech
n
ical
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
c
o
n
t
ex
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
L
L
Ms
to
in
t
er
p
r
et
q
u
e
r
ies
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
.
W
e
clar
if
y
th
at
co
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
ca
n
also
wo
r
k
in
tan
d
em
with
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
—
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
v
er
m
u
ltip
le
iter
atio
n
s
—
to
co
r
r
ec
t
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
in
e
v
o
lv
in
g
q
u
er
ies.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
i
n
f
ield
s
wh
er
e
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
m
a
y
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ea
n
in
g
s
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
le
g
al
r
esear
ch
,
p
r
o
m
p
ts
th
at
in
clu
d
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
leg
al
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
o
r
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
t
o
ca
s
e
law
ca
n
h
elp
L
L
Ms
g
en
er
ate
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
o
f
s
tatu
tes
o
r
co
n
tr
ac
ts
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
lack
o
f
d
o
m
ai
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
Similar
ly
,
in
b
io
m
e
d
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
ts
ca
n
ass
is
t
L
L
Ms
in
n
av
ig
atin
g
co
m
p
lex
m
e
d
ical
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
,
lead
in
g
to
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t o
r
r
esear
ch
o
u
tp
u
ts
[
7
]
,
[
4
6
]
‒
[
4
8
]
.
I
n
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
wh
er
e
ter
m
s
lik
e
“
f
o
r
ce
”
o
r
“
en
er
g
y
”
m
ay
h
a
v
e
m
u
ltip
le
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
at
L
L
Ms
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ield
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
t
h
er
m
o
d
y
n
am
ics,
em
b
e
d
d
in
g
c
lu
es
in
th
e
p
r
o
m
p
t
a
b
o
u
t
wh
et
h
er
“
h
ea
t
”
r
ef
e
r
s
to
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
o
r
a
co
llo
q
u
ial
co
n
ce
p
t
h
elp
s
r
ef
i
n
e
th
e
L
L
M’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
[
3
9
]
.
C
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
with
C
o
T
an
d
R
AG
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
L
L
Ms
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
ly
r
elev
an
t,
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
th
at
alig
n
with
th
e
in
tr
icac
ies o
f
s
p
ec
ialized
f
ield
s
[
1
0
]
.
3
.
3
.
4
.
Act
iv
e
lea
rning
pro
m
p
t
s
a
nd
it
er
a
t
iv
e
re
f
inem
ent
Activ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
m
p
ts
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t,
en
g
ag
in
g
L
L
Ms
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
g
en
er
atin
g
an
d
r
ef
i
n
in
g
o
u
tp
u
ts
b
ased
o
n
u
s
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
v
alu
ab
le
i
n
ar
ea
s
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
s
u
c
h
as
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
r
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
I
t
i
s
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
b
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
with
C
o
T
an
d
R
AG
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
o
th
s
tep
wis
e
clar
ity
an
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
d
ata
d
u
r
in
g
iter
ativ
e
c
y
cles
—
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
en
ef
icia
l
in
co
m
p
lex
task
s
lik
e
m
u
lti
-
p
h
ase
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
jects.
I
n
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
m
p
ts
allo
w
L
L
Ms
to
g
en
er
ate
c
o
d
e,
wh
ich
is
th
en
iter
ativ
ely
r
ef
i
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
o
u
tp
u
ts
th
at
a
r
e
tailo
r
ed
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
o
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
[
4
9
]
.
I
n
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
d
esig
n
,
ac
tiv
e
le
ar
n
in
g
p
r
o
m
p
ts
h
elp
o
p
tim
ize
d
esig
n
v
ar
iab
les
b
y
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
L
L
Ms
to
ad
ju
s
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
in
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
f
ield
s
wh
er
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
[
5
0
]
.
Activ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
m
p
ts
ar
e
also
u
s
ef
u
l
in
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
.
B
y
g
u
id
in
g
L
L
Ms
to
r
ev
is
it
an
d
r
ef
in
e
t
h
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
e
x
p
lo
r
e
alter
n
ativ
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
lead
i
n
g
to
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
well
-
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
o
u
t
p
u
ts
[
1
4
]
,
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
3
.
4
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n 3
:
et
hica
l c
ha
lleng
es
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
L
L
Ms
in
t
o
s
cien
ce
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
ese
f
ield
s
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
al
o
n
g
s
i
d
e
th
ese
b
e
n
ef
its
co
m
e
eth
i
ca
l
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
ca
r
e
f
u
l
atten
tio
n
,
esp
e
cially
in
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
lik
e
m
ed
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
esig
n
,
an
d
leg
al
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
clu
d
e
b
i
as,
h
allu
cin
atio
n
,
an
d
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
—
is
s
u
es
th
at
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
s
af
ety
o
f
L
L
M
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
W
e
also
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
m
itig
atin
g
th
ese
is
s
u
es
—
b
y
em
b
ed
d
in
g
f
air
n
ess
p
r
o
m
p
ts
,
en
f
o
r
cin
g
s
tep
wi
s
e
lo
g
ical
ch
ec
k
s
,
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
r
etr
ie
v
al
r
o
u
tin
es
—
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
L
L
M
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
u
n
in
ten
d
ed
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
in
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
o
m
ain
s
.
3
.
4
.
1
.
B
ia
s
in L
L
M
o
utp
uts
B
ias
in
L
L
M
o
u
tp
u
ts
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
cr
itical
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
.
L
L
Ms
ar
e
tr
ain
ed
o
n
v
ast
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata,
o
f
ten
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
an
d
o
t
h
er
p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
l
e
d
atasets
,
wh
ich
in
h
er
e
n
tly
c
o
n
tain
b
iases
r
elate
d
to
g
en
d
e
r
,
r
ac
e,
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
.
T
h
ese
b
i
ases
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
L
L
M
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
lead
in
g
to
u
n
f
air
o
r
in
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
in
f
ield
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
to
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
leg
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
r
o
o
t
ca
u
s
e
o
f
b
ias
lies
in
th
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
to
t
r
ain
th
ese
m
o
d
els.
Sin
ce
L
L
Ms
lear
n
b
y
id
e
n
tify
in
g
p
atte
r
n
s
in
th
eir
tr
ai
n
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.