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AE
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-
128
I
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ter
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f
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Secu
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Mu
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in
1.
I
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RO
D
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etwo
r
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(
W
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ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
,
an
d
s
m
ar
t
cities
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
A
W
SN
co
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s
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n
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m
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lo
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th
e
o
v
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all
s
y
s
tem
p
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
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es
o
f
W
SN
d
esig
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ar
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to
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f
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ar
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th
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n
tr
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u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
:
i
)
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
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f
an
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p
tim
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clu
s
ter
in
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f
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am
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co
r
p
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d
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b
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s
ter
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war
m
in
tellig
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to
m
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im
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g
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s
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p
tio
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;
ii)
i
n
co
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r
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f
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tweig
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t
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cr
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p
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s
ter
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C
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to
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th
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d
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lo
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m
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t o
f
p
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ac
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I
t is en
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g
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f
icien
t
an
d
s
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ar
c
h
itectu
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r
est
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f
t
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p
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p
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r
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an
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ws.
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2
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r
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liter
atu
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e
s
tu
d
y
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S
ec
tio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
. S
ec
tio
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4
p
r
esen
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r
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lts
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d
is
cu
s
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astl
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s
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tio
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5
co
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tain
s
co
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2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
l
o
w
-
en
er
g
y
ad
a
p
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ier
ar
c
h
y
(
L
E
AC
H)
,
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
ap
p
li
ed
to
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
[
6
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
ese
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ty
p
ically
em
p
lo
y
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
CH
s
e
lectio
n
an
d
ass
u
m
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
lead
s
t
o
u
n
eq
u
al
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
lim
ite
d
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
m
o
d
er
n
in
s
tallatio
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s
ty
p
ically
co
n
tain
th
e
lev
els o
f
en
er
g
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
n
o
d
es
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
R
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en
t
r
esear
ch
is
aim
ed
at
ap
p
r
o
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es
th
at
m
ax
im
ize
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
,
m
in
im
ize
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
in
ter
-
clu
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
T
o
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
,
a
s
ca
lab
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
s
war
m
-
b
ased
s
ea
r
ch
,
an
d
lig
h
tw
eig
h
t
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
.
Z
h
an
g
a
n
d
L
i
[
1
5
]
e
x
am
in
e
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
W
SNs
u
s
in
g
a
d
u
ty
-
cy
cle
m
o
d
el,
in
wh
ich
n
o
d
es
s
witch
b
etwe
en
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
s
le
ep
m
o
d
es
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
av
e
en
e
r
g
y
.
A
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
I
DS)
f
o
r
W
SNs
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Sad
ia
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
,
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
etec
t
an
d
elim
in
ate
th
e
th
r
ea
t
in
s
tan
tly
.
Haseeb
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
p
r
esen
t
a
h
eu
r
is
tic
r
o
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Yad
av
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
g
iv
e
a
d
etailed
r
ev
iew
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
etic
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
tech
n
iq
u
es,
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
in
W
SN
s
.
Ma
s
o
u
d
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
tr
ad
eo
f
f
s
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
an
d
n
o
n
-
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
h
y
b
r
id
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l f
o
r
W
SNs
.
Go
u
d
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
d
ap
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
W
SN
to
o
p
tim
i
ze
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
B
ala
an
d
B
eh
al
[
2
1
]
s
o
lv
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
d
en
ial
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
DDo
S
)
attac
k
s
an
d
W
SN
-
b
ased
DDo
S
d
ef
en
s
e
in
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
n
etw
o
r
k
s
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
attac
k
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ath
er
th
an
i
n
ter
n
al
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
d
u
r
in
g
r
e
g
u
lar
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
Ah
m
ed
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
em
p
lo
y
e
d
b
io
en
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
n
o
d
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
p
r
ed
ictio
n
b
u
t
d
id
n
o
t
em
p
h
asize
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
ar
ch
itectu
r
es.
B
r
ajo
n
es
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
d
e
n
ial
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
Do
S)
an
d
DDo
S a
ttack
s
in
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
tatef
u
l
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
e
f
in
ed
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
(
SDN)
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Mo
d
ey
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
h
at
co
m
b
in
es
k
-
m
ea
n
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
with
b
ee
co
lo
n
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
h
ete
r
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
W
S
Ns.
B
ao
[
2
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
a
s
ec
u
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
I
o
T
u
s
in
g
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
(
PSO
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
wh
ile
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
d
ev
elo
p
a
PS
O
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
em
a
f
o
r
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
W
SNs
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
Sh
ar
m
in
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
p
r
esen
t
a
h
y
b
r
id
PS
O
-
b
ased
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
o
n
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t WS
Ns.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
co
llectiv
ely
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
in
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
H
o
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
eith
er
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
o
r
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
in
d
iv
i
d
u
ally
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
wo
r
k
in
teg
r
ates
s
war
m
-
in
tellig
en
ce
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
lig
h
tweig
h
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
(
AE
S
)
-
b
ased
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
o
th
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
in
I
o
T
-
en
ab
led
W
SNs
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
SN
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
,
lig
h
tweig
h
t
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
d
u
t
y
cy
clin
g
in
to
th
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
t
o
co
l.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
t
o
p
er
ates
in
th
r
ee
k
ey
s
tag
es:
o
p
tim
ized
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
d
u
t
y
-
cy
cl
ed
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
3
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
mo
del
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
els
en
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ted
in
1
0
0
×
1
0
0
m
2
ar
ea
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
b
o
th
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
an
d
h
ete
r
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
s
.
A
b
ase
s
tatio
n
is
p
lac
ed
at
co
o
r
d
in
ates
(
1
5
0
,
5
0
)
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
r
ad
io
m
o
d
el
d
ef
in
es
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
(
)
an
d
r
ec
e
p
tio
n
(
)
as g
iv
en
i
n
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
d
u
ty
-
cy
clin
g
e
n
er
g
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
(
3
)
.
Sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
SN
)
ar
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
in
a
1
0
0
×
1
0
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m
2
f
iel
d
wit
h
a
f
i
x
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d
b
ase
s
t
ati
o
n
,
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
W
SN
m
o
d
els
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
E
a
ch
n
o
d
e
is
i
n
it
ial
ize
d
w
it
h
a
n
en
er
g
y
o
f
2
J
a
n
d
f
o
l
lo
ws
a
d
u
ty
c
y
cl
e
o
f
5
0
%
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
r
a
d
i
o
m
o
d
el
[
1
]
is
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
an
d
r
ec
ep
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o
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
.
(
,
)
=
+
×
×
2
(
1
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8
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W
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N
clu
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fo
r
I
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T u
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in
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p
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1277
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(
3
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W
h
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e
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th
e
p
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ize,
th
e
d
is
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ce
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J
/b
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n
d
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100
p
J
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2
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n
h
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o
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f
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as
s
u
g
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ested
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s
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o
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[
1
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{
_
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0
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5
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n
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lig
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ased
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s
ter
in
g
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e
d
is
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ce
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etwe
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s
ter
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em
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er
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d
h
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is
m
in
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ized
,
th
u
s
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
W
SN d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
3
.
2
.
Secure
co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n
AE
S
-
1
2
8
en
c
r
y
p
tio
n
is
wid
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ad
o
p
ted
in
r
eso
u
r
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co
n
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tr
ain
ed
s
en
s
o
r
n
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r
k
s
d
u
e
to
its
lig
h
tweig
h
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
AE
S
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
at
C
Hs
to
s
ec
u
r
e
ag
g
r
eg
ated
p
a
y
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ad
s
.
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h
e
en
cr
y
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tio
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v
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ap
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o
x
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m
ately
0
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0
2
m
J
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e
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n
o
d
e
an
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ad
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s
1
6
b
y
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p
er
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ac
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wh
ich
is
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lig
ib
le
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m
p
ar
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t
o
r
ad
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t
r
an
s
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is
s
io
n
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er
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y
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tects
ag
ain
s
t
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
,
i
n
jectio
n
,
an
d
n
o
d
e
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
[
1
7
]
.
3
.
3
.
Wo
r
k
f
l
o
w
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
i
s
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
an
d
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n
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is
ts
o
f
s
ix
s
tep
s
.
i)
Dep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
n
o
d
es a
n
d
i
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itializatio
n
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
v
alu
es.
ii)
Fo
r
m
atio
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o
f
clu
s
ter
s
v
ia
K
-
m
ea
n
s
.
iii)
R
ef
in
em
en
t o
f
C
Hs u
s
in
g
PS
O
iter
atio
n
s
.
iv
)
Ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
an
d
AE
S
-
1
2
8
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
at
C
Hs.
v)
E
n
cr
y
p
te
d
d
ata
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
t
o
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
with
tim
e
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
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ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A
)
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
.
v
i)
Du
ty
cy
clin
g
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
id
le
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
3
.
4
.
Sim
ula
t
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et
up
T
h
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
W
SN
o
p
tim
iz
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n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
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im
p
lem
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ted
in
Py
th
o
n
an
d
ev
alu
ated
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
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g
n
o
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e
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en
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ities
.
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ly
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ase
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at
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ir
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.
3
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5
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Da
t
a
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tic
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B
er
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ab
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I
B
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ataset
[
2
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u
s
ed
.
I
t
co
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tain
s
5
4
d
e
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lo
y
e
d
n
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es
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
alid
atin
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th
e
s
tatis
tical
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eh
av
io
r
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tem
p
er
at
u
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e
-
a
n
d
h
u
m
id
ity
-
b
ased
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en
s
o
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g
s
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g
e
-
s
ca
le
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im
u
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u
p
to
1
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0
0
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o
d
es)
wer
e
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th
etica
lly
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ated
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s
in
g
th
e
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am
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ity
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d
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en
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u
r
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m
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lete
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is
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u
r
e
2
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tem
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d
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im
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latio
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lo
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o
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o
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ed
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SN
3
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6
.
P
er
f
o
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m
a
nce
m
e
t
rics
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
e
v
alu
ate
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e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
[
2
]
,
[
7
]
.
i)
E
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
m
J
/n
o
d
e)
:
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m
p
u
te
av
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
/
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
,
(1
)
to
(
3
)
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
.
ii)
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
(
r
o
u
n
d
s
)
:
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
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n
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
n
til
th
e
f
ir
s
t a
n
d
last
n
o
d
e
d
ies
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
iii)
Priv
ac
y
b
r
ea
ch
r
ate
(
%
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
es):
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ea
s
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r
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e
p
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ce
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tag
e
o
f
d
ata
b
r
ea
c
h
es
with
AE
S
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1
2
8
en
cr
y
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tio
n
ap
p
lied
to
m
itig
ate
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
[
7
]
.
iv
)
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
(
b
y
tes/
iter
atio
n
)
:
m
ea
s
u
r
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to
tal
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
itted
as
an
in
d
icat
o
r
o
f
e
f
f
icien
t
d
ata
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
[
6
]
.
v)
Pre
d
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
(
%):
ass
ess
es
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
n
d
er
0
.
5
%
in
p
u
t
n
o
is
e
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
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d
en
o
tes
th
e
d
ata
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ag
g
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e
g
atio
n
a
cc
u
r
ac
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o
f
s
en
s
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
r
e
ce
iv
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at
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
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t
m
ea
s
u
r
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ely
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g
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e
g
ated
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ec
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atch
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ig
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al
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en
s
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r
v
alu
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d
is
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m
p
u
ted
as
(
4
)
.
=
(
1
−
−
)
×
100%
(
4
)
T
h
e
b
aselin
e
is
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
L
E
AC
H
p
r
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to
co
l
with
o
u
t
PS
O
o
r
AE
S.
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
r
ef
lects
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
f
id
elity
d
u
r
in
g
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
n
o
t in
tr
u
s
io
n
-
d
etec
tio
n
o
r
s
o
il
-
m
o
is
tu
r
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
3
.
7
.
P
a
ra
m
et
er
s
et
t
ing
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
y
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
f
ield
,
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
,
p
ac
k
et
s
ize,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
r
an
g
e.
T
h
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ettin
g
s
en
ab
le
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
e
x
is
tin
g
W
SN p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
p
ar
am
eter
u
s
ed
i
n
Py
th
o
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ex
p
er
im
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ts
P
a
r
a
me
t
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l
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t
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5
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e
r
g
y
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.
5
J (n
o
r
ma
l
)
,
1
J (a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
)
P
a
c
k
e
t
si
z
e
4
,
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9
6
b
i
t
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
o
u
n
d
s
1
,
5
0
0
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I
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tif
I
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N:
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8
9
3
8
E
n
erg
y
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efficien
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ec
u
r
e
W
S
N
clu
s
teri
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g
fo
r
I
o
T u
s
in
g
p
a
r
ticle
s
w
a
r
m
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
…
(
S
.
S
w
a
p
n
a
K
u
ma
r
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1279
3
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8
.
P
a
rt
icle
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wa
rm
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ptim
iz
a
t
io
n
im
plem
ent
a
t
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n det
a
ils
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
,
th
e
PS
O
u
s
ed
f
o
r
C
H
r
ef
in
em
en
t
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
PS
O
s
ea
r
ch
es
f
o
r
C
H
p
o
s
itio
n
s
th
at
m
in
im
ize
a
m
u
lti
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o
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jectiv
e
f
itn
ess
co
m
b
in
in
g
n
etwo
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k
e
n
er
g
y
,
in
tr
a
-
clu
s
te
r
d
is
tan
ce
,
an
d
n
o
d
e
s
u
r
v
i
v
ab
ilit
y
.
Fit
n
ess
we
ig
h
ts
an
d
s
to
p
p
in
g
:
,
,
wer
e
s
et
to
0
.
5
,
0
.
3
,
an
d
0
.
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
o
n
v
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ce
to
l
er
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ce
u
s
ed
: Δfitn
ess
<1
e
-
4
o
r
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x
I
ter
.
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o
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ith
m
1
.
PSO
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ased
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izatio
n
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n
p
u
t: N,
(
n
o
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e
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o
r
d
in
ates)
,
(
in
itial e
n
er
g
y
)
,
K
(
clu
s
ter
s
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,
Ma
x
I
ter
Ou
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u
t: C
H
s
et
an
d
clu
s
ter
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
1
:
I
n
itialize
P p
ar
ticles;
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
en
co
d
es K
C
H
co
o
r
d
i
n
ates (
x
,
y
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2
:
Fo
r
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
p
: c
o
m
p
u
t
e
f
itn
ess
as in
(
5
)
=
∙
(
1
)
+
∙
(
)
+
∙
(
1
1
+
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
is
s
u
m
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
is
av
er
ag
e
in
tr
a
-
clu
s
ter
d
is
tan
ce
,
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ea
d
n
o
d
es
in
tr
ial
3
:
Up
d
ate
v
elo
city
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
:
←
∙
+
1
∙
1
∙
(
−
)
+
2
∙
2
∙
(
−
)
←
+
4
:
E
n
f
o
r
ce
f
ield
b
o
u
n
d
s
; r
ea
s
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ess
f
itn
ess
; u
p
d
ate
,
5
:
R
ep
ea
t (
2
–
4
)
u
n
til Ma
x
I
ter
o
r
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
6
:
Ass
ig
n
n
o
d
es to
n
ea
r
est C
H
(
E
u
clid
ea
n
)
;
r
u
n
T
DM
A+
ag
g
r
eg
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5.
CO
NCLU
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p
ap
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p
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a
PS
O
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AE
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at
aim
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eser
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id
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tiality
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s
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tech
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lar
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Sri
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p
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o
r
n
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-
p
r
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f
it
s
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.
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[
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.