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k
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ted
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t
c
o
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se
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fa
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c
o
m
p
e
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sa
ti
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c
k
c
h
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tec
h
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y
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ffe
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tra
n
sfo
rm
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e
s
o
lu
ti
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t
h
ro
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g
h
i
ts
d
e
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e
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tralize
d
,
tran
sp
a
re
n
t
,
a
n
d
tam
p
e
r
-
re
sista
n
t
stru
c
tu
re
.
A
m
o
n
g
i
ts
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s,
n
o
n
-
f
u
n
g
i
b
le
t
o
k
e
n
s
(NFT
s)
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
to
v
e
rify
th
e
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
it
y
a
n
d
o
wn
e
rsh
i
p
o
f
u
n
iq
u
e
d
ig
i
tal
a
ss
e
ts.
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
x
p
lo
re
s
t
h
e
tran
sfo
rm
a
ti
v
e
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
f
NFT
s
in
stre
n
g
t
h
e
n
i
n
g
d
ig
i
tal
o
wn
e
rsh
ip
a
n
d
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
it
y
wh
il
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id
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
c
rit
ica
l
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
m
a
rk
e
t
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
,
i
n
tero
p
e
ra
b
il
it
y
li
m
it
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
se
c
u
rit
y
v
u
ln
e
ra
b
il
it
ies
with
in
p
u
b
li
c
NFT
p
latfo
rm
s.
Em
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
th
e
e
x
trem
e
p
r
o
g
ra
m
m
in
g
(X
P
)
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
p
o
se
s
a
se
c
u
re
fra
m
e
wo
rk
fo
r
NFT
c
re
a
ti
o
n
o
u
tsi
d
e
p
u
b
li
c
m
a
rk
e
tp
lac
e
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
sm
a
rt
c
o
n
trac
ts
a
n
d
u
se
r
a
c
c
o
u
n
ts.
T
h
e
fin
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
t
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
g
r
a
n
ts
u
se
rs’
g
re
a
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
m
in
imiz
e
s
e
x
p
o
su
re
to
p
latfo
rm
-
lev
e
l
risk
s,
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
tru
st
in
d
e
c
e
n
tralize
d
a
ss
e
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
Ov
e
ra
ll
,
th
is
stu
d
y
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
NFT
s’
p
i
v
o
tal
ro
le
in
re
sh
a
p
i
n
g
d
ig
it
a
l
o
wn
e
rsh
i
p
m
o
d
e
ls
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
n
e
e
d
fo
r
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
d
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
to
e
n
su
re
se
c
u
rit
y
,
tran
s
p
a
re
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
tab
le
v
a
lu
e
d
istr
ib
u
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
e
v
o
lv
i
n
g
d
ig
it
a
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
Dec
en
tr
alize
d
N
on
-
f
u
n
g
ib
le
to
k
en
Priv
ate
ass
et
Sm
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Yu
s
u
f
Ku
r
n
ia
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atics E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Sain
s
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
B
u
d
d
h
i
Dh
ar
m
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
4
1
I
m
am
B
o
n
jo
l Str
ee
t,
Kar
a
wac
i
,
T
an
g
er
an
g
,
B
an
ten
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: y
u
s
u
f
.
k
u
r
n
ia@
u
b
d
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
to
d
ay
'
s
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
an
d
ea
s
y
to
o
b
ta
in
,
ac
ce
s
s
,
ex
ch
an
g
e
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
te,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
it
at
an
y
tim
e,
an
y
wh
er
e
,
v
ia
th
e
in
ter
n
et.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
b
r
in
g
i
n
g
m
a
n
y
b
en
ef
its
,
it
h
as
r
aised
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
id
en
ti
ty
,
au
th
en
ticity
,
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
ter
n
et,
all
k
in
d
s
o
f
d
i
g
ital
m
ed
ia
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
s
h
ar
e
d
an
d
c
o
p
ied
,
with
o
r
with
o
u
t
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
o
r
co
n
s
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
co
n
te
n
t'
s
cr
ea
to
r
o
r
o
wn
er
,
wh
o
s
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
th
e
cr
ea
to
r
b
ec
au
s
e
th
eir
wo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
co
p
ied
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
en
t
o
r
r
em
u
n
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
wi
d
ely
ac
ce
p
ted
way
to
d
eter
m
in
e
a
d
ig
ital
ar
two
r
k
'
s
“
o
r
ig
in
al
”
p
ar
t.
No
r
is
th
er
e
a
wid
ely
ac
ce
p
ted
way
o
f
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
r
d
iv
e
r
tin
g
its
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
.
I
t
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
c
h
allen
g
e
a
n
d
a
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
s
till
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
f
ac
ed
in
t
o
d
ay
'
s
d
ig
ital
a
g
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
cr
itical
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
h
ig
h
ly
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
h
elp
m
itig
ate
f
r
au
d
,
d
ata
m
a
n
ip
u
latio
n
,
an
d
lack
o
f
tr
u
s
t in
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
[
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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tell
I
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N:
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8
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3
8
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
d
i
g
ita
l a
s
s
et
o
w
n
ers
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ec
en
tr
a
liz
ed
n
o
n
-
fu
n
g
i
b
le
to
ke
n
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
Yu
s
u
f Ku
r
n
ia
)
1973
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
a
d
ig
ital
b
o
o
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
wh
o
s
e
d
atab
ases
ar
e
s
h
ar
ed
an
d
r
ep
licated
b
y
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a
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ar
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ca
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ly
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d
ated
b
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f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
e
-
estab
lis
h
ed
r
u
les
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
A
d
ata
u
p
d
ate
h
as
b
ee
n
v
er
if
ied
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ap
p
r
o
v
ed
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
ll
p
ar
ties
.
I
t
wil
l
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a
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ew
b
lo
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to
th
e
ch
ain
co
p
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.
E
ac
h
b
lo
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h
as
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u
n
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ash
,
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d
if
s
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ies
to
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d
ata
i
n
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e
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lo
ck
,
th
e
h
ash
in
t
h
at
b
lo
c
k
will
ch
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g
e.
T
h
is
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
tech
n
o
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g
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h
as
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
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ize
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th
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cr
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o
f
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wn
er
s
h
ip
r
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o
r
d
s
f
o
r
d
ig
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wo
r
k
s
as
ex
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in
n
o
v
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n
s
s
u
ch
as c
r
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
p
r
ietar
y
r
e
co
r
d
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o
r
b
o
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k
s
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
ch
an
g
ed
an
d
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
[
3
]
.
No
n
-
f
u
n
g
ib
le
to
k
e
n
s
(
NFTs
)
ar
e
d
ig
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in
f
o
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m
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n
u
n
its
s
to
r
ed
o
n
th
e
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
th
at
a
u
th
en
ticate
d
ig
ital
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et
s
as
u
n
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u
e
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d
,
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er
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o
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e,
ca
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o
t
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e
in
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er
en
tl
y
ex
ch
an
g
ed
f
o
r
NFTs
with
o
th
er
n
o
n
-
f
u
n
g
ib
le
ass
ets
[
4
]
.
NFT
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
as
a
d
i
g
ital
ass
et
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
s
,
v
id
eo
s
,
au
d
io
,
p
r
o
f
ile
im
ag
es,
id
en
titi
es
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
ty
p
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
f
iles
[
5
]
.
Own
er
s
h
ip
o
f
an
NFT
ca
n
b
e
lik
en
ed
t
o
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
a
p
r
icel
ess
m
aster
p
iece
,
wh
er
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
ca
n
d
o
w
n
lo
ad
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ter
n
et
o
r
ac
q
u
ir
e
it
in
a
p
r
i
n
ted
f
o
r
m
at
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
u
s
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ess
en
tial
tr
u
th
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
o
wn
e
r
s
h
ip
r
em
ain
s
u
n
alter
e
d
,
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
tr
u
s
tin
g
its
au
th
en
ticity
.
T
h
e
im
m
u
tab
le
an
d
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
n
ab
les
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
an
d
in
ter
lin
k
in
g
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
r
elate
d
t
o
ar
two
r
k
s
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
an
d
v
e
r
if
iab
le
lin
e
ag
e
o
f
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
[
6
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
is
e
o
f
NFTs
h
as
cr
ea
t
ed
a
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t
in
h
o
w
s
o
ciety
p
er
ce
iv
es
an
d
v
alu
es
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
ese
t
o
k
en
s
em
p
o
wer
c
r
ea
to
r
s
to
ass
er
t
th
eir
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
an
d
a
u
th
en
ticity
o
v
er
d
ig
ital
cr
ea
tio
n
s
in
an
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
te
d
m
an
n
er
,
o
p
e
n
in
g
u
p
n
ew
a
v
en
u
es
f
o
r
ar
tis
ts
,
co
n
ten
t
cr
ea
t
o
r
s
,
an
d
co
llecto
r
s
alik
e
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
a
d
i
g
ital
ec
o
n
o
m
y
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
B
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Alizad
eh
et
a
l.
[
5
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
NFT
m
ar
k
et
h
as
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
is
e
in
NFT
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
an
d
tr
a
d
in
g
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
m
ad
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
ales
an
d
p
u
r
ch
ases
,
wh
ile
m
o
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
es
h
ad
s
o
m
e
NFT
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
So
m
e
m
ar
k
etp
la
ce
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
NFT
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
s
er
v
ices,
b
u
t
t
h
ey
h
a
v
e
ju
s
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
s
o
m
e
f
o
r
m
ats,
s
o
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
q
u
i
te
lim
ited
f
iles
th
at
ca
n
d
o
NFT
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
o
f
an
NFT
with
in
a
m
ar
k
etp
lace
n
ec
ess
itates
th
e
o
b
lig
atio
n
o
f
co
v
er
in
g
ass
o
ciate
d
co
s
ts
with
in
th
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ar
k
etp
lace
.
T
h
is
f
in
an
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
t
r
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
f
ee
s
i
n
cu
r
r
e
d
w
h
ile
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
th
e
NFT
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
o
wn
er
to
an
o
th
er
.
T
h
ese
f
ee
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
t
h
e
m
ar
k
etp
lace
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
'
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
ex
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
NFTs.
NFT
b
u
y
er
s
an
d
s
eller
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
an
d
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
ese
co
s
ts
as
th
ey
e
n
g
ag
e
in
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
m
ar
k
etp
lace
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
as
th
ey
ca
n
v
ar
y
an
d
im
p
ac
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
asp
ec
ts
o
f
NFT
tr
ad
in
g
an
d
o
wn
er
s
h
i
p
tr
an
s
f
er
s
.
Als
o
,
th
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
ar
k
etp
lace
web
s
ite
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
a
ch
an
ce
o
f
lo
s
in
g
o
u
r
NFT.
B
ased
o
n
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
a
h
ac
k
o
n
n
if
ty
g
atew
ay
,
a
p
o
p
u
lar
ex
ch
an
g
e
f
o
r
NFTs,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
ec
u
r
ity
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
i
n
its
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
h
as
r
esu
lte
d
in
th
e
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
Mic
h
ae
l
Mir
af
lo
r
,
a
m
ed
ia
s
tr
ateg
is
t,
b
ein
g
h
ac
k
ed
an
d
h
i
s
en
tire
co
llectio
n
o
f
NFTs
b
ein
g
d
elete
d
with
in
m
in
u
tes
[
7
]
.
So
,
with
th
e
cr
e
atio
n
o
f
NFTs
th
em
s
elv
es,
w
h
o
s
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
b
lic,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
an
d
u
s
er
ac
co
u
n
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
ac
ce
s
s
is
n
o
t
lik
e
th
e
p
u
b
lic
m
ar
k
etp
lace
ex
is
ts
.
So
,
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
p
r
iv
at
e
NFTs,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
an
d
u
s
er
ac
co
u
n
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
ac
ce
s
s
is
d
if
f
er
en
t f
r
o
m
th
e
p
u
b
lic
m
ar
k
ets.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
ex
tr
em
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
(
XP)
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
XP
s
elec
tio
n
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
an
estab
lis
h
ed
r
ep
u
tatio
n
as
a
f
ast,
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
ex
c
ep
tio
n
ally
lo
w
-
r
is
k
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
o
f
twar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
XP
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
l
ar
s
o
f
twar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ag
ile
f
am
ily
,
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
p
r
o
jects
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
XP
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
aim
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
an
d
NFT
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
ass
et
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
XP’
s
em
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
iter
ativ
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
m
ak
es
it
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
well
-
s
u
ited
to
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
NFT
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
r
esear
ch
g
o
als
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
p
o
ten
tial r
is
k
s
.
Sin
ce
XP r
eq
u
ir
es m
in
im
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
it e
lim
in
ates th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
ten
s
iv
e
p
r
o
ject
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
it
is
team
-
o
r
ien
te
d
im
p
lies
th
at
ev
er
y
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
team
,
n
o
t
ju
s
t
th
e
team
's
o
wn
er
o
r
m
an
ag
er
,
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ject'
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
co
m
p
letio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
c
h
o
ice
h
elp
s
m
ain
tain
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
,
s
ev
er
al
ad
d
itio
n
al
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
will
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ass
es
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
will
in
clu
d
e
a
co
s
t
-
p
er
-
m
in
t
an
aly
s
is
o
n
s
elec
ted
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
n
etw
o
r
k
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
f
in
a
n
ci
al
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
m
i
n
tin
g
NFTs.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
n
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
late
n
cy
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
will
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
I
n
ter
Plan
etar
y
f
ile
s
y
s
tem
(
I
PF
S)
u
p
lo
ad
tim
e
an
d
th
e
m
in
t
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
p
e
r
io
d
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
Usab
ilit
y
test
in
g
will
also
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
v
ia
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
a
d
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
an
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
Fin
ally
,
i
n
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
test
in
g
will
ass
ess
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
im
p
o
r
t
ex
ter
n
al
NFTs
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
9
7
2
-
1
9
8
1
1974
an
d
r
ea
d
t
h
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
co
n
tr
a
ct
m
etad
ata,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
atib
i
lity
with
o
th
e
r
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
will
g
en
er
ate
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata,
s
u
b
s
tan
tiatin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
t o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
p
h
ase,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
id
e
n
tify
in
g
in
-
d
ep
th
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
a
ca
r
ef
u
l p
lan
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es,
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
iter
ativ
e
p
lan
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
s
er
v
es
as
a
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
esig
n
s
tag
e,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
NFTs
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ig
ital
ass
et
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
B
esid
es
th
at,
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
d
etailin
g
an
ac
c
u
r
ate
in
itial
test
p
lan
is
also
in
teg
r
al
to
t
h
is
s
tag
e.
W
h
ile
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
c
o
d
in
g
)
s
tag
e
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
s
tar
ted
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
th
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
with
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
in
clu
d
es
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
ea
tu
r
es,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
c
r
ea
te,
s
to
r
e,
an
d
m
an
ag
e
NFTs
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
i
g
ital
ass
et
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
test
in
g
p
h
ase
in
v
o
l
v
es
a
s
er
ies
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
test
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
u
n
it
test
in
g
,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
test
in
g
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
test
in
g
to
v
er
i
f
y
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
NFT
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
asp
e
cts ar
e
m
et
with
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
.
W
ith
th
is
h
ig
h
ly
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
XP
-
s
o
f
twar
e
life
cy
cle
(
SLC
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
NFT
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ig
ital
ass
et
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
ll
o
ws
s
tr
ict
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
an
d
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
s
u
cc
ess
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
s
tated
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
XP
s
o
f
twar
e
life
c
y
c
le
2
.
1
.
B
lo
c
k
cha
in
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
is
a
ty
p
e
o
f
d
ata
b
ase
th
at
is
b
o
th
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
.
I
t
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
u
s
ed
t
o
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
o
f
ev
e
r
y
s
in
g
le
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
in
a
b
l
o
ck
,
wh
ic
h
is
th
en
s
ec
u
r
ed
with
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
h
ash
es
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
W
h
en
Sato
s
h
i
Nak
am
o
to
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
a
w
h
ite
p
ap
er
o
n
th
e
d
ec
en
tr
aliz
ed
cr
y
p
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
cy
B
itco
in
in
2
0
0
8
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
s
u
g
g
ested
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
e
-
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
asy
m
m
etr
ical
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
,
Me
r
k
le
T
r
ee
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
,
an
d
Hash
ca
s
h
(
a
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
m
ak
es
v
er
if
y
in
g
a
p
r
o
o
f
s
im
p
le
b
u
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
it
co
m
p
l
ex
)
,
h
e
m
an
a
g
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
n
o
v
el
s
o
l
u
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
6
]
,
h
e
r
e
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
a
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
:
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
is
an
im
m
u
tab
le
an
d
r
ea
d
-
o
n
ly
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
I
t
wo
r
k
s
b
y
ap
p
en
d
in
g
n
ew
en
tr
ies
(
b
lo
ck
s
)
to
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
a
led
g
er
.
T
h
ese
b
lo
ck
s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
b
lo
c
k
'
s
'h
ash
'
id
en
tifie
r
.
2
.
2
.
No
n
-
f
un
g
ibl
e
t
o
k
ens
NFTs
h
av
e
em
e
r
g
ed
as
a
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ex
am
in
atio
n
a
cr
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ac
ad
em
ic
d
o
m
ain
s
,
s
u
ch
as
f
in
an
ce
,
r
e
al
estate
ec
o
n
o
m
ics,
law
(
wi
th
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
tellectu
al
p
r
o
p
er
ty
r
ig
h
ts
)
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
7
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
lik
e
Su
n
y
ae
v
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
h
a
v
e
d
elin
ea
te
d
t
wo
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
to
k
e
n
s
in
to
an
ex
i
s
tin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
a
p
r
iv
ate
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
,
wh
ic
h
r
estricts
ac
ce
s
s
s
o
lely
to
au
th
o
r
ized
ag
en
ts
,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
p
ar
tak
e
in
r
ea
d
in
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
a
n
d
a
p
p
en
d
n
ew
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
to
t
h
e
le
d
g
er
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ar
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I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
d
i
g
ita
l a
s
s
et
o
w
n
ers
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ec
en
tr
a
liz
ed
n
o
n
-
fu
n
g
i
b
le
to
ke
n
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
Yu
s
u
f Ku
r
n
ia
)
1975
em
p
o
wer
s
ag
en
ts
to
d
esig
n
b
esp
o
k
e
to
k
e
n
s
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
,
th
u
s
o
f
f
er
in
g
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
wh
ile
u
tili
zin
g
an
e
x
is
tin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
led
g
er
to
im
p
lem
en
t
t
h
e
to
k
en
-
b
ased
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
1
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Per
e
s
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
an
d
T
ah
er
d
o
o
s
t
[
2
0
]
,
h
as
em
p
h
asized
th
at
NFTs
r
ep
r
esen
t
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
ass
ets
with
in
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
eir
p
o
s
s
ess
io
n
o
f
u
n
iq
u
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
co
d
e,
wh
ich
s
ets
th
em
ap
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
e
r
.
T
h
is
d
is
tin
ctiv
en
ess
is
a
cr
u
cial
attr
ib
u
te
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
NFTs.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
NFTs
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
eir
p
o
ten
tial
i
n
m
itig
atin
g
f
r
au
d
u
len
t
ac
tiv
it
ies,
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
ec
a
u
s
e
ea
ch
t
o
k
en
b
ea
r
s
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
o
f
its
o
wn
er
,
th
u
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
its
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
an
d
au
th
en
ticity
with
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
[
2
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
NFTs
ar
e
g
ai
n
in
g
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies th
an
k
s
to
th
eir
u
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
v
e
r
s
atility
in
u
s
e
ca
s
es.
2
.
3
.
S
m
a
rt
c
o
ntr
a
ct
Sm
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
a
r
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
h
at
ar
e
an
ess
en
tial
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
n
et
wo
r
k
.
T
h
ey
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
tr
ig
g
e
r
s
,
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
lo
g
ic
,
allo
wi
n
g
in
t
r
icate
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
A
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
is
a
s
et
o
f
co
d
e
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
o
n
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
n
etwo
r
k
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
e
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
a
g
r
ee
m
en
ts
o
r
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
p
r
e
-
d
ef
i
n
ed
r
u
les;
if
th
ese
r
u
le
s
ar
e
m
et,
th
ey
tr
ig
g
er
th
e
au
t
o
m
atic
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
a
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
s
et
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
wr
itten
in
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
at
co
n
tain
s
a
ce
r
tain
lo
g
ic.
W
ith
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
,
th
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ici
en
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
in
ter
m
e
d
iar
ies
o
r
th
ir
d
p
ar
ties
to
v
er
if
y
o
r
en
f
o
r
ce
th
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
all
th
e
ter
m
s
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
in
th
e
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
ar
e
m
e
t
in
a
b
u
y
in
g
an
d
s
ellin
g
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
th
at
ca
s
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
will
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
au
t
o
m
atica
lly
with
o
u
t
h
u
m
an
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
f
ac
ilit
ate,
v
er
if
y
,
an
d
en
f
o
r
ce
a
g
r
ee
m
en
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ic
ien
tly
in
th
e
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Sm
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
s
o
lely
o
n
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
t
o
f
co
n
tr
ac
ts
,
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
w
h
ich
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
i
n
tr
ica
te
m
eth
o
d
s
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
u
tili
ze
th
em
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
m
ar
t
co
n
t
r
ac
ts
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
id
en
tical
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
tr
ac
ts
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Sm
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
ex
ten
d
th
e
u
tili
ty
o
f
a
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
f
r
o
m
s
to
r
in
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
to
en
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
te
r
m
s
o
f
m
u
lti
-
p
ar
ty
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
.
Sm
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
a
ls
o
h
elp
en
ter
m
u
lti
-
p
ar
t
y
ag
r
e
em
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
in
g
a
n
y
th
in
g
o
f
v
alu
e,
b
e
it
m
o
n
e
y
,
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
o
r
o
th
e
r
en
titi
es,
with
o
u
t
n
ee
d
in
g
a
t
h
ir
d
-
p
a
r
ty
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
wh
en
u
s
in
g
it,
th
e
p
ar
ties
in
v
o
lv
e
d
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
t
o
r
ely
o
n
lawy
er
s
o
r
b
a
n
k
s
to
co
n
clu
d
e
co
n
tr
ac
ts
,
b
u
t
wh
en
ce
r
tain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
m
et,
th
e
s
m
ar
t
co
n
t
r
ac
t
will
au
to
m
atica
lly
r
u
n
to
is
s
u
e
p
ay
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
m
ak
es th
em
im
m
u
tab
le.
T
h
at
is
,
th
e
co
n
tr
a
ct
u
s
ed
ca
n
n
e
v
er
b
e
ca
n
ce
led
o
r
d
elete
d
.
2
.
4
.
I
nte
rP
la
net
a
r
y
f
ile
s
y
s
t
e
m
I
PF
S
is
an
in
n
o
v
atio
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
J
u
an
B
en
et
in
2
0
1
4
.
T
h
i
s
s
y
s
tem
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
as a
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
lar
g
e
f
iles
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
an
n
e
r
.
I
t
aim
s
to
r
e
p
lace
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
d
o
m
in
an
t
HT
T
P
r
e
q
u
est
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
PF
S
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
twa
r
e
an
d
b
o
asted
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t
o
f
f
a
ilu
r
e,
th
er
eb
y
allo
win
g
n
o
d
es
in
a
n
etwo
r
k
to
o
p
er
ate
with
o
u
t
estab
lis
h
in
g
tr
u
s
t
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
T
h
e
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
o
f
f
e
r
ed
b
y
I
PF
S
ca
n
id
en
tify
,
v
er
if
y
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
iles
u
s
in
g
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
h
ash
es to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
au
th
e
n
ticity
o
f
f
iles
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
ir
s
to
r
ag
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
n
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
with
i
n
I
PF
S
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
in
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
r
etr
iev
al,
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
wh
ile
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
m
alicio
u
s
d
ata
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
[
2
8
]
.
L
ik
e
p
u
b
lic
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
s
,
f
iles
s
to
r
ed
o
n
I
PF
S
ca
n
b
e
a
cc
ess
ed
an
d
v
iewe
d
b
y
an
y
o
n
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
I
PF
S
n
o
d
es.
Un
lik
e
in
a
ce
n
tr
al
s
er
v
er
,
th
ese
f
iles
ar
e
n
o
t
s
to
r
ed
.
I
n
s
tead
,
th
e
y
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
cr
ea
tes
a
v
ital
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
f
ea
tu
r
e.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
s
to
r
in
g
d
ata
in
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
h
as
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ee
m
o
d
e
l
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
d
ata,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
s
to
r
e
o
n
ly
a
s
m
al
l
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
co
n
s
id
er
wis
ely
wh
ich
d
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
on
-
c
h
ain
an
d
wh
ich
d
ata
is
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
s
to
r
e
o
f
f
-
ch
ain
.
As
s
u
ch
,
I
PF
S
b
ec
o
m
es
an
ess
en
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
am
p
le
f
ile
s
to
r
ag
e
o
n
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
,
as
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
f
ile
s
y
s
tem
th
at
f
r
ag
m
en
ts
,
en
c
r
y
p
ts
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
f
iles
to
v
ar
io
u
s
n
o
d
es in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
eir
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
NFT
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
ese
d
ig
ital
w
o
r
k
s
an
d
ass
ets
u
s
es
Py
th
o
n
as
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
B
r
o
wn
ie
as
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
tar
g
etin
g
th
e
eth
er
e
u
m
v
ir
tu
al
m
ac
h
i
n
e
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
PYQT
5
is
u
tili
ze
d
as
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
'
s
g
r
ap
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
GUI
)
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
r
e
-
b
u
ilt
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
a
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
th
at
clea
r
ly
an
d
i
n
d
etail
d
ep
icts
th
e
en
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
d
esig
n
in
g
a
n
N
FT
cr
ea
tio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
itial st
ag
e,
wh
er
e
th
e
u
s
e
r
u
p
lo
ad
s
th
e
d
ata
th
at
will b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
t
o
an
NFT
in
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
On
ce
th
e
d
ata
is
u
p
lo
ad
e
d
,
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
to
s
to
r
e
it
in
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
r
u
n
n
in
g
o
n
th
e
E
th
er
eu
m
n
etwo
r
k
.
Sto
r
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
2
5
2
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8
9
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8
I
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t J Ar
tif
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15
,
No
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2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
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1
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7
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9
8
1
1976
d
ata
in
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
ac
t
as
s
m
ar
t
en
titi
es
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
NFT
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
I
n
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
,
NFT
d
ata
will
b
e
ass
ig
n
ed
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
I
D
to
k
en
,
wh
ic
h
will
th
en
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
o
f
f
icial
id
en
t
ity
o
f
th
e
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o
n
th
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b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
to
k
en
s
tan
d
ar
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
is
E
R
C
-
7
2
1
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
o
f
ea
ch
NFT.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
etad
ata
f
o
r
ea
c
h
NFT
is
s
to
r
ed
in
J
SON
f
o
r
m
at,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
to
k
e
n
I
D,
n
a
m
e,
d
escr
ip
tio
n
,
a
n
d
cr
ea
to
r
d
etails.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
o
y
alties
f
o
r
ea
ch
NFT
a
r
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
E
I
P
-
2
9
8
1
,
wh
ich
allo
w
s
cr
ea
to
r
s
to
d
ef
in
e
r
o
y
alty
f
ee
s
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ales
o
f
th
eir
NFTs.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
also
in
clu
d
es
th
e
s
t
ag
e
wh
er
e
th
e
d
ata
u
p
lo
ad
e
d
b
y
u
s
er
s
is
in
teg
r
at
ed
with
th
e
I
PF
S
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
u
p
l
o
a
d
ed
to
I
PF
S
v
ia
th
e
I
n
f
u
r
a
API
,
w
h
ich
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
e
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d
d
is
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ib
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ted
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to
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.
Af
ter
u
p
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a
d
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g
,
I
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ates
a
h
ash
v
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s
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lo
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tio
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e
I
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n
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k
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h
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en
s
u
r
es
th
at
t
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r
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ec
en
tr
alize
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to
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u
r
e
2
.
Pro
p
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s
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el
T
h
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ef
lect
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Fig
u
r
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2
,
wh
ich
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ws
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s
er
s
an
d
in
ter
ested
p
ar
ties
to
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ick
ly
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n
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er
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d
h
o
w
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e
ap
p
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wo
r
k
s
f
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o
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e
d
ata
u
p
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ad
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e
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ata
s
to
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in
s
m
ar
t c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
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d
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T
h
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im
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e
p
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id
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a
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r
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en
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-
d
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is
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al
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iew
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f
th
e
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is
m
s
u
n
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er
ly
in
g
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
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d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
NFTs
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
u
ch
ap
p
licatio
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s
.
User
s
m
u
s
t
en
ter
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iv
ate
k
ey
b
ef
o
r
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
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r
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k
e
y
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er
v
es
as
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cr
y
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to
g
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o
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e
m
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tin
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f
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I
t
is
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
th
at
u
s
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to
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e
th
eir
p
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ey
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r
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ea
lly
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d
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e
wallet
,
to
p
r
ev
en
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n
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t
h
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ized
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ce
s
s
.
Af
ter
th
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er
s
will
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e
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ir
ec
ted
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t
h
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m
ain
m
en
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s
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t
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o
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h
e
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ile
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y
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e
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r
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.
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ter
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illi
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o
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m
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ter
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e
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ile
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wan
t
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e
ap
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licatio
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p
l
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ad
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ile
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PF
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etu
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n
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e
h
ash
v
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e
o
f
t
h
e
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ile
s
to
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ed
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n
I
PF
S.
T
h
e
s
to
r
ed
h
ash
will
b
e
r
e
-
en
ter
ed
in
t
o
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
m
at
as
J
SON,
wh
ich
will
b
e
u
p
lo
ad
e
d
b
ac
k
to
th
e
I
PF
S
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
h
ash
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
h
ash
is
p
u
t
to
g
eth
er
in
a
lin
k
f
o
r
m
at,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
lin
k
will b
e
s
en
t a
s
a
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
in
to
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
es
3
an
d
4
s
h
o
w
cr
ea
tin
g
an
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o
n
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
(D
A
pp)
.
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h
e
f
ir
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t
s
tag
e
is
t
o
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
ass
et
th
e
N
FT
will
b
e
cr
ea
ted
f
r
o
m
,
an
d
t
h
en
f
ill
in
th
e
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
c
r
ea
ted
ass
et.
T
h
en
,
th
e
m
in
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
on
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h
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ai
n
v
ia
a
s
m
ar
t c
o
n
tr
ac
t,
a
n
d
th
e
ass
ets ar
e
s
to
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ed
o
n
I
PF
S.
On
ce
th
e
m
in
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
co
m
p
lete
an
d
at
least
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l
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ck
ch
ain
n
o
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es h
av
e
v
alid
ated
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e
tr
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e
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will d
is
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o
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ess
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n
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O
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Se
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ar
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n
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iew
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e
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o
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Ass
et
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o
n
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e
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(
Yu
s
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f Ku
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)
1977
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ic
h
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is
p
lay
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a
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ch
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D,
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e,
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ile
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k
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o
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atio
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o
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t
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ite,
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ile
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e,
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ea
to
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n
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e
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e,
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eg
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atio
n
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ate,
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ate
o
f
ex
p
ir
atio
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,
im
ag
e
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c
o
v
er
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k
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ty
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e
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te
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a
n
d
tr
an
s
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as
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ttp
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n
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io
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tly
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e
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lf
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E
th
e
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m
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c
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ain
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h
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y
alr
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h
a
v
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r
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g
h
t
h
e
eth
er
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ca
n
web
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ite.
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n
its
ap
p
licatio
n
,
t
h
e
I
n
f
u
r
a
API
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u
s
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a
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o
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
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n
t
h
e
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lo
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k
ch
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ea
ch
n
o
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ld
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p
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ican
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h
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ir
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n
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r
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th
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m
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e
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ch
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s
ier
an
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aster
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a
s
u
s
er
s
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o
n
o
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u
il
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o
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ize
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er
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m
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lo
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.
Als
o
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s
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g
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n
o
d
e
p
r
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ak
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DAp
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s
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lin
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af
er
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d
elim
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ates
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e
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ee
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to
d
ev
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p
a
n
d
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n
s
tr
u
ct
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in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
th
e
DAp
p
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
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ata
th
at
h
as
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ee
n
s
to
r
ed
o
n
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
a
in
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d
ca
n
b
e
tr
ac
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ca
n
n
er
o
n
t
h
e
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lo
ck
ch
ain
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
d
ata
h
as
b
ee
n
en
ter
e
d
an
d
v
alid
ated
b
y
th
e
n
o
d
es
o
n
th
e
b
lo
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ch
ain
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
was te
s
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
lack
B
o
x
test
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g
m
eth
o
d
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a
n
d
th
e
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esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
tain
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i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
m
ain
m
en
u
v
iew
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
im
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e
m
en
u
v
iew
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ass
ets
m
en
u
v
iew
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
s
ev
er
al
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NFT
m
o
d
el
th
at
h
in
d
e
r
its
f
ea
tu
r
es.
An
in
-
d
e
p
th
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
d
ef
icien
cies
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
an
d
b
etter
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
On
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
th
at
it
ca
n
n
o
t
d
is
p
la
y
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th
at
d
id
n
o
t
o
r
ig
in
ate
o
r
wer
e
c
r
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
p
l
atf
o
r
m
,
w
h
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
with
NFTs
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
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ter
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
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d
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is
m
o
d
el
also
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o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
u
s
er
s
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im
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o
r
tin
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s
m
ar
t
co
n
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ac
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ad
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r
ess
es
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ir
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tly
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en
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tin
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s
N
FTs,
s
o
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p
r
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ts
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th
is
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to
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s
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r
ig
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atin
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f
r
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v
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r
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s
m
ar
t
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n
tr
ac
ts
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t
h
e
b
l
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ck
ch
ain
m
o
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e
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astl
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is
m
o
d
el
d
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n
o
t
p
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tio
n
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o
m
eith
er
th
e
u
s
er
o
r
s
y
s
tem
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1978
wh
ich
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
es
r
ep
ea
te
d
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
s
to
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
d
esire
d
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
cr
e
asin
g
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
m
an
ag
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
tep
to
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d
s
im
p
r
o
v
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g
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s
er
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p
er
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ce
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
ese
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
p
r
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v
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alu
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in
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ig
h
t
in
to
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o
w
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e
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m
o
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e
im
p
r
o
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ed
to
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ee
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b
r
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a
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er
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er
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ee
d
s
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d
s
tr
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SUS),
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
th
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
'
s
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
clar
ity
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
test
in
v
o
lv
ed
im
p
o
r
tin
g
a
n
d
d
is
p
lay
in
g
two
ex
ter
n
al
NFTs,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ate
an
d
d
is
p
lay
NFTs
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
an
d
th
eir
r
esu
lts
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
tech
n
ical
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
B
y
m
ak
in
g
th
ese
d
etails
av
ailab
le,
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
ca
n
r
ep
licate
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
,
an
d
b
u
ild
u
p
o
n
th
e
wo
r
k
in
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
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tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
d
i
g
ita
l a
s
s
et
o
w
n
ers
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ec
en
tr
a
liz
ed
n
o
n
-
fu
n
g
i
b
le
to
ke
n
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
Yu
s
u
f Ku
r
n
ia
)
1979
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
an
d
NFTs,
u
tili
zin
g
NFTs
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ig
ital
ass
ets
an
d
wo
r
k
s
with
i
n
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
e
f
f
icac
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
to
k
en
izin
g
a
d
iv
er
s
e
a
r
r
ay
o
f
f
ile
ty
p
es
wh
ile
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
f
o
r
m
at
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
h
as
ex
h
ib
ited
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
a
f
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
cr
ea
te
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
NFTs
s
ea
m
less
ly
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
is
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
o
wca
s
es
h
ig
h
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
b
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
u
s
er
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
ex
h
ib
it
th
eir
NFTs
th
r
o
u
g
h
estab
lis
h
ed
ch
an
n
els
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
Op
en
Sea
NFT
m
ar
k
et
p
lace
web
s
ite.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
r
o
ad
en
s
th
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
ass
ets
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
v
is
ib
ilit
y
to
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
au
d
ien
ce
,
u
n
d
e
r
p
in
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
'
s
p
o
ten
tial
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
c
r
ea
to
r
s
with
in
th
e
NFT
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
ex
er
cise
r
e
al
-
tim
e
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
o
f
th
eir
NFTs
o
n
t
h
e
E
th
er
e
u
m
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
E
th
er
s
ca
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
'
s
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
'
s
co
r
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
u
tc
o
m
es
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
NFT
ap
p
licatio
n
'
s
r
o
le
in
em
p
o
wer
in
g
c
r
ea
to
r
s
to
to
k
e
n
ize
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
th
eir
d
ig
ital
ass
ets
with
in
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
p
e
n
s
n
e
w
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
c
r
ea
to
r
s
to
h
ar
n
ess
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
NFTs,
th
u
s
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
izin
g
p
r
i
v
ate
ass
et
m
an
ag
em
en
t w
ith
in
D
A
p
p
s.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
an
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
an
t
f
r
o
m
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
ag
en
cies
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic,
co
m
m
er
cial,
o
r
not
-
f
o
r
-
p
r
o
f
it
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
co
n
d
u
cted
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esear
c
h
ac
tiv
ities
at
B
u
d
d
h
i
Dh
ar
m
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Yu
s
u
f
Ku
r
n
ia
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
in
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
d
y
✓
✓
✓
✓
J
u
n
ae
d
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ad
itiy
a
Her
m
awa
n
✓
✓
✓
Kev
in
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
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a
C
u
r
a
t
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O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
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r
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&
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t
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p
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v
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P
:
P
r
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t
a
d
mi
n
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a
t
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Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
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g
a
c
q
u
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t
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o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
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N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
k
n
o
wn
f
i
n
an
cial
o
r
n
o
n
-
f
in
an
cial
co
m
p
etin
g
in
ter
ests
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
ap
p
ea
r
ed
to
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
atasets
g
en
er
ated
an
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
lo
g
s
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
,
ar
e
av
ailab
l
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
d
e,
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
p
u
b
licly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
at
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
:
h
ttp
s
://g
ith
u
b
.
co
m
/Qu
e
r
ty
C
u
b
e/NFT
Facto
r
y
.
T
h
is
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
co
n
tain
s
all
s
cr
ip
ts
,
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
iles
,
an
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
K
.
K
a
u
s
h
a
l
,
N
.
K
u
mar,
a
n
d
S
.
N
.
P
a
n
d
a
,
“
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
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o
g
y
,
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
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c
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t
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o
n
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a
n
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o
p
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r
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se
a
r
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h
c
h
a
l
l
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g
e
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
r
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n
c
e
S
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s
,
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o
l
.
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9
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5
9
6
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0
1
2
0
3
0
.
[
2
]
L.
K
u
g
l
e
r
,
“
N
o
n
-
f
u
n
g
i
b
l
e
t
o
k
e
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
u
t
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r
e
o
f
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r
t
,
”
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o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
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o
n
s
o
f
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h
e
A
C
M
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
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o
.
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1
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0
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A
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g
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2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
3
4
7
4
3
5
5
.
[
3
]
P
.
B
h
a
n
u
p
r
i
y
a
,
S
.
G
a
u
n
i
,
K
.
K
a
l
i
m
u
t
h
u
,
a
n
d
C
.
T.
M
a
n
i
me
g
a
l
a
i
,
“
A
mo
d
i
f
i
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
se
c
u
r
e
d
d
a
t
a
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
ri
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
6
4
,
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o
.
4
,
2
0
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1
,
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o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
9
6
4
/
4
/
0
4
2
0
4
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
1
9
7
2
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1
9
8
1
1980
[
4
]
M
.
N
a
d
i
n
i
,
L
.
A
l
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E.
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g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
S
TM
IK
Eres
h
a
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
i
n
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
S
o
f
twa
re
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Bu
d
d
h
i
Dh
a
rm
a
,
Ta
n
g
e
ra
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
In
h
is
r
o
le,
h
e
tea
c
h
e
s
v
a
rio
u
s
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
c
o
u
rse
s
a
n
d
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
e
n
g
a
g
e
s
in
re
se
a
r
c
h
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
n
e
w
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
so
ftwa
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
so
ftwa
re
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
ss
u
ra
n
c
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
d
y
.
e
d
y
@u
b
d
.
a
c
.
id
.
J
u
n
a
e
d
i
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
st
u
d
i
e
s
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
o
b
t
a
in
e
d
a
M
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
(
S
2
)
fr
o
m
Bu
d
i
Lu
h
u
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
B
u
d
d
h
i
Dh
a
rm
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Tan
g
e
ra
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
In
h
is
r
o
les
,
h
e
tau
g
h
t
v
a
ri
o
u
s
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
o
f
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
i
n
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
late
st
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
H
is
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
t
h
e
i
n
tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s,
d
e
c
isio
n
s
u
p
p
o
rt
sy
ste
m
s,
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
a
n
d
b
lo
c
k
c
h
a
in
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
j
u
n
a
e
d
i@
u
b
d
.
a
c
.
id
.
Adi
tiy
a
H
e
r
m
a
wa
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
M
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
fro
m
Bu
d
i
Lu
h
u
r
Un
i
v
e
rsity
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
U
n
iv
e
rsitas
Bu
d
d
h
i
Dh
a
rm
a
,
Tan
g
e
ra
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
In
h
i
s
ro
le,
h
e
tea
c
h
e
s
v
a
ri
o
u
s
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
u
rse
s
a
n
d
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
e
n
g
a
g
e
s
in
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
n
e
w t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
th
e
ir
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
His res
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
d
a
ta m
in
in
g
,
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
f
o
c
u
si
n
g
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
f
o
r
d
a
ta
-
d
riv
e
n
p
re
d
ictio
n
s
a
n
d
d
e
c
isio
n
s;
d
a
tab
a
se
d
e
sig
n
,
a
n
d
b
lo
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
d
it
iy
a
.
h
e
rm
a
wa
n
@u
b
d
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
K
e
v
in
is
a
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
wit
h
a
p
r
o
fo
u
n
d
p
a
ss
io
n
f
o
r
e
m
e
rg
in
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
su
c
h
a
s
b
lo
c
k
c
h
a
in
a
n
d
c
ry
p
t
o
c
u
rre
n
c
y
,
ste
m
m
in
g
fro
m
h
is
a
m
b
it
i
o
u
s
d
riv
e
to
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
sl
y
p
u
s
h
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
ries
o
f
wh
a
t'
s
p
o
ss
ib
l
e
with
i
n
t
h
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
se
c
to
r
.
Afte
r
o
b
tai
n
i
n
g
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Bu
d
d
h
i
Dh
a
rm
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
h
e
h
a
s
su
c
c
e
ss
fu
ll
y
tran
sfo
rm
e
d
h
is
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
fo
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
i
n
to
a
s
u
c
c
e
ss
fu
l
c
a
re
e
r
a
s
a
so
ftwa
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
ro
les
a
t
m
u
lt
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
.
Wi
th
in
th
e
se
p
o
siti
o
n
s,
h
is
tec
h
n
ica
l
e
x
p
e
rti
se
a
n
d
sk
il
led
p
r
o
b
lem
-
so
lv
i
n
g
a
b
il
it
ie
s
e
n
a
b
le
h
im
to
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
sc
a
lab
le
a
u
to
m
a
ted
so
lu
ti
o
n
s
—
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
imp
a
c
ti
n
g
p
ro
jec
ts
d
e
sp
it
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
a
n
d
ra
p
id
l
y
e
v
o
lv
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts.
En
e
rg
ize
d
b
y
t
h
e
se
c
to
r'
s
re
len
tl
e
ss
p
ro
g
re
ss
,
h
e
p
u
rsu
e
s
re
len
tl
e
ss
se
lf
-
d
ri
v
e
n
lea
rn
in
g
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
,
a
ll
o
win
g
h
im
t
o
sta
y
a
h
e
a
d
o
f
i
n
d
u
stry
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
re
m
a
in
a
t
th
e
fo
re
fro
n
t
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
with
in
fiel
d
s
li
k
e
We
b
3
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
e
v
in
@
u
b
d
.
a
c
.
id
.
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