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927
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941
927
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potential i
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p
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d
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s
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n
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u
m
p
tio
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[
1
]
.
I
n
2
0
1
4
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
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ly
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g
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u
m
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ea
ch
in
g
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h
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ca
p
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ta
in
2
0
1
7
,
an
d
b
y
2
0
2
2
,
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tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
er
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p
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cr
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ed
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1
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h
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T
h
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tr
en
d
r
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lects
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
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s
u
r
g
e
in
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em
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d
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r
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r
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izatio
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s
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ializatio
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p
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o
ce
s
s
es a
cr
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s
s
t
h
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co
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tr
y
[
2
]
.
On
th
e
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h
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d
,
I
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d
o
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s
en
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A
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lan
ts
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a
m
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Ph
ases
1
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2
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T
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3
5
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0
0
0
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p
r
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ar
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s
till
d
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
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J
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6
:
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[
3
]
.
B
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s
ed
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n
th
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last
R
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E
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Su
p
p
ly
B
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P
lan
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e
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s
tal
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p
o
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I
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am
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4
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g
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3
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r
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4
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ty
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ts
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iesel
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o
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ts
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8
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f
r
o
m
h
y
d
r
o
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ic
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d
m
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o
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r
o
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ts
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m
g
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o
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al
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wer
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lan
ts
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d
its
r
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ain
f
r
o
m
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
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y
s
o
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r
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es
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
o
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r
ity
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t
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ig
n
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tly
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b
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tes
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e
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s
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T
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e
p
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tlin
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in
R
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(
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G
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Plan
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2
0
2
3
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2
0
6
0
in
d
i
ca
tes
th
at
n
atio
n
al
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ately
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s
talled
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
7
2
2
GW
b
y
2
0
6
0
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
th
is
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
tin
u
ally
g
r
o
w
to
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
r
ely
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
it
is
p
r
o
jecte
d
th
at
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
i
d
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
co
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
u
p
t
o
f
o
u
r
tim
es
th
e
2
0
1
0
e
m
is
s
io
n
lev
els
[
5
]
.
Gr
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
ca
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
id
e,
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
co
n
ce
r
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
d
r
iv
in
g
g
lo
b
al
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e.
Glo
b
a
l
war
m
in
g
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
ese
em
is
s
io
n
s
h
eig
h
ten
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
s
u
ch
as
co
astal
f
lo
o
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
ea
lev
el
r
is
e
an
d
o
th
er
h
y
d
r
o
g
eo
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ic
al
ev
en
ts
.
As
p
a
r
t
o
f
its
g
l
o
b
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
atif
ied
th
e
Par
is
Ag
r
ee
m
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
L
a
w
No
.
1
6
o
f
2
0
1
6
,
aim
in
g
to
lim
it
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
g
lo
b
al
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
to
b
elo
w
2
°C
ab
o
v
e
p
r
e
-
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
lev
els.
On
e
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
s
tr
ateg
ies
ad
o
p
ted
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
r
ed
u
cin
g
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
(
C
C
S)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
s
ac
h
iev
in
g
Net
Z
er
o
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
(
NZ
E
)
b
y
2
0
6
0
,
co
n
tin
u
ed
r
elian
ce
o
n
co
al
with
o
u
t
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
em
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
will
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
ta
cle
to
r
ea
ch
th
is
tar
g
et.
I
n
th
e
R
UKN
(
Natio
n
al
E
lectr
icity
Gen
er
al
Plan
)
2
0
2
5
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
h
as
o
u
tlin
ed
th
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
C
C
S
a
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
to
ac
h
iev
e
Net
Z
er
o
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
2
0
6
0
.
Stra
teg
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
t
ak
en
to
r
ed
u
ce
C
O₂
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
ec
to
r
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
C
O₂
ca
p
tu
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
at
C
FP
P
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
7
]
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
C
C
S
at
co
al
C
FP
P
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
p
en
alty
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
0
–
4
0
%
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
b
aselin
e
C
FP
P,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
r
is
e
in
th
e
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
L
C
o
E
)
to
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
1
1
–
0
.
1
2
USD/k
W
h
,
o
r
ab
o
u
t
two
t
o
t
h
r
ee
tim
es
th
e
L
C
o
E
b
aselin
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
C
C
S
in
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
r
em
ain
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
u
n
co
m
p
etitiv
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
C
C
S
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
C
FP
P.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
ass
ess
ed
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
,
tax
s
ch
em
es,
g
r
an
t
o
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ca
r
b
o
n
m
ar
k
ets
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
C
C
S
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
ev
alu
ates
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
im
p
a
cts
o
n
th
e
J
av
a
–
B
ali
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
m
ix
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ec
ar
b
o
n
izatio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Pro
ce
s
s
m
o
d
elin
g
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
Asp
en
HYSYS
V1
4
with
ac
id
g
as
p
ac
k
ag
e
co
n
s
i
s
tin
g
o
f
u
p
to
7
9
r
ea
ctio
n
s
m
o
d
elled
as
k
in
etics
an
d
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
r
ea
ctio
n
s
u
s
in
g
d
ef
a
u
lt
f
ac
to
r
s
f
r
o
m
Asp
en
.
E
co
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
ed
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
(
C
APEX
)
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
(
OPEX
)
,
L
C
o
E
,
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
,
tax
,
cr
ed
its
,
g
r
a
n
t
s
,
an
d
f
in
an
cin
g
in
ce
n
tiv
es.
A
s
y
s
tem
lev
el
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
J
av
a
-
B
ali
g
r
id
was
also
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
ec
ar
b
o
n
izatio
n
p
at
h
way
s
b
u
s
in
ess
as
u
s
u
al
(
B
aU)
,
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
en
t
with
r
en
ewa
b
les,
an
d
C
C
S r
etr
o
f
it.
2
.
1
.
B
a
s
e
c
a
s
e
T
h
e
b
aselin
e
s
ch
em
e
was
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
C
C
S
o
n
a
C
FP
P
with
o
u
t
an
y
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
.
Op
er
atio
n
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
C
FP
P
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ass
an
d
en
er
g
y
b
ala
n
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
p
lan
t.
C
FP
P
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
u
n
its
,
ea
ch
u
n
it
with
a
g
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
3
3
0
MW.
Desig
n
o
f
a
s
h
ar
e
d
C
C
S
f
ac
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
th
r
ee
f
lu
e
g
as
s
tr
ea
m
s
will
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
i
n
clu
d
es
a
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
d
ed
icate
d
an
d
s
h
ar
e
d
C
C
S
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
p
p
lied
t
o
th
r
ee
C
FP
P
u
n
its
.
SO
x
tr
ea
tm
en
t
will
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
in
s
tallin
g
a
f
lu
e
g
as d
esu
lp
h
u
r
izatio
n
(
FGD)
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
f
lu
e
g
as e
n
ter
in
g
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
er
co
l
u
m
n
h
as a
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
1
.
2
b
ar
a
n
d
a
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
4
0
°C
,
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
f
l
u
e
g
as
b
lo
wer
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
C
FP
P
h
as
an
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
3
8
.
4
%,
with
an
em
is
s
io
n
in
ten
s
ity
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
1
.
0
2
tC
O₂/M
W
h
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
ed
m
o
d
elin
g
t
h
e
c
ar
b
o
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
Asp
en
HYSYS
V1
4
,
wh
er
e
th
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
a
b
s
o
r
b
er
an
d
r
eg
en
e
r
ato
r
wer
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
estab
lis
h
ed
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f CC
S
imp
leme
n
ta
ti
o
n
in
in
d
o
n
esia
’
s
co
a
l fir
ed
p
o
w
er p
la
n
ts
,
ec
o
n
o
mic
… (
A
n
g
g
it R
a
ksa
ja
ti
)
929
T
h
e
C
O₂
ca
p
tu
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
im
u
latio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
Sh
ell
C
an
s
o
lv
So
lv
en
t
(
MD
E
A
+
PZ)
,
with
th
e
ac
id
g
as
ch
e
m
ical
s
o
lv
en
t
f
lu
i
d
p
ac
k
a
g
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
A
ca
p
t
u
r
e
r
ate
o
f
9
0
%
was
tar
g
eted
with
a
r
eb
o
iler
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
et
at
1
2
0
°C
as i
llu
s
tr
at
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
f
lu
e
g
as tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
C
F
PP
i
s
1
4
1
.
1
°C
an
d
th
e
g
as
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
1
3
.
8
%
C
O₂,
2
.
1
6
%
O₂,
7
0
.
1
%
N₂,
an
d
1
3
.
3
%
H₂O,
with
SO
x
an
d
NO
x
em
is
s
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
a
t 8
4
4
m
g
/Nm
³
an
d
1
6
4
m
g
/N
m
³.
Mo
d
ellin
g
o
f
th
e
C
FP
P
s
y
s
te
m
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ass
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
b
alan
ce
[
1
1
]
.
As
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
,
s
o
m
e
p
o
ten
tial
tap
p
in
g
p
o
i
n
ts
f
o
r
s
team
ex
tr
ac
tio
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e
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en
tifie
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d
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alu
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in
T
a
b
le
2
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A
tech
n
ical
ass
es
s
m
en
t
was
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
s
team
m
ass
f
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w
to
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
r
eb
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iler
an
d
r
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er
g
y
p
en
alty
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ea
ch
tap
p
in
g
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ev
alu
atio
n
s
er
v
e
d
as
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
tap
p
in
g
p
o
in
t
th
at
m
in
im
izes
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
C
FP
P.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
b
aselin
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
r
esu
lts
,
C
APEX
,
O
PEX,
an
d
L
C
o
E
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
v
alid
ated
ag
ain
s
t
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
C
C
S
r
etr
o
f
it
s
tu
d
ies.
L
C
o
E
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
a
s
h
ar
ed
C
C
S
s
y
s
tem
s
er
v
in
g
th
r
ee
C
FP
P
an
d
t
h
r
ee
s
ep
ar
ate
C
C
S
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
n
e
in
s
talled
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
o
wer
p
lan
t u
n
it will b
e
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Po
s
t c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
ca
p
t
u
r
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
U
n
i
t
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
A
b
so
r
b
e
r
Ty
p
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
s
t
a
g
e
D
i
a
me
t
e
r
A
b
so
r
b
e
r
p
r
e
ss
u
r
e
F
l
u
e
g
a
s
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
:
B
u
b
b
l
e
C
a
p
Tr
a
y
:
4
0
st
a
g
e
s
:
2
2
m
:
1
.
2
b
a
r
:
4
0
°
C
R
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
Ty
p
e
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u
mb
e
r
o
f
s
t
a
g
e
D
i
a
me
t
e
r
R
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g
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r
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o
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su
r
e
R
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g
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n
e
r
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t
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e
r
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t
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r
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r
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H
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t
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J/
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Fig
u
r
e
1
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ar
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t
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r
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o
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ellin
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Asp
en
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ab
l
e
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tap
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p
p
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P
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ssu
r
e
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a
r
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mp
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r
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t
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3
4
3
.
3
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I
SS
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2
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2
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2
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p
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2
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n
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ic
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ly
s
is
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ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
C
F
PP
C
C
S
r
etr
o
f
itti
n
g
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
L
C
o
E
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
L
C
o
E
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
s
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
a
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
to
g
e
n
er
ate
o
n
e
k
ilo
watt
-
h
o
u
r
(
k
W
h
)
o
f
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
e
L
C
o
E
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
C
APEX
an
d
O
PEX
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
C
FP
P.
T
h
e
C
APEX
an
d
OP
E
X
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
ca
p
t
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
a
f
lu
e
g
as
d
esu
lf
u
r
izatio
n
(
FGD)
u
n
it,
C
O₂
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
an
d
in
jectio
n
co
s
ts
,
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
en
alt
y
co
s
ts
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
team
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
C
C
S r
eg
en
er
ato
r
,
as d
escr
i
b
ed
in
(
1
)
.
L
C
o
E
=
+
+
(
ℎ
)
(
1
)
T
h
e
co
s
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
C
FP
P
wa
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
b
asic
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
i
n
2
0
2
4
,
with
a
d
etailed
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
in
to
C
APEX
an
d
OPEX
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
u
el
co
s
t
,
f
ix
ed
O&
M
c
o
s
t,
an
d
v
ar
ia
b
le
O&
M
c
o
s
t.
Fo
r
t
h
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
co
s
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
d
a
ta
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
q
u
ip
m
en
t
co
s
t
r
esu
lts
g
en
er
ated
b
y
ASPEN
Pro
ce
s
s
E
co
n
o
m
ic
A
n
aly
ze
r
V1
4
.
T
h
e
C
APEX
f
o
r
C
C
S
wa
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
th
e
to
tal
m
o
d
u
le
co
s
ts
,
wh
ich
co
m
p
r
is
e
d
ir
ec
t
e
x
p
en
s
es,
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
e
x
p
en
s
es,
co
n
tin
g
en
cy
,
an
d
f
ee
s
.
Mo
s
t
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
co
s
ts
wer
e
e
s
tim
ated
u
s
in
g
A
s
p
en
Pro
ce
s
s
E
co
n
o
m
ic
An
aly
ze
r
(
APEA
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
FGD
u
n
it
an
d
f
lu
e
g
as
b
lo
wer
co
s
ts
wer
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
with
all
co
s
ts
co
n
v
er
ted
to
a
2
0
2
2
b
asis
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
C
E
PC
I
r
atio
an
d
Gu
th
r
ie
m
u
ltip
lier
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
OPEX
f
o
r
C
C
S
was
ca
l
cu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
d
ir
ec
t
co
s
t,
f
ix
ed
co
s
t,
an
d
g
en
er
al
e
x
p
e
n
s
e.
C
ap
tu
r
e
OPEX
esti
m
ati
o
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
T
u
r
to
n
.
L
C
o
E
wa
s
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
NPV
m
eth
o
d
with
an
1
0
% d
is
co
u
n
t r
a
te
to
co
n
v
er
t f
u
tu
r
e
ca
s
h
f
lo
ws to
p
r
esen
t v
alu
e.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
ca
p
t
u
r
e
co
s
t r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
o
n
e
to
n
o
f
C
O₂,
as e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
2
)
.
C
ap
tu
r
e
c
o
s
t =
−
−
(
2
)
2.
3
.
E
co
no
m
ics
s
ens
it
iv
it
y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
an
d
tax
p
o
licies
b
y
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
n
er
g
y
an
d
Min
er
al
R
eso
u
r
ce
s
R
eg
u
latio
n
No
.
1
6
o
f
2
0
2
2
,
o
n
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
c
r
ed
it
r
ev
e
n
u
es
f
r
o
m
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
m
ar
k
e
ts
will
b
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
L
C
o
E
.
As
well
as
in
ce
n
tiv
es
aim
ed
at
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
C
APEX
b
u
r
d
en
o
f
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
,
in
r
elatio
n
to
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
p
lan
t’
s
L
C
o
E
.
T
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
cr
ed
it
s
ch
e
m
es
o
b
tain
ed
,
g
r
an
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
a
n
d
th
e
av
aila
b
le
in
ce
n
tiv
e
o
p
ti
o
n
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
c
o
n
o
m
ic
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
p
tio
n
s
2.
4
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
bu
s
ines
s
as
us
ua
l
(
B
AU)
,
ea
rly
re
t
irem
ent
,
a
nd
CCS
re
t
ro
f
it
s
ce
na
rio
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
f
in
a
n
cin
g
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
t
h
r
ee
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
:
b
u
s
in
ess
as
u
s
u
al
(
B
AU)
,
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
en
t o
f
C
FP
P r
ep
lace
d
b
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
R
E
)
,
an
d
co
al
p
lan
t r
et
r
o
f
itti
n
g
with
C
C
S.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
c
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
L
C
o
E
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
,
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
itial
C
APEX
b
u
r
d
en
is
also
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ly
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n
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id
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atio
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u
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ess
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in
clu
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e
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e
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ec
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ir
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er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
r
e
f
er
en
ce
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
o
v
e
r
n
ig
h
t
ca
p
ital
co
s
t
(
O
C
C
,
USD/k
W
)
,
th
e
in
s
talled
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t
(
K)
,
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
life
tim
e
(
L
)
,
an
d
th
e
ag
e
at
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
en
t
(
R
)
.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
u
la
esti
m
ates
th
e
u
n
r
ec
o
v
e
r
ed
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
en
t
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
allo
ca
tin
g
th
e
OC
C
o
v
er
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
p
la
n
t.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
tr
an
d
ed
ass
et
v
alu
e
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
3
)
.
Stra
n
d
ed
a
s
s
ets
=
∗
∗
(
−
)
∗
(
3
)
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
en
t
o
f
C
FP
P
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
ev
iew
b
o
th
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
b
ein
g
r
etir
ed
an
d
th
e
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
,
wh
en
C
FP
P
ar
e
r
ep
lace
d
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
o
r
win
d
,
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es th
e
n
ew
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
am
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
elec
tr
icity
ea
ch
y
ea
r
[
1
3
]
.
R
ep
lace
m
en
t RE
ca
p
ac
ity
(
M
W
)
=
(
ℎ
)
8760
∗
(
%
)
(
4
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
B
a
s
e
ca
s
e
r
esu
lt
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e
s
im
u
latio
n
with
9
0
%
C
O₂
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
h
o
wed
a
r
eb
o
il
er
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
2
.
9
×
1
0
⁹
k
J
/h
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eb
o
iler
d
u
ty
o
f
3
.
4
6
MJ/k
g
C
O₂.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
was
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
r
e
b
o
iler
d
u
t
y
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
r
e
b
o
iler
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
en
s
ated
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
s
team
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
C
FP
P,
wi
th
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
tap
p
in
g
p
o
in
t o
p
tio
n
s
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
s
team
m
ass
f
lo
w
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
L
P
-
I
P
c
r
o
s
s
o
v
er
t
ap
p
in
g
,
am
o
u
n
tin
g
to
4
1
4
t/h
p
er
C
FP
P
u
n
it.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
also
y
ield
s
t
h
e
lo
w
est
en
er
g
y
p
en
alty
at
3
3
.
7
%.
T
h
is
tap
p
in
g
p
o
in
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
n
e
t
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
er
e
th
e
L
P
-
I
P
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
ac
h
iev
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
et
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
2
1
6
MW.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
m
in
i
m
izin
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
en
alty
,
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
L
P
-
I
P
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
tap
p
in
g
h
as
m
in
im
al
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
C
FP
P
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
tap
p
in
g
o
p
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
tap
p
in
g
at
th
e
co
ld
r
eh
ea
t
lin
e
p
o
s
es
a
r
is
k
o
f
tu
b
e
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
in
th
e
r
eh
ea
t
er
b
o
iler
,
tap
p
i
n
g
at
t
h
e
I
P
e
x
t
r
ac
tio
n
p
o
in
t
co
u
ld
d
is
r
u
p
t
d
ea
er
ato
r
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
tap
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
L
P
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
lin
e
wo
u
ld
b
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
s
team
m
ass
f
lo
w
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
C
C
S
s
y
s
tem
[
1
5
]
.
A
d
etailed
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
en
alties
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ea
ch
tap
p
in
g
p
o
in
t is su
m
m
ar
ized
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
E
n
er
g
y
p
en
alty
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
927
-
941
932
T
ab
l
e
3
.
Steam
tap
p
i
n
g
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lt
Ta
p
p
i
n
g
S
t
e
a
m
r
eq
(
t
o
n
/
h
)
G
r
o
ss
o
u
t
(
M
W
)
En
e
r
g
y
p
e
n
a
l
t
y
(
%)
N
e
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
M
W
)
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
M
a
i
n
s
t
e
a
m
3
5
5
.
7
1
9
1
.
3
5
7
.
9
1
3
7
.
4
1
8
.
5
C
o
l
d
r
e
h
e
a
t
3
9
9
.
0
2
1
0
.
6
5
2
.
0
1
5
6
.
7
2
1
.
4
LPI
P
c
r
o
sso
v
e
r
4
1
4
.
3
2
7
0
.
2
3
3
.
7
2
1
6
.
3
2
7
.
4
3
.
2
.
E
co
no
m
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
L
C
o
E
co
s
t
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
f
o
r
C
C
S
r
etr
o
f
itti
n
g
o
n
a
C
FP
P
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
er
al
m
aj
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
f
o
llo
win
g
Fig
u
r
e
4
:
th
e
b
aselin
e
L
C
o
E
o
f
t
h
e
C
FP
P
5
7
.
2
USD/MWh
,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
ca
p
t
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
in
g
b
o
iler
r
etr
o
f
its
s
u
ch
as
FGD
an
d
SC
R
2
8
.
7
1
USD/MWh
,
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
p
en
alty
d
u
e
t
o
s
team
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
2
3
.
8
USD/MWh
,
an
d
C
O₂
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
in
jectio
n
c
o
s
ts
2
.
5
an
d
1
9
.
0
USD/MWh
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Qu
an
titativ
ely
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
en
alty
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
7
.
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
L
C
o
E
,
wh
ile
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
2
6
.
0
%,
an
d
C
O₂
h
an
d
lin
g
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
+
in
jectio
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
1
6
.
0
%.
T
h
e
lar
g
est
s
h
ar
e
r
em
ain
s
with
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
C
FP
P
o
p
er
atio
n
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
4
1
.
0
%
o
f
to
tal
co
s
ts
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
p
en
alty
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
a
s
s
team
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
h
ea
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
ar
e
ess
en
tial
an
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
C
S c
o
s
t c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
APEX
an
d
OPEX
b
etwe
en
d
ed
icate
d
C
C
S
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
C
C
S
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
r
ee
C
FP
P
u
n
its
.
I
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at,
b
o
t
h
in
ter
m
s
o
f
C
APEX
an
d
OPE
X,
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
C
C
S
d
es
ig
n
r
esu
lted
in
lo
wer
co
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
d
ed
icate
d
C
C
S
s
y
s
tem
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
L
C
o
E
f
o
r
th
e
s
h
ar
e
d
C
C
S
s
y
s
tem
was
1
2
4
USD/MWh
,
wh
ile
th
e
d
ed
icate
d
C
C
S sy
s
te
m
r
esu
lted
th
e
L
C
o
E
o
f
1
3
9
U
SD/MW
h
.
3
.
3
.
E
co
no
m
ic
s
ens
it
iv
it
y
3
.
3
.
1
.
Ca
rbo
n
ca
p a
nd
t
a
x
s
ens
it
iv
it
y
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t,
a
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
an
d
ta
x
v
alu
es
in
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
Min
er
al
R
eso
u
r
ce
s
R
eg
u
latio
n
No
.
1
6
o
f
2
0
2
2
[
1
6
]
.
I
f
th
e
C
FP
P
is
n
o
t
r
etr
o
f
itted
with
C
C
S,
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
an
d
tax
v
alu
es
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
C
C
S
-
r
etr
o
f
itted
C
FP
P
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
,
L
C
o
E
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
with
h
ig
h
er
ca
r
b
o
n
t
ax
r
ates
wh
en
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
ca
p
is
s
et
b
elo
w
th
e
ac
tu
al
em
is
s
io
n
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
t.
T
h
e
b
aselin
e
L
C
o
E
f
o
r
th
e
C
FP
P
with
o
u
t
C
C
S
i
s
5
7
USD/M
W
h
.
Un
d
er
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
lo
w
ca
p
(
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
0
tC
O₂/M
W
h
)
an
d
h
ig
h
ca
r
b
o
n
tax
(
u
p
to
2
0
0
USD/tC
O₂)
,
th
e
L
C
o
E
r
ea
ch
es
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
2
1
0
USD/MWh
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
b
aselin
e
L
C
o
E
f
o
r
th
e
C
FP
P
with
C
C
S
r
etr
o
f
it
is
1
2
4
USD/MWh
.
L
C
o
E
d
ec
lin
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
tax
r
ates
if
th
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em
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e
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u
r
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n
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cted
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I
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8
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ig
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it
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atic
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ile
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p
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ices d
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r
in
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a
n
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itio
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.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
L
C
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o
m
p
ar
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:
(
a)
C
FP
P wi
th
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t CC
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d
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b
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FP
P with
C
C
S
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.
3
.
2
.
Ca
rbo
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cr
edit
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chem
e
I
n
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e,
th
e
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ter
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ar
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etize
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r
r
en
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ies
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o
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im
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ig
h
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ate,
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e
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eg
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o
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ts
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e
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atio
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n
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y
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h
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ter
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en
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aly
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is
o
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e
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at
th
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n
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ately
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F
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ter
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atio
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es
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llo
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g
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
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h
e
an
al
y
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
a
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
p
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ices
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ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
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ce
s
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
C
C
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im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
y
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
th
e
f
in
al
L
C
o
E
.
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ca
r
b
o
n
p
r
ice
lev
els
ab
o
v
e
USD
7
0
–
8
0
p
er
to
n
o
f
C
O₂,
th
e
L
C
o
E
b
ec
o
m
es
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
,
o
r
ev
e
n
lo
wer
th
an
,
th
at
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wi
th
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
b
y
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
th
at
a
g
lo
b
al
ca
r
b
o
n
p
r
ice
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
USD
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5
–
1
0
0
/tC
O₂
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
in
v
est
m
en
t
in
lo
w
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ca
r
b
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
ar
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to
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a
b
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
s
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wer
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ec
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.
M
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er
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Ar
ticle
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ee
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en
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g
v
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l
u
n
tar
y
ca
r
b
o
n
m
ar
k
ets
(
VC
M)
[
1
9
]
,
m
o
n
etizin
g
ca
p
tu
r
ed
C
O₂
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
n
at
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cr
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itin
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m
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h
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is
m
s
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iab
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p
ath
way
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f
u
r
th
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p
p
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r
t
C
C
S
ec
o
n
o
m
ics.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
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d
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ed
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in
ed
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s
to
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ter
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atio
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r
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ar
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s
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ess
en
tia
l f
o
r
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ak
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g
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C
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ep
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m
e
n
t f
in
a
n
cially
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ile
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n
tr
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tin
g
to
n
atio
n
al
d
ec
ar
b
o
n
izatio
n
ta
r
g
ets.
T
h
is
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
i
s
ca
n
also
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
ass
es
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
v
alu
e
o
f
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O₂
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
s
ales.
T
h
e
s
ellin
g
p
r
ice
o
f
C
O₂
as
an
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
f
ee
d
s
to
ck
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
L
C
o
E
in
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
C
C
S
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
W
h
en
C
O₂
is
u
s
ed
in
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
s
u
ch
as
u
r
ea
p
r
o
d
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ctio
n
,
s
y
n
th
etic
f
u
els,
o
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
m
ater
ials
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
eo
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ical
p
o
ten
tial
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o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
C
C
US,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
h
a
n
ce
d
o
il
r
ec
o
v
er
y
(
E
OR
)
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
g
as
r
ec
o
v
er
y
(
E
GR
)
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
u
tili
za
tio
n
p
o
ten
tial is ex
p
ec
ted
to
g
en
er
at
e
r
ev
en
u
e
an
d
h
elp
o
f
f
s
et
th
e
c
o
s
t o
f
C
O₂
ca
p
tu
r
e.
3
.
3
.
3
.
CCS
CAP
E
X
g
ra
nts
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
aj
o
r
co
s
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
p
lan
t’
s
L
C
o
E
is
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
co
s
t.
T
h
e
ca
p
t
u
r
e
c
o
s
t
in
clu
d
es
th
e
C
APEX
an
d
OPEX
o
f
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
,
al
o
n
g
with
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
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g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
927
-
941
934
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
f
lu
e
g
as
tr
ea
tm
en
t
p
r
io
r
to
e
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ter
in
g
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e
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n
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o
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m
n
is
2
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f
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tal
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etr
o
f
itted
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C
o
E
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
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r
ea
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o
wn
s
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o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
C
APEX
f
o
r
th
e
ca
p
t
u
r
e
s
y
s
te
m
am
o
u
n
ts
to
6
0
6
m
illi
o
n
USD,
wh
ile
th
e
OPEX
ca
p
tu
r
e
c
o
s
t
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
5
m
illi
o
n
USD
p
er
y
ea
r
.
I
n
th
e
C
APEX
g
r
an
ts
s
ch
em
e,
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
0
%
an
d
1
0
0
%
i
n
ce
n
tiv
es
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
,
wh
ile
a
f
u
ll
1
0
0
%
C
APEX
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
ce
n
tiv
e
led
to
a
1
2
.
4
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
L
C
o
E
,
f
o
llo
win
g
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
APEX
g
r
an
ts
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
a
cr
itical
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
lo
w
er
in
g
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
f
o
r
C
C
S,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
an
d
h
ig
h
-
r
is
k
p
r
o
jects.
Sev
er
al
c
o
u
n
tr
ie
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
an
ad
a,
No
r
wa
y
,
an
d
th
e
U
n
ited
States
,
h
av
e
a
d
o
p
ted
ca
p
ital
g
r
an
t
s
ch
em
es
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
f
C
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S
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
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co
u
n
tr
ies
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n
s
is
ten
tly
in
t
eg
r
ate
d
ir
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t
g
r
an
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
to
th
eir
n
atio
n
al
C
C
S
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
,
co
m
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
o
licy
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
b
o
n
p
r
icin
g
,
ta
x
in
ce
n
tiv
es,
a
n
d
p
u
b
lic
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ec
to
r
in
v
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e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
r
ed
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ce
u
p
f
r
o
n
t
in
v
estme
n
t r
is
k
s
an
d
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
f
in
an
cial
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
ca
r
b
o
n
ca
p
t
u
r
e
in
itiativ
e
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6.
I
m
p
ac
t o
f
p
o
licy
in
c
en
tiv
es o
n
L
C
o
E
:
(
a)
e
f
f
ec
t c
a
r
b
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p
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ice
o
n
L
C
o
E
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d
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L
C
o
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r
ed
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ctio
n
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C
APEX
g
r
an
ts
3
.
4
.
CCS
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ro
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i
m
pa
ct
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n J
a
v
a
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li
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4
.
1
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CF
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P
re
t
r
o
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it
in t
he
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t
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n sy
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em
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n
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3
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n
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o
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s
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ac
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is
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1
GW
,
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o
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ately
5
6
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ted
i
n
th
e
J
av
a
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ali
g
r
id
.
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ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
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f
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e
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s
talled
ca
p
ac
ity
with
in
th
is
s
y
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tem
.
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h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
C
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in
th
e
J
av
a
-
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ali
g
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s
y
s
t
em
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
n
th
e
J
av
a
-
B
ali
g
r
id
,
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
4
.
5
%
o
f
th
e
in
s
tal
led
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
u
b
cr
itical
C
F
PP
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
s
u
b
cr
itical
C
FP
P
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ac
cu
m
u
lated
em
is
s
io
n
p
e
r
y
ea
r
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
(
5
3
.
1
%)
o
f
s
u
b
cr
itic
al
C
F
PP
ar
e
1
0
to
2
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
s
u
b
cr
itical
C
FP
P
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
d
)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
i
n
es
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
C
C
S
o
n
C
F
PP
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
o
s
t sig
n
if
ican
tly
t
o
th
e
elec
tr
icity
g
e
n
er
atio
n
wit
h
in
th
e
J
av
a
-
B
ali
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
C
C
S
m
o
d
ellin
g
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th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
ca
s
es
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
.
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h
e
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aly
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
asp
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ts
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d
tech
n
ical
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
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ce
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
C
C
S
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
C
FP
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tech
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o
lo
g
ies
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d
ca
p
ac
ities
.
T
h
e
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aly
s
is
s
h
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th
at
lar
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er
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d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
n
its
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
1
,
0
0
0
MW
USC
p
lan
t,
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
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west
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er
g
y
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e
n
alty
(
3
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%
)
,
an
d
lo
west
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C
o
E
(
0
.
1
1
1
USD/k
W
h
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
s
u
b
cr
itical
u
n
its
f
ac
e
h
ig
h
er
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is
s
io
n
s
an
d
co
s
ts
.
A
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
C
C
S
r
etr
o
f
itti
n
g
is
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
-
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f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
ap
p
lied
to
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
f
o
r
C
C
S
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
with
in
th
e
J
av
a
-
B
ali
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
r
esu
lts
:
th
e
n
et
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
C
FP
P is
p
r
o
jecte
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
b
y
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
3
% a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
C
C
S
is
al
s
o
h
ig
h
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
life
s
p
an
o
f
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
.
T
h
e
ag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
C
FP
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i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
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.
C
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with
a
s
h
o
r
t
r
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ain
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g
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e
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n
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n
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o
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ical
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o
r
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e
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o
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ated
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h
ig
h
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io
n
in
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s
ity
,
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d
lo
w
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e
r
g
y
e
f
f
icien
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[
2
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]
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o
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s
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ec
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C
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m
u
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v
er
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e
C
APEX
with
in
a
s
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o
r
t
p
er
io
d
,
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ak
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g
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o
f
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g
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f
ea
s
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le
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o
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u
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h
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o
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g
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ewly
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n
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u
cted
C
FP
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is
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en
er
ally
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is
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u
r
ag
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r
io
r
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ies,
p
r
im
ar
ily
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u
e
to
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
ca
p
ital
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
it
im
p
o
s
e
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
in
v
estme
n
t
co
s
ts
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
an
d
th
e
C
C
S
in
f
r
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ctu
r
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ch
r
etr
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ase
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o
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ar
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ical
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ated
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u
r
e
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Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
C
FP
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cr
o
s
s
th
e
J
av
a
-
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ali
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ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
g
r
id
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a)
(
b
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(
c)
(
d
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Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
C
FP
P in
th
e
J
av
a
-
B
ali
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
:
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a)
i
n
s
talled
C
FP
P b
y
b
o
iler
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
(
b
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J
av
a
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FP
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n
n
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al
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s
io
n
d
is
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ib
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tio
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c)
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d
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C
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it p
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ased
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t
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e
n
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Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Po
wer
p
lan
t c
ap
ac
ity
b
y
y
ea
r
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
Fro
m
a
g
r
id
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
,
it
is
a
ls
o
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
ich
is
lin
k
e
d
to
th
e
p
lan
t
d
is
p
atch
p
atter
n
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
d
is
p
atch
p
r
io
r
ity
is
ty
p
ically
g
iv
en
to
th
e
lo
west
-
co
s
t
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
at
o
r
,
w
h
ich
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
o
f
ea
ch
p
lan
t.
Un
d
er
r
etr
o
f
it
o
r
r
etir
em
en
t
s
ch
em
es,
th
e
d
is
p
at
ch
o
r
d
e
r
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
p
r
io
r
itize
clea
n
er
p
lan
ts
,
b
ec
au
s
e
a
lo
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
will
m
ak
e
C
C
S
r
etr
o
f
it
s
ch
em
es
les
s
co
m
p
etitiv
e.
3
.
4
.
2
.
B
us
ine
s
s
-
as
-
u
s
ua
l (
B
A
U)
,
ea
rly
re
t
ire
m
ent
,
a
nd
C
CS
re
t
ro
f
it
s
chem
es
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
-
as
-
u
s
u
al
(
B
A
U)
s
ce
n
ar
io
ag
ain
s
t
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
e
n
t
with
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
b
y
PV+BESS
,
as
well
as
th
e
C
C
S
r
etr
o
f
it
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
Un
d
e
r
th
e
B
AU
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
3
×3
3
0
MW
C
FP
P
ar
e
esti
m
ated
at
7
.
2
m
illi
o
n
tC
O₂/y
ea
r
,
with
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
L
C
o
E
o
f
USD
5
8
/MWh
.
I
n
th
e
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
ca
p
a
city
lo
s
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ec
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
ed
co
al
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
n
ew
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
lan
ts
with
an
an
n
u
al
ca
p
ac
ity
at
least
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
r
etir
ed
u
n
it.
T
h
e
L
C
o
E
o
f
th
e
PV+BE
SS
s
y
s
tem
i
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
to
b
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
USD
1
5
8
/MWh
[
2
3
]
.
An
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
[
2
4
]
,
th
e
PV
a
n
d
B
E
SS
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
with
o
u
t
d
iesel
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
in
E
ast
Kalim
an
tan
ac
h
iev
ed
a
L
C
o
E
o
f
1
6
8
USD/MWh
with
Ho
m
er
Pro
So
f
twar
e.
I
n
th
e
C
C
S
r
etr
o
f
it
s
ce
n
a
r
io
,
th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
e
v
alu
ated
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
L
C
o
E
,
C
APEX
,
an
d
OPEX
,
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
es
an
an
n
u
al
C
O₂
ca
p
tu
r
e
r
ate
o
f
9
0
%.
A
co
m
p
ar
at
iv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
a)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
L
C
o
E
o
f
th
e
r
etir
em
en
t scen
ar
io
is
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
L
C
o
E
o
f
th
e
PV+BES
S sy
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
r
etir
em
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
wh
en
th
e
L
C
o
E
o
f
PV
an
d
B
E
SS
r
ea
ch
es
ar
o
u
n
d
USD
5
0
/
MWh
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
en
t
o
f
C
FP
P
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
p
r
im
a
r
ily
f
o
r
o
ld
e
r
u
n
its
,
wh
ich
ar
e
t
y
p
ically
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
o
u
td
ated
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
lo
wer
th
er
m
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
em
is
s
io
n
in
ten
s
ity
.
Pl
an
t
ag
in
g
lead
s
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
C
O₂
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
o
u
tag
e
r
ates
d
u
e
to
d
ec
lin
in
g
th
er
m
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
m
ak
in
g
a
g
e
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
r
etr
o
f
it
o
r
r
e
tire
m
en
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
ea
r
ly
r
etir
em
e
n
t,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
m
u
s
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
tr
an
d
ed
ass
et
v
alu
e
o
f
C
FP
P
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
r
em
ain
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
l
if
e
as
well
as
th
e
h
ig
h
u
p
f
r
o
n
t
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
d
e
p
lo
y
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
elec
tr
icity
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
Giv
en
th
at
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
f
a
cto
r
o
f
u
tili
ty
-
s
ca
le
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