I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
894
~
9
0
4
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
2
.
pp
894
-
904
894
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
Co
mpa
ra
tive perf
o
rma
nce ana
ly
sis
of MPPT alg
o
rith
ms
f
o
r
wind po
wer
gener
a
tion: P
&
O
,
INC,
and TS
R m
ethod
s
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Aulia
Desk
y
,
Yulia
nta
Sireg
a
r,
M
a
k
s
um
P
i
nem
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
M
a
st
e
r
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s S
u
ma
t
e
r
a
U
t
a
r
a
,
M
e
d
a
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
2
5
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
1
5
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Ma
r
1
2
,
2
0
2
6
Wi
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
s
g
re
a
t
p
o
ten
ti
a
l,
e
sp
e
c
ially
in
a
re
a
s
with
h
i
g
h
wi
n
d
sp
e
e
d
s
su
c
h
a
s
S
o
u
t
h
e
a
st
Ac
e
h
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
win
d
sp
e
e
d
fl
u
c
tu
a
ti
o
n
s
re
d
u
c
e
tu
rb
i
n
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
n
e
c
e
ss
it
a
ti
n
g
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
i
n
t
trac
k
i
n
g
(
M
P
P
T)
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
.
Th
is st
u
d
y
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
th
re
e
M
P
P
T
m
e
th
o
d
s
p
e
rtu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
e
(P
&
O),
in
c
re
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
(INC),
a
n
d
ti
p
sp
e
e
d
ra
ti
o
(TS
R)
t
o
id
e
n
ti
fy
th
e
m
o
st
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
Us
in
g
M
AT
LAB
S
imu
li
n
k
,
sim
u
latio
n
s
we
re
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
wit
h
win
d
sp
e
e
d
d
a
ta
fro
m
S
o
u
th
e
a
st
Ac
e
h
a
n
d
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter.
Re
su
lt
s
sh
o
we
d
th
e
P
&
O
m
e
th
o
d
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
b
e
st,
p
ro
d
u
c
in
g
8
4
7
.
8
3
W
a
t
1
0
m
/s,
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
7
0
2
.
4
0
W
fo
r
INC
a
n
d
3
2
4
.
3
5
W
fo
r
TS
R.
P
&
O
a
lso
a
c
h
iev
e
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
c
u
rre
n
t
o
u
tp
u
t,
re
a
c
h
i
n
g
1
6
.
4
5
A,
wh
il
e
INC
a
n
d
TS
R
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
1
3
.
6
6
A
a
n
d
6
.
3
4
A,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
At
l
o
we
r
win
d
s
p
e
e
d
s,
P
&
O
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
d
t
o
o
u
tp
e
rfo
rm
th
e
o
th
e
r
m
e
th
o
d
s.
Th
is
stu
d
y
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
P
&
O
m
e
th
o
d
is
t
h
e
m
o
st
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
to
imp
ro
v
e
th
e
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
s
in
S
o
u
th
e
a
st
Ac
e
h
,
wh
il
e
INC
sh
o
ws
m
o
d
e
ra
te
p
e
r
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
S
R
is
th
e
lea
st
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
d
u
e
t
o
fl
u
c
tu
a
ti
n
g
win
d
sp
e
e
d
s
in
a
sh
o
rt
ti
m
e
,
so
th
a
t
T
S
R
c
a
n
n
o
t
m
a
in
tain
it
s m
a
x
imu
m
v
a
lu
e
.
T
h
e
re
fo
re
,
P
&
O
is
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
a
s
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
M
P
P
T
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
win
d
p
o
we
r
p
lan
ts
in
th
is r
e
g
i
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
I
n
cr
em
en
tal
c
o
n
d
u
ctan
ce
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t tr
ac
k
in
g
Per
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
T
ip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
A
u
lia
Desk
y
Dep
ar
tm
en
t M
aster
o
f
E
lectr
ic
al
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Su
m
ater
a
Utar
a
J
l.
D
r
.
T
.
Ma
n
s
u
r
No
.
9
,
Pad
a
n
g
B
u
lan
,
Me
d
a
n
,
No
r
t
h
Su
m
a
tr
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
au
liad
esk
y
3
0
@
g
m
ail.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
is
a
r
eliab
le,
clea
n
,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ically
r
e
n
e
wab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
wh
o
s
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
r
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
u
ch
as e
n
er
g
y
s
ca
r
city
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
is
s
u
es.
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
in
r
ec
en
t
d
ec
ad
es
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
W
ith
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
i
n
v
estme
n
t,
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
f
u
t
u
r
e
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
wh
ich
f
lu
ctu
ates
co
n
s
tan
tly
.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
r
esu
lt
in
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
,
m
ak
in
g
it
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
im
p
lem
en
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
W
in
d
tu
r
b
in
es
ar
e
n
eg
ativ
el
y
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
win
d
s
p
ee
d
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
p
ar
a
m
eter
ch
an
g
es,
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
a
tio
n
s
,
an
d
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
.
A
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
itig
ate
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
is
cr
u
cia
l
f
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
in
r
ea
l
tim
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
d
ec
a
d
e,
a
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
k
n
o
wn
as m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
h
as b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[
4
]
.
MPPT
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es b
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
o
p
er
ate
at
its
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
[
5
]
-
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
late
s
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
MPPT
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
e
r
(
ME
PT)
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
er
(
MM
PT)
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
b
o
th
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
n
am
ely
9
9
.
2
8
%
an
d
9
8
.
0
4
%
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
9
]
.
Ku
m
ar
an
d
C
h
atter
jee
[
1
0
]
s
aid
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f MP
P
T a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
w
in
d
p
o
w
er
… (
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
u
lia
Desky
)
895
th
at
in
h
is
r
esear
ch
a
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
th
e
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
(
T
SR
)
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
,
p
o
wer
s
ig
n
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
(
PS
F)
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
o
p
tim
al
t
o
r
q
u
e
(
OT
)
co
n
tr
o
l
wer
e
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
e
d
v
er
y
q
u
ick
ly
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
t
h
er
s
.
C
o
m
b
in
ed
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
m
eth
o
d
an
d
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
tr
o
l
(
NNC)
,
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
NNC
-
b
ase
d
MPPT
an
d
P&
O
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
tr
ac
k
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
o
r
a
n
y
win
d
s
p
ee
d
v
alu
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
W
E
C
S).
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
s
y
s
tem
h
as
g
o
o
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
in
W
E
C
S
n
etwo
r
k
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
m
o
d
elin
g
was
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
r
ee
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
t
o
s
im
u
late
ch
an
g
es
in
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
win
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
wit
h
tu
r
b
u
len
t w
in
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
in
a
win
d
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
m
o
d
elin
g
t
h
e
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
is
m
o
d
elin
g
in
clu
d
es a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
g
e
n
er
ato
r
,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
to
o
p
tim
ize
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
test
th
r
ee
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
win
d
s
p
ee
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mo
d
ellin
g
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ata
i
n
clu
d
es
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
f
o
r
ea
ch
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
ca
lcu
la
te
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ea
ch
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
aim
i
n
g
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
ea
ch
m
e
th
o
d
to
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
le
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
ed
,
wh
ile
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
in
clu
d
e
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ated
.
Sy
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
lly
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
i
n
ea
c
h
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Po
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ac
tu
al
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
with
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
av
ailab
le
at
a
ce
r
tain
w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Ace
h
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
is
d
ata
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
an
o
f
f
icial
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
ag
e
n
cy
f
r
o
m
NASA
POW
E
R
d
ata
ac
ce
s
s
v
iewe
r
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
is
i
n
tim
e
-
s
er
ies
f
o
r
m
at
co
n
tain
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
d
ata
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
a
r
y
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
ac
ce
s
s
ed
at
h
ttp
s
://p
o
wer
.
lar
c.
n
asa.
g
o
v
/d
a
ta
-
ac
ce
s
s
-
v
iewe
r
/
an
d
is
p
u
b
lic
d
ata
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
f
o
r
g
en
er
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
al
s
o
ev
alu
ates
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
win
d
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
iag
r
am
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
4
8
V
b
atter
y
was
ch
o
s
en
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
v
o
ltag
e,
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
v
er
te
r
p
a
r
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
in
d
u
ctan
ce
(
L
)
,
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
(
C
)
,
a
n
d
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
D)
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
)
,
(
2
)
,
an
d
(
3
)
.
T
h
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
o
p
er
ates e
f
f
icien
tly
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
-
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
v
a
lu
e
[
1
5
]
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
,
wh
er
e
is
r
atio
o
f
,
is
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
(
V)
,
an
d
is
v
o
ltag
e
in
p
u
t (
V)
.
=
=
1
1
−
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
894
-
904
896
54
48
=
1
1
−
D
54
(
1
−
D
)
=
48D
54
−
54D
=
48D
54
−
54D
=
48D
54
=
54D
+
48D
54
=
102D
D
=
54
102
=
0
.
53%
-
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
[
1
6
]
i
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
)
,
wh
er
e
is
in
d
u
ctan
ce
(
H)
,
is
d
io
d
e
,
is
r
esis
tan
ce
(
Oh
m
)
,
an
d
is
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
Hz)
.
=
(
1
−
)
2
2
(
2
)
=
(
1
−
0
.
53
)
2
3
2
.
500
=
0
.
6627
1000
=
0
.
0006627
=
0
.
6
-
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
e
[
1
7
]
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
3
)
,
wh
er
e
is
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
F),
is
d
io
d
e,
is
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V)
,
is
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
Hz)
,
an
d
is
r
esis
tan
ce
(
Oh
m
)
.
=
(
3
)
=
0
.
53
.
54
0
.
5
.
3
.
500
=
28
.
62
750
=
0
.
038
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
em
e
to
b
e
a
n
aly
z
ed
T
h
e
w
in
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
s
y
s
tem
is
m
o
d
eled
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
a
r
ec
ti
f
ier
an
d
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
ad
j
u
s
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
s
to
r
a
g
e
o
r
lo
a
d
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
o
p
e
r
atin
g
m
o
d
es: s
witch
-
o
n
an
d
s
witch
-
o
f
f
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
witch
-
o
n
s
tate,
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
r
ev
er
s
e
-
b
iased
,
s
o
n
o
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
i
o
d
e;
in
th
is
s
tate,
th
e
d
io
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
VD)
is
eq
u
al
to
–
(
VS
+
VO)
.
I
n
th
e
s
witch
-
o
f
f
s
tate,
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
f
o
r
war
d
-
b
iased
,
ca
u
s
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
to
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tate,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
c
h
ar
g
ed
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
r
ec
eiv
es
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
,
ca
u
s
in
g
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
u
n
til
th
e
s
witch
is
tu
r
n
ed
b
ac
k
o
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
es
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
to
m
ain
tain
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
—
P&
O,
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
(
I
NC
)
,
an
d
T
S
R
—
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ev
al
u
ated
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
aly
zi
n
g
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
ea
ch
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
o
p
tim
ally
at
an
a
v
e
r
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
2
m
/s
,
w
ith
a
f
ix
e
d
p
itch
an
g
le
o
f
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
to
m
ax
im
ize
win
d
ca
p
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
as
th
e
m
ain
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
2
m
/s
was
ch
o
s
en
b
y
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
av
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
in
th
e
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Ace
h
r
eg
io
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
1
0
.
4
m
/s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
1
2
m
/s
was
m
ad
e
to
co
n
s
id
er
win
d
s
p
ee
d
f
lu
ctu
ati
o
n
s
th
at
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
f
iel
d
an
d
to
test
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
m
o
r
e
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
o
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
d
esp
ite
win
d
s
p
ee
d
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f MP
P
T a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
w
in
d
p
o
w
er
… (
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
u
lia
Desky
)
897
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
ad
j
u
s
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
b
ased
o
n
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
s
wi
tch
es,
d
io
d
es,
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
an
d
r
esis
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
with
an
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
8
V,
an
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
0
.
6
6
m
H,
a
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
0
.
2
μ
F,
a
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
0
.
5
3
%,
an
d
a
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
3
Ω
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
a
4
8
V,
1
0
Ah
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
is
in
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
b
atter
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
was
ch
o
s
en
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
a
n
d
l
o
n
g
e
r
cy
cle
life
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lead
-
ac
i
d
b
atter
ies
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
a
cts
as
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it,
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
e
v
en
wh
e
n
win
d
s
p
e
ed
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
af
f
ec
t
tu
r
b
in
e
o
u
tp
u
t
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e,
ch
ar
g
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
lim
it
s
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
im
p
r
o
v
es th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
win
d
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
ese
m
o
d
els
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
MPPT
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izin
g
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fo
u
r
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
els we
r
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
:
i)
W
ith
o
u
t M
PP
T
(
b
aselin
e
m
o
d
el
)
T
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
d
ir
ec
tly
s
u
p
p
lie
d
to
th
e
lo
ad
v
ia
a
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
with
n
o
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
d
ep
en
d
s
en
tire
ly
o
n
win
d
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
aselin
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
in
MA
T
L
AB
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
aselin
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ii)
MPPT
u
s
es
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
an
d
MPPT
u
s
es I
NC
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
th
e
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
a
s
im
p
le
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
etu
p
a
n
d
f
ew
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
n
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
er
io
d
ically
p
er
tu
r
b
e
d
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
p
er
t
u
r
b
atio
n
cy
cle.
T
h
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
n
d
ass
ess
es
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
r
e
g
io
n
,
th
e
n
b
ased
o
n
th
at
r
eg
io
n
,
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
lt
ag
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
n
ea
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
[
1
1
]
.
Sin
ce
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
n
ly
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e,
it
s
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
s
im
p
le.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
n
o
t
ea
s
ily
tr
ac
k
r
ap
id
a
n
d
im
m
ed
iate
ch
an
g
es
in
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
lo
wch
ar
t
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
.
I
n
r
a
p
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
win
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
a
r
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
th
e
I
NC
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
in
cr
e
m
en
tal
c
o
n
d
u
ctan
c
e
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
en
th
e
MPPT
h
as
r
ea
c
h
ed
t
h
e
MPP
an
d
s
to
p
s
p
er
tu
r
b
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
i
n
t.
I
f
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
n
o
t
m
e
t,
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
MPPT
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
er
tu
r
b
e
d
ca
n
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
I
/d
V
an
d
–
I
/V.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
d
P/d
V
is
n
eg
ativ
e
wh
en
th
e
MPPT
is
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
MPP
cu
r
v
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
wh
en
it
is
o
n
th
e
lef
t sid
e
o
f
th
e
MPP c
u
r
v
e.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
eter
m
in
es
wh
en
th
e
MPPT
h
as r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
MPP,
wh
ile
th
e
P&
O
o
s
cillate
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
MPP.
T
h
is
is
a
clea
r
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
v
er
P&
O
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
th
at
it
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
t
h
an
P&
O.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
c
an
b
e
ea
s
ily
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
lo
wch
ar
t sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
894
-
904
898
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
lo
wch
ar
ts
f
o
r
(
a)
f
lo
wch
ar
t M
PP
T
P&
O
an
d
(
b
)
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t M
PP
T
I
NC
iii)
MPPT
u
s
in
g
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
(
T
SR
)
C
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
T
SR
r
elativ
e
to
win
d
s
p
ee
d
en
s
u
r
es
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
ca
p
tu
r
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
ef
f
icien
cy
,
esp
ec
ially
at
v
ar
y
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
MPPT
T
SR
i
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
alu
e
with
th
e
o
p
tim
al
T
SR
v
alu
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
o
p
e
r
ates
o
p
tim
ally
at
all
tim
es.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
im
p
le
co
n
ce
p
t,
a
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
le
co
n
t
r
o
ller
d
esig
n
,
a
n
d
ea
s
ier
s
p
ee
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
es
s
en
tial,
wh
ich
in
cr
e
ases
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
two
ad
d
itio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
is
alg
o
r
it
h
m
:
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
f
l
u
ctu
atin
g
lo
ad
s
[
2
9
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
co
n
t
r
o
ls
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
ac
tu
al
T
SR
,
λ
,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l
T
SR
,
λ
,
m
ak
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
en
e
r
at
o
r
s
p
ee
d
,
ω
o
p
t,
to
k
ee
p
λ
in
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
tate.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
SR
MPPT
d
esig
n
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
re
s
ults f
o
r
wind
po
wer
pla
nts w
it
ho
ut
M
P
P
T
T
h
e
win
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
s
y
s
te
m
with
o
u
t
MPPT
o
p
er
ates
w
ith
o
u
t
p
o
wer
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
its
b
aselin
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
v
o
ltag
e
,
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
to
ass
ess
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
with
o
u
t
MPPT
s
h
o
w
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
r
elate
d
to
win
d
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
iati
o
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
a
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
1
.
0
8
V
t
o
5
1
.
3
5
V,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
m
ain
tain
s
a
n
ea
r
ly
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tp
u
t
d
esp
ite
ch
an
g
es
in
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
l
o
west
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
1
.
0
8
V
o
cc
u
r
s
at
6
m
/s
,
wh
ile
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
1
.
3
5
V
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
1
0
m
/s
.
T
h
en
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
ee
ze
s
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
with
th
e
lo
west
v
alu
e
o
f
3
.
9
2
A
at
6
m
/s
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
1
1
.
1
2
A
at
1
0
m
/s
.
As
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
An
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
at
6
m
/s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
is
2
0
0
.
2
3
W
,
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
h
ar
p
ly
to
4
6
9
.
5
4
W
at
9
m
/s
,
an
d
r
ea
ch
es
a
p
ea
k
o
f
5
7
1
.
0
1
W
at
1
0
m
/s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
8
m
/s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
d
r
o
p
s
tem
p
o
r
ar
ily
to
3
7
3
.
5
4
W
b
e
f
o
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ag
ain
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f MP
P
T a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
w
in
d
p
o
w
er
… (
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
u
lia
Desky
)
899
T
ab
le
1
.
Ou
tp
u
t p
ar
a
m
eter
v
al
u
es o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
with
o
u
t M
PP
T
Ti
me
(
s)
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
(
m/
s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
0
7
5
1
.
1
1
5
.
5
6
2
8
4
.
1
7
2
6
5
1
.
0
8
3
.
9
2
2
0
0
.
2
3
4
9
5
1
.
2
6
9
.
1
6
4
6
9
.
5
4
6
10
5
1
.
3
5
1
1
.
1
2
5
7
1
.
0
1
8
8
5
1
.
2
4
7
.
2
9
3
7
3
.
5
3
3
.
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
wind
po
wer
pla
nts
w
it
h M
P
P
T
pert
urb a
nd
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P
&O
)
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
win
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
MPPT
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
w
h
ich
g
r
ad
u
ally
a
d
ju
s
ts
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
tr
ac
k
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
es
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
MPPT.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
’
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
win
d
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
is
also
ev
alu
ated
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
P&
O
MPPT
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
At
7
m
/s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ea
ch
es
4
4
1
.
1
7
W
,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
2
8
4
.
1
7
W
with
o
u
t
th
e
MPPT,
with
a
p
ea
k
o
f
8
4
7
.
8
3
W
at
1
0
m
/s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
f
o
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
a
t
th
e
P&
O
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
s
a
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
(
5
1
.
1
5
V
–
5
1
.
5
4
V)
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
h
a
n
d
lin
g
win
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t,
r
ea
c
h
in
g
1
6
.
4
5
A
at
1
0
m
/s
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
1
1
.
1
2
A
with
o
u
t
th
e
MPPT,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
w
ith
th
e
P&
O
MP
PT
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
.
At
6
m
/s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ea
ch
es
2
9
9
.
7
4
W
,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
2
0
0
.
2
3
W
wi
th
o
u
t
th
e
MPPT.
At
1
0
m
/s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
p
ea
k
s
at
8
4
7
.
8
3
W
,
f
ar
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
th
e
5
7
1
.
0
1
W
with
o
u
t M
PP
T
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
al
u
es o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
with
MPPT
P&
O
Ti
me
(
s)
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
(
m/
s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
0
7
5
1
.
1
8
8
.
6
2
4
4
1
.
1
7
2
6
5
1
.
1
5
5
.
8
6
2
9
9
.
7
4
9
5
1
.
3
9
1
2
.
6
6
6
5
0
.
5
9
6
10
5
1
.
5
4
1
6
.
4
5
8
4
7
.
8
3
8
8
5
1
.
3
8
1
0
.
4
2
5
3
5
.
3
7
3
.
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
M
P
P
T
i
ncre
m
ent
a
l c
o
nd
uct
a
nce
(
I
NC)
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
MPPT
T
SR
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
o
p
tim
izes
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
b
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
o
p
t
im
al
b
lad
e
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
o
th
er
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
,
an
d
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
MPPT
I
NC
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
I
NC
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
s
a
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
(
5
1
.
1
0
V
–
5
1
.
4
2
V)
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
h
an
d
lin
g
win
d
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t in
c
r
ea
s
es to
1
3
.
6
6
A
at
1
0
m
/s
,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
1
1
.
1
2
A
with
o
u
t
MPPT,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
As
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
o
wer
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
At
6
m
/s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
r
ea
c
h
es
2
4
7
.
3
2
W
;
at
1
0
m
/s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
in
cr
ea
s
es to
7
0
2
.
4
0
W
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
P&
O
MPPT
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
,
th
e
I
NC
r
em
ain
s
an
ef
f
icien
t
alter
n
ativ
e,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
b
etter
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t M
PP
T
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Ou
tp
u
t p
ar
a
m
eter
v
al
u
es o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
with
I
NC
Ti
me
(
s)
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
(
m/
s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
0
7
5
1
.
1
4
6
.
4
5
3
2
9
.
8
5
2
6
5
1
.
1
4
.
8
4
2
4
7
.
3
2
4
9
5
1
.
3
2
1
0
.
8
7
5
5
7
.
8
4
6
10
5
1
.
4
2
1
3
.
6
6
7
0
2
.
3
9
8
8
5
1
.
3
8
8
.
6
9
4
4
6
.
4
9
3
.
4
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
M
P
P
T
t
ip s
peed
ra
t
io
(
T
SR)
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
MPPT
T
SR
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
o
p
tim
izes
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
b
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
o
p
t
im
al
b
lad
e
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
th
er
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
T
SR
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
s
a
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
(
~5
1
V)
b
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
lo
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
wer
t
h
an
th
e
P&
O
an
d
I
NC
MP
PTs.
At
1
0
m
/s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ea
ch
es
3
2
4
.
3
5
W
,
m
u
ch
lo
wer
th
an
o
th
er
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
T
S
R
i
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tab
ilizin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
b
u
t
its
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
o
wer
is
lim
ited
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
in
c
r
ea
s
es
with
win
d
s
p
ee
d
b
u
t
r
em
ai
n
s
lo
wer
th
an
o
th
er
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
at
at
6
m
/s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
894
-
904
900
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
2
.
3
5
A,
r
ea
ch
in
g
6
.
3
4
A
at
1
0
m
/s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
P&
O
an
d
I
NC
MPPTs
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
u
ch
h
ig
h
er
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
h
i
g
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ea
ch
es
1
1
9
.
8
5
W
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
to
3
2
4
.
3
5
W
at
1
0
m
/s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
P&
O
(
8
4
7
.
8
3
W
)
an
d
I
NC
(
7
0
2
.
3
9
W
)
MPPTs
a
t
th
e
s
am
e
s
p
ee
d
,
T
SR
is
les
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
m
a
x
im
izin
g
en
e
r
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
al
u
es o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
with
T
SR
Ti
me
(
s)
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
(
m/
s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
0
7
5
1
.
0
3
3
.
2
9
1
6
7
.
8
8
2
6
51
2
.
3
5
1
1
9
.
8
5
4
9
5
1
.
1
2
5
.
3
4
2
7
2
.
9
8
6
10
5
1
.
1
6
6
.
3
4
3
2
4
.
3
5
8
8
5
1
.
1
4
.
2
9
2
1
9
.
2
1
3
.
5
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
wind
po
wer
o
utput
re
s
ults
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
b
etwe
en
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
MPPT,
MPPT
P&
O,
MPPT
I
NC
,
an
d
MPPT
T
SR
r
ev
ea
ls
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
MPPT
P&
O
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
eliv
er
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
MPPT
I
NC
.
MPPT
T
SR
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
l
o
west
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
in
d
icatin
g
it
is
th
e
least
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ex
am
in
es
h
o
w
ea
ch
m
et
h
o
d
m
an
ag
es
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
Similar
t
o
v
o
ltag
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
a
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
MPPT
ex
h
ib
its
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t.
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
y
n
a
m
ically
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
cu
r
r
en
t
d
esp
it
e
v
ar
y
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
.
T
h
is
ev
alu
atio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
ea
ch
m
et
h
o
d
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
s
tab
ilizin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fo
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
v
er
tim
e,
r
ef
er
to
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
s
h
o
w
th
at
MP
PT
P&
O
an
d
MPPT
I
NC
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
MPPT,
wh
il
e
MPPT
T
SR
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
wo
r
s
t.
MPPT
P&
O
d
eliv
er
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
a
lu
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
MPPT
I
NC
.
MPP
T
T
SR
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
wo
r
s
t,
g
en
e
r
atin
g
th
e
lo
west c
u
r
r
en
t
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
ea
ch
test
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
as
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
d
icato
r
o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
g
en
er
ate
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
th
a
n
a
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t M
PP
T
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
g
r
a
p
h
s
a
n
d
tab
les to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
clea
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ea
ch
m
eth
o
d
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fo
r
p
o
wer
o
v
er
tim
e,
r
e
f
er
to
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
MPPT
P&
O
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
eliv
er
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
MPPT
I
NC
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
MPPT
T
SR
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
wo
r
s
t
in
p
o
wer
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
.
MPPT
P&
O
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
wer
g
ain
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
.
MPPT
I
NC
also
im
p
r
o
v
es p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t b
u
t is sl
ig
h
tly
less
ef
f
icien
t th
an
P&
O.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
M
PP
T
g
en
er
ates
m
o
d
er
ate
p
o
w
er
,
wh
ile
MPPT
T
SR
co
n
s
is
t
en
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
wo
r
s
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
MPPT
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f MP
P
T a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
w
in
d
p
o
w
er
… (
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
u
lia
Desky
)
901
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
t c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
MPPT
an
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Po
wer
o
u
tp
u
t c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
MPPT
an
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
Fro
m
T
ab
les
5
-
7
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
e
en
th
at
th
e
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
h
as
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
o
u
tp
u
t
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
two
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
ten
d
s
to
h
a
v
e
a
f
aster
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
ev
er
al
o
t
h
er
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
P&
O
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
r
elativ
ely
s
im
p
le
an
d
ea
s
y
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
in
-
d
e
p
th
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
s
u
ch
as
s
er
ies
o
r
p
ar
allel
r
esis
tan
ce
to
o
p
er
ate.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
I
NC
I
n
cr
e
m
en
tal
C
o
n
d
u
ctan
ce
Alg
o
r
ith
m
m
eth
o
d
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
Per
tu
r
b
an
d
O
b
s
er
v
e,
s
o
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
co
m
p
u
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
T
SR
Alth
o
u
g
h
a
d
ap
tiv
e,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
b
e
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
v
er
y
t
u
r
b
u
len
t
o
r
r
a
p
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
win
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
r
e
q
u
ir
es
ti
m
e
f
o
r
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t
an
d
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
tu
r
b
i
n
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
o
d
elin
g
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
to
o
b
tain
p
r
ec
is
ely
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
n
ewly
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
o
r
in
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
th
r
ee
MPPT
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
tab
le
o
f
all
m
eth
o
d
s
Ti
me
(
s)
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
(
m/
s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
M
P
P
T
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
P
&O
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
I
N
C
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
TSR
0
7
5
1
.
1
1
5
1
.
1
8
5
1
.
1
4
5
1
.
0
3
2
6
5
1
.
0
8
5
1
.
1
5
5
1
.
1
51
4
9
5
1
.
2
6
5
1
.
3
9
5
1
.
3
2
5
1
.
1
2
6
10
5
1
.
3
5
5
1
.
5
4
5
1
.
4
2
5
1
.
1
6
8
8
5
1
.
2
4
5
1
.
3
8
5
1
.
3
8
5
1
.
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
894
-
904
902
T
ab
le
6
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
t ta
b
le
o
f
all
m
eth
o
d
s
Ti
me
(
s)
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
(
m/
s)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
M
P
P
T
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
&O
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
I
N
C
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
TSR
0
7
5
.
5
6
8
.
6
2
6
.
4
5
3
.
2
9
2
6
3
.
9
2
5
.
8
6
4
.
8
4
2
.
3
5
4
9
9
.
1
6
1
2
.
6
6
1
0
.
8
7
5
.
3
4
6
10
1
1
.
1
2
1
6
.
4
5
1
3
.
6
6
6
.
3
4
8
8
7
.
2
9
1
0
.
4
2
8
.
6
9
4
.
2
9
T
ab
le
7
.
P
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
tab
le
o
f
all
m
eth
o
d
s
Ti
me
(
s)
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
(
m/
s)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
M
P
P
T
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
P
&O
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
I
N
C
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
TSR
0
7
2
8
4
.
1
7
4
4
1
.
1
7
3
2
9
.
8
5
1
6
7
.
8
8
2
6
2
0
0
.
2
3
2
9
9
.
7
2
4
7
.
3
2
1
1
9
.
8
5
4
9
4
6
9
.
5
4
6
5
0
.
5
9
5
5
7
.
8
4
2
7
2
.
9
8
6
10
5
7
1
.
0
1
8
4
7
.
8
3
7
0
2
.
3
9
3
2
4
.
3
5
8
8
3
7
3
.
5
3
5
3
5
.
3
7
4
4
6
.
4
9
2
1
9
.
2
1
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
win
d
en
er
g
y
p
o
te
n
tial
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Ace
h
.
I
ts
lo
ca
tio
n
alo
n
g
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
a
n
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
cr
ea
t
e
f
av
o
r
ab
le
win
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Sh
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
P&
O
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
at
v
ar
io
u
s
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
.
At
7
m
/s
,
th
i
s
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
4
4
1
.
1
7
W
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
th
e
3
2
9
.
8
5
W
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
NC
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
1
6
7
.
8
9
W
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
SR
m
eth
o
d
.
Similar
ly
,
at
1
0
m
/s
,
P&
O
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
8
4
7
.
8
3
W
,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
7
0
2
.
4
0
W
I
NC
an
d
3
2
4
.
3
5
W
T
SR
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
llo
wed
a
s
im
ilar
tr
en
d
,
with
P&
O
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
at
9
m
/s
,
P&
O
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
1
2
.
6
6
A,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
I
NC
(
1
0
.
8
7
A)
an
d
T
SR
(
5
.
3
4
A)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
th
e
P&
O
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
win
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
NC
m
eth
o
d
also
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
well,
its
ef
f
icien
cy
r
em
ain
ed
s
lig
h
tly
lo
we
r
th
an
th
at
o
f
P&
O.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
th
e
T
SR
m
eth
o
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
lo
west
ef
f
icien
cy
in
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
f
o
r
win
d
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Ace
h
,
th
e
P&
O
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
p
tim
al
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izin
g
win
d
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
a
d
v
is
ed
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
f
u
r
th
er
test
in
g
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
r
elate
d
to
win
d
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
win
d
d
ir
e
ctio
n
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
t
h
at
ca
n
ad
a
p
t
to
c
h
an
g
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
u
s
in
g
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
er
eb
y
m
a
x
im
izin
g
win
d
en
er
g
y
p
o
ten
tia
l.
R
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
s
o
r
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
als
o
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t t
o
test
th
eir
ef
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
m
o
r
e
ex
tr
em
e
win
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Mu
h
am
m
ad
A
u
lia
Desk
y
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Yu
lian
ta
Sire
g
ar
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ma
k
s
u
m
Pin
em
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f MP
P
T a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
w
in
d
p
o
w
er
… (
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
u
lia
Desky
)
903
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
will
b
e
av
ail
ab
le
in
h
ttp
s
://p
o
wer
.
lar
c.
n
asa.
g
o
v
/d
ata
-
ac
ce
s
s
-
v
iewe
r
/
.
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
a
v
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
,
[
MA
D]
,
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
J.
N
i
r
a
n
j
a
n
a
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
a
x
i
s
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
,”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
&T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
2
]
D
.
A
.
N
i
k
a
m
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
K
h
e
r
d
e
,
“
Li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
men
t
o
f
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
a
x
i
s
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
b
l
a
d
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
3
]
S
.
A
r
may
a
s
a
r
i
,
M
.
R
a
z
a
l
i
,
a
n
d
S
u
w
a
r
n
o
,
“
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
u
c
k
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
n
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
6
6
6
–
2
6
6
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
4
]
I
.
A
L
-
W
e
sab
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
a
st
D
C
-
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
u
s
i
n
g
l
i
n
e
a
r
A
D
R
C
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
h
y
b
r
i
d
sal
p
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sw
a
r
m
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
P
V
/
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
s
y
st
e
m,”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
y
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
p
p
.
6
8
8
–
7
0
9
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
h
y
d
e
n
e
.
2
0
2
4
.
0
2
.
3
2
5
.
[
5
]
P
.
J
a
n
s
u
y
a
a
n
d
Y
.
K
u
ms
u
w
a
n
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
M
A
T
LA
B
/
S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
f
i
x
e
d
-
p
i
t
c
h
a
n
g
l
e
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
i
mu
l
a
t
o
r
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
p
p
.
3
6
2
–
3
7
0
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
p
r
o
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
6
.
7
6
4
.
[
6
]
S
.
To
r
r
e
s,
A
.
M
a
r
u
l
a
n
d
a
,
M
.
F
.
M
o
n
t
o
y
a
,
a
n
d
C
.
H
e
r
n
a
n
d
e
z
,
“
G
e
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
d
e
si
g
n
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
S
a
v
o
n
i
u
s w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
,
”
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
2
,
p
.
1
1
5
6
7
9
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
ma
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
5
6
7
9
.
[
7
]
M
.
H
l
a
i
l
i
a
n
d
H
.
M
e
c
h
e
r
g
u
i
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
i
so
n
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
w
i
t
h
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
o
n
e
u
si
n
g
a
p
o
w
e
r
e
st
i
m
a
t
o
r
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
s
y
st
e
ms,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
0
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
1
6
/
1
7
2
8
3
9
8
.
[
8
]
A
.
M
.
E
l
t
a
mal
y
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
M
P
P
T
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
ms
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
r
ma
l
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
s
h
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
i
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
i
e
s
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
El
s
e
v
i
e
r
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
–
1
6
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
B
9
7
8
-
0
-
12
-
8
1
2
9
5
9
-
3
.
0
0
0
0
4
-
6.
[
9
]
H
.
F
a
t
h
a
b
a
d
i
,
“
N
o
v
e
l
ma
x
i
mu
m
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
mec
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
f
o
r
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
ms
,
”
I
E
EE
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Em
e
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
T
o
p
i
c
s
i
n
Po
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
9
–
1
7
4
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
JES
TP
E.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
2
7
9
7
8
.
[
1
0
]
D
.
K
u
mar
a
n
d
K
.
C
h
a
t
t
e
r
j
e
e
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
f
o
r
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
ms,”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
p
p
.
9
5
7
–
9
7
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
1
5
.
1
1
.
0
1
3
.
[
1
1
]
K
.
D
a
h
ma
n
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
y
b
r
i
d
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
:
P
&O
a
n
d
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
R
o
b
o
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
ro
l
(
J
RC
)
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
j
r
c
.
v
4
i
1
.
1
6
7
7
0
.
[
1
2
]
A
.
S
o
e
t
e
d
j
o
,
A
.
L
o
mi
,
a
n
d
W
.
P
.
M
u
l
a
y
a
n
t
o
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
m
w
i
t
h
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
1
1
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
I
EEE,
J
u
l
.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
EEI
.
2
0
1
1
.
6
0
2
1
8
3
6
.
[
1
3
]
R
.
S
i
t
h
a
r
t
h
a
n
,
M
.
K
a
r
t
h
i
k
e
y
a
n
,
D
.
S
.
S
u
n
d
a
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
R
a
j
a
se
k
a
r
a
n
,
“
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
t
o
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
u
a
l
w
i
n
d
sp
e
e
d
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
r
o
t
o
r
sp
e
e
d
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
p
e
e
d
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
,
”
I
S
A
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
6
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
–
4
8
9
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
sa
t
r
a
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
5
.
0
2
9
.
[
1
4
]
A
.
O
.
B
a
b
a
,
G
.
Li
u
,
a
n
d
X
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
C
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
Fu
t
u
r
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
.
1
0
0
0
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
sf
t
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
0
0
2
0
.
[
1
5
]
D
.
R
.
L
o
p
e
z
-
F
l
o
r
e
s
,
P
.
R
.
A
c
o
st
a
-
C
a
n
o
-
De
-
L
o
s
-
R
i
o
s,
P
.
R
.
M
a
r
q
u
e
z
-
G
u
t
i
e
r
r
e
z
,
J.
E
.
A
c
o
s
t
a
-
C
a
n
o
-
De
-
Lo
s
-
R
i
o
s,
R
.
E.
B
a
r
a
y
-
A
r
a
n
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
R
a
mi
r
e
z
-
A
l
o
n
s
o
,
“
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
f
a
st
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
u
si
n
g
TS
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
ma
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
met
h
o
d
s
,
”
I
EE
E
L
a
t
i
n
Am
e
r
i
c
a
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
1
2
–
6
1
9
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
T
LA
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
5
6
2
2
5
9
.
[
1
6
]
N
.
M
r
a
b
e
t
,
C
.
B
e
n
z
a
z
a
h
,
A
.
El
A
k
k
a
r
y
,
Y
.
E
n
n
a
c
i
r
i
,
a
n
d
I
.
La
h
l
o
u
h
,
“
M
a
x
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
d
i
r
e
c
t
-
d
r
i
v
e
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
P
M
S
G
u
si
n
g
m
u
l
t
i
-
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
Po
w
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
5
3
–
4
6
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
a
p
e
.
v
1
3
.
i
2
.
p
p
4
5
3
-
4
6
4
.
[
1
7
]
A
.
H
.
K
.
A
l
a
b
o
u
d
y
,
A
.
A
.
D
a
o
u
d
,
S
.
S
.
D
e
so
u
k
y
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
S
a
l
e
m,
“
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
a
n
d
f
l
i
c
k
e
r
st
u
d
y
o
f
P
M
S
G
-
b
a
s
e
d
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
,
”
Ai
n
S
h
a
m
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
9
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
se
j
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
6
.
0
0
2
.
[
1
8
]
R
.
S
y
a
h
p
u
t
r
a
,
K
.
P
u
r
w
a
n
t
o
,
a
n
d
I
.
S
o
e
s
a
n
t
i
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
st
a
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
e
q
u
i
p
p
e
d
w
i
t
h
si
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
P
W
M
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
h
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
Re
p
o
rt
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
4
5
5
3
–
4
5
6
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
3
.
1
4
5
.
[
1
9
]
M
.
H
.
R
a
s
h
i
d
,
Ed
.
,
Po
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
.
B
u
t
t
e
r
w
o
r
t
h
-
H
e
i
n
e
m
a
n
n
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
0
]
H
.
S
h
a
y
e
g
h
i
,
S
.
P
o
u
r
j
a
f
a
r
,
a
n
d
F
.
S
e
d
a
g
h
a
t
i
,
“
A
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
;
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
ms
,
”
I
r
a
n
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
4
,
2
0
2
1
.
[
2
1
]
G
.
H
a
r
p
e
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
f
r
o
m
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
N
a
t
u
r
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
5
,
n
o
.
7
7
8
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
8
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s
4
1
5
8
6
-
0
1
9
-
1
6
8
2
-
5.
[
2
2
]
J.
S
.
T
h
o
n
g
a
m,
R
.
B
e
g
u
e
n
a
n
e
,
A
.
F
.
O
k
o
u
,
M
.
Ta
r
b
o
u
c
h
i
,
A
.
M
e
r
a
b
e
t
,
a
n
d
P
.
B
o
u
c
h
a
r
d
,
“
A
me
t
h
o
d
o
f
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
m
a
x
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
s
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
p
e
e
d
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
s
y
st
e
ms,
”
i
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
si
u
m
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s,
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
D
r
i
v
e
s,
Au
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
M
o
t
i
o
n
,
I
EEE,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
5
–
1100
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
P
EED
A
M
.
2
0
1
2
.
6
2
6
4
5
7
8
.
[
2
3
]
S
.
D
h
u
n
d
h
a
r
a
,
Y
.
P
.
V
e
r
ma,
a
n
d
A
.
W
i
l
l
i
a
ms,
“
T
e
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
-
a
c
i
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
i
n
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
sy
st
e
ms,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
7
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
–
1
4
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
m
a
n
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
9
.
0
3
0
.
[
2
4
]
M
.
S
a
ms
u
z
z
a
ma
n
,
“
L
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
a
si
c
,
”
2
0
2
3
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
g
a
t
e
.
n
e
t
/
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
/
3
6
9
2
3
7
4
7
9
_
Li
t
h
i
u
m
-
I
o
n
_
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
_
B
a
s
i
c
[
2
5
]
D
.
R
e
k
i
o
u
a
,
W
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
sy
st
e
m
s:
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
ro
l
,
G
r
e
e
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
P
a
r
t
F
2
4
9
3
,
C
h
a
m:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
N
a
t
u
r
e
S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
1
-
5
2
8
8
3
-
5.
[
2
6
]
H
.
H
.
H
.
M
o
u
sa
,
A
.
-
R
.
Y
o
u
ssef,
a
n
d
E.
E.
M
.
M
o
h
a
me
d
,
“
S
t
a
t
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
t
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
ser
v
e
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
b
a
se
d
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
s
y
st
e
ms
:
a
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
Po
w
e
r
&
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
6
,
p
.
1
0
6
5
9
8
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
e
p
e
s.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
6
5
9
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.