I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
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o
wer
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(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
942
~
9
4
7
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
2
.
pp
942
-
947
942
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K
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w
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s
:
Ph
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to
lu
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in
escen
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Qu
an
tu
m
co
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f
in
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Qu
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d
o
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o
m
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in
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Sto
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if
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s
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a
rticle
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n
d
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e
CC B
Y
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
e
Xu
an
T
h
u
y
Facu
lty
o
f
B
asic Scie
n
ce
s
,
Vi
n
h
L
o
n
g
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Vin
h
L
o
n
g
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail:
th
u
y
lx
@
v
lu
te.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sem
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
ex
h
ib
it
q
u
a
n
tu
m
co
n
f
in
em
e
n
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
p
h
o
n
o
n
s
,
wh
ich
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
eir
o
p
tic
al
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
1
]
.
C
o
n
f
in
e
m
en
t
lead
s
t
o
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
in
ter
b
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
e
n
er
g
y
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
g
ap
to
b
e
tu
n
ed
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
p
ar
ticle
s
iz
e
[
2
]
.
A
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
,
b
y
s
ev
e
r
al
o
r
d
er
s
o
f
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
,
in
r
ad
i
ativ
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
h
as
also
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
e
x
citatio
n
en
e
r
g
y
o
n
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
all
o
ws
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
n
an
o
p
a
r
ticles
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
s
ec
o
n
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
n
g
-
p
a
s
s
o
p
tical
f
ilter
s
[
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
p
tical
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ca
n
b
e
g
r
ea
tly
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
wh
en
th
e
cr
y
s
tallite
s
ize
is
n
o
n
u
n
if
o
r
m
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
an
d
its
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
ess
en
tial.
C
o
m
m
o
n
ly
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
ize
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
is
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
wid
th
o
f
m
ajo
r
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
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(
XR
D)
p
ea
k
s
v
ia
Sch
er
r
er
’
s
f
o
r
m
u
la.
Alth
o
u
g
h
wid
ely
a
p
p
lied
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
n
eg
lects
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
lattice
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
n
p
ea
k
b
r
o
ad
e
n
in
g
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
.
Hig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
(
HR
T
E
M)
o
f
f
er
s
d
ir
ec
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[5
]
–
[
7
]
,
b
u
t th
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
d
estru
ctiv
e
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es c
o
m
p
lex
s
am
p
le
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
f t
h
e
p
h
o
to
lu
mi
n
escen
ce
p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
u
s
in
g
… (
Le
Do
a
n
Du
y
)
943
An
alter
n
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
o
f
co
n
f
in
ed
ac
o
u
s
tic
p
h
o
n
o
n
s
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
R
am
an
s
p
ec
tr
a
to
e
s
tim
ate
p
ar
ticle
s
ize.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
th
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
v
ib
r
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es
ca
n
b
e
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
p
ar
tic
le
s
ize
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
o
p
tical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
ca
u
s
in
g
in
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
b
r
o
ad
e
n
in
g
in
o
p
tical
s
p
ec
tr
a.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
J
u
n
an
d
T
u
n
g
[
8
]
ca
lcu
lated
t
h
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
with
a
f
in
ite
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
s
in
g
an
in
f
in
ite
-
p
o
ten
t
ial
-
well
m
o
d
el
th
at
n
eg
lects
in
tr
in
s
ic
lin
ewid
th
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
v
ib
r
o
n
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
d
elta
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
o
r
m
o
n
o
d
is
p
er
s
e
d
o
t
s
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
to
m
atch
co
m
p
u
ted
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
with
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
b
u
t th
ese
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
r
i
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
ch
as o
s
ci
llato
r
s
tr
en
g
th
,
b
an
d
wid
t
h
,
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
ies o
f
all
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
Fo
r
m
at
er
ials
lik
e
C
d
Se,
u
p
to
1
2
p
ar
am
eter
s
m
ay
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
,
an
d
t
h
ese
v
alu
es
—
o
f
ten
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ated
f
r
o
m
em
p
ir
i
ca
l
r
elatio
n
s
o
r
b
an
d
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
—
ca
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
p
h
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
(
PL)
s
p
ec
tr
a
t
y
p
ically
ex
h
i
b
it
d
is
tin
ct
f
ea
tu
r
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
b
an
d
-
e
d
g
e
em
is
s
io
n
an
d
d
ef
ec
t
-
r
elate
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
b
r
o
a
d
en
in
g
o
f
th
ese
s
p
ec
tr
a
is
also
lin
k
ed
to
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
h
as n
o
t y
et
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
s
im
p
l
e
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
a
n
a
ly
zin
g
th
e
in
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
ly
b
r
o
ad
e
n
ed
b
an
d
-
e
d
g
e
PL
lin
esh
ap
e
to
ex
tr
ac
t
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
is
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
PL
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
C
d
Se
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
with
d
iam
eter
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
to
6
n
m
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
itti
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
h
o
to
lu
m
i
n
escen
ce
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
b
u
lk
C
d
Se
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
an
in
p
u
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
lin
esh
a
p
e
esti
m
atio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
s
ec
t
io
n
Du
r
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
-
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
C
d
Se
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
,
th
e
C
d
:OA
r
atio
was
f
ix
ed
at
1
:4
.
1
an
d
Se:TO
P
at
1
:3
.
2
3
,
wh
ile
v
ar
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
d
:Se
r
atio
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
e
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
eir
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
an
d
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esis
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
A
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
(
C
H₃COO)
₂C
d
·
2
H₂O,
OA,
an
d
DPE
(
as
s
o
lv
en
t)
was
s
tirr
ed
an
d
h
ea
ted
at
1
2
0
–
180
°C
u
n
d
er
a
n
itro
g
en
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
to
f
o
r
m
a
p
ale
-
y
ello
w
Cd
–
OA
co
m
p
lex
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
Sep
ar
ately
,
a
0
.
1
M
Se
–
T
OP
s
o
lu
tio
n
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
a
n
d
q
u
ic
k
ly
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
f
lask
.
W
ith
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
ch
an
g
ed
co
lo
r
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
r
y
s
tal
g
r
o
wth
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
f
o
r
a
s
et
d
u
r
atio
n
.
Par
ticle
s
ize
was
in
d
ir
ec
tly
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
UV
-
v
is
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
p
h
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
s
p
ec
tr
a.
T
o
s
to
p
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
,
6
mL
o
f
to
lu
en
e
was
r
ap
id
ly
a
d
d
ed
to
co
o
l
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
C
d
Se
QDs
wer
e
p
u
r
if
ie
d
b
y
p
r
ec
ip
it
atin
g
with
m
et
h
an
o
l,
ce
n
tr
if
u
g
in
g
at
3
0
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
1
5
m
i
n
u
tes,
d
is
ca
r
d
in
g
th
e
s
u
p
er
n
atan
t,
a
n
d
r
e
d
is
p
er
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
ec
ip
itate
in
to
lu
en
e.
T
h
is
p
u
r
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
co
u
ld
b
e
r
ep
ea
te
d
s
ev
er
al
t
im
es.
2
.
2
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l sim
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
PL
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
a
d
ir
ec
t
b
an
d
g
ap
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
a
ter
ial
with
a
b
an
d
g
ap
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
E
₀
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
Ga
u
s
s
ian
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Her
e
is
th
e
f
u
ll
wid
th
at
h
al
f
m
a
x
im
u
m
(
FW
HM
)
o
f
th
e
PL
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
(
)
=
√
2
[
−
(
−
0
)
2
2
2
]
(
1
)
W
e
h
av
e
th
at
0
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle.
(
0
)
=
0
+
ℏ
2
2
2
2
[
1
+
1
ℎ
]
−
1
.
8
2
4
0
+
2
∑
(
2
)
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
(
1
)
is
r
ewr
itten
as
(
3
)
.
(
,
0
)
=
√
2
[
−
(
−
(
0
)
2
2
2
]
(
3
)
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
p
ar
ticl
e
s
izes
ar
e
n
o
t
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
a
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
th
at
f
o
llo
ws a
Gau
s
s
ian
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
(
)
=
√
2
[
−
(
−
0
)
2
2
2
]
(
4
)
T
h
e
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
=
/
0
.
T
h
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
(
PL)
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
is
th
u
s
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
(
5
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
942
-
947
944
(
)
=
∫
(
)
.
(
,
)
(
5
)
I
n
f
er
:
(
)
=
1
2
∫
[
−
(
−
0
)
2
2
2
−
(
−
(
)
)
2
2
2
]
∞
0
(
6
)
T
h
e
(
6
)
is
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
we
u
s
e
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
,
allo
win
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
t
o
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
p
h
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
(
PL)
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
wh
en
we
in
p
u
t
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
as
a
p
ar
am
eter
.
An
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
o
f
(
2
)
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
b
y
n
e
g
lectin
g
th
e
th
ir
d
ter
m
.
(
0
)
=
0
+
ℏ
2
2
2
2
[
1
+
1
ℎ
]
−
1
.
8
2
4
0
(
7
)
W
ith
th
e
C
d
Se
m
ater
ial,
we
h
av
e:
0
=
1
.
7
4
eV,
=
0
.
1
3
m
0
,
ℎ
=
0
.
4
m
0
,
a
n
d
ε
=
1
0
.
6
.
T
h
e
Γ
p
a
r
am
eter
o
f
b
u
lk
C
d
Se
is
0
.
1
8
5
eV
[
1
3
]
.
(
)
=
1
.
74
+
3
.
845
2
−
0
.
4465
(
e
V,
n
m
)
(
8
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
UV
-
Vis
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
th
e
FT
O/QDs
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
with
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
d
o
p
ed
-
C
u
²⁺
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
0
0
–
7
0
0
n
m
.
L
ig
h
t is illu
m
in
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
FTO
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
id
e,
s
h
o
win
g
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
C
u
²⁺
d
o
p
in
g
r
atio
.
B
elo
w
5
5
0
n
m
,
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
ten
s
ity
s
lig
h
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
C
u
²⁺
co
n
ten
t,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
C
u
²⁺
en
e
r
g
y
lev
els
with
in
t
h
e
b
an
d
g
ap
o
f
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
Sr
d
o
p
in
g
in
Z
n
Se
f
o
r
Q
DSSC
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
FTO/T
iO₂/QD
s
/Zn
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
s
y
s
tem
ex
h
ib
its
en
h
an
ce
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
a
r
e
d
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
5
0
0
–
6
0
0
n
m
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
FTO/T
iO₂/QDs/Zn
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
s
h
o
ws
a
h
ig
h
er
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
in
ten
s
ity
th
a
n
t
h
e
FTO/T
iO₂/QD
s
/Zn
S
@
C
u
²⁺
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
d
o
p
e
d
an
o
d
e
f
ilm
s
ab
s
o
r
b
lo
n
g
er
wav
elen
g
th
s
,
e
x
ten
d
in
to
th
e
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t r
e
g
io
n
,
an
d
r
esu
lt in
a
d
a
r
k
er
m
ater
ial.
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
a
n
aly
s
is
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
C
d
S,
C
d
Se,
Z
n
S@
C
u
²⁺,
an
d
Z
n
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
th
e
T
iO₂
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
all
s
am
p
les.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
iv
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
ea
k
s
o
f
T
iO₂
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
2
5
.
3
5
4
°,
3
7
.
7
8
5
°,
4
8
.
0
7
7
°,
5
3
.
9
2
2
°,
an
d
6
2
.
7
2
8
°
ar
e
in
d
ex
ed
to
t
h
e
(
1
0
1
)
,
(
0
0
4
)
,
(
2
0
0
)
,
(
1
0
5
)
,
an
d
(
2
0
4
)
p
lan
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
a
n
atase
p
h
ase
(
J
C
PDS
No
.
0
0
-
004
-
0
4
7
7
)
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
cu
b
ic
p
h
ase
o
f
C
d
S
is
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
(
1
1
1
)
an
d
(
2
2
2
)
r
ef
lectio
n
s
at
2
6
.
5
°
a
n
d
5
4
.
5
°,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
(
J
C
PD
S No
.
0
0
-
0
8
9
-
0
4
4
0
)
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Fo
r
C
d
Se,
two
p
ea
k
s
lo
ca
ted
at
2
7
.
2
° an
d
4
2
° ar
e
att
r
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
(
1
0
1
)
an
d
(
1
1
0
)
p
la
n
es
o
f
th
e
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
J
C
PDS
No
.
0
0
-
008
-
0
4
5
9
)
[
1
5
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
p
h
ases
o
f
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se
ar
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
p
ea
k
s
at
2
5
.
7
°
an
d
4
8
.
8
°,
wh
ich
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
(
1
0
0
)
an
d
(
1
0
3
)
p
lan
es
(
J
C
PD
S
No
.
0
0
-
0
8
9
-
2
9
4
0
)
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
llectiv
e
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
an
d
cr
y
s
tallizatio
n
o
f
C
d
S,
C
d
Se,
Z
n
S@
C
u
²⁺,
an
d
Z
n
Se@
C
u
²⁺
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
o
n
th
e
T
iO₂
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
UV
-
Vis
o
f
X(
S,Se)
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
d
o
p
ed
-
co
p
p
er
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
XR
D
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
X(
S,
Se)
:C
u
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
f t
h
e
p
h
o
to
lu
mi
n
escen
ce
p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
u
s
in
g
… (
Le
Do
a
n
Du
y
)
945
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
(
J
–
V
cu
r
v
es)
o
f
QDSSC
s
em
p
lo
y
in
g
T
iO₂/QDs/Zn
S@
C
u
²⁺
an
d
T
iO₂/QDs/Zn
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
es
was
ev
alu
ated
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
lar
illu
m
in
atio
n
(
1
0
0
m
W
·
cm
⁻²)
,
as
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
t
h
at
th
e
o
p
e
n
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
an
d
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
(
FF
)
ex
h
ib
it
m
in
im
al
v
ar
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
y
s
tem
s
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
s
h
o
ws
a
m
ar
k
ed
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
en
s
ity
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
T
i
O₂/QDs/Zn
S
@
C
u
²⁺
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
y
ield
s
a
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
en
s
ity
o
f
2
2
m
A·
cm
⁻²
an
d
a
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
4
.
5
%,
wh
ich
is
lo
wer
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
T
iO₂/QDs/Zn
Se
@
C
u
²⁺
co
u
n
te
r
p
ar
t.
Up
o
n
C
u
²⁺
d
o
p
in
g
in
t
o
th
e
Z
n
Se
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
,
b
o
th
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
an
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
d
,
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
v
alu
es
o
f
2
3
m
A·
cm
⁻²
an
d
5
.
3
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
o
f
Z
n
²⁺
b
y
C
u
²⁺
in
th
e
cr
y
s
tal
lattice,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
f
ilm
'
s
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
i
m
p
u
r
ity
en
er
g
y
lev
els
with
in
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
o
f
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se,
th
er
e
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
p
h
o
to
n
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
g
o
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
C
u
²⁺
an
d
Mn
²⁺
d
o
p
in
g
in
Z
n
S su
b
s
tan
tially
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t d
e
n
s
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
in
es
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
tr
a
n
s
f
er
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
with
in
th
in
-
f
ilm
lay
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
at
th
e
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
(
R
ct2
)
,
elec
tr
o
n
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te,
an
d
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
at
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
(
R
ct1
)
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
E
I
S)
u
n
d
er
illu
m
in
atio
n
at
1
0
0
m
W
·
cm
⁻².
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
,
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
E
C
-
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e,
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
elec
tr
o
d
es
co
ated
with
C
u
²⁺
-
d
o
p
e
d
Z
n
S
e
x
h
ib
it
lo
wer
ch
ar
g
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
(
R
ct1
an
d
R
ct2
)
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
o
s
e
co
ated
with
C
u
²
⁺
-
d
o
p
ed
Z
n
Se,
with
m
in
im
u
m
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
v
al
u
es
o
f
R
ct1
=
1
7
Ω
an
d
R
ct2
=
3
3
Ω
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
an
d
o
v
er
all
d
ev
ice
e
f
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
ed
n
o
tab
ly
,
f
r
o
m
2
2
m
A
·
cm
⁻²
to
2
3
m
A·
cm
⁻²
.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
Z
n
S@
C
u
²⁺
l
ay
er
s
,
wh
ich
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
h
o
t
o
n
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
lig
h
t
r
ef
lectio
n
,
th
er
e
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lig
h
t h
ar
v
esti
n
g
b
y
th
e
T
iO₂/QDs p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
[
1
7
]
-
[
2
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
an
d
e
d
g
e
o
f
Z
n
S@
C
u
²⁺
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
th
at
o
f
T
iO₂/QDs,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
s
u
p
p
r
ess
elec
tr
o
n
b
ac
k
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
lo
s
s
es
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
C
u
²⁺
also
in
d
u
ce
s
a
r
ed
s
h
if
t
i
n
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
e
x
ten
d
in
g
in
to
th
e
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t
r
eg
io
n
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
im
p
u
r
ity
lev
els
with
in
th
e
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
o
f
Z
n
S
an
d
Z
n
Se
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
,
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies [
8
]
,
[
2
5
].
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
X
(
S,Se)
:C
u
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
I
S o
f
X(
S,Se)
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
s
d
o
p
ed
-
c
o
p
p
er
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
d
ev
ices
S
a
mp
l
e
V
oc
(V)
J
s
c
(
mA
.
c
m
-
2
)
FF
P
C
E
(
%)
R
c
t
1
(
Ω
)
R
c
t
2
(
Ω
)
P
h
o
t
o
a
n
o
d
e
b
a
se
d
Z
n
S
:
C
u
0
.
5
1
5
22
0
.
4
1
4
.
5
12
1
1
6
P
h
o
t
o
a
n
o
d
e
b
a
se
d
Z
n
S
e
:
C
u
0
.
5
2
2
3
.
1
0
.
4
3
9
5
.
3
1
17
3
3
1
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
Z
in
c(
S,Se)
:C
u
p
ass
iv
ati
o
n
lay
er
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
s
y
n
th
esized
v
ia
th
e
SIL
AR
m
eth
o
d
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
p
ass
iv
ate
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es
o
f
C
d
S
an
d
C
d
Se
q
u
an
t
u
m
d
o
ts
in
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e.
B
ey
o
n
d
its
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
th
is
lay
er
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
h
o
to
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
th
e
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
t
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
o
ws
a
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
r
ed
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
v
is
ib
le
r
eg
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
Z
in
c(
S,Se)
:C
u
-
tr
ea
ted
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
u
n
d
o
p
ed
s
am
p
le,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
J
–
V
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
W
ith
th
is
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
3
m
A/cm
²
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ea
ch
ed
5
.
3
%,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
942
-
947
946
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
lig
h
t
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
E
l
ec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
s
p
e
ctr
o
s
co
p
y
f
u
r
th
er
r
ev
ea
led
th
a
t
th
e
Z
in
c(
S,Se)
:C
u
s
am
p
le
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
lo
west
ch
a
r
g
e
-
tr
an
s
f
er
r
esis
tan
ce
,
in
d
icat
in
g
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
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m
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p
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th
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e
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ied
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D
an
d
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M
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aly
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F
UNDING
I
NF
O
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M
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I
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N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
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.
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R
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h
is
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o
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les
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ax
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y
(
C
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ize
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th
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s
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ip
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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llab
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.
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m
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e
Xu
an
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h
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y
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:
C
o
n
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p
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t
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n
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:
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Au
th
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tate
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lict o
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est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
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L
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h
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ata
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at
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f
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esp
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g
au
th
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r
,
[
L
XT
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
W
.
S
h
o
c
k
l
e
y
,
“
P
r
o
b
l
e
ms
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
p
-
n
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
si
l
i
c
o
n
,
”
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z
e
c
h
o
s
l
o
v
a
k
J
o
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rn
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l
.
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,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
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,
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e
b
.
1
9
6
1
,
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o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
B
F
0
1
6
8
8
6
1
3
.
[
2
]
C
.
M
.
N
a
n
d
a
n
w
a
r
,
N
.
S
.
K
o
k
o
d
e
,
A
.
N
.
Y
e
r
p
u
d
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
J.
D
h
o
b
l
e
,
“
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f
e
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t
o
f
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o
p
a
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t
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o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
l
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e
s
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e
n
c
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p
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t
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e
s o
f
B
a
3
(
P
O
4
)
2
:
R
E
(
R
E
=
S
m3
+
,
E
u
3
+
,
D
y
3
+
)
p
h
o
sp
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r
f
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l
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d
-
st
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t
e
l
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g
h
t
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g
,
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h
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m
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6
/
j
.
c
d
c
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
9
7
9
.
[
3
]
C
.
M
.
N
a
n
d
a
n
w
a
r
,
N
.
S
.
K
o
k
o
d
e
,
A
.
V
.
N
a
n
d
e
,
A
.
N
.
Y
e
r
p
u
d
e
,
R
.
S
.
Y
a
d
a
v
,
a
n
d
S
.
J
.
D
h
o
b
l
e
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
l
u
mi
n
e
sce
n
c
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
o
f
S
r
3
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4
O
1
3
:
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u
3
+
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h
o
sp
h
o
r
p
r
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p
a
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d
b
y
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c
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c
a
l
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h
o
d
:
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r
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s,
c
h
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d
d
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s
,
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o
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o
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M
o
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l
.
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3
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2
,
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1
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2
4
,
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e
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.
2
0
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5
,
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o
i
:
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0
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0
1
6
/
j
.
mo
l
st
r
u
c
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
4
0
2
2
4
.
[
4
]
C
.
M
.
N
a
n
d
a
n
w
a
r
,
A
.
N
.
Y
e
r
p
u
d
e
,
M
.
A
.
P
a
t
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a
r
d
h
a
n
,
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.
S
.
K
o
k
o
d
e
,
a
n
d
R
.
L.
K
o
h
a
l
e
,
“
I
n
v
e
s
t
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g
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t
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o
n
s
o
n
p
h
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p
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p
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s
,
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a
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m
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n
d
J
u
d
d
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O
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l
N
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S
r
Y
(
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O
3
)
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:
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u
3
+
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h
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a
p
p
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t
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o
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s
,
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t
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a
l
s
Re
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,
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5
,
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o
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:
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6
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.
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s
b
u
l
l
.
2
0
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5
.
1
1
3
5
6
2
.
[
5
]
Y
.
L
e
e
a
n
d
Y
.
L
o
,
“
H
i
g
h
l
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
q
u
a
n
t
u
m‐
d
o
t
‐
se
n
s
i
t
i
z
e
d
so
l
a
r
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e
l
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
o
‐
sen
si
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
d
S
/
C
d
S
e
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Fu
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
a
t
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l
s
,
v
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l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
0
4
–
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0
9
,
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e
b
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
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0
.
1
0
0
2
/
a
d
f
m.
2
0
0
8
0
0
9
4
0
.
[
6
]
R
.
D
.
S
c
h
a
l
l
e
r
,
M
.
A
.
P
e
t
r
u
s
k
a
,
a
n
d
V
.
I
.
K
l
i
m
o
v
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
n
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
mu
l
t
i
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
:
c
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
P
b
S
e
a
n
d
C
d
S
e
n
a
n
o
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
s,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
P
h
y
s
i
c
s L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
8
7
,
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o
.
2
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
6
3
/
1
.
2
1
4
2
0
9
2
.
[
7
]
M
.
C
.
H
a
n
n
a
,
M
.
C
.
B
e
a
r
d
,
a
n
d
A
.
J.
N
o
z
i
k
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
so
l
a
r
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
o
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
q
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a
n
t
u
m
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d
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a
r
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s
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h
i
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m
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l
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i
p
l
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e
x
c
i
t
o
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
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o
n
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
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c
a
l
C
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ry
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l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
7
–
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6
2
,
O
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.
2
0
1
2
,
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o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/
j
z
3
0
1
0
7
7
e
.
[
8
]
H
.
K
.
Ju
n
a
n
d
H
.
T
.
T
u
n
g
,
“
A
s
h
o
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t
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v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
n
r
e
c
e
n
t
p
r
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n
s
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u
c
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m
d
o
t
-
se
n
s
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t
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z
e
d
so
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s,
”
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o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
N
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n
o
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a
t
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.
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,
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:
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0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
2
2
/
1
3
8
2
5
8
0
.
[
9
]
J.
T
y
a
g
i
,
H
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
a
n
d
L.
P
.
P
u
r
o
h
i
t
,
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T
e
r
n
a
r
y
a
l
l
o
y
e
d
C
d
S
1
−
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S
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q
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n
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u
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d
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/
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s
-
sen
s
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t
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z
e
d
s
o
l
a
r
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e
l
l
s,
”
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o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Al
l
o
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s a
n
d
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o
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o
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l
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2
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8
0
.
[
1
0
]
M
.
P
.
A
.
M
u
t
h
a
l
i
f
,
Y
.
-
S
.
Le
e
,
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.
D
.
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u
n
e
s
h
,
H
.
-
J.
K
i
m,
a
n
d
Y
.
C
h
o
e
,
“
En
h
a
n
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e
d
p
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t
a
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sen
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B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Le
Do
a
n
Du
y
re
c
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e
d
th
e
m
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ste
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e
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s
fro
m
C
a
n
Th
o
Un
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v
e
rsity
,
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tn
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m
.
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is
wo
rk
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n
g
a
s
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lec
t
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re
r
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F
a
c
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ty
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f
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sic
S
c
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s,
Vin
h
Lo
n
g
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n
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f
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h
n
o
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E
d
u
c
a
ti
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n
,
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t
n
a
m
.
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re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
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fo
c
u
s
o
n
d
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v
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l
o
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p
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stra
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sc
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to
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p
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l
a
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d
c
h
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m
ica
l
d
e
v
ice
s
su
c
h
a
s
so
lar
c
e
ll
s,
OLED,
p
h
o
t
o
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d
e
,
a
n
d
th
e
o
ry
p
h
y
sic
s.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
u
y
ld
@
v
lu
te.e
d
u
.
v
n
.
Le
Xua
n
Th
u
y
re
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e
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d
th
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m
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ste
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re
e
in
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s
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m
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n
Th
o
Un
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v
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rsity
,
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tn
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m
.
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h
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d
a
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D.
fr
o
m
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d
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m
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d
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o
lo
g
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.
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h
e
is
wo
rk
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g
a
s
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re
r
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th
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a
c
u
lt
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o
f
Ba
sic
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Vin
h
L
o
n
g
Un
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e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Vie
t
n
a
m
.
He
r
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts:
so
lar
c
e
ll
s,
OLED,
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
r
y
p
h
y
sic
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
th
u
y
lx
@
v
lu
te.ed
u
.
v
n
.
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