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d
aïa
,
lo
ca
ted
i
n
a
d
es
er
t a
r
ea
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
talled
in
d
eser
t
zo
n
es
h
as
b
e
en
r
ath
er
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
o
wi
n
g
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
th
ese
r
eg
io
n
s
w
ith
s
tr
o
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
[
3
]
-
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
wo
r
k
s
aim
to
tak
e
u
p
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
n
a
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
o
f
PV
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
d
eser
t
r
eg
io
n
s
,
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
talled
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
els
in
s
talled
in
d
eser
t
ar
ea
s
u
s
u
ally
o
p
er
ate
ef
f
icien
tly
.
Stu
d
ies
o
f
ten
s
h
o
w
h
ig
h
e
r
le
v
els
o
f
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
th
an
th
o
s
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
less
s
u
n
n
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
h
ea
t
ca
n
also
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els.
R
ese
ar
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
a
t
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
eir
y
ield
[
9
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
eser
t a
r
ea
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
win
d
s
ca
r
r
y
in
g
s
an
d
an
d
d
u
s
t [
1
8
]
-
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ich
ca
n
co
v
er
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
tu
d
ied
s
p
ec
ial
an
ti
-
s
an
d
an
d
an
ti
-
d
u
s
t
co
atin
g
m
ater
ials
to
p
r
o
te
ct
th
e
p
an
els
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
o
f
d
ir
t
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
All
th
ese
s
tr
u
g
g
les
lead
to
th
in
k
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
in
d
eser
t
ar
ea
s
esp
ec
i
ally
Alg
er
ian
Sah
ar
a
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
tech
n
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
an
d
clim
ate
c
h
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
in
th
e
d
eser
t
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Alg
er
ia,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t o
n
th
e
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
o
f
th
e
in
s
talled
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
la
r
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
c
r
ea
te
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
Ou
ad
Ne
ch
o
u
PV
s
tatio
n
an
d
s
im
u
late
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
s
in
g
r
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata.
Dif
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
el
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
s
talled
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
PV statio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
am
in
ed
u
n
d
er
Sah
ar
an
clim
ate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
r
ee
es
s
en
tial
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
wi
ll
b
e
d
e
v
o
ted
to
t
h
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
PV
s
tatio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
p
a
r
t
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
p
an
els
(
C
d
T
e
an
d
a
-
Si).
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
an
d
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
eir
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
r
ea
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e,
th
e
PV
p
a
n
els
,
will
b
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
an
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
will
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
a
r
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
STC
)
f
o
r
th
e
PV p
an
els,
s
u
b
-
f
ield
s
,
an
d
th
e
wh
o
le
PV
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t.
All th
ese
r
esu
lt
s
will
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
r
ea
l p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
p
ar
t p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
u
s
tatio
n
,
Gh
ar
d
aia,
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
i
llu
m
in
atio
n
in
f
o
u
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
.
An
an
aly
s
is
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
PV statio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
will b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
2.
DE
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
O
UE
D
N
E
CH
O
U
ST
AT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
o
f
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
u
is
lo
c
ated
in
th
e
Sah
ar
a
o
f
Alg
er
ia,
ab
o
u
t
1
5
k
m
n
o
r
th
o
f
Gh
ar
d
aïa.
I
t
is
lo
ca
te
d
at
latitu
d
e
o
f
3
2
°
2
4
N
an
d
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
o
f
3
°
4
8
E
with
an
altitu
d
e
o
f
5
6
6
m
.
T
h
is
p
o
wer
PV
s
tatio
n
was
estab
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
1
4
,
it
c
o
v
er
s
1
0
h
ec
tar
es
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
.
1
MW.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t
is
a
"Pilo
t"
p
r
o
ject
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
,
d
iv
id
e
d
in
t
o
eig
h
t
s
u
b
f
ield
s
;
co
n
tai
n
in
g
f
o
u
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
two
ty
p
es
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es (
f
ix
ed
a
n
d
m
o
to
r
ize
d
)
(
T
ab
le
1
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PV statio
n
o
f
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
u
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
tu
d
y
o
f a
r
ea
l p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er st
a
tio
n
u
n
d
er d
eser
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
ca
s
e
…
(
F
a
tma
B
o
u
c
h
elg
a
)
1371
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
s
tallin
e,
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e,
C
d
T
e
,
an
d
a
-
Si
p
an
els,
o
f
wh
ich
a
b
o
u
t
2
0
%
o
f
th
em
ar
e
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
a
m
o
t
o
r
ized
s
u
n
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
m
o
to
r
ized
p
an
els
u
s
e
a
s
in
g
le
-
ax
is
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
(
two
s
u
b
-
f
ield
s
ar
e
m
o
to
r
ized
;
m
o
n
o
1
0
5
k
W
C
an
d
p
o
l
y
9
8
.
7
k
W
C
)
,
an
d
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
u
b
-
f
ield
s
,
w
h
ich
r
e
p
r
esen
t
8
0
%
o
f
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
f
ield
,
r
em
ain
o
n
f
ix
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
(
C
d
T
e
1
0
0
.
8
k
W
C
,
a
-
Si
1
0
0
,
1
1
6
k
W
C
,
two
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
u
b
-
f
ield
s
1
0
5
k
W
C
an
d
2
5
5
kW
C
,
an
d
two
o
th
er
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
9
8
.
7
kW
C
an
d
2
5
8
.
5
kW
C
)
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
an
d
elec
tr
ical
q
u
a
n
titi
es
o
f
th
e
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
u
-
Gh
ar
d
aia
s
tatio
n
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
m
ax
im
al
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
will
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
r
e
al
d
ata
o
f
th
e
s
tatio
n
wh
en
b
o
th
o
f
th
em
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
s
am
e
in
p
u
ts
in
o
r
d
er
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
en
,
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
d
ata,
MA
T
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e
will
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
s
u
b
f
ield
s
,
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
s
tatio
n
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t f
o
u
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
y
p
es o
f
s
ub
-
f
ield
s
in
th
e
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
u
s
tatio
n
S
u
b
f
i
e
l
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
Ty
p
e
P
o
w
e
r
i
n
su
b
-
f
i
e
l
d
N
b
r
o
f
s
t
r
i
n
g
s/
s
u
b
-
f
i
e
l
d
N
b
r
o
f
mo
d
u
l
e
/
st
r
i
n
g
M
o
d
u
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
1
M
o
n
o
(
m
o
t
o
r
i
z
e
d
)
1
0
5
kW
c
21
20
2
5
0
W
c
2
P
o
l
y
(
m
o
t
o
r
i
z
e
d
)
9
8
.
7
kW
c
21
20
2
3
5
W
c
3
Cd
-
T
e
(
f
i
x
e
d
)
1
0
0
.
8
k
W
c
1
0
5
12
8
0
W
c
4
a
-
S
i
(
f
i
x
e
d
)
1
0
0
.
1
1
6
kW
c
54
18
1
0
3
W
c
5
M
o
n
o
(
f
i
x
e
d
)
1
0
5
k
W
c
21
20
2
5
0
W
c
6
P
o
l
y
(
f
i
x
e
d
)
9
8
.
7
k
W
c
21
20
2
3
5
W
c
7
M
o
n
o
(
f
i
x
e
d
)
2
5
5
k
W
c
51
20
2
5
0
W
c
8
P
o
l
y
(
f
i
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e
d
)
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5
8
.
5
k
W
c
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3
5
W
c
To
t
a
l
1
1
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4
0
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6
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c
3
4
9
1
5
0
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
em
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ea
l d
ata
o
f
th
e
s
tatio
n
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
O
F
A
P
H
O
T
O
VO
L
T
A
I
C
P
AN
E
L
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
s
im
u
l
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
at
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
an
el
to
th
e
wh
o
le
s
y
s
tem
,
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
At
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
ellin
g
ass
u
m
es
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
m
o
d
u
les,
c
o
n
s
tan
t
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
a
n
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
wir
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
an
d
id
ea
lized
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ch
a
r
a
cter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
Ou
e
d
Nec
h
o
PV
s
tatio
n
(
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
s
tallin
e,
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
,
C
d
T
e,
a
-
Si).
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
e
PV
p
a
n
el
s
im
u
latio
n
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
will
b
e
lim
ited
to
th
e
th
in
f
ilm
an
d
A
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
;
th
e
o
t
h
er
s
wer
e
s
im
u
lated
an
d
d
etailed
in
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
e
a
l
c
h
a
r
a
ct
e
r
is
t
i
cs
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
a
n
e
ls
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
p
la
n
t
P
a
r
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me
t
e
r
S
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l
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c
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u
m
mo
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r
y
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t
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p
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n
e
l
s
S
i
l
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c
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m
p
o
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y
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
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e
p
a
n
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l
s
Th
i
n
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f
i
l
m
p
a
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e
l
s
A
mo
r
p
h
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s
si
l
i
c
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n
p
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l
s
R
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t
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d
p
o
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e
r
2
5
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o
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g
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4
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in
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O
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r
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V
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9
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8
V
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1
.
1
V
S
h
o
r
t
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c
i
r
c
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i
t
c
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r
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e
n
t
8
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7
9
A
8
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6
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A
1
.
8
8
A
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.
0
0
A
Y
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e
l
d
1
5
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3
5
%
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4
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4
3
%
1
1
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%
7
.
1
%
3
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
inp
uts’
ef
f
ec
t
o
n t
he
perf
o
rma
nce
o
f
CdT
e
a
nd
a
-
Si
pa
nels
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
(
I
(
V)
)
o
f
PV
p
an
els
g
en
e
r
ally
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
to
wh
ich
it
is
s
u
b
jecte
d
;
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
v
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els.
Sev
er
al
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
alu
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
im
u
lated
in
th
is
p
ar
t
(
1
0
,
2
5
,
4
0
,
5
5
,
an
d
70
°C
)
with
a
f
ix
ed
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
el
(
G
=
1000
W
/m
²)
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
F
ig
u
r
es
3
an
d
4
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
I
(
V)
a
n
d
p
o
wer
v
o
ltag
e
P
(
V)
.
T
o
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
s
o
l
ar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
n
th
e
p
an
els’
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
le
v
els
ar
e
ap
p
lie
d
(
0
.
2
,
0
.
4
,
0
.
6
,
0
.
8
,
1
k
W
/m
2
)
at
f
ix
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
2
5
°C
)
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
Fig
u
r
es
3
-
1
0
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
ese
r
esu
lts
th
at
f
o
r
th
e
two
s
im
u
lated
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
in
STC
(
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
2
5
°C
)
h
av
e
v
al
u
es
id
en
tic
al
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
r
ea
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
3
6
9
-
1381
1372
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
2
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
els.
Ov
er
a
ll,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
illu
m
in
atio
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
(
I
-
V)
an
d
p
o
we
r
-
v
o
ltag
e
(P
-
V)
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
em
ain
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
eq
u
al
to
th
e
r
ea
l
v
al
u
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Fo
r
b
o
th
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
v
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
wh
er
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
to
th
e
p
o
wer
to
o
(
Fig
u
r
es
3
,
4
,
7
,
an
d
8
)
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
in
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es,
ca
u
s
ed
g
en
er
ally
b
y
th
e
th
er
m
al
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
PV
p
o
wer
will
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
h
as
a
h
ig
h
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
latter
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
t
h
e
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
an
d
,
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
to
th
e
p
o
wer
as
well
(
Fig
u
r
es
5
,
6
,
9
,
an
d
1
0
)
.
B
u
t
th
e
PV
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
n
o
t
af
f
ec
ted
in
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
way
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
alu
es
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
h
as
a
h
ig
h
v
alu
e
an
d
a
lo
n
g
tim
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
a
y
,
s
u
ch
as
Sah
ar
an
r
eg
io
n
s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
will
in
cr
ea
s
e.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
h
as
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
th
an
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
o
es,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
PV
p
an
el
g
ain
s
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
t
h
an
th
e
lo
s
s
es
i
t
s
u
f
f
er
s
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
av
ailab
le
in
Sah
ar
an
r
eg
io
n
s
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
f
r
o
m
th
ese
r
esu
lts
th
at
th
e
a
-
Si
p
an
el
is
less
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
t
h
an
th
e
C
d
T
e
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
Sah
ar
an
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
its
ef
f
icien
cy
is
le
s
s
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies (
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
an
d
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
)
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
I
(
V)
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
es (
G
=
1000
W
/m
²)
C
d
T
e
PV
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
o
n
P
-
V
c
u
r
v
e
u
n
d
e
r
(
G
=
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²)
C
d
T
e
PV
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
I
(
V)
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
illu
m
in
atio
n
le
v
e
ls
(
T
=
2
5
°C
)
C
d
T
e
PV
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
tu
d
y
o
f a
r
ea
l p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er st
a
tio
n
u
n
d
er d
eser
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
ca
s
e
…
(
F
a
tma
B
o
u
c
h
elg
a
)
1373
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Var
iatio
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P
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r
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m
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a
tio
n
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ten
s
ity
at
(
T
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5
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)
C
d
T
e
PV
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
-
V
b
eh
a
v
io
r
m
e
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r
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r
o
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tem
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iatio
n
s
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G
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Fig
u
r
e
8
.
P(V
)
f
o
r
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
t
em
p
er
atu
r
es (
G
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W
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a
-
Si PV)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
-
V
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
lev
el
s
o
f
illu
m
in
atio
n
(
T
=
2
5
°C
,
a
-
Si PV)
45
45
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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6
9
4
I
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t J Po
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t
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ax
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iatio
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n
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it
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atu
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ir
r
ad
i
atio
n
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.
T
h
e
r
eg
u
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y
s
tem
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ased
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n
an
alg
o
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ith
m
f
o
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au
to
m
atic
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a
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iatio
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o
f
a
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u
ty
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“α
’
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to
s
et
th
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o
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d
p
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wer
to
th
e
ap
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r
o
p
r
iate
v
al
u
es
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
)
.
T
h
e
d
ia
g
r
am
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
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el,
a
b
o
o
s
t
(
DC
/D
C
)
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n
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ter
co
n
tr
o
lled
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y
MPPT
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ased
o
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
m
e
asu
r
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o
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u
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u
t.
T
h
e
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u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
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DC
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C
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u
t
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ich
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s
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r
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th
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n
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er
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io
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r
r
en
t
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o
r
d
er
to
in
j
ec
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
s
tep
was
r
ea
lized
with
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
an
d
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
p
an
els
in
th
e
s
ix
s
u
b
f
ield
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
s
tatio
n
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
MPPT
co
n
v
er
ter
in
th
e
PV p
o
wer
p
lan
t
3
.
3
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n r
esu
lt
s
o
f
bo
t
h P
V
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies in ST
C
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
im
u
latio
n
r
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lts
o
b
tain
ed
i
n
STC
(
G
=
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
T
=
2
5
°C
)
,
f
o
r
C
d
T
e
a
n
d
a
-
Si
PV
p
an
els
in
o
r
d
er
to
v
alid
ate
th
eir
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
(
V
mpp
,
I
mpp
,
P
mpp
)
o
f
th
e
r
ea
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
with
th
o
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
im
u
lati
o
n
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ter
th
at,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
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e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
f
ield
o
f
C
d
T
e
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N°3
in
T
ab
le
1
)
a
n
d
a
-
Si
PV
p
an
el
s
(
N°4
in
T
a
b
le
1
)
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
MPP
T
co
n
tr
o
l
as
well
as
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
r
ea
l
n
o
m
in
al
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
s
in
d
icate
d
in
th
e
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
u
n
s
tatio
n
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
a
t
th
e
o
th
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
an
d
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e)
h
a
v
e
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
in
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
Ou
ed
Nec
h
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n
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wer
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la
n
t
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e
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r
r
ied
o
u
t
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n
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d
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m
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ar
ed
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e
n
o
m
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icate
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p
o
wer
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as
s
h
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wn
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
ig
u
r
es
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
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e
ph
o
t
o
v
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ic
pa
n
el
(
8
0
Wc
)
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m
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t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
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g
e
s
o
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d
T
e
P
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h
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t
t
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a
n
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t
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r
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r
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u
l
a
r
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r
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a
d
d
i
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f
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c
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c
o
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t
.
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h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
C
d
T
e
P
V
p
a
n
el
u
n
d
e
r
S
T
C
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
i
ll
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
es
1
2
,
1
3
,
a
n
d
1
4
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
o
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
v
a
l
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es
o
f
c
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r
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n
t
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v
o
lt
a
g
e
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a
n
d
p
o
w
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r
o
b
t
a
i
n
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d
b
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m
u
l
at
i
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r
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a
m
e
a
s
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e
n
t
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o
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d
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
al
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
t
i
cs
(
T
a
b
le
2
)
(
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
M
PP
:
I
=
1
.
6
5
A
,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
M
P
P:
V
=
4
8
.
5
V
,
r
at
e
d
p
o
we
r
:
P
=
8
0
W
)
.
45
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
tu
d
y
o
f a
r
ea
l p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er st
a
tio
n
u
n
d
er d
eser
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
ca
s
e
…
(
F
a
tma
B
o
u
c
h
elg
a
)
1375
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
el
an
d
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
A
s
s
h
o
wn
b
y
T
ab
le
1
o
f
th
e
r
ea
l
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
Fig
u
r
es
1
5
,
1
6
,
an
d
1
7
p
r
e
s
en
t
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
PV
s
tatio
n
s
u
b
-
f
ield
N°3
,
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
1
2
PV
m
o
d
u
les
(
I
n
s
er
ies)
an
d
1
0
5
s
tr
in
g
s
(
I
n
p
ar
allel)
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
-
f
iel
d
d
eliv
er
s
a
p
o
wer
eq
u
al
to
1
0
0
.
8
k
W
c
i
n
STC.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
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aly
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is
o
f
th
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s
im
u
latio
n
r
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lts
,
it
is
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r
th
at
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
r
allel
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
o
f
p
an
el
s
t
r
in
g
s
.
I
t
is
ex
ac
tly
eq
u
al
to
(
1
.
6
5
A
×
1
0
5
=
1
7
3
.
2
5
A)
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
)
.
W
h
ile
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
s
u
b
-
f
ield
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
a
ls
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
s
er
ial
m
o
d
u
les
b
y
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
in
MPPT
,
wh
ich
le
d
to
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
4
8
.
5
V
×
1
2
=
5
8
2
V)
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
)
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
two
way
s
:
eith
er
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
to
tal
cu
r
r
en
t
(
1
7
3
.
2
5
×
5
8
2
=
1
0
0
.
8
k
W
)
o
r
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
d
u
les
b
y
t
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
o
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
)
(
1
0
5
×
12
×
8
0
=
1
0
0
.
8
k
W
)
,
wh
ich
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
C
d
T
e
p
an
el
8
0
W
c
u
r
r
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
C
d
T
e
p
an
el
8
0
W
v
o
ltag
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
C
d
T
e
p
an
el
8
0
W
c
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
Su
b
f
ield
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ter
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r
e
1
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th
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ield
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r
e
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tp
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t
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b
f
ield
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
6
9
4
I
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t J Po
w
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lec
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Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
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2
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u
n
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o
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io
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i
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h
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tics
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T
ab
l
e
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c
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r
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=
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,
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o
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n
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PP
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4
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at
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h
is
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li
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a
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el
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n
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h
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a
l
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1
1
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W
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in
STC
.
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t
is
a
n
ass
o
ci
ati
o
n
o
f
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m
o
d
u
l
es
(
i
n
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e
r
i
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n
d
5
4
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t
r
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g
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i
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a
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h
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la
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i
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a
t
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t
ai
n
e
d
c
u
r
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ase
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g
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t
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al
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o
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g
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r
e
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1
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als
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g
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e
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T
h
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o
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h
e
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tal
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an
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b
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s
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t
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t
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ta
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e
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y
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tal
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u
r
r
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n
t
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0
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1
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o
r
t
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e
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m
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e
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m
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le
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f
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n
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le
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1
1
k
W
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w
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ic
h
is
th
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s
a
m
e
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al
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o
b
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ed
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n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
.
C
u
r
r
en
t o
f
th
e
a
-
Si p
an
el
1
0
3
W
c
Fig
u
r
e
1
9
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
a
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Si
p
an
el
1
0
3
W
c
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u
r
e
2
0
.
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el
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r
e
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1
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C
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r
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i
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u
r
e
2
2
.
Vo
ltag
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o
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th
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s
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ield
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Fig
u
r
e
2
3
.
Po
wer
at
th
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o
u
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o
f
th
e
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s
u
b
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ield
(
am
o
r
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h
o
u
s
PV 1
0
0
.
1
1
k
W
c
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
tu
d
y
o
f a
r
ea
l p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er st
a
tio
n
u
n
d
er d
eser
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
ca
s
e
…
(
F
a
tma
B
o
u
c
h
elg
a
)
1377
Af
ter
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
an
els
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
well
as
th
e
s
u
b
-
f
ield
s
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
is
p
ap
er
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
an
al
y
ze
d
b
ef
o
r
e
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
wh
o
le
PV
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
o
f
O
u
ed
Nec
h
o
u
h
a
s
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ee
n
s
im
u
lated
in
STC.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
to
tal
o
b
tain
e
d
p
o
wer
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
4
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
clea
r
ly
th
at
th
e
to
tal
o
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tain
e
d
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
PV
p
lan
t
o
f
Ou
e
d
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h
o
u
p
r
ec
is
ely
eq
u
als
th
e
in
d
icate
d
p
o
wer
in
th
e
r
ea
l
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
(
T
ab
le
1
)
.
T
h
is
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
’
s
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
allo
ws
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
.
Af
ter
th
is
s
tep
,
th
e
r
ea
l
in
p
u
t
clim
ate
d
ata
(
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
u
m
id
ity
)
will
b
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
o
f
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
u
to
e
v
alu
ate
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
,
as it w
ill b
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
e
n
ex
t sectio
n
.
3
.
4
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n o
f
O
ued Ne
c
ho
u sta
t
io
n in f
o
ur
s
ea
s
o
ns
u
s
ing
m
ea
s
ured
v
a
lues
T
o
p
r
e
d
ict
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
O
u
ed
Ne
ch
o
u
s
tatio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ea
r
an
d
f
ix
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
is
s
ed
d
ata
(
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
s
en
s
o
r
,
an
d
d
ev
ice
f
a
u
l
ts
)
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
ea
l
d
ata
(
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e,
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
)
o
f
t
h
e
1
5
th
d
a
y
o
f
a
s
elec
ted
m
o
n
th
in
ea
ch
s
ea
s
o
n
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
s
er
ted
in
to
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el.
All
th
e
r
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
p
l
o
tted
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
1
4
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
th
e
d
ay
f
r
o
m
0
6
:3
2
h
to
2
0
:3
2
h
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
es
b
el
o
w
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
ea
l
d
ata
(
Fig
u
r
es
2
5
a
n
d
2
6
)
.
I
t
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iat
io
n
ar
e
v
ar
iab
le
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
a
y
,
m
ain
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
an
d
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ey
s
h
o
w
lo
w
v
alu
es
at
s
u
n
r
is
e,
p
ea
k
s
a
t
m
id
d
ay
(
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
4
7
°C
in
Sep
tem
b
er
a
n
d
th
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ea
ch
es
1
1
0
0
W
/m
²
in
Ma
r
ch
an
d
s
u
m
m
er
)
.
T
h
e
n
,
a
g
r
ad
u
al
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
is
n
o
ticed
to
war
d
s
u
n
s
et.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
d
r
o
p
q
u
ick
ly
,
an
d
t
h
e
n
ig
h
ts
ar
e
q
u
ite
co
o
l.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
ar
e
ty
p
ical
f
o
r
d
eser
t
clim
ates,
with
a
lo
n
g
d
ay
tim
e
h
ea
t
a
n
d
clea
r
s
k
y
en
h
an
cin
g
s
o
lar
o
u
t
p
u
t,
a
n
d
r
ap
id
co
o
lin
g
at
n
i
g
h
t.
I
n
Sah
ar
an
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
th
e
ir
r
ad
iati
o
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
clea
r
s
k
ies
an
d
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
clo
u
d
s
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
o
lar
illu
m
in
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ey
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
b
y
t
h
e
lo
n
g
d
ay
d
u
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
PV
en
er
g
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
7
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
lated
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
eig
h
t
s
u
b
f
ield
s
in
s
talled
in
th
e
s
tatio
n
d
u
r
in
g
f
o
u
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
.
B
elo
w
is
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
r
e
ac
h
s
ea
s
o
n
.
3
.
4
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
t
he
s
t
a
t
io
n durin
g
t
he
s
pri
ng
(
re
a
l da
t
a
,
M
a
rc
h 1
5
th
,
2
0
1
6
)
I
n
s
p
r
in
g
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
a
y
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
av
ailab
le
d
a
ta
is
Ma
r
ch
1
5
th
,
2
0
1
6
.
T
h
e
ill
u
m
in
atio
n
r
ea
ch
es
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
(
1
1
0
0
W
/m
2
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
y
co
i
n
cid
en
ce
,
s
o
m
e
clo
u
d
s
ca
u
s
e
its
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
at
th
e
n
in
th
h
o
u
r
o
f
t
h
e
d
ay
(
at
1
5
:3
2
)
.
T
h
en
,
it
r
es
u
m
es
its
n
o
r
m
al
v
alu
e
in
clea
r
s
k
y
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
p
o
wer
ta
k
es
o
n
a
p
r
o
f
ile
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
illu
m
in
a
tio
n
.
Gen
er
ally
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
r
in
g
,
th
e
clim
ate
is
b
alan
ce
d
.
W
h
ile
p
an
els’
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
3
7
°C
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
a
n
d
th
en
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
r
elativ
ely
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
ld
n
ig
h
t.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
er
t
o
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
STC,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
illu
m
in
atio
n
an
d
th
e
r
elativ
ely
b
alan
ce
d
av
e
r
ag
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
th
e
m
ax
im
al
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
s
tatio
n
r
ea
ch
es
(
1
.
0
7
9
0
0
0
MW)
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
ea
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
is
clo
s
er
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
th
e
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
PV
s
tatio
n
in
STC
(
1
.
1
MW)
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
4
)
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
p
lan
t p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
h
ig
h
er
in
s
p
r
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
4
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
all
th
e
PV p
o
wer
p
la
n
t
o
f
Ou
ed
Nec
h
o
u
(
1
.
1
MWc)
Fig
u
r
e
2
5
.
R
ea
l v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
PV te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
in
2
0
1
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
3
6
9
-
1381
1378
3
.
4
.
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
t
he
s
t
a
t
io
n durin
g
s
um
m
er
(
re
a
l da
t
a
Septe
m
ber
0
9
th
,
2
0
1
6
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
av
ailab
le
u
s
ef
u
l
d
ata,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
u
m
m
er
d
a
y
was
Sep
tem
b
er
0
9
th
,
2
0
1
6
.
Gen
er
ally
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
er
m
o
n
th
s
in
t
h
e
Sah
ar
an
r
eg
io
n
,
th
e
s
k
y
is
alwa
y
s
clea
r
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
r
ate
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
u
r
in
g
all
th
e
d
ay
an
d
ca
n
ev
en
ex
ce
ed
(
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
)
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
in
th
is
m
o
n
th
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
le
v
el
is
lo
wer
th
an
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
s
u
m
m
er
,
b
u
t
th
e
n
o
ticed
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
1
6
°C
to
4
8
°C
.
T
h
en
,
it
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
2
7
°C
.
As
p
r
o
v
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
im
u
latio
n
(
Fig
u
r
es
4
an
d
8
)
,
th
e
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
p
o
wer
,
h
e
r
e
it
r
ea
ch
es (
0
.
9
7
7
8
2
3
MW).
3
.
4
.
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
t
he
s
t
a
t
io
n durin
g
t
he
f
a
ll (
re
a
l
da
t
a
,
No
v
e
m
ber
1
5
th
,
2
0
1
6
)
T
h
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
o
b
tain
ed
on
t
h
e
au
tu
m
n
d
ay
,
No
v
em
b
er
1
5
th
,
2
0
1
6
,
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
5
to
2
7
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
r
ate
is
v
er
y
d
is
tu
r
b
ed
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
tial
p
ass
ag
es
o
f
th
e
clo
u
d
s
,
wh
er
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ea
ch
(
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
tak
es
a
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
f
ile.
I
t
r
ea
c
h
es
u
p
to
2
6
°C
,
s
o
it
is
clo
s
er
to
th
e
STC.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
r
ea
ch
es
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
eq
u
al
to
(
0
.
9
6
2
3
7
0
M
W
)
,
b
u
t
it
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ca
s
es.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
d
ay
d
u
r
atio
n
is
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
lo
wer
.
3
.
4
.
4
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
t
he
s
t
a
t
io
n durin
g
t
he
winte
r
(
re
a
l da
t
a
J
a
nu
a
ry
1
5
th
,
2
0
1
6
)
I
n
th
e
win
ter
s
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
ea
l
d
ata
was
tak
en
o
n
J
a
n
u
ar
y
1
5
th
,
2
0
1
6
.
I
n
th
e
Sah
ar
a
wea
th
er
,
th
e
s
k
y
is
o
f
ten
clea
r
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
tak
es
its
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
o
m
e
s
h
a
p
e
d
u
r
in
g
an
in
ter
v
al
lo
n
g
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
No
v
em
b
er
.
I
t
r
ea
c
h
es
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
(
9
6
0
W
/m
2
)
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
ld
n
i
g
h
t
on
th
is
win
ter
d
a
y
,
th
e
p
a
n
els’
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
(
-
7
°C
)
.
T
h
en
,
it
in
c
r
ea
s
es
to
3
7
°C
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
ay
,
an
d
it
s
tar
ts
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
ag
ain
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
p
o
wer
lev
el
t
ak
es
th
e
s
am
e
p
r
o
f
ile
as
th
at
o
f
th
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
.
T
h
an
k
s
to
th
ese
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
r
elativ
ely
clo
s
e
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
STC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
clea
r
s
k
y
,
th
e
t
o
tal
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
s
tatio
n
ca
n
r
ea
c
h
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
ar
o
u
n
d
n
o
o
n
(
1
.
0
2
4
2
0
0
MW).
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
o
wer
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
,
it
is
to
b
e
n
o
t
ed
th
at
th
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
is
m
o
r
e
in
ten
s
e
in
s
p
r
in
g
Ma
r
ch
1
5
th
,
2
0
1
6
,
wh
er
e
it
r
ea
ch
es
v
er
y
h
ig
h
v
al
u
es
clo
s
er
to
(
1
1
0
0
W
/m
2
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
clo
u
d
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
its
d
ec
lin
e
i
n
o
th
e
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
clo
u
d
s
’
ef
f
ec
t
is
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
au
tu
m
n
,
wh
en
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
il
lu
m
in
atio
n
is
litt
le
d
is
tu
r
b
ed
,
No
v
em
b
e
r
1
5
th
,
2
0
1
6
.
I
n
N
o
v
em
b
er
,
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
u
n
s
h
in
e,
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
d
is
r
u
p
ted
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
d
u
r
a
tio
n
o
f
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
d
u
r
in
g
s
p
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
m
m
er
,
wh
ich
lead
s
t
o
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
th
a
n
u
s
u
a
l.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
wer
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
t
h
e
illu
m
in
atio
n
.
T
h
e
Ou
e
d
Nec
h
o
u
PV p
o
we
r
s
tatio
n
g
av
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
Ma
r
ch
,
wh
en
th
e
illu
m
in
at
io
n
an
d
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
ar
e
c
lo
s
er
to
th
e
STC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
p
an
els
d
eliv
er
th
ei
r
n
o
m
in
al
p
o
wer
i
n
th
is
ca
s
e.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
,
alo
n
g
with
th
o
s
e
an
aly
ze
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
,
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
tr
en
d
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
o
th
er
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
ts
in
d
eser
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
o
f
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Hig
h
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
an
d
i
r
r
ad
iatio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ile
th
in
-
f
ilm
m
o
d
u
les
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
b
etter
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
to
ler
a
n
ce
to
d
if
f
u
s
e
lig
h
t th
an
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
2
6
.
R
ea
l v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
in
2
0
1
6
Fig
u
r
e
2
7
.
Ov
er
all
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
o
f
Ou
e
d
Nec
h
o
u
PV statio
n
in
f
o
u
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
in
2
0
1
6
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