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h
e
b
asic
s
k
ills
o
f
d
ec
o
d
in
g
b
u
t
also
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
r
ea
d
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f o
r
a
l tra
d
itio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
n
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
…
(
Teó
filo
F
élix
V
a
le
n
tín
Melg
a
r
ejo
)
2633
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
an
d
c
r
itical
tex
ts
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
n
v
iew
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
is
g
r
ad
u
ally
b
ec
o
m
in
g
co
n
ce
p
t
u
alize
d
as
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
m
u
l
tid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
s
tatic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
[
1
]
,
a
n
d
a
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e,
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
]
–
[
5
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
h
as
ch
an
g
e
d
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
r
e
s
till
h
ig
h
in
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
o
r
ien
ted
ev
alu
atio
n
wh
ich
d
o
n
o
t
ten
d
to
f
o
s
ter
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
g
r
o
wth
to
g
r
e
ater
h
eig
h
ts
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
g
r
o
wth
is
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
d
b
y
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
lear
n
er
s
with
th
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
th
ey
d
eser
v
e
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
al
lear
n
i
n
g
s
ettin
g
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Or
al
tr
a
d
itio
n
s
(
n
ar
r
ativ
es,
m
y
th
s
,
leg
e
n
d
s
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
to
r
ies)
r
ep
r
esen
t
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
cu
ltu
r
es
an
d
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
h
elp
f
u
l
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
m
ea
n
in
g
,
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
d
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
an
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
liter
ac
y
[
8
]
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
o
r
al
s
to
r
ies
in
to
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
teac
h
in
g
ca
n
th
u
s
b
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
a
way
o
f
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
k
n
o
wn
c
u
ltu
r
al
p
atter
n
s
with
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
al
liter
ac
y
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
lead
in
g
to
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
v
an
ce
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
o
r
d
in
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
with
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
t
em
s
th
eo
r
y
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
cu
ltu
r
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
estru
ctu
r
e
s
lear
n
in
g
tr
ajec
to
r
ies in
p
r
im
a
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
cu
ltu
r
ally
b
ased
r
e
ad
in
g
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
,
as
a
r
u
le,
in
d
icate
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
in
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
in
g
[
9
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
ev
id
en
ce
is
,
h
o
wev
er
,
h
ea
v
ily
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
m
ea
n
-
ce
n
tr
ic
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
o
r
d
ich
o
t
o
m
o
u
s
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
wh
ich
m
ay
m
ask
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
d
o
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
ev
er
y
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
t,
less
en
th
e
s
tag
n
atio
n
,
o
r
f
o
s
ter
g
r
o
wth
a
t
v
ar
io
u
s
lev
els
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
n
o
t
m
u
ch
i
s
k
n
o
wn
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
th
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
es
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
o
v
er
tim
e
[
1
2
]
.
R
ec
en
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
c
h
em
p
h
asize
o
r
d
in
al,
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
al,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
an
aly
s
es
to
b
ette
r
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
3
]
.
Or
d
in
al
m
o
d
elin
g
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
wh
ich
is
o
f
ten
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
r
d
er
e
d
a
ch
iev
em
en
t
lev
els
r
ath
er
th
an
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
co
r
es.
Me
th
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
s
to
ch
asti
c
d
o
m
in
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
,
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
d
ices,
an
d
en
tr
o
p
y
-
b
ased
m
ea
s
u
r
es
e
n
ab
le
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ex
am
i
n
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
m
ea
n
g
ai
n
s
b
u
t
also
lea
r
n
in
g
tr
ajec
to
r
ies,
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
lev
els,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
r
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
esp
ec
ially
r
elev
an
t
in
Per
u
v
ian
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
r
d
e
r
ed
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
ca
teg
o
r
ies
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
cu
lt
u
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
.
Fro
m
a
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
lear
n
i
n
g
is
v
iewe
d
as
an
e
v
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
c
an
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
r
ig
i
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
w
h
er
e
p
r
io
r
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
eter
m
in
es
o
u
tco
m
es
in
to
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
allo
w
u
p
war
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
lev
els.
I
n
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
esear
ch
,
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
allo
ws
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
b
ey
o
n
d
s
im
p
le
p
r
etest
–
p
o
s
ttes
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lear
n
i
n
g
p
ath
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
c
h
an
g
es in
ac
h
iev
em
en
t d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
ese
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
a
l
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
,
th
er
e
is
s
till
lack
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
c
u
ltu
r
ally
b
ased
tea
ch
in
g
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
with
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
o
r
d
in
al
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
an
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
o
n
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
S
p
ec
if
ically
,
th
er
e
is
litt
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
wh
et
h
er
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
o
r
al
tr
a
d
itio
n
co
r
p
o
r
a
ca
n
:
i
)
ca
u
s
e
lo
w
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
tag
n
atio
n
to
b
e
e
lim
in
ated
;
ii
)
r
esu
lt
in
ir
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
u
p
war
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
b
o
th
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lev
els
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
eten
c
e
;
an
d
iii
)
r
esu
lt
in
in
d
iv
id
u
al
g
ain
s
th
at
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
,
as o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
u
n
if
o
r
m
o
r
m
ar
g
in
al
g
ain
s
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
to
f
ill th
ese
g
ap
s
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
e
r
tin
en
t in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
er
v
i
ce
s
to
cu
ltu
r
ally
d
iv
er
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
lear
n
er
s
wh
er
e
m
atch
in
g
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
t
h
e
lear
n
e
r
s
’
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ca
n
b
e
cr
itical
in
a
ttain
in
g
eq
u
ity
a
n
d
ex
ce
llen
ce
in
th
e
liter
ac
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jectiv
e
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e:
i)
to
e
x
am
in
e
wh
eth
er
an
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
-
b
ased
r
ea
d
in
g
in
t
er
v
en
tio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
tag
n
atio
n
at
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
;
ii)
to
a
n
aly
ze
p
atter
n
s
o
f
u
p
war
d
a
n
d
d
o
wn
war
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
o
r
d
er
ed
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
lev
els
u
s
in
g
o
r
d
in
al
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
;
an
d
iii)
to
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ize
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
y
id
e
n
tify
in
g
s
h
if
ts
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ed
to
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
r
e
g
im
es
with
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
Gu
id
ed
b
y
th
ese
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
:
t
o
wh
at
e
x
ten
t
d
o
es
a
cu
ltu
r
ally
b
ased
r
ea
d
in
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
r
eo
r
g
an
ize
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
-
l
ev
el
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
o
r
d
in
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
?
I
t
is
h
y
p
o
th
esized
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
will
ex
h
ib
it
g
r
ea
ter
ir
r
ev
er
s
ib
l
e
u
p
war
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
l
o
w
-
lev
el
s
tag
n
atio
n
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
d
y
n
am
ics
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
p
r
e
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
is
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
a
c
u
ltu
r
ally
-
b
ased
r
ea
d
in
g
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
o
n
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
an
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
co
r
p
u
s
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
R
ath
er
th
an
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
o
u
tc
o
m
e
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
,
th
e
p
ap
er
u
s
es
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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Vo
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15
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3
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20
2
6
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3
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6
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7
2634
o
r
d
in
al
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
lev
el
a
n
aly
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
test
lear
n
in
g
t
r
ajec
to
r
ies,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
d
o
m
in
an
c
e,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lear
n
in
g
r
eg
im
es
an
d
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
t
r
ea
tm
en
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
way
,
it
will
estab
lis
h
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ically
s
o
u
n
d
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
way
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
teac
h
in
g
r
eo
r
g
an
izes
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
an
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
in
ch
a
n
g
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
lev
els
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
o
r
d
in
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
,
wh
ic
h
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
v
an
ce
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
al,
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
an
aly
s
is
to
r
ef
lect
ch
an
g
es in
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lev
el
lear
n
i
n
g
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
p
r
etest/p
o
s
ttes
t
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
was
s
elec
ted
with
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
a
cu
ltu
r
ally
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
an
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
co
r
p
u
s
o
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
I
n
tact
class
r
o
o
m
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
r
an
d
o
m
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
was
n
o
t
f
ea
s
ib
le
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
llo
wed
t
h
e
s
am
e
cu
r
r
icu
lar
o
b
jectiv
es,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
tim
e
allo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
c
h
ed
u
le;
o
n
ly
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
if
f
er
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
to
o
k
p
lace
in
th
e
I
n
s
titu
ció
n
E
d
u
ca
tiv
a
d
e
E
d
u
ca
cio
n
B
ásica
San
An
d
r
e
d
e
Par
ag
s
h
a,
Pas
co
,
Per
u
,
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
io
d
s
to
m
ain
tain
a
h
ig
h
s
tate
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
v
alid
ity
s
in
ce
r
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
was
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
th
e
r
ea
l
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
,
an
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
r
ea
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
was
h
an
d
l
ed
as
a
n
o
r
d
in
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
wh
ich
p
o
s
es
in
lin
e
with
cu
r
r
en
t
v
iews
th
at
ar
ticu
late
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
i
n
h
i
er
ar
ch
ical
lev
els
o
f
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
t
h
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
co
r
es
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
with
n
o
n
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
.
2
.
Co
nte
x
t
a
nd
s
et
t
ing
T
h
is
was
d
o
n
e
in
a
lo
wer
ele
m
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
with
in
a
r
eg
u
lar
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
teac
h
i
n
g
was
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
n
o
r
m
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
T
h
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
ad
h
er
ed
to
id
en
tical
cu
r
r
ic
u
lar
g
o
als,
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
tim
e,
an
d
th
e
test
s
ch
ed
u
le
o
n
ly
th
at
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
was
d
if
f
er
en
t.
T
h
e
s
ettin
g
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
s
elec
ted
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
k
ee
p
as
lo
w
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
e
co
n
tex
tu
al
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
an
d
to
b
e
ab
le
to
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
,
n
o
t
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
o
r
cu
r
r
icu
lar
d
if
f
er
en
ce
.
2
.
3
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
s
a
m
ple size
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
3
3
s
tu
d
en
t
s
en
r
o
lled
in
th
e
s
am
e
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
in
a
p
u
b
lic
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
in
Pas
co
,
Per
u
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
o
f
1
4
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
in
tact
class
r
o
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
n
at
u
r
al
class
r
o
o
m
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
wa
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
io
d
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all,
th
is
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
o
r
d
in
al
an
d
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
an
a
ly
s
es
in
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
e
n
co
m
p
lete
g
r
o
u
p
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
is
en
s
u
r
ed
an
d
wh
en
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
es o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
atter
n
s
r
ath
er
th
an
p
ar
am
eter
-
h
ea
v
y
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
elin
g
[
2
2
]
.
Sm
all
-
s
am
p
le
o
r
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
class
r
o
o
m
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
v
alid
ity
an
d
f
u
ll
c
o
h
o
r
t
i
n
clu
s
io
n
ar
e
p
r
io
r
itized
o
v
er
s
tatis
tical
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
a
n
d
m
o
b
i
lity
an
aly
s
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
lar
g
e
-
s
am
p
le
asy
m
p
to
tic
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
B
aselin
e
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
was
ex
am
in
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
p
r
etest
o
r
d
in
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
u
s
in
g
an
o
r
d
in
al
-
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
o
n
p
a
r
am
etr
ic
test
(
e.
g
.
,
Ma
n
n
–
W
h
itn
ey
U
o
n
o
r
d
er
e
d
lev
els)
an
d
b
y
r
e
p
o
r
ti
n
g
p
r
etest
ca
teg
o
r
y
f
r
eq
u
en
ci
es
f
o
r
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
.
B
aselin
e
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
test
in
g
in
d
icate
d
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
p
r
etest r
ea
d
in
g
-
co
m
p
eten
ce
lev
els b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
Ma
n
n
–
W
h
itn
ey
U
=
1
3
3
.
0
0
,
p
=
0
.
7
6
)
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
was
n
eg
lig
ib
le
(r
=
0
.
0
5
)
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
le
p
r
io
r
t
o
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
2
.
4
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l po
wer
co
ns
idera
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
an
aly
s
is
was
n
o
t
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
f
u
ll
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
two
in
tact
class
r
o
o
m
s
with
in
th
e
n
atu
r
al
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
(
N
=
3
3
)
.
I
n
class
r
o
o
m
-
b
ased
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esear
ch
,
en
r
o
llm
en
t
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
ten
d
ef
in
e
th
e
ac
h
iev
ab
le
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
v
alid
ity
is
p
r
io
r
itized
o
v
e
r
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
ex
p
an
s
io
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
es
wer
e
o
r
d
in
al
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
lev
els
an
d
th
e
an
aly
s
es
r
elied
o
n
n
o
n
p
a
r
am
etr
ic,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
al,
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
r
ath
er
th
an
p
ar
am
eter
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
elin
g
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
w
er
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
m
e
an
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
-
th
e
o
r
y
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
w
er
e
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
ap
p
licab
le.
N
ev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
ef
f
e
ct
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f o
r
a
l tra
d
itio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
n
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
…
(
Teó
filo
F
élix
V
a
le
n
tín
Melg
a
r
ejo
)
2635
lar
g
e,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
co
m
p
le
te
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
s
ep
ar
atio
n
at
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
(
PS
)
o
f
1
.
0
0
u
n
d
er
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
s
am
p
le.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
in
g
lar
g
er
m
u
lti
-
s
ch
o
o
l
s
am
p
les
i
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
t
o
en
ab
le
f
o
r
m
al
a
p
r
i
o
r
i p
o
wer
e
s
tim
atio
n
an
d
to
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
f
er
en
tial p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
2
.
5
.
Co
nv
ent
i
o
na
l ins
t
ruct
io
n (
co
ntr
o
l g
ro
up
)
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
tau
g
h
t
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
tex
ts
wer
e
tau
g
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
lectu
r
es
m
ad
e
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
ex
e
r
cises
we
r
e
m
ain
ly
b
ased
o
n
liter
al
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
m
em
o
r
y
.
T
ea
c
h
in
g
was
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
u
s
u
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
h
a
b
its
th
at
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
ap
p
lied
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
Prio
r
to
th
e
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
,
th
e
teac
h
e
r
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
p
ar
ticip
a
ted
in
a
two
-
h
o
u
r
o
r
ien
tatio
n
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
team
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
r
atio
n
ale
o
f
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
s
ess
io
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
r
o
u
tin
es
alig
n
e
d
with
th
e
a
n
aly
tic
r
u
b
r
ic
(
lite
r
al→in
f
er
en
tial→ev
alu
ativ
e)
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
o
f
r
ef
lectiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
d
ialo
g
u
e.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
,
a
f
id
elity
-
of
-
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
ch
ec
k
lis
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
v
er
in
g
k
ey
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
(
n
ar
r
ativ
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
,
g
u
id
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
p
r
o
to
co
l,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
task
s
)
.
2
.
6
.
O
ra
l t
ra
ditio
n
-
ba
s
ed
ins
t
ruct
io
n (
ex
perim
ent
a
l g
r
o
up
)
Fid
elity
was
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
e
r
v
atio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
5
%
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ess
io
n
s
b
y
a
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
h
ig
h
ad
h
e
r
en
ce
t
o
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
an
d
m
i
n
o
r
d
ev
iatio
n
s
wer
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
r
ief
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
o
b
s
er
v
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
in
te
n
d
ed
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
d
esig
n
r
ath
er
th
an
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
eli
v
er
y
.
2
.
6
.
1
.
Dura
t
io
n a
nd
s
t
ruct
ure
o
f
t
he
inte
rv
ent
io
n
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
was
tau
g
h
t
with
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
a
c
o
r
p
u
s
o
f
o
r
al
s
to
r
ies
with
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t,
th
at
is
,
with
th
e
m
y
th
s
,
leg
e
n
d
s
,
f
o
lk
tales,
an
d
s
to
r
ies
in
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
h
ad
a
b
ase
in
h
is
o
r
h
er
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
ese
m
ater
ials
was
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
:
cu
ltu
r
eless
,
co
h
er
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
n
ar
r
ativ
e
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
i
n
f
er
en
tial
an
d
ev
alu
ativ
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
v
er
eig
h
t
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
wee
k
s
,
with
two
s
ess
io
n
s
p
er
wee
k
,
ea
ch
last
in
g
4
5
m
in
u
tes,
f
o
r
a
to
tal
o
f
1
6
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
ess
io
n
s
.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
ec
ei
v
ed
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
tal
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ti
m
e
in
r
ea
d
i
n
g
.
E
ac
h
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
ess
io
n
f
o
llo
wed
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
:
T
h
e
o
r
al
n
ar
r
ativ
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
(
1
0
–
1
5
m
in
u
tes)
in
wh
ich
th
e
teac
h
er
p
r
esen
ted
a
cu
ltu
r
a
lly
r
elev
an
t
o
r
al
n
ar
r
ativ
e
(
m
y
th
,
leg
en
d
,
o
r
f
o
lk
tale)
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
An
d
ea
n
co
m
m
u
n
ity
tr
ad
itio
n
s
.
Nar
r
ati
v
es
wer
e
eith
e
r
o
r
ally
t
o
ld
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
i
n
a
d
ap
ted
wr
itten
f
o
r
m
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
n
ar
r
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
g
u
id
e
d
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
(
1
5
–
2
0
m
in
u
tes)
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
d
in
g
u
id
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
tar
g
etin
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
lev
els
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
liter
al
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
(
id
en
tify
in
g
ex
p
licit
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
)
,
in
f
e
r
en
tial
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
(
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
im
p
licit
m
ea
n
in
g
)
an
d
ev
alu
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
(
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
s
y
m
b
o
li
c
m
ea
n
in
g
a
n
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
s
)
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
d
ialo
g
u
e
(
1
0
m
in
u
tes)
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
p
r
o
m
p
ts
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
co
n
n
ec
t
n
ar
r
ativ
e
co
n
ten
t
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
an
d
s
o
cio
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
task
(
5
–
1
0
m
in
u
tes)
in
wh
ich
ac
tiv
ities
in
clu
d
ed
s
h
o
r
t w
r
itte
n
r
ef
lectio
n
s
,
ch
a
r
ac
ter
an
al
y
s
is
ch
ar
ts
,
o
r
alter
n
ativ
e
e
n
d
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
2
.
6
.
2
.
E
x
a
m
ples
o
f
ins
t
ruct
io
na
l m
a
t
er
ia
ls
T
h
e
o
r
al
t
r
ad
itio
n
c
o
r
p
u
s
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
cu
ltu
r
ally
f
am
iliar
n
a
r
r
ativ
es
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
tr
an
s
m
itted
with
in
th
e
lo
ca
l
An
d
ea
n
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
m
y
th
s
ex
p
lain
in
g
n
atu
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
leg
e
n
d
s
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
m
o
r
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
a
n
d
f
o
lk
tal
es
em
p
h
asizin
g
co
llectiv
e
v
alu
es.
Sto
r
ies
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
cu
ltu
r
al
r
elev
an
ce
,
n
ar
r
ativ
e
co
h
er
en
c
e,
an
d
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
elicit
in
f
er
e
n
tial
an
d
ev
al
u
ativ
e
r
e
aso
n
in
g
.
C
lass
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
in
clu
d
ed
id
en
tify
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
s
y
m
b
o
ls
with
in
s
to
r
i
es,
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
o
r
al
n
ar
r
ativ
es
with
tex
tb
o
o
k
tex
ts
,
g
en
er
atin
g
i
n
f
er
en
tial
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
ch
a
r
ac
ter
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
in
g
s
h
o
r
t
ev
alu
ativ
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
m
o
r
al
o
r
s
o
cial
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
n
ar
r
ativ
es.
2
.
6
.
3
.
E
x
a
m
ples
o
f
lea
rning
a
ct
iv
it
ies
E
ac
h
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
ess
io
n
co
m
p
r
is
ed
f
o
u
r
p
h
ases
:
i
)
o
r
al
n
ar
r
ativ
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
,
d
u
r
in
g
wh
ich
th
e
teac
h
er
p
r
esen
te
d
a
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
an
t
o
r
al
n
ar
r
ativ
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
m
y
th
s
,
le
g
en
d
s
,
o
r
f
o
lk
tales;
ii
)
g
u
id
e
d
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
liter
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
in
f
er
e
n
tial
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
e
v
alu
ativ
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
;
iii
)
d
ialo
g
ic
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
,
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
e
n
g
ag
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
an
d
r
e
f
lectio
n
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
n
ar
r
ativ
e
t
o
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
s
o
cio
c
u
ltu
r
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
;
an
d
iv
)
ap
p
licatio
n
ac
tiv
ities
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
h
o
r
t
wr
itten
r
ef
lectio
n
s
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
an
aly
s
is
,
o
r
alter
n
ativ
e
e
n
d
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
s
eq
u
en
ce
was
d
esig
n
e
d
to
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
g
r
es
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
io
n
to
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
an
d
cr
itical
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
6
3
2
-
2
6
4
7
2636
2
.
7
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
o
f
re
a
din
g
co
m
pet
ence
R
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
a
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
-
alig
n
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
n
atio
n
al
liter
ac
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
two
n
ar
r
ativ
e
tex
ts
o
f
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
len
g
th
an
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d
if
f
icu
lty
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ad
m
in
is
ter
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at
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h
e
p
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etest
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d
p
o
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ttes
t
s
tag
es
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en
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u
r
e
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
o
in
ts
.
E
ac
h
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
in
clu
d
ed
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
s
et
o
f
item
s
tar
g
etin
g
m
u
ltip
le
lev
els
o
f
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
:
f
i
v
e
it
e
m
s
e
v
a
lu
a
t
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
l
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
,
f
o
u
r
i
t
e
m
s
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
t
ia
l
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
i
t
e
m
s
a
s
s
es
s
e
d
e
v
a
l
u
at
i
v
e
o
r
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
ti
o
n
.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
w
e
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
s
h
o
r
t
-
a
n
s
we
r
a
n
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
o
p
e
n
-
e
n
d
e
d
f
o
r
m
a
t
s
,
a
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
v
a
l
u
at
i
o
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
f
a
c
t
u
a
l
r
e
c
a
ll
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
.
Stu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
s
co
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
escr
ip
to
r
-
b
ased
an
aly
tic
r
u
b
r
ic
th
at
class
if
i
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
to
f
o
u
r
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
lev
els:
i
n
itial,
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ex
p
ec
ted
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t,
a
n
d
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
e
lev
els
r
ef
lecte
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
m
aster
y
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
lim
ited
liter
al
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
with
m
in
im
al
in
f
er
e
n
tial
ab
ilit
y
t
o
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
i
n
f
er
en
tial
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
h
er
en
t
ev
alu
ativ
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
u
b
r
ic
d
escr
ip
t
o
r
s
wer
e
e
x
p
licitly
alig
n
ed
with
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
wer
e
r
e
v
ie
wed
b
y
two
liter
ac
y
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
to
estab
lis
h
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
it
y
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
co
r
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
two
tr
ain
ed
r
ater
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
ev
alu
ate
d
2
5
%
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
-
r
ater
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
(
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
κ
=
0
.
8
7
)
.
An
y
s
co
r
in
g
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
wer
e
r
eso
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
ter
-
r
ater
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
o
n
2
5
%
o
f
th
e
s
cr
ip
ts
u
s
in
g
C
o
h
en
’
s
k
a
p
p
a
(
κ
=
0
.
8
7
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
t.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
1
2
-
item
ass
ess
m
en
t
was
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
y
ield
in
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
α
≥
0
.
8
0
)
.
T
h
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
ass
ess
m
en
t
task
s
an
d
th
e
n
atio
n
al
liter
ac
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
at
d
ef
in
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
lev
els
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
(
liter
al,
in
f
e
r
en
tial,
an
d
e
v
alu
ativ
e)
.
T
h
e
an
aly
tic
r
u
b
r
ic
o
p
er
ati
o
n
alize
d
t
h
ese
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
in
to
f
o
u
r
o
r
d
er
ed
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
lev
els
(
in
itial,
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ex
p
ec
ted
,
an
d
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
)
,
ea
ch
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
ex
p
licit
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
d
escr
ip
to
r
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
class
if
ied
at
th
e
“
in
itial”
lev
el
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
ated
lim
ited
liter
al
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
m
in
im
al
in
f
er
en
tial
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
o
s
e
at
th
e
“o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
”
lev
el
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
in
teg
r
ated
tex
tu
al
ev
id
en
ce
,
in
f
er
r
ed
i
m
p
licit
m
ea
n
in
g
,
an
d
ar
ticu
lated
co
h
er
en
t
e
v
alu
at
iv
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
u
b
r
i
c
d
escr
ip
to
r
s
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
b
y
two
liter
ac
y
s
p
ec
i
alis
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
ten
t a
lig
n
m
en
t a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
co
h
e
r
e
n
ce
.
2
.
8
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Sin
ce
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iab
le
i
s
o
r
d
in
al
in
n
atu
r
e,
p
a
r
am
etr
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
b
ased
o
n
in
ter
v
al,
o
r
th
at
o
f
n
o
r
m
alit
y
wer
e
av
o
id
ed
.
R
ath
er
,
a
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
ed
an
aly
tical
s
tr
ateg
y
was
ad
o
p
ted
to
d
escr
ib
e
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ch
an
g
e:
t
h
e
u
p
war
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
lev
els
b
etwe
en
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
p
r
etest
wer
e
s
tu
d
ied
u
s
in
g
o
r
d
in
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
t
r
ajec
to
r
y
an
aly
s
is
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
,
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
s
to
ch
asti
c
d
o
m
in
an
ce
an
d
PS
co
m
p
a
r
ed
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
t
h
an
th
e
latter
o
n
th
e
wh
o
le
o
r
d
in
al
s
ca
le
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
al
y
s
is
was
u
s
ed
to
as
s
ess
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
al
m
ak
e
-
u
p
o
f
th
e
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t
lev
els
b
y
d
ete
r
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
n
et
g
ain
s
an
d
lo
s
s
es
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tr
ata.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
eled
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
as
a
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
,
b
ased
o
n
s
u
ch
s
ig
n
s
as
th
e
u
p
war
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
d
ex
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
e
n
tr
o
p
y
,
wh
ich
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
al
r
ig
id
ity
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
.
I
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
g
ai
n
a
n
aly
s
is
g
en
er
ated
s
tu
d
en
t
-
le
v
el
o
r
d
in
al
g
ain
s
(
p
o
s
ttes
t
-
p
r
etest)
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
r
esa
m
p
lin
g
o
r
u
s
in
g
m
ea
n
s
to
ag
g
r
eg
ate.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
an
aly
s
es
u
s
ed
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
r
esam
p
lin
g
s
elec
tiv
el
y
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
a
n
d
th
e
r
ea
f
ter
d
ir
ec
t
em
p
ir
ical
p
atter
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
o
av
o
id
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
cy
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
2
.
9
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
ic
a
l r
a
t
io
na
l
e
I
t
is
th
is
s
y
s
tem
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
co
u
ld
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
in
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
e
v
alu
atio
n
th
at
led
to
th
e
s
ele
ctio
n
o
f
th
is
an
aly
tical
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
in
wh
ich
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
wo
u
l
d
b
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ea
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
o
r
d
in
al,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al,
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al,
d
y
n
am
ic,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
-
lev
el
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
w
h
eth
er
lea
r
n
i
n
g
h
as
ta
k
en
p
lace
,
b
u
t
also
h
o
w,
with
wh
o
m
,
a
n
d
with
wh
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
im
p
lica
tio
n
s
lear
n
in
g
to
o
k
p
lace
.
T
h
i
s
is
esp
ec
ially
r
ig
h
t
wh
en
cu
ltu
r
ally
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
e
ca
u
s
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
ca
n
lo
o
k
lik
e
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
in
s
tead
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
s
co
r
es
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
,
ass
es
s
m
en
t
task
s
,
an
d
r
u
b
r
ic
d
escr
ip
to
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
co
h
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
teac
h
in
g
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
cu
ltu
r
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
n
ar
r
ativ
es
en
h
a
n
ce
d
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
b
y
s
itu
atin
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
with
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t,
wh
ile
f
id
elity
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
in
ter
n
al
v
ali
d
ity
b
y
co
n
f
i
r
m
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
s
e
s
s
io
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
atr
ices
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
ec
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
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2
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
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f o
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a
l tra
d
itio
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-
b
a
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ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
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(
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V
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tín
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2637
wer
e
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ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cte
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to
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t
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ate
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is
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ib
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m
o
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ilit
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p
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s
co
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with
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ased
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s
er
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n
d
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iv
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ain
p
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o
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iles
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
v
ar
i
atio
n
in
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
o
r
d
in
al
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
an
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
lear
n
in
g
cu
r
v
es
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
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p
atter
n
s
b
etwe
e
n
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
p
er
io
d
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
h
ad
a
to
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
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tab
ilit
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t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
etest
-
p
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ttes
t p
er
io
d
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
lev
els
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ex
h
ib
ited
c
o
m
p
lete
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
with
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
in
g
at
th
e
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
lev
el.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
a
f
u
ll
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ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
war
d
h
ig
h
e
r
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
lev
els,
with
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ea
ch
in
g
eith
er
ex
p
e
cted
o
r
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
at
p
o
s
ttes
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
lev
el
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
etest
to
p
o
s
ttes
t
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
u
s
in
g
a
San
k
ey
d
iag
r
am
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=1
4
)
,
all
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
em
ain
ed
s
tab
le,
with
1
0
0
%
s
tay
in
g
in
th
ei
r
p
r
e
test
ca
teg
o
r
ies
an
d
n
o
u
p
war
d
o
r
d
o
wn
wa
r
d
m
o
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ilit
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o
b
s
er
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ed
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I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
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e
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p
er
im
en
tal
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r
o
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p
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=
1
9
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s
h
o
wed
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t:
8
9
.
5
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
v
ed
u
p
war
d
,
1
0
.
5
%
r
em
ain
ed
s
tab
le,
a
n
d
n
o
n
e
m
o
v
ed
d
o
wn
war
d
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
6
3
.
2
%
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
lev
el
at
p
o
s
ttes
t,
an
d
lo
w
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
tr
ata
wer
e
co
m
p
letely
elim
in
ated
.
T
h
e
d
ia
g
r
am
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
co
m
p
eten
c
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
(
in
itial,
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ex
p
ec
ted
,
an
d
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
)
.
W
h
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
a
f
lat
p
atter
n
with
all
1
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
in
g
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
lev
el,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
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tal
g
r
o
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p
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
clea
r
u
p
war
d
s
h
if
ts
,
with
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
v
in
g
f
r
o
m
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
ex
p
ec
ted
a
n
d
s
ev
e
r
al
o
th
e
r
s
a
d
v
an
cin
g
f
r
o
m
i
n
itial
an
d
lo
w
er
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
Ov
er
all,
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
u
p
w
ar
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
r
ea
d
in
g
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m
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eten
ce
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
h
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tin
g
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
h
ig
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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els
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d
eli
m
in
atin
g
p
e
r
s
is
ten
t
lo
w
ac
h
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em
en
t
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
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co
n
tr
o
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
e
ad
in
g
-
co
m
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ete
n
ce
lev
el
s
at
p
r
etest a
n
d
p
o
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ttes
t b
y
g
r
o
u
p
R
e
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Ex
p
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a
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p
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(
%)
Ex
p
e
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t
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l
(
n
=
1
9
)
p
o
s
t
t
e
st
n
(
%)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
n
=
1
4
)
p
r
e
t
e
st
n
(
%)
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l
(
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=
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o
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t
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e
st
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(
%)
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
3
(
1
5
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0
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0
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0
(
0
.
0
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0
(
0
.
0
)
I
n
p
r
o
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e
ss
1
0
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5
2
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6
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0
(
0
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0
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1
4
(
1
0
0
.
0
)
1
4
(
1
0
0
.
0
)
Ex
p
e
c
t
e
d
6
(
3
1
.
6
)
1
3
(
6
8
.
4
)
0
(
0
.
0
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0
(
0
.
0
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O
u
t
s
t
a
n
d
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g
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6
(
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To
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N
o
t
e
:
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
a
r
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
g
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u
p
s
.
A
t
p
o
s
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t
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st
,
a
l
l
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t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
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x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
g
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p
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d
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
o
r
o
u
t
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
,
w
h
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r
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a
s a
l
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st
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d
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t
s
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n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
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c
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r
a
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n
t
h
e
c
o
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t
r
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o
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d
i
t
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o
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Or
d
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lear
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aj
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to
r
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d
d
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p
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ce
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p
o
s
ttes
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
-
8
8
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I
n
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J
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Vo
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15
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No
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3
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J
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20
2
6
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2
6
3
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7
2638
E
v
er
y
s
tu
d
en
t p
r
o
ce
ed
e
d
to
eith
er
ex
p
ec
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ac
h
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en
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tan
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d
m
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im
p
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e
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th
e
in
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r
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ce
s
s
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teg
o
r
y
a
n
d
a
s
ig
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i
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n
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
en
t
s
tr
aig
h
t
to
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lev
el
o
f
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
also
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
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f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
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th
e
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ter
v
en
tio
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,
as
8
9
.
5
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
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em
o
n
s
tr
ate
an
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cr
ea
s
e
in
th
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o
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ilit
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,
1
0
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5
%
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f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
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th
e
e
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im
en
tal
g
r
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p
h
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r
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ch
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d
a
s
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f
f
icien
t
lev
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o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
n
d
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
ir
r
ev
er
s
ib
ilit
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o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
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s
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th
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ltu
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ally
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ased
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ativ
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ce
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at
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h
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tr
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itio
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s
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a
tr
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s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
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o
m
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ce
,
lead
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e
p
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g
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e
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ig
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etiv
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d
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n
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m
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B
aselin
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u
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ce
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x
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ed
b
y
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ar
in
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etest o
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al
d
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ib
u
ti
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iate
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o
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ar
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et
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ic
test
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Ma
n
n
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h
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ey
U
o
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o
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d
er
e
d
lev
els)
an
d
b
y
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
r
etest c
ateg
o
r
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies f
o
r
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
.
E
x
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er
im
en
tal
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esu
lts
in
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icate
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at
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e
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ir
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t
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en
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en
tire
o
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al
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s
ca
le.
T
h
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
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ap
(
co
n
tr
o
l
-
ex
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er
im
en
tal
)
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itiv
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th
e
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esh
o
ld
o
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th
e
in
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r
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ce
s
s
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er
e
th
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
if
f
er
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ce
was
1
.
0
0
an
d
1
0
0
%
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
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tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
at
th
e
m
ax
im
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m
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ea
s
all
th
e
ex
p
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im
en
tal
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
n
o
t.
At
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
ec
ted
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h
iev
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m
en
t
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e
d
o
m
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e
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ee
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at
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p
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im
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tal
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ed
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lev
el
ag
ain
s
t
6
3
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2
%
o
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th
e
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n
tr
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p
th
at
d
id
n
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ch
th
is
lev
el.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
etest
–
p
o
s
ttes
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
atr
ix
f
o
r
b
o
th
g
r
o
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p
s
,
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v
id
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g
a
tr
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s
p
ar
e
n
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
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o
f
o
r
d
in
al
m
o
b
ilit
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ac
r
o
s
s
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
lev
els.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ex
h
ib
ited
c
o
m
p
lete
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
with
all
1
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
in
g
in
th
e
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
teg
o
r
y
an
d
n
o
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
u
p
war
d
o
r
d
o
wn
war
d
m
o
v
em
en
t.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
n
ly
m
a
r
g
in
al
p
r
etest/p
o
s
ttes
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
g
ain
c
o
u
n
ts
wer
e
av
ailab
le,
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
n
e
ad
m
is
s
ib
le
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
atr
ix
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
o
s
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
to
illu
s
tr
ate
p
o
s
s
ib
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
atter
n
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
u
p
war
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
an
d
n
o
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
in
itially
in
in
itial
m
o
v
ed
to
e
x
p
ec
t
ed
,
th
o
s
e
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ad
v
an
c
ed
to
ex
p
ec
ted
o
r
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
,
an
d
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
p
e
cted
to
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
.
T
h
ese
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
atter
n
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tiate
th
e
claim
th
at
th
e
o
r
al
tr
a
d
itio
n
–
b
ased
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
elim
in
ated
s
tag
n
atio
n
a
t
lo
wer
lev
els
an
d
g
en
er
ated
ir
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
o
r
d
in
al
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
en
tire
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
ath
er
th
an
o
n
l
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
PS
at
p
o
s
ttes
t
was
1
.
0
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
in
al
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
lev
el
th
an
a
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
lete
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ar
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n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
all
ex
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im
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tal
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g
r
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u
p
s
tu
d
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ts
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e
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if
ied
a
s
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p
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ted
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r
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ts
tan
d
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,
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er
ea
s
all
co
n
tr
o
l
-
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
em
ain
ed
at
th
e
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
lev
el.
Alth
o
u
g
h
PS
=
1
.
0
0
r
ef
lects
f
u
ll
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
with
in
th
e
s
a
m
p
le,
th
is
esti
m
ate
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
with
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
est
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
t.
As
ex
p
ec
ted
o
f
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
,
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
r
em
ain
in
g
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
in
itial
o
r
in
p
r
o
c
ess
ca
teg
o
r
y
at
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t,
an
d
all
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
m
ain
ed
in
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
at
th
e
s
am
e
lev
el,
n
am
ely
th
e
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
c
ateg
o
r
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ch
an
g
e
in
r
ea
d
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g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
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o
f
a
m
ar
g
in
al
o
r
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l
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f
ec
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u
p
p
o
r
tin
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th
e
lar
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e
n
o
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I
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at
th
e
lo
w
lev
els
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
er
en
tiated
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
also
b
u
ild
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
cu
ltu
r
ally
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
y
ield
b
etter
o
u
tco
m
es,
it
also
r
eo
r
g
a
n
izes th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ics o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t is n
o
t n
ew
th
at
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
g
ain
s
ca
n
b
e
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
teac
h
in
g
r
o
o
ted
in
a
cu
ltu
r
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
lear
n
er
s
im
p
r
o
v
es
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
8
]
.
I
t h
as
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
n
ar
r
ativ
e
tex
ts
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
f
am
iliar
tex
ts
ca
n
ass
is
t
in
f
er
en
tial
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
an
d
in
-
d
ep
th
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
tr
ig
g
e
r
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
s
ch
em
es
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
c
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
u
ch
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
g
o
es
f
u
r
th
e
r
b
y
i
n
clu
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
o
r
d
i
n
al
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
al
s
tatis
tics
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
ch
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
av
er
a
g
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
u
t
also
h
av
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
-
wid
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
to
tal
lack
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
r
ef
le
cts
th
e
tr
en
d
s
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
wh
ich
h
as
u
s
ed
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al,
te
x
tb
o
o
k
-
b
ased
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
s
ta
n
d
at
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
co
m
p
eten
ce
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
ey
ar
e
s
till
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
7
]
–
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tag
n
atio
n
h
as b
ee
n
b
lam
ed
o
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
i
ch
h
av
e
em
p
h
asized
m
o
r
e
o
n
liter
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
al
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
at
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
an
d
ev
alu
ativ
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
On
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
ir
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
in
cr
em
en
tal
m
o
b
ilit
y
with
8
9
.
5
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
u
p
ils
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
g
an
d
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
em
r
eg
r
ess
in
g
.
T
h
is
ten
d
en
c
y
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
c
o
r
p
u
s
o
f
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
p
r
esen
ted
d
i
d
ac
tic
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
wh
ich
allo
wed
co
n
tin
u
atio
n
an
d
n
o
t s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
o
r
v
o
latile
b
en
ef
its
[
3
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
v
iew,
a
m
o
r
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
is
th
e
p
ass
ag
e
b
etwe
en
a
d
eter
m
in
is
tic,
lo
w
-
e
n
tr
o
p
y
lear
n
in
g
r
eg
im
e,
an
d
a
h
ig
h
-
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
h
i
g
h
-
e
n
tr
o
p
y
o
n
e.
Pas
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
s
tr
e
s
s
th
at
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
teac
h
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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v
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&
R
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f o
r
a
l tra
d
itio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
n
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
…
(
Teó
filo
F
élix
V
a
le
n
tín
Melg
a
r
ejo
)
2641
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
f
lex
i
b
le
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
s
o
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
av
ailab
le
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
ath
with
o
u
t
ca
u
s
in
g
ch
ao
s
o
r
s
tag
n
atio
n
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
e
n
tr
o
p
y
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
e
p
icts
s
u
ch
an
id
ea
l
r
eg
im
e,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
ac
ilit
ated
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
is
in
g
tr
en
d
s
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
o
n
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
c
o
h
er
en
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
lite
r
atu
r
e
s
in
ce
it
em
p
ir
ically
s
h
o
ws
th
at
cu
ltu
r
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
n
ch
an
g
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
n
o
t ju
s
t its
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
em
p
h
asized
b
y
th
e
h
eter
o
g
en
eit
y
o
f
g
ain
s
m
ad
e
b
y
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
g
e
n
er
atin
g
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
an
d
m
ar
g
in
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
,
th
e
o
r
al
tr
a
d
itio
n
co
r
p
u
s
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
r
ea
lizati
o
n
o
f
a
f
aster
co
m
p
eten
ce
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
o
n
e
o
r
two
lev
els
in
a
f
ew
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
2
]
.
I
t
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
n
ew
r
esear
ch
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
m
a
in
id
ea
o
f
wh
ich
is
th
at
to
teac
h
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
o
n
e
s
h
o
u
ld
tak
e
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
in
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Hig
h
in
d
iv
id
u
al
g
ain
s
lik
e
th
is
m
a
y
im
p
ly
th
at
n
ar
r
ativ
es
b
ased
o
n
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
m
ay
en
h
a
n
ce
laten
t
lear
n
i
n
g
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
is
p
lace
d
in
a
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
d
p
o
s
itio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
ei
n
g
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
th
ick
er
in
f
e
r
en
tial a
n
d
ev
alu
ati
v
e
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
m
ay
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
First
ly
,
o
r
al
d
is
co
u
r
s
es p
r
o
b
ab
ly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
g
n
itiv
e
ac
tiv
ity
b
y
r
elatin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
r
ea
d
in
g
a
ctiv
ities
to
k
n
o
wn
cu
ltu
r
al
m
a
ter
ial,
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
b
u
r
d
en
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
[
3
3
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
s
co
u
ld
h
av
e
f
ac
ilit
ate
d
in
f
er
en
tial
co
h
e
r
en
ce
b
y
th
e
n
ar
r
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
o
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
n
tex
tu
ally
in
teg
r
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
a
tex
t
-
to
-
tex
t
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
to
-
co
n
tex
t
lev
el.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
cu
ltu
r
a
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
h
av
e
en
h
an
ce
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
in
v
estme
n
t
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tes
c
o
n
tin
u
ed
e
f
f
o
r
t
a
n
d
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
in
r
ea
d
i
n
g
ac
tiv
i
ties
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ca
n
b
e
v
iewe
d
as
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
lo
w
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
6
]
.
Fro
m
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
te
th
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ca
n
b
e
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
r
ath
er
th
a
n
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
ch
an
g
es
alo
n
e
.
Or
d
in
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
-
s
y
s
tem
s
m
etr
ics
r
ev
ea
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
th
at
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es m
ay
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
.
I
n
s
p
ite
o
f
its
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
wh
ich
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
was
s
m
all
an
d
th
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
allo
w
ca
u
s
al
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
r
ep
licated
o
n
a
lar
g
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
,
in
v
esti
g
ate
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
eten
tio
n
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
n
ar
r
ativ
es
i
n
o
r
al
tr
a
d
itio
n
s
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
ets
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
y
m
i
g
h
t
also
en
r
ich
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
to
at
least
1
0
0
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
class
r
o
o
m
s
wo
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
o
r
d
in
al
d
o
m
in
an
ce
a
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
d
icato
r
s
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
s
am
p
li
n
g
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
a
n
d
allo
win
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ch
ec
k
s
(
e.
g
.
,
b
y
class
r
o
o
m
/teac
h
er
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
aselin
e
eq
u
iv
alen
c
e
was
estab
lis
h
ed
,
th
e
m
o
d
est
s
am
p
le
s
ize
lim
its
s
tatis
t
ical
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
m
ay
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
wer
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
s
m
aller
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
lo
y
in
g
lar
g
er
m
u
lti
-
class
r
o
o
m
s
am
p
les
wo
u
ld
allo
w
s
tr
o
n
g
er
in
f
er
e
n
tia
l
test
in
g
,
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
an
al
y
s
es,
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
o
r
d
in
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
d
o
m
in
an
ce
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
te
r
p
r
eted
as
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ev
id
en
ce
r
at
h
er
th
an
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
lev
el
ca
u
s
al
esti
m
ates.
4
.
1
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
educa
t
io
na
l e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
Fin
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
e
r
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
e
-
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
way
s
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
r
d
in
al
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
wh
e
r
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
u
s
u
ally
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e,
s
tag
e
-
b
ased
an
d
lim
ited
b
y
th
e
lev
els
o
f
p
r
i
o
r
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
in
s
tead
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
Similar
to
m
o
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es,
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
in
q
u
alitativ
ely
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tag
es
(
e.
g
.
,
liter
al
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
to
in
f
er
e
n
tial
an
d
ev
alu
ativ
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
)
.
Or
d
in
al
m
o
d
e
lin
g
d
o
es
n
o
t
v
io
late
t
h
is
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
ar
r
a
n
g
em
e
n
t
an
d
cir
cu
m
v
en
ts
th
e
a
r
tifa
cts
cr
ea
ted
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ea
n
-
b
ased
an
aly
s
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
m
as
k
s
tag
n
atio
n
,
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
g
ain
s
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
etwe
en
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
lev
els
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
lik
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
d
ices
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
en
tr
o
p
y
g
o
es
f
u
r
th
e
r
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
lear
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
in
d
ee
d
r
ig
id
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
to
g
iv
e
a
ch
an
ce
to
ev
alu
ato
r
s
to
d
is
ce
r
n
b
etwe
en
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
wh
ich
ju
s
t
s
u
s
tain
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
th
o
s
e
wh
ich
p
r
o
ac
tiv
el
y
h
elp
o
n
e
to
p
r
o
ce
ed
o
n
a
n
u
p
war
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
p
ath
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
a
p
p
lied
v
iewp
o
in
t,
th
e
ev
alu
ativ
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
s
tu
d
y
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
an
d
v
er
s
atile
to
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
n
th
e
o
r
d
in
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
wid
ely
o
b
tain
ed
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
as
r
u
b
r
ic
-
b
ased
test
s
,
lev
els
o
f
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
cu
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
ev
alu
ato
r
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
ea
s
ily
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
,
s
to
ch
asti
c
d
o
m
in
an
ce
test
in
g
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
-
lev
el
o
r
d
in
al
g
ain
s
with
o
u
t
h
ig
h
s
am
p
le
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
r
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
ca
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
No
ta
b
ly
,
th
ese
an
aly
s
es
en
ab
le
ev
al
u
ato
r
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
co
n
s
id
er
wh
eth
er
o
r
n
o
t
a
n
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
b
u
t
a
ls
o
,
im
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
t
o
co
n
s
id
er
wh
o
,
w
h
er
e,
an
d
w
ith
wh
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
[
3
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
r
ea
d
in
g
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
ese
ev
al
u
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
will
b
e
ap
p
licab
le
to
a
b
r
o
ad
ass
o
r
tm
e
n
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
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