I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
971
~
1
9
8
5
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
1
5
i
3
.
3
7
3
2
6
1971
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Va
lida
ting the
f
a
c
tor struc
ture
of p
rima
ry
scho
o
l t
ea
ching
qua
lity usin
g
t
h
e
PDCA
cycle
Nha
t
T
ho
ng
Du
1
,
Va
n Da
t
T
ra
n
2
1
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
H
o
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
C
i
t
y
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
H
o
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
C
i
t
y
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
A
n
G
i
a
n
g
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
H
o
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
C
i
t
y
,
Lo
n
g
X
u
y
e
n
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
16
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Mar
3
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Mar
28
,
2
0
2
6
Im
p
ro
v
i
n
g
tea
c
h
i
n
g
q
u
a
li
t
y
is
a
c
rit
ica
l
g
o
a
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
re
fo
rm
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
Vi
e
tn
a
m
’s
2
0
1
8
G
e
n
e
ra
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
P
ro
g
ra
m
(G
EP
).
Ho
we
v
e
r,
t
h
e
re
is
stil
l
a
lac
k
o
f
v
a
li
d
i
n
stru
m
e
n
ts
fo
r
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
l
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
ls.
T
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
fil
ls
th
is
v
o
id
b
y
c
re
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
rima
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
in
g
q
u
a
li
t
y
sc
a
le
(P
S
TQS
),
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
P
lan
-
Do
-
Ch
e
c
k
-
Ac
t
(
P
DCA
)
c
y
c
le,
a
we
ll
-
k
n
o
wn
q
u
a
li
t
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
fra
m
e
wo
rk
.
A
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
su
rv
e
y
d
e
sig
n
wa
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
o
ll
e
c
t
d
a
ta
fro
m
5
2
8
p
r
ima
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs
in
Ho
Ch
i
M
i
n
h
Cit
y
.
Th
e
2
0
-
it
e
m
P
S
TQS
wa
s
c
o
n
str
u
c
ted
to
a
li
g
n
with
t
h
e
P
DCA
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
o
u
tl
i
n
e
d
i
n
th
e
2
0
1
8
G
EP
.
T
h
e
sa
m
p
le
wa
s
ra
n
d
o
m
ly
sp
l
it
i
n
t
o
tw
o
g
ro
u
p
s
f
o
r
a
two
-
p
h
a
se
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
:
e
x
p
l
o
ra
to
r
y
fa
c
to
r
a
n
a
ly
sis
(EF
A)
a
n
d
c
o
n
fir
m
a
to
ry
fa
c
to
r
a
n
a
l
y
sis
(CF
A).
EF
A
fo
u
n
d
a
fo
u
r
-
fa
c
to
r
str
u
c
tu
re
th
a
t
m
a
tch
e
d
th
e
P
DCA
c
y
c
le
a
n
d
a
c
c
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
4
5
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
rian
c
e
.
CF
A
c
o
n
firme
d
th
e
m
o
d
e
l’s
fit
(
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
fit
i
n
d
e
x
(
CF
I
)
=
0
.
9
5
,
Tu
c
k
e
r
-
Lew
is
i
n
d
e
x
(
TLI
)
=
0
.
9
4
,
ro
o
t
m
e
a
n
sq
u
a
r
e
e
rro
r
o
f
a
p
p
ro
x
ima
ti
o
n
(
RM
S
EA
)
=
0
.
0
4
,
sta
n
d
a
rd
ize
d
ro
o
t
m
e
a
n
sq
u
a
re
re
sid
u
a
l
(
S
RM
R
)
=
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
sc
a
le
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
str
o
n
g
in
ter
n
a
l
c
o
n
siste
n
c
y
(
c
o
m
p
o
site
re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
(
CR
)
>
0
.
7
9
),
with
r
o
b
u
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
i
sc
rimin
a
n
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
.
Th
e
P
S
TQ
S
is
a
re
li
a
b
le,
v
a
li
d
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
tea
c
h
in
g
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
th
ro
u
g
h
a
q
u
a
li
ty
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
l
e
n
s.
Wh
il
e
re
su
l
ts
a
re
sp
e
c
ifi
c
to
Ho
Ch
i
M
in
h
Cit
y
,
th
e
sc
a
le
o
ffe
rs
a
fo
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
b
ro
a
d
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
su
p
p
o
r
ts
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
o
l
icy
imp
lem
e
n
tati
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
PDC
A
cy
cle
Prim
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Scale
v
alid
atio
n
T
ea
ch
in
g
q
u
ality
Vietn
am
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Van
Dat
T
r
an
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
A
n
Gian
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Vietn
am
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
C
ity
L
o
n
g
Xu
y
en
,
A
n
Gian
g
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail: tv
d
at@
ag
u
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
g
lo
b
al
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
,
Vietn
am
in
itiated
a
m
ajo
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
2
0
1
8
with
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
its
n
ew
Ge
n
er
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Pro
g
r
a
m
(
GE
P
)
,
p
r
o
m
u
lg
ated
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
T
r
ain
in
g
(
MO
E
T
)
[
1
]
.
At
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lev
el,
th
e
GE
P
aim
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
i
o
u
s
p
h
y
s
ical,
in
tellectu
al,
an
d
m
o
r
al
g
r
o
wth
.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
f
iv
e
co
r
e
q
u
alities
—
p
atr
io
tis
m
,
k
in
d
n
ess
,
d
ilig
en
ce
,
h
o
n
esty
,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
—
alo
n
g
s
id
e
ten
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
eten
cies
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
g
en
er
al
an
d
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
o
m
ain
s
.
T
h
ese
g
o
al
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
p
er
ati
o
n
alize
d
i
n
to
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
a
d
e
lev
els
an
d
s
u
b
jects,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
p
r
im
ar
y
teac
h
er
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
d
eliv
er
co
n
ten
t
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
b
u
t
also
to
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
p
lan
,
ass
ess
,
a
n
d
r
ef
i
n
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
alig
n
m
en
t
with
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Am
id
r
is
in
g
g
l
o
b
al
d
em
an
d
s
f
o
r
ac
c
o
u
n
ta
b
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
m
an
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
q
u
ality
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
to
tal
q
u
ality
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
(
T
QM
)
,
with
its
em
p
h
asis
o
n
lear
n
er
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
1
9
7
1
-
1
9
8
5
1972
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
h
as
g
ain
ed
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
a
s
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
2
]
–
[
6
]
.
R
esear
ch
id
en
tifie
s
cr
itical
s
u
cc
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
(
C
SF
s
)
—
in
clu
d
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
c
u
ltu
r
e,
an
d
d
ata
-
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
—
as
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
T
QM
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
[
7
]
.
I
n
Vietn
am
,
i
n
itial
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
ap
p
l
y
T
QM
p
r
in
cip
les
s
u
g
g
est
p
o
t
en
tial
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
q
u
ality
;
h
o
wev
e
r
,
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
r
em
ain
s
f
r
ag
m
en
te
d
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
p
r
i
m
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
e
r
e
s
y
s
tem
ic
in
teg
r
atio
n
h
as
y
et
to
b
e
f
u
ll
y
r
ea
lized
.
W
ith
in
th
e
T
QM
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
Plan
-
Do
-
C
h
ec
k
-
Act
(
PDC
A
)
cy
cle
s
er
v
es
as
a
ce
n
tr
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
W
id
ely
em
b
ed
d
ed
i
n
th
e
in
ter
n
al
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
(
I
QAS)
,
th
e
PDC
A
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cies,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
alig
n
m
en
t,
an
d
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
s
y
s
tem
s
ac
r
o
s
s
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
teac
h
er
s
[
1
0
]
,
alig
n
in
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
with
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
1
1
]
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
in
b
o
th
S
o
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
an
d
W
ester
n
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
Vietn
am
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
e
PDC
A
as
a
v
iab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
tack
lin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
if
f
icu
lties
with
in
th
e
n
e
w
GE
P
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
ex
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
h
as
lar
g
ely
r
em
ain
ed
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
o
r
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
leav
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
PDC
A
to
p
r
im
ar
y
class
r
o
o
m
p
r
ac
tice
u
n
d
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
Desp
ite
g
r
o
win
g
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
th
e
PDC
A’
s
v
a
lu
e,
a
cr
itical
g
ap
p
er
s
is
ts
:
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ically
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
PDC
A
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
n
Vietn
am
ese
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l t
ea
ch
in
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
els
an
d
lo
ca
lized
p
ilo
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
,
n
o
em
p
ir
ically
t
ested
s
ca
le
cu
r
r
en
tly
ca
p
tu
r
es
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
d
esig
n
,
im
p
lem
e
n
t,
ev
a
lu
ate,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
with
in
a
PDC
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
h
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
n
d
v
alid
ated
th
e
T
Q
M
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
co
u
n
t
r
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
J
ap
an
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
an
d
Sp
ain
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
to
o
ls
r
ef
lect
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
f
ea
t
u
r
es
—
s
u
ch
as
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
—
th
at
d
if
f
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
f
r
o
m
Vietn
am
’
s
ce
n
tr
alize
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
ir
ec
t
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
c
u
ltu
r
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ically
r
o
b
u
s
t in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
o
f
ill
th
is
g
a
p
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
aim
s
:
i
)
to
estab
lis
h
an
d
t
est
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
PDC
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ali
ty
s
ca
le
(
PS
T
QS
)
as
d
is
tin
ct
y
et
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
q
u
ality
,
an
d
ii
)
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
PS
T
QS
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
a
n
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
test
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
will
test
s
two
h
y
p
o
th
eses
:
−
H1
:
th
e
PS
T
QS
co
m
p
r
is
es
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
b
u
t
in
ter
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
teac
h
in
g
d
esig
n
(
Plan
)
,
teac
h
in
g
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
(
Do
)
,
teac
h
in
g
e
v
alu
atio
n
(
C
h
ec
k
)
,
an
d
teac
h
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
(
A
ct)
.
−
H2
:
th
e
PS
T
QS
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
tr
o
n
g
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t a
n
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
v
an
ce
s
T
QM
th
eo
r
y
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
PDC
A
cy
cle
w
ith
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
co
n
v
er
tin
g
it
f
r
o
m
an
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
q
u
ality
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
i
n
to
a
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ically
b
ased
m
o
d
el
o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
I
t
e
n
h
an
ce
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
th
eo
r
y
b
y
em
p
ir
ically
s
u
b
s
tan
tiatin
g
tea
ch
in
g
q
u
ality
as
a
cy
clica
l,
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
(
PDC
A
)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
n
h
an
ce
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
a
s
s
u
r
an
ce
th
eo
r
y
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
PDC
A
lo
g
ic
with
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
r
ef
o
r
m
u
n
d
er
Vietn
am
’
s
2
0
1
8
GE
P,
u
tili
zin
g
a
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e,
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ically
v
alid
ated
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el.
Ultim
ately
,
it
f
o
r
tifie
s
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t i
n
Vietn
am
ese
p
r
im
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
T
o
t
a
l qua
lity
ma
na
g
e
ment
in t
he
educa
t
io
na
l c
o
nte
x
t
I
n
r
ec
en
t
d
ec
a
d
es,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
h
av
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
ed
to
a
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
ac
co
u
n
tab
le,
an
d
p
er
p
etu
ally
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
t
is
an
t
icip
ated
th
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
at
all
le
v
els
will
ad
h
er
e
t
o
n
atio
n
al
b
e
n
ch
m
a
r
k
s
an
d
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
wh
ile
also
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atin
g
th
e
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
[
1
7
]
.
T
QM
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
with
in
th
is
r
ef
o
r
m
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
.
I
ts
c
o
r
e
p
r
in
ci
p
les,
s
u
ch
as
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
lan
n
in
g
,
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
a
n
d
d
ata
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
,
clo
s
ely
alig
n
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
io
r
ities
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
q
u
ality
c
u
ltu
r
e,
s
taf
f
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
ad
ap
tin
g
estab
lis
h
ed
q
u
ality
m
o
d
els
s
u
ch
as
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Fo
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
Qu
a
lity
Ma
n
ag
em
e
n
t
(
E
FQM)
[
1
8
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
T
QM
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
tea
ch
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
r
em
ain
s
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
i
n
itiativ
es
in
g
en
er
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
Vietn
am
r
ef
lect
th
is
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
.
Desp
ite
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
ea
r
ly
attem
p
ts
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
T
QM
p
r
in
cip
les,
th
eir
s
co
p
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
s
till
r
estricte
d
[
7
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
r
esis
tan
ce
to
c
h
a
n
g
e,
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
a
tin
g
th
e
fa
cto
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f p
r
ima
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
a
ch
in
g
q
u
a
lity u
s
in
g
th
e
P
DC
A
cy
cle
(
N
h
a
t Th
o
n
g
Du
)
1973
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ch
al
len
g
es
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
i
d
en
tify
in
g
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
cc
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
c
r
ea
tin
g
d
e
p
en
d
ab
le
to
o
ls
to
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
alize
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
r
ef
o
r
m
.
2
.
2
.
P
DCA
cy
cle
a
s
a
m
ec
ha
nis
m
f
o
r
co
ntinuo
us
im
pro
v
em
ent
in t
ea
ching
W
ith
in
th
e
T
QM
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
PDC
A
cy
cle
s
er
v
es
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
c
y
cle
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
to
f
o
u
r
iter
ativ
e
p
h
ases
:
i)
estab
lis
h
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
late
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
with
d
esire
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es;
ii)
ex
ec
u
te
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
lan
s
with
in
class
r
o
o
m
p
r
ac
tices
;
iii)
ass
ess
:
an
aly
ze
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
in
r
elatio
n
to
estab
lis
h
ed
o
b
jectiv
es;
an
d
iv
)
m
o
d
if
y
:
ad
ap
t
te
ac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
r
ef
lectiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
cy
clica
l
m
o
d
el
f
o
s
ter
s
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ef
lectio
n
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
h
e
r
en
ce
,
a
n
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
to
s
tu
d
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ap
p
a
r
en
t
in
Vietn
am
’
s
2
0
1
8
GE
P
,
wh
ich
p
r
io
r
itizes
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
c
en
ter
ed
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
GE
P
n
ec
ess
itates
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
at
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
-
d
r
iv
e
n
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le,
an
d
ad
ap
ta
b
le
—
attr
ib
u
tes
in
h
er
en
tly
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
PDC
A
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
PDC
A
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
f
o
r
tify
in
g
in
ter
n
al
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
[
9
]
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
1
0
]
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
1
]
.
Sch
o
lar
s
in
Vie
tn
am
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
PDC
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
in
m
ath
em
atics
an
d
s
cien
ce
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
o
f
ten
i
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
lac
k
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
all
en
g
es h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
r
eliab
le
to
o
l th
at
ca
n
ass
ess
h
o
w
well
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
u
s
in
g
PDC
A
p
r
in
cip
les
in
th
eir
ev
er
y
d
a
y
wo
r
k
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
h
elp
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
in
t
h
e
GE
P.
2
.
3
.
I
m
po
r
t
a
nce
o
f
s
ca
le
v
a
li
da
t
io
n in e
du
ca
t
io
na
l r
esea
rc
h
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
f
o
r
th
e
o
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el
s
lik
e
th
e
PD
C
A
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
f
o
r
m
p
r
ac
tice,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
h
av
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ically
s
o
u
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
A
s
ca
le
th
at
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
v
alid
m
u
s
t
ex
h
ib
it
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
clar
ity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA
)
ar
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
co
m
p
lem
en
t
ar
y
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
v
er
if
y
i
n
g
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
c
h
.
I
n
t
h
e
in
itial
p
h
ases
o
f
s
ca
le
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
E
FA
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
tili
ze
d
to
u
n
co
v
er
laten
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
with
o
u
t
en
f
o
r
cin
g
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el's
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ass
ess
ed
b
y
C
FA,
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
em
p
ir
ical
v
er
if
icatio
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
an
d
T
QM
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
u
tili
ze
d
E
FA
an
d
C
FA to
v
alid
ate
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
a
l p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l q
u
ality
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
two
-
s
am
p
le
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
E
FA
a
n
d
C
FA
o
n
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
les,
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
m
itig
ate
s
am
p
le
b
ias
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Vietn
a
m
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
,
wh
er
e
th
e
PDC
A
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
in
g
r
ain
ed
i
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
it
is
b
o
t
h
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ically
n
ec
ess
ar
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
u
r
g
en
t
to
cr
ea
te
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
s
ca
le.
A
s
c
ien
tific
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
wo
u
l
d
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
t
o
m
o
n
ito
r
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
ch
a
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e,
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esi
g
n
to
d
e
v
elo
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
is
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
i
n
th
e
PDC
A
cy
cle,
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
m
o
d
el
i
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
W
ith
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
PDC
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
,
cy
clica
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
teac
h
er
s
in
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
en
h
an
cin
g
th
ei
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
o
v
er
tim
e.
E
x
tan
t
liter
atu
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PDC
A
m
o
d
el
in
g
u
id
in
g
teac
h
in
g
-
r
elate
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
o
u
tlin
es
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lo
o
p
in
wh
ich
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
:
i
)
estab
lis
h
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es a
n
d
d
e
s
ig
n
lear
n
in
g
p
lan
s
(
Plan
)
;
ii
)
i
m
p
lem
en
t th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
(
Do
)
;
iii
)
ev
alu
ate
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
a
s
s
es
s
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
(
C
h
ec
k
)
;
an
d
iv
)
u
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
t
o
i
n
f
o
r
m
ch
a
n
g
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
f
u
tu
r
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
(
Ac
t)
[
8
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
izes
th
e
PD
C
A
cy
cle
in
to
f
o
u
r
s
eq
u
en
tial
an
d
in
ter
r
elate
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
k
ey
s
tag
es
o
f
m
an
ag
in
g
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
in
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
i)
Plan
—
teac
h
in
g
d
esig
n
,
ii)
Do
—
teac
h
in
g
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
,
iii)
C
h
ec
k
—
teac
h
in
g
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
iv
)
Act
—
teac
h
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
o
s
its
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
is
an
iter
ativ
e
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
r
ath
e
r
th
an
a
lin
ea
r
o
r
o
n
e
-
tim
e
ef
f
o
r
t.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
d
ata
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
p
r
ac
tice
b
y
o
r
g
an
iz
in
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
PDC
A
cy
cle.
T
h
is
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
i
n
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
b
u
t
also
alig
n
s
wi
th
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
as d
elin
ea
ted
in
Vietn
am
’
s
2
0
1
8
GE
P.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
1
9
7
1
-
1
9
8
5
1974
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
PDC
A
cy
cle
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
In
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
i
n
Ho
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
,
Vietn
am
,
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
is
in
v
esti
g
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
im
p
lem
en
te
d
a
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ef
f
icien
tly
r
ec
r
u
it
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
a
d
iv
er
s
e
ar
r
ay
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
eg
io
n
s
.
An
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
F
o
r
m
s
to
teac
h
er
s
,
wh
o
wer
e
i
n
v
ited
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
its
p
r
ac
ticality
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
to
en
g
ag
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
a
r
elativ
ely
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e,
wh
ich
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
i
n
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
an
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
r
esear
ch
.
A
t
o
tal
o
f
5
2
8
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
is
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
th
e
in
itial
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
s
ca
les,
it
d
o
es
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
m
ay
n
o
t
ac
c
u
r
ately
r
e
f
lect
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
V
ietn
am
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
th
o
s
e
in
m
o
r
e
r
em
o
te
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
ed
r
eg
io
n
s
,
as
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
s
s
elf
-
s
elec
ted
in
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
m
etr
o
p
o
litan
ar
ea
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
th
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
er
v
e
to
alle
v
iate
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
ese
ap
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
wi
th
th
e
two
-
s
am
p
le
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Ma
cCallu
m
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
,
th
e
t
o
tal
s
am
p
le
was
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
d
iv
id
e
d
in
t
o
two
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
o
g
u
ar
an
tee
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
am
p
le
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
ias
an
d
test
i
n
g
th
e
r
ep
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
was
u
n
c
o
v
e
r
ed
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
2
8
1
)
f
o
r
E
FA.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
w
as
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=2
4
7
)
f
o
r
C
FA.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
o
f
5
2
8
teac
h
er
s
s
atis
f
ies
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
ac
ce
p
ted
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
ad
e
q
u
ac
y
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
is
d
ee
m
ed
s
tatis
tically
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
E
FA
an
d
C
FA
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es
(
e.
g
.
,
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
2
0
0
ca
s
es
p
er
an
aly
s
is
o
r
5
–
1
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
er
item
)
[
2
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
p
o
wer
a
n
aly
s
es
in
d
icate
th
at
s
am
p
le
s
izes
ex
ce
ed
in
g
2
0
0
y
i
eld
r
eliab
le
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
ates
an
d
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
al
m
o
d
el
f
it e
v
alu
ati
o
n
s
in
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
A
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
u
b
s
am
p
les
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
As
s
h
o
wn
,
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
y
ield
ed
two
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ically
c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
d
er
,
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
le
v
el,
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
e,
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
cr
o
s
s
–
v
alid
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
tr
ictly
f
o
llo
wed
all
eth
ical
r
u
les.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
p
ar
ticip
ated
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
o
n
s
en
t.
R
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
c
o
llected
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
,
an
d
d
ata
wer
e
h
an
d
le
d
with
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
in
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
wi
th
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
3
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
PS
T
QS
was
cr
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
u
lti
-
p
h
ase,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
th
eo
r
y
-
d
r
iv
e
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
r
ig
o
r
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
al
alig
n
m
en
t
wit
h
Vietn
am
’
s
2
0
1
8
GE
P.
T
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
item
s
was
ex
p
licitly
b
ased
o
n
two
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
2
0
1
8
GE
P
s
e
r
v
ed
as
th
e
in
itial
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
o
u
tlin
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
in
cip
les
,
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
th
at
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
f
u
lf
ill
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
was
th
e
PDC
A
cy
cle,
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
h
at
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
i
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
[
8
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
a
co
n
te
x
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
r
ef
lects
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
t
ices
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
GE
P,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
m
er
el
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
a
tin
g
th
e
fa
cto
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f p
r
ima
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
a
ch
in
g
q
u
a
lity u
s
in
g
th
e
P
DC
A
cy
cle
(
N
h
a
t Th
o
n
g
Du
)
1975
as
a
g
en
er
al
teac
h
in
g
ev
alu
atio
n
to
o
l,
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
ese
two
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
o
p
er
atio
n
aliz
in
g
PDC
A
s
tag
es
as
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
le
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
r
ath
er
th
an
d
ir
ec
tly
r
ep
licatin
g
s
tatem
en
ts
f
r
o
m
p
o
licy
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
r
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
y
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
o
lv
ed
t
h
r
ee
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
tep
s
.
I
n
itially
,
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
PDC
A
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
wer
e
r
ef
o
r
m
u
lated
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ter
m
s
:
th
e
p
la
n
was
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
as
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
g
o
al
alig
n
m
en
t;
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
ec
u
tio
n
a
n
d
class
r
o
o
m
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
;
c
h
ec
k
in
g
as
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t;
an
d
ac
tin
g
as
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
r
e
f
in
em
en
t.
T
h
is
r
ein
ter
p
r
etatio
n
g
u
ar
an
teed
th
at
th
e
q
u
ality
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
co
u
l
d
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
class
r
o
o
m
-
lev
el
p
r
ac
tice.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
PDC
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
u
s
ed
to
e
x
tr
a
ct
an
d
alig
n
th
e
k
ey
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
GE
P.
T
h
e
GE
P
d
r
aws
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
less
o
n
o
b
jectiv
e
s
with
co
m
p
eten
c
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
s
u
s
tain
e
d
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
[
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
th
ese
r
ef
o
r
m
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
f
er
ed
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
d
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
PDC
A
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
.
T
h
ir
d
,
c
o
n
cr
ete,
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
-
b
ased
item
s
wer
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
r
i
n
cip
les.
T
o
p
r
e
v
en
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ab
s
tr
ac
t
m
a
n
ag
er
ial
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
ea
c
h
item
was
co
m
p
o
s
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic,
teac
h
er
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
ac
tio
n
th
at
r
e
f
lects
a
co
m
p
eten
cy
e
x
p
licitly
o
r
i
m
p
licitly
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
GE
P a
n
d
clea
r
ly
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
o
n
e
PDC
A
s
tag
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
th
e
E
FA a
n
d
C
FA s
am
p
les
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
EF
A
sa
mp
l
e
(
n
=
2
8
1
)
C
F
A
s
a
m
p
l
e
(
n
=
2
4
7
)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
(
%)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
1
7
3
6
1
.
6
1
4
9
6
0
.
3
M
a
l
e
1
0
8
3
8
.
4
98
3
9
.
7
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
’
s
d
e
g
r
e
e
2
1
1
7
5
.
1
1
8
3
7
4
.
1
M
a
s
t
e
r
’
s
d
e
g
r
e
e
70
2
4
.
9
64
2
5
.
9
W
o
r
k
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
<
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
66
2
3
.
5
54
2
1
.
9
15
–
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
58
2
0
.
6
45
1
8
.
2
21
–
2
5
y
e
a
r
s
67
2
3
.
8
54
2
1
.
9
26
–
3
0
y
e
a
r
s
45
1
6
.
0
60
2
4
.
3
>
3
0
y
e
a
r
s
45
1
6
.
0
34
1
3
.
8
S
c
h
o
o
l
t
y
p
e
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
1
1
0
3
9
.
1
96
3
8
.
9
N
o
n
-
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
1
7
1
6
0
.
9
1
5
1
6
1
.
1
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
r
b
a
n
1
6
4
5
8
.
4
1
4
6
5
9
.
1
R
u
r
a
l
1
1
7
4
1
.
6
1
0
1
4
0
.
9
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
PDC
A
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
wer
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
co
v
er
ed
b
y
a
n
i
n
itial
p
o
o
l
o
f
2
8
item
s
.
I
n
ten
tio
n
al
o
v
er
g
en
e
r
atio
n
wa
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
t
en
t
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
r
ef
in
em
en
t.
I
n
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
th
at
in
v
o
lv
ed
5
2
in
-
s
er
v
ice
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
,
ea
ch
item
was
a
s
s
es
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
ilo
t
p
h
ase
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
,
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
item
–
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
an
d
item
clar
ity
,
as
well
as
p
o
ten
tial
ce
ilin
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
I
f
an
item
m
et
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
iter
ia,
it
was
elim
in
ated
:
i
)
a
n
item
–
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
elo
w
0
.
3
0
,
wh
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
a
wea
k
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct;
ii
)
s
ev
er
e
ce
ilin
g
ef
f
ec
ts
,
d
ef
in
e
d
as
8
0
%
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
at
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
s
ca
le
v
al
u
e;
o
r
iii
)
am
b
ig
u
ity
r
e
p
o
r
ted
b
y
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
1
5
%
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
E
ig
h
t
item
s
wer
e
elim
in
ated
in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
wit
h
th
ese
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
f
in
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
2
0
item
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ev
en
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
PDC
A
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
with
f
iv
e
i
tem
s
p
er
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
is
b
alan
ce
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
ain
tain
s
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
y
m
m
etr
y
a
n
d
f
ac
ili
tates
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
f
ac
to
r
-
an
al
y
tic
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
f
iv
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
wh
ich
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
,
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
e
v
alu
ate
all
PS
T
Q
S
item
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
lev
el
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
f
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
th
is
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
m
at
was
ch
o
s
en
to
b
alan
ce
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
b
u
r
d
en
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
in
g
an
d
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
E
FA
an
d
C
FA,
ar
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
s
ca
lin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
ial
b
alan
ce
is
g
u
ar
an
t
ee
d
b
y
th
e
e
q
u
itab
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
f
iv
e
item
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
PDC
A
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
also
b
o
ls
ter
s
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
a
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
y
m
m
etr
y
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
A
two
-
r
o
u
n
d
Delp
h
i
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
an
d
en
h
an
ce
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
t
p
an
el
was
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
o
v
er
1
5
y
e
ar
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
h
o
l
d
d
o
cto
r
al
d
eg
r
ee
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
c
u
r
r
icu
la
o
r
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
a
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
E
x
p
er
ts
ass
ess
ed
ea
ch
item
a
g
ain
s
t
a
f
o
u
r
-
p
o
in
t
r
elev
an
ce
s
ca
le:
1
(
n
o
t
r
elev
an
t)
,
2
(
s
o
m
ewh
at
r
elev
an
t)
,
3
(
q
u
ite
r
elev
a
n
t)
,
a
n
d
4
(
h
i
g
h
ly
r
elev
an
t
)
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
ali
d
ity
in
d
e
x
(
C
VI
)
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
a
f
o
u
r
-
p
o
i
n
t
s
ca
le,
as
it
elim
in
ates
a
n
eu
tr
al
m
id
p
o
in
t
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
q
u
an
titati
v
e
r
atin
g
s
,
ex
p
er
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
q
u
alitativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
1
9
7
1
-
1
9
8
5
1976
o
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
p
ec
if
icity
,
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
alig
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
wo
r
d
in
g
clar
ity
.
I
tem
s
th
at
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
n
item
-
lev
el
(
I
-
C
VI
)
o
f
0
.
7
8
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
wer
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
ally
r
etain
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial
Delp
h
i
r
o
u
n
d
.
An
I
-
C
VI
o
f
0
.
7
5
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t
at
least
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
h
av
e
r
ated
th
e
item
as
eith
er
3
o
r
4
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
an
el
s
ize
o
f
f
o
u
r
ex
p
er
ts
.
I
tem
s
th
at
s
co
r
ed
b
etwe
en
0
.
6
0
an
d
0
.
7
5
wer
e
r
ev
is
ed
a
n
d
r
esu
b
m
itted
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
wh
i
le
th
o
s
e
th
at
s
co
r
ed
b
elo
w
0
.
6
0
w
o
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ee
n
elim
in
ated
;
h
o
wev
er
,
n
o
ite
m
s
m
et
th
is
th
r
esh
o
l
d
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
v
al.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
r
ev
is
io
n
s
was
to
en
h
an
ce
alig
n
m
en
t
with
PDC
A
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
clar
if
y
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
h
r
asin
g
.
R
ev
is
ed
item
s
wer
e
r
ea
s
s
ess
e
d
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
o
u
n
d
.
I
-
C
VI
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
8
0
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
wer
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
all
2
0
item
s
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
-
lev
el
C
VI
,
as
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
m
eth
o
d
(
S
-
C
VI
/Av
e)
,
was
0
.
9
2
.
T
h
e
ad
e
q
u
ac
y
o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
es
s
an
d
clar
ity
is
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
t
h
is
v
alu
e
s
u
r
p
ass
es
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
o
f
0
.
9
0
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
o
v
er
all
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
Delp
h
i
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
llectiv
ely
o
f
f
er
s
s
y
s
tem
atic
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
PS
T
QS e
x
h
ib
its
r
o
b
u
s
t c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l c
o
h
er
en
ce
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t item
s
f
o
r
th
e
PS
T
QS
P
D
C
A
d
i
m
e
n
si
o
n
s
I
t
e
m
c
o
d
e
s
I
t
e
m
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
P
l
a
n
p1
I
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
l
e
ss
o
n
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
a
l
i
g
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
mes.
p2
I
d
e
s
i
g
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
c
l
o
se
l
y
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m.
p3
I
sel
e
c
t
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
p4
I
p
l
a
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s s
u
i
t
e
d
t
o
p
r
i
mary
s
c
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s.
p5
I
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
l
y
b
e
f
o
r
e
c
l
a
ss.
Do
d1
I
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
w
a
r
m
-
u
p
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
d2
I
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
-
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
l
e
sso
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
.
d3
I
g
u
i
d
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
t
o
c
o
n
so
l
i
d
a
t
e
t
h
e
i
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
.
d4
I
c
r
e
a
t
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s fo
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
a
p
p
l
y
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
l
i
f
e
si
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s.
d5
I
man
a
g
e
t
h
e
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m w
i
t
h
a
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
-
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
C
h
e
c
k
c1
I
o
b
serv
e
a
n
d
p
o
se
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
a
ssess
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
.
c2
I
u
se
e
x
e
r
c
i
ses
o
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s.
c3
I
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
n
d
t
i
mel
y
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
.
c4
I
a
ssess
e
a
c
h
st
u
d
e
n
t
’
s
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
c5
I
a
d
j
u
s
t
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
su
l
t
s
.
A
c
t
a1
I
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
t
h
e
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
a
n
d
l
i
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
l
e
ss
o
n
a
f
t
e
r
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
a2
I
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
d
e
a
s wi
t
h
c
o
l
l
e
a
g
u
e
s t
o
d
r
a
w
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
.
a3
I
u
p
d
a
t
e
n
e
w
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
.
a4
I
r
e
v
i
se
l
e
ss
o
n
p
l
a
n
s
f
o
r
s
u
b
se
q
u
e
n
t
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
.
a5
I
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
i
n
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
,
T
ab
le
3
ex
p
licitly
ar
ticu
lates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
PS
T
QS
item
s
,
GE
P
-
d
er
iv
ed
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
PDC
A
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
is
m
ap
p
in
g
elu
cid
ates
th
e
m
an
n
er
in
wh
ich
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
PDC
A
cy
cle
was
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
teac
h
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
th
at
we
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Vietn
am
'
s
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
r
ef
o
r
m
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
t
ab
le
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
is
n
o
t
a
g
en
er
ic
ad
a
p
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
PDC
A
n
o
r
a
s
im
p
le
r
estatem
en
t
o
f
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
b
u
t
r
ath
er
an
in
teg
r
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
el
th
at
is
r
o
o
ted
in
b
o
th
tr
ad
itio
n
s
.
Su
ch
an
o
u
tc
o
m
e
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
ab
s
tr
ac
t
q
u
ality
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
in
cip
les
to
co
n
c
r
ete
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
PDC
A
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
d
ef
in
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
d
esig
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
is
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
Plan
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
th
is
asp
ec
t
en
tails
th
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
less
o
n
o
b
je
ctiv
es
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
co
h
er
en
ce
,
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
s
u
itab
le
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
ag
e
-
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lear
n
in
g
ac
ti
v
ities
,
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
in
a
d
v
an
ce
.
B
o
th
GE
P
p
o
licy
m
an
d
ates
an
d
p
r
i
o
r
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
o
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
an
d
q
u
ality
p
lan
n
in
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tiate
th
ese
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
as r
e
f
lecte
d
in
item
s
p
1
–
p
5
.
T
h
e
Do
d
im
en
s
io
n
r
ef
lects
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
l
an
s
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
in
v
o
lv
es
o
r
g
an
i
zin
g
task
s
th
at
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
,
cr
ea
ti
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
to
k
ee
p
th
em
e
n
g
ag
ed
,
g
u
id
in
g
th
eir
p
r
ac
tice,
h
elp
in
g
th
e
m
ap
p
ly
wh
at
th
ey
lear
n
in
r
ea
l
life
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
tem
s
d1
–
d
5
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
,
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
in
g
r
ese
ar
ch
,
ca
p
tu
r
e
t
h
ese
class
r
o
o
m
-
lev
el
en
ac
tm
en
ts
o
f
p
lan
n
e
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
C
h
ec
k
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tice
s
with
in
th
e
GE
P
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
,
t
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
c
ts
,
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
tim
ely
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
r
e
latio
n
to
p
r
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
b
ased
o
n
e
v
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
an
d
ass
es
s
m
en
t
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tiates
th
ese
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
in
item
s
c1
–
c5
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
Act
d
im
en
s
io
n
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
n
o
tio
n
en
co
m
p
ass
es
p
o
s
t
-
less
o
n
an
aly
s
is
,
co
lleg
ial
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
u
p
d
atin
g
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
r
ev
is
in
g
less
o
n
p
lan
s
,
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
atin
g
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
tea
ch
in
g
.
I
tem
s
a1
–
a5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
a
tin
g
th
e
fa
cto
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f p
r
ima
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
a
ch
in
g
q
u
a
lity u
s
in
g
th
e
P
DC
A
cy
cle
(
N
h
a
t Th
o
n
g
Du
)
1977
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
ese
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
as
iter
ativ
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ess
en
tial
to
b
o
th
PDC
A
t
h
eo
r
y
a
n
d
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
m
ap
p
in
g
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
co
h
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
q
u
ality
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
class
r
o
o
m
-
lev
el
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
I
t
v
er
if
ies
th
at
ea
ch
item
is
th
eo
r
etica
lly
an
ch
o
r
e
d
,
co
n
tex
tu
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
alig
n
ed
with
a
s
in
g
le
PD
C
A
s
tag
e,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l in
teg
r
ity
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
PDC
A
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
to
teac
h
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
item
s
P
D
C
A
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
C
o
r
e
P
D
C
A
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
(
G
EP
-
a
l
i
g
n
e
d
)
I
t
e
m
c
o
d
e
s
K
e
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
P
l
a
n
D
e
f
i
n
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
A
l
i
g
n
l
e
ss
o
n
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
o
u
t
c
o
mes
;
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
d
e
s
i
g
n
;
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
;
a
g
e
-
s
u
i
t
e
d
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
;
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
p1
–
p5
[
1
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
D
o
Ex
e
c
u
t
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
l
a
n
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
;
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
-
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
t
a
sk
s
;
g
u
i
d
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
;
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
r
e
a
l
-
l
i
f
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
;
man
a
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
-
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
d1
–
d5
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
C
h
e
c
k
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
o
u
t
c
o
mes
O
b
serv
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
;
a
ssess
v
i
a
t
a
s
k
s/
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s;
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
i
me
l
y
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
;
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss;
a
d
j
u
s
t
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
c1
–
c5
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
3
3
]
–
[
3
6
]
A
c
t
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
a
n
d
i
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
P
o
st
-
l
e
ss
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s;
c
o
l
l
e
g
i
a
l
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
;
u
p
d
a
t
e
me
t
h
o
d
s;
r
e
v
i
s
e
l
e
ss
o
n
p
l
a
n
s
;
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a1
–
a5
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias
(
C
MB),
b
o
th
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
an
d
s
tatis
t
ica
l
r
em
ed
ies
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
as
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
in
g
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
Su
r
v
e
y
d
esig
n
in
cl
u
d
ed
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
s
af
e
g
u
ar
d
s
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
item
s
was
r
an
d
o
m
ize
d
to
m
itig
ate
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
ar
tifa
cts
an
d
p
atter
n
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
ap
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ev
alu
atio
n
,
all
item
s
wer
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
n
eu
tr
a
l
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
ir
d
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
g
u
ar
an
teed
a
n
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
,
wh
ich
d
im
in
is
h
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
in
f
lated
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
at
wer
e
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
ev
alu
atio
n
r
is
k
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
v
ar
ia
n
ce
,
Har
m
a
n
'
s
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
test
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
No
s
in
g
l
e
f
ac
to
r
ac
c
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
v
ar
ia
n
ce
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
r
o
tated
E
FA
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
im
p
lies
th
at
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
was n
o
t a
t r
is
k
o
f
b
ein
g
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
b
y
C
MB
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
t
h
e
cr
ed
i
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
an
aly
s
es
i
s
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
an
d
s
tatis
tical
co
n
tr
o
ls
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
th
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
PS
T
QS
wer
e
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
J
am
o
v
i
(
Ver
s
io
n
2
.
6
)
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
i
s
.
T
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
s
eq
u
en
tial
s
tag
es:
E
FA
an
d
C
FA,
wh
ich
wer
e
ea
ch
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
o
n
two
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
u
b
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
n
=
2
8
1
)
was
an
al
y
ze
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
E
FA
p
h
ase
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
wo
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
test
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
d
ataset
'
s
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
p
r
io
r
to
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
d
B
ar
tlett’s
te
s
t
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
s
tatis
tical
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lt
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
a
n
d
th
e
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
a
d
eq
u
ac
y
,
wh
ic
h
h
ad
a
m
in
im
u
m
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
0
.
Af
te
r
th
e
d
ata
a
d
eq
u
ac
y
was
v
e
r
if
ied
,
laten
t
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
u
s
in
g
p
r
in
ci
p
al
ax
is
f
ac
to
r
in
g
(
PAF)
with
Pr
o
m
ax
r
o
tatio
n
.
I
tem
s
with
f
a
cto
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
b
elo
w
0
.
5
0
we
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
r
em
o
v
al
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
c
lar
ity
an
d
f
ac
to
r
p
u
r
ity
,
wh
ile
f
ac
to
r
s
with
eig
e
n
v
alu
es
g
r
e
ater
th
an
1
.
0
wer
e
r
etain
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
n
=2
4
7
)
was e
m
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
test
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el,
wh
ic
h
was d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
E
FA,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
FA
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
was
ev
alu
ate
d
u
s
in
g
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
estab
lis
h
ed
f
it
in
d
ices,
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cu
to
f
f
cr
iter
ia:
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e/d
f
r
atio
(
χ²/d
f
)
≤
3
.
0
0
,
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
e
x
(
C
FI)
≥
0
.
9
0
,
T
u
c
k
er
-
L
ewis
in
d
ex
(
T
L
I
)
≥
0
.
9
0
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
≤
0
.
0
8
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR)
≤
0
.
0
8
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le'
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
t
o
m
o
d
el
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
.
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
elia
b
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
with
C
R
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
7
0
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
b
ei
n
g
d
ee
m
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
W
ith
a
tar
g
et
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
a
v
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
t
r
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
≥
0
.
5
0
,
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
al
id
ity
was
as
s
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
AVE
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Hete
r
o
tr
ait
-
Mo
n
o
tr
ait
r
ati
o
(
HT
MT
)
,
with
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
e
p
ar
atio
n
v
alu
es
b
el
o
w
0
.
8
5
in
d
icatin
g
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
s
ep
ar
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
r
e
liab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
it
y
o
f
th
e
PS
T
QS
ac
r
o
s
s
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
wer
e
g
u
ar
an
teed
b
y
t
h
is
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
an
aly
tic
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
1
9
7
1
-
1
9
8
5
1978
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
E
F
A
re
s
ults
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
lat
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
2
0
-
item
P
STQS,
an
E
FA
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
t
h
e
in
itial
s
u
b
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
d
ataset'
s
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
was
v
er
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
.
T
h
e
KM
O
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
9
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
item
s
s
h
ar
ed
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
m
m
o
n
v
ar
ia
n
ce
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
m
er
ito
r
io
u
s
s
am
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
th
at
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ix
was
an
id
en
tity
m
atr
ix
was
r
ejec
ted
b
y
B
ar
tlett
'
s
te
s
t
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
,
wh
ich
was
s
ta
tis
tica
lly
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
(
χ²(
1
9
0
)
=1
7
8
2
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
s
er
v
ed
as
a
c
o
m
p
ellin
g
em
p
ir
ical
r
atio
n
ale
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tin
u
atio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
,
PAF
was
ch
o
s
en
to
ex
tr
ac
t
laten
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
b
ased
o
n
s
h
ar
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
.
Pro
m
ax
r
o
tatio
n
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
at
e
co
r
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
in
ter
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
o
f
PDC
A
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
was
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
wit
h
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
PDC
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
co
llectiv
ely
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
4
5
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
a
r
ian
c
e,
an
d
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
h
ad
an
eig
en
v
alu
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
1
.
0
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ex
p
l
ain
ed
v
ar
ia
n
ce
is
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
r
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
u
c
h
as
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
,
wh
ich
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
co
n
tex
tu
al
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
.
A
th
eo
r
etica
lly
co
h
e
r
en
t
an
d
c
lean
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
was
r
ev
ea
led
b
y
th
e
r
o
tated
f
ac
to
r
m
atr
ix
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
ial
p
u
r
ity
o
f
all
item
s
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
ey
lo
ad
ed
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
o
n
to
th
eir
in
ten
d
e
d
f
ac
to
r
s
(
0
.
5
3
–
0
.
7
7
)
,
with
n
o
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
cr
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
a
b
le
4
.
Facto
r
1
(
Do
)
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
e
n
ac
tm
en
t
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice,
Facto
r
2
(
Act)
r
ef
lecte
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
,
Facto
r
3
(
Plan
)
r
ep
r
esen
ted
p
r
ep
ar
ato
r
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
an
d
Facto
r
4
(
C
h
ec
k
)
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
ass
es
s
m
en
t
-
r
elate
d
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
b
etwe
e
n
em
p
ir
ical
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
ev
i
d
en
ce
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
r
eq
u
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
eliv
er
y
a
n
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
-
r
elat
ed
ac
tiv
ities
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
ely
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
item
s
with
in
th
e
Do
an
d
C
h
ec
k
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
m
a
y
b
e
in
d
icativ
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
r
ea
liti
es
o
f
class
r
o
o
m
teac
h
in
g
,
i
n
wh
ich
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ex
ec
u
tio
n
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ev
alu
atio
n
ar
e
im
m
ed
iate,
v
is
ib
le,
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
ally
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
elativ
ely
m
o
d
er
ate
m
ea
n
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
e
Plan
an
d
Act
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
d
icate
th
at
r
ef
lectiv
e
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t a
n
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
ac
tiv
ities
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
in
a
less
s
y
s
tem
atic
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
th
eo
r
etica
lly
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
in
th
at
it
im
p
lies
th
at
teac
h
er
s
ex
h
ib
it
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
h
ases
o
f
th
e
PD
C
A
cy
cle
(
Do
an
d
C
h
ec
k
)
,
b
u
t
th
e
cy
clica
l
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
(
Act)
m
a
y
b
e
less
in
s
titu
tio
n
alize
d
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
in
ter
-
f
ac
to
r
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
v
ar
i
ed
f
r
o
m
–
0
.
0
4
to
0
.
3
0
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
est
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
ese
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
s
er
v
es
as
c
o
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
th
at
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
em
p
ir
ically
d
is
tin
ct
wh
ile
r
em
ain
in
g
m
o
d
er
ately
r
elate
d
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
cy
clica
l
lo
g
ic
o
f
th
e
PDC
A:
ea
ch
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
b
u
t
s
eq
u
en
tially
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
in
ter
-
f
ac
to
r
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
(
>
0
.
7
0
)
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t,
t
h
er
eb
y
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
as
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
a
l,
th
e
E
FA
r
esu
lts
s
u
b
s
tan
tiate
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
elp
f
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
m
an
if
estatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
h
ases
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t c
y
cle.
T
ab
le
4
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
d
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
E
F
A
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
n
=2
8
1
)
P
D
C
A
d
i
m
e
n
si
o
n
s
I
t
e
m
c
o
d
e
s
M
e
a
n
SD
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
Do
d1
4
.
1
6
0
.
7
9
0
.
7
2
d2
4
.
2
0
0
.
7
3
0
.
7
4
d3
4
.
2
2
0
.
7
5
0
.
5
9
d4
4
.
1
9
0
.
7
4
0
.
7
7
d5
4
.
1
8
0
.
7
4
0
.
5
3
A
c
t
a1
3
.
9
6
0
.
7
6
0
.
5
6
a2
4
.
0
3
0
.
8
1
0
.
6
2
a3
3
.
7
5
0
.
8
2
0
.
7
0
a4
3
.
8
8
0
.
7
9
0
.
7
7
a5
3
.
9
7
0
.
8
3
0
.
6
8
P
l
a
n
p1
3
.
4
9
0
.
8
0
0
.
6
5
p2
3
.
7
1
0
.
8
8
0
.
6
6
p3
3
.
5
4
0
.
7
8
0
.
7
0
p4
3
.
5
1
0
.
7
6
0
.
6
9
p5
3
.
6
6
0
.
8
3
0
.
5
9
C
h
e
c
k
c1
4
.
1
5
0
.
6
9
0
.
5
9
c2
4
.
1
6
0
.
7
7
0
.
5
6
c3
4
.
2
0
0
.
7
4
0
.
6
5
c4
4
.
1
3
0
.
7
3
0
.
6
8
c5
4
.
1
5
0
.
7
6
0
.
6
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
a
tin
g
th
e
fa
cto
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f p
r
ima
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
a
ch
in
g
q
u
a
lity u
s
in
g
th
e
P
DC
A
cy
cle
(
N
h
a
t Th
o
n
g
Du
)
1979
4
.
2
.
Co
nfir
m
a
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
n
a
ly
s
is
re
s
ults
T
o
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
F
A,
a
C
FA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
n
=2
4
7
)
u
s
in
g
m
a
x
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
PDC
A
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
an
d
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
co
r
r
elate
d
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
PD
C
A
)
,
ex
h
ib
ited
an
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
o
v
e
r
all
m
o
d
el
f
i
t
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elativ
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
was
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
to
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
r
atio
(
χ²/
d
f
=1
.
4
9
)
,
wh
ich
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
we
r
th
a
n
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
3
.
0
.
T
h
e
C
FI=
0
.
9
5
1
a
n
d
T
L
I
=0
.
9
4
3
b
o
th
ex
c
ee
d
ed
th
e
0
.
9
0
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
f
o
r
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
it
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
tr
in
g
e
n
t
0
.
9
5
c
r
iter
io
n
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
ad
eq
u
ac
y
.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
f
it
in
d
ices
wer
e
also
r
o
b
u
s
t:
th
e
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
4
,
9
0
%
C
I
[
0
.
0
3
,
0
.
0
5
]
)
was
b
elo
w
th
e
0
.
0
6
cu
t
o
f
f
f
o
r
clo
s
e
f
it,
an
d
th
e
SR
MR=0
.
0
5
r
em
ain
ed
co
m
f
o
r
tab
ly
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
0
.
0
8
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
in
d
i
ce
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
PDC
A
m
o
d
el
is
an
ex
em
p
lar
y
f
it
f
o
r
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
all
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
wi
th
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
5
4
to
0
.
7
9
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
ese
lo
ad
in
g
s
s
er
v
e
as
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
th
at
ea
ch
item
m
ak
es
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
its
in
ten
d
ed
la
ten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
was
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tiated
b
y
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
r
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Go
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it in
d
ic
es f
o
r
th
e
C
FA m
o
d
el
(
n
=2
4
7
)
F
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
R
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
M
o
d
e
l
v
a
l
u
e
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
χ
2
/
df
<3
1
.
4
9
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
f
i
t
C
F
I
>
0
.
9
0
0
.
9
5
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
f
i
t
TLI
>
0
.
9
0
0
.
9
4
G
o
o
d
f
i
t
R
M
S
EA
<
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
4
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
f
i
t
9
0
%
C
I
f
o
r
R
M
S
EA
Lo
w
e
r
<
0
.
0
6
,
U
p
p
e
r
<
0
.
0
8
[
0
.
0
3
,
0
.
0
5
]
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
f
i
t
S
R
M
R
<
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
5
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
f
i
t
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
f
o
u
r
–
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
PS
T
QS w
i
th
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
esti
m
ates
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
1
9
7
1
-
1
9
8
5
1980
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el'
s
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
C
R
v
alu
es
wer
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
Plan
(
0
.
8
2
)
,
Do
(
0
.
8
4
)
,
C
h
ec
k
(
0
.
8
1
)
,
an
d
Act
(
0
.
7
9
)
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ex
ce
ed
e
d
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
laten
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ar
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
T
h
e
AVE
f
o
r
t
h
e
Do
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
atis
f
ies
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
0
.
5
0
cr
iter
i
o
n
with
r
e
g
ar
d
to
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
(
AVE
=0
.
5
1
)
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
th
e
AVE
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
Plan
(
0
.
4
8
)
,
C
h
ec
k
(
0
.
4
6
)
,
an
d
Act
(
0
.
4
3
)
wer
e
m
ar
g
in
ally
lo
wer
th
a
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
0
.
5
0
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
liter
atu
r
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
th
at
AVE
v
alu
es
m
ar
g
in
ally
b
elo
w
th
is
cu
to
f
f
m
ay
b
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
wh
en
CR
ex
ce
ed
s
0
.
7
0
an
d
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
ely
s
tr
o
n
g
,
alth
o
u
g
h
AVE
≥
0
.
5
0
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
all
th
r
ee
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
h
av
e
C
R
v
alu
es
th
at
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
0
.
7
0
,
an
d
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
lo
a
d
in
g
s
ex
ce
e
d
0
.
6
0
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
h
a
v
e
an
ad
eq
u
ate
s
h
ar
ed
v
a
r
ian
ce
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
n
o
te
t
h
at
th
e
s
lig
h
tl
y
lo
wer
AVE
v
alu
es
ar
e
lik
el
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
a
l
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
ally
d
iv
er
s
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
class
r
o
o
m
p
r
ac
tice.
“
Act
”
(
teac
h
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t)
is
a
co
n
s
t
r
u
ct
th
at
in
h
er
e
n
tly
en
co
m
p
ass
es
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
b
u
t
th
e
o
r
etica
lly
co
h
er
en
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
m
p
leten
ess
,
th
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
b
r
ea
d
th
m
ay
m
o
d
estl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
a
r
ed
v
ar
i
an
ce
.
T
h
e
AVE
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ar
g
i
n
ally
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
r
em
o
v
in
g
lo
we
r
-
lo
ad
in
g
item
s
(
e.
g
.
,
a
3
=0
.
5
4
)
;
h
o
wev
er
,
s
u
ch
an
ac
tio
n
w
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
r
esu
lted
in
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
a
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
id
elity
to
th
e
PDC
A
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
cy
cle.
T
o
ass
ess
th
is
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
test
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
item
r
em
o
v
al
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
d
eletio
n
o
f
lo
wer
-
lo
ad
i
n
g
item
s
r
esu
lted
in
tr
iv
ial
AVE
in
cr
ea
s
es
(
≤
0
.
0
3
)
an
d
wea
k
en
e
d
co
n
ten
t
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
item
r
eten
tio
n
was
th
eo
r
etica
lly
ju
s
tifie
d
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
it is
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
P
DC
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
6
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
: lo
a
d
in
g
s
,
r
eliab
i
lity
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
alid
ity
(
n
=2
4
7
)
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
I
t
e
m
β
S
.
E.
CR
A
V
E
P
l
a
n
p1
0
.
6
6
-
0
.
8
2
0
.
4
8
p2
0
.
6
9
0
.
1
1
p3
0
.
6
3
0
.
1
0
p4
0
.
7
2
0
.
1
0
p5
0
.
7
3
0
.
1
1
Do
d1
0
.
7
1
-
0
.
8
4
0
.
5
1
d2
0
.
7
4
0
.
0
9
d3
0
.
7
0
0
.
0
9
d4
0
.
7
4
0
.
1
0
d5
0
.
6
5
0
.
1
0
C
h
e
c
k
c1
0
.
7
1
-
0
.
8
1
0
.
4
6
c2
0
.
6
5
0
.
1
1
c3
0
.
6
8
0
.
1
0
c4
0
.
6
4
0
.
1
0
c5
0
.
6
9
0
.
1
0
A
c
t
a1
0
.
6
9
-
0
.
7
9
0
.
4
3
a2
0
.
7
9
0
.
1
2
a3
0
.
5
4
0
.
1
1
a4
0
.
6
3
0
.
1
1
a5
0
.
5
8
0
.
1
0
N
o
t
e
.
A
l
l
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
(
β)
a
r
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
Ad
d
itio
n
al
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
in
s
ig
h
t
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
an
aly
s
is
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
7
.
E
ac
h
PDC
A
p
h
ase
i
s
em
p
ir
ically
d
is
tin
ct,
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
ar
ck
e
r
cr
iter
io
n
an
d
HT
MT
r
atio
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
ate
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
Plan
an
d
Act
s
h
o
ws
th
eir
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
p
r
o
x
im
ity
.
Plan
n
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
s
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
ev
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
f
ee
d
s
f
o
r
war
d
in
to
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
lan
n
in
g
cy
cles.
T
h
is
m
o
d
er
ate
co
r
r
elatio
n
em
p
ir
ically
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tiates
th
e
cy
clica
l
an
d
iter
ati
v
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PDC
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
r
ath
e
r
th
an
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
.
T
h
e
C
FA
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
wh
en
co
n
s
id
er
ed
co
llectiv
ely
,
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
is
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
y
et
in
ter
r
elate
d
p
h
ases
,
as c
o
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
len
s
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
i
lity
esti
m
ates,
v
alid
ity
ev
id
en
ce
,
an
d
m
o
d
el
f
it
in
d
ices
c
o
llectiv
ely
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
PS
T
QS
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
th
at
ar
e
in
h
er
en
t
in
th
e
PDC
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
ely
in
d
icate
th
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
q
u
ality
in
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
p
er
ates
as
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
cy
cle,
with
s
tr
o
n
g
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
n
d
ev
a
lu
atio
n
,
b
ey
o
n
d
s
tatis
tical
ad
eq
u
ac
y
.
R
ef
lectiv
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t m
a
y
n
ec
ess
itate
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.