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s
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u
ltu
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v
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d
u
ca
tio
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o
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Hig
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ca
tio
n
Hu
m
an
-
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n
ter
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n
ter
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atio
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Vietn
am
T
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s
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rticle
u
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se
.
C
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
An
L
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n
g
Da
n
g
Ng
u
y
en
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
C
ity
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
co
n
o
m
ics
No
3
3
Vin
h
Vien
Stre
et,
W
ar
d
2
,
Dis
tr
ict
1
0
,
Ho
C
h
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in
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C
ity
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail: lo
n
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d
a@
k
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cm
.
ed
u
.
v
n
.
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
d
e
ep
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
te
g
r
atio
n
,
V
ietn
am
ese
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
u
n
d
er
g
o
i
n
g
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
ch
a
n
g
es
in
its
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
tr
ai
n
in
g
co
n
ten
t,
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
r
a
p
id
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
h
as
o
p
en
ed
u
p
m
an
y
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
teac
h
in
g
,
e
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
im
p
r
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v
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
also
p
o
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
eq
u
ity
in
ac
ce
s
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
tr
ain
in
g
q
u
ality
,
t
h
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
ef
o
r
m
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
v
iewi
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
an
en
d
in
its
elf
r
ath
er
t
h
an
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
h
u
m
a
n
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
[
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
c
o
n
tex
t,
m
an
y
in
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
an
d
d
o
m
esti
c
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
em
p
h
asized
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
as
a
cr
u
cial
d
r
iv
er
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
b
u
t
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
ten
d
en
cy
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
s
as
th
e
s
u
b
je
cts
in
g
u
id
i
n
g
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
,
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
f
u
lly
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
an
aly
ze
d
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
I
n
Vietn
am
,
p
o
licies
o
n
d
i
g
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
esp
ec
ially
at
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
r
ac
tice
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
is
s
till
h
ea
v
i
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
’
ca
p
ac
ities
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
’
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lear
n
e
r
s
’
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
p
o
lic
y
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
r
ac
tices
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
till
ex
is
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
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I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
1
2
1
-
2
1
3
2
2122
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
es
an
d
th
e
r
eq
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ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
in
ter
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atio
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in
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r
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[
9
]
.
T
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is
n
ec
ess
itate
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
n
o
t
o
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ly
f
r
o
m
a
tech
n
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in
s
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o
f
th
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tu
d
y
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to
an
aly
ze
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
er
if
y
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
p
eo
p
le,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
l
ea
r
n
er
s
,
teac
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er
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
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m
in
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tr
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r
s
,
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
r
ef
o
r
m
in
Vietn
am
in
t
h
e
er
a
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
n
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n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
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e
s
tu
d
y
f
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r
th
e
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s
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k
s
to
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if
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f
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s
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a
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s
in
h
ig
h
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u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
t
io
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
o
b
jectiv
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
an
aly
tical
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
th
at
p
lace
s
p
eo
p
le
a
t
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
is
tic
v
alu
es,
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
a
r
d
,
th
is
wo
r
k
em
p
h
asizes
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
er
i
f
ies
th
e
ce
n
t
r
al
r
o
le
o
f
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
s
i
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
b
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
“h
u
m
an
b
ei
n
g
s
”
with
in
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ax
is
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
es,
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
clar
if
y
i
n
g
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
p
o
licy
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
r
ac
tice
in
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
g
o
al,
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
an
s
wer
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
Ho
w
is
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
p
eo
p
le
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
lear
n
e
r
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
?
ii)
Ho
w
is
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
an
if
ested
,
an
d
wh
at
f
ac
to
r
s
a
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
o
r
h
in
d
er
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
?
iii)
Ho
w
is
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
eo
p
le,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
es,
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
r
ef
lecte
d
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
an
d
wh
at
im
p
licatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
r
awn
to
g
u
i
d
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies an
d
p
r
ac
tices to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
?
Fro
m
an
ev
alu
atio
n
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
s
im
p
ly
d
escr
ib
in
g
o
r
an
al
y
zin
g
r
e
f
o
r
m
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
;
it
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
u
r
m
ain
co
n
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
i)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
an
i
n
p
u
t;
ii)
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
;
iii)
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
ities
as
co
n
tex
tu
al
m
ed
iatio
n
;
an
d
iv
)
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
s
as
an
o
u
tco
m
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ass
ess
e
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
,
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
g
a
p
,
a
n
d
r
elativ
e
weig
h
tin
g
b
etwe
en
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ep
ea
te
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ANO
VA
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
p
o
licy
e
v
alu
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
allo
ws
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
u
l
tip
le
co
n
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
s
u
r
v
ey
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
er
eb
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
lo
g
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
o
u
tc
o
m
e
ch
ai
n
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
s
up
po
rt
ing
ed
uc
a
t
io
na
l inno
v
a
t
io
n in Vie
t
na
m
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
ag
r
ee
th
a
t
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
b
u
t
also
r
estru
ctu
r
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
ex
p
an
d
s
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
s
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
[
3
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
E
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
b
l
e
n
d
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
e
x
p
a
n
d
i
n
g
a
cc
e
s
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
m
es
[
1
2
]
,
w
h
il
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
b
l
u
r
s
t
h
e
s
p
a
t
i
al
-
t
em
p
o
r
a
l
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
ti
o
n
a
l
c
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
[
1
]
.
I
n
Vietn
am
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
,
d
ig
ital
m
ater
ials
an
d
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
h
as
en
h
a
n
ce
d
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
u
t
r
ev
ea
l
ed
lim
itatio
n
s
in
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
d
ig
ital
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
eq
u
itab
l
e
ac
ce
s
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
tin
u
e
to
c
lar
if
y
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
AI
,
b
len
d
e
d
lear
n
in
g
an
d
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
/VR
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
cr
i
tical
th
in
k
in
g
[
1
5
]
–
[
17
]
,
b
u
t
em
p
h
asize
ch
allen
g
es
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
c
o
s
t,
eth
ics
an
d
lectu
r
er
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
PAC
K
)
m
o
d
el
ass
er
ts
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
is
o
n
ly
ac
h
iev
ed
wh
e
n
h
ar
m
o
n
i
o
u
s
ly
in
teg
r
atin
g
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
5
]
,
wh
ile
V
ietn
am
ese
lectu
r
er
s
s
till
f
ac
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
AI
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
g
ap
co
n
tin
u
es to
cr
ea
te
i
n
eq
u
ality
[
20
].
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
m
ain
ly
ass
ess
ed
:
i
)
th
e
lev
el
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
;
ii
)
im
p
ac
t
o
n
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es;
an
d
iii
)
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
y
d
id
n
o
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
weig
h
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
r
elatio
n
to
c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
s
am
e
an
a
ly
tical
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
a
n
d
s
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
b
y
b
u
ild
in
g
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
in
d
ex
s
y
s
tem
b
etwe
en
f
o
u
r
c
o
n
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
test
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
u
s
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
.
2
.
2
.
Culture
a
nd
h
um
a
n v
a
lues
in educa
t
io
na
l inno
v
a
t
io
n
Ho
f
s
ted
e
[
2
1
]
ass
er
ts
th
at
cu
ltu
r
e
s
h
ap
es
lear
n
i
n
g
s
ty
les
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
.
Ma
n
y
s
ch
o
lar
s
war
n
th
at
th
e
tech
n
o
cr
atic
tr
en
d
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
an
d
im
in
is
h
h
u
m
a
n
is
tic
d
ep
th
[
1
]
,
[
22
]
,
wh
ile
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
r
is
k
s
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
i
zin
g
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
b
lu
r
r
in
g
lo
c
al
id
en
tity
[
5
]
.
Stu
d
y
b
y
Va
n
[
2
3
]
em
p
h
asizes
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
tellectu
als,
as a
d
r
iv
in
g
f
ac
to
r
in
r
ef
o
r
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Hu
ma
n
-
ce
n
tered
h
i
g
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
r
efo
r
m
in
V
ietn
am
(
Du
n
g
Hu
y
N
g
u
ye
n
)
2123
E
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
r
ef
o
r
m
is
lin
k
ed
t
o
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
v
alu
es
an
d
m
o
d
e
r
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
4
]
.
UNE
SC
O
af
f
ir
m
s
th
at
in
n
o
v
atio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
lace
d
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
[
2
4
]
.
Stu
d
ies
in
Vie
tn
am
in
d
icate
th
at
d
i
g
ital
in
eq
u
ality
is
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
[
2
5
]
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
v
alu
es
h
el
p
s
in
cr
e
ase
lear
n
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
Pit
t
[
1
4
]
ar
g
u
es
th
at
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
AR
/VR
o
v
er
v
iew
also
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
h
u
m
an
v
al
u
es a
r
e
a
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ass
ess
ed
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
an
v
al
u
es
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
g
l
o
b
aliza
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
q
u
an
titativ
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
s
am
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
p
an
d
s
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
b
y
d
ir
e
ctly
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
“
cu
ltu
r
e
”
an
d
“
h
u
m
an
”
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
th
er
eb
y
clar
if
y
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
ath
er
th
an
an
tag
o
n
is
tic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
f
ac
to
r
s
.
2
.
3
.
I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l int
eg
ra
t
io
n a
n
d g
lo
ba
liza
t
io
n o
f
educa
t
io
n
Altb
ac
h
an
d
Kn
ig
h
t
[
2
8
]
v
iewe
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
as
an
in
ev
itab
le
tr
e
n
d
t
o
en
h
an
ce
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
Ma
r
g
in
s
o
n
[
4
]
war
n
ed
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
“k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
”,
wh
ile
Vo
o
g
t
an
d
R
o
b
lin
[
1
1
]
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
e
tr
en
d
o
f
co
m
m
er
cializa
tio
n
an
d
h
o
m
o
g
en
izatio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
eq
u
ality
in
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
es,
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
a
n
d
f
in
an
cial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
co
n
tin
u
es
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
g
ap
[
29
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
Vietn
am
,
m
a
n
y
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
im
p
lem
en
ted
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
Stu
d
i
es
m
ain
ly
ass
e
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
ain
in
g
q
u
ality
,
e
x
p
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
h
av
e
n
o
t
q
u
a
n
titativ
ely
co
m
p
ar
e
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
teg
r
ates
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
cu
ltu
r
e
,
an
d
p
e
o
p
le,
t
h
er
eb
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
elativ
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
2
.
4
.
P
e
o
p
l
e
a
r
e
a
t
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
i
n
t
h
e
e
r
a
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
p
eo
p
le
–
in
clu
d
in
g
lectu
r
e
r
s
,
lear
n
er
s
,
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
–
ar
e
th
e
d
ec
is
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
[
3
3
]
–
[
3
5
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
o
n
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es,
an
d
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
3
3
]
.
I
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
an
d
m
ar
k
etiza
tio
n
ar
e
o
v
er
e
m
p
h
as
ized
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
ay
l
o
s
e
its
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
e
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
,
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
o
n
ly
af
f
i
r
m
ed
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
p
eo
p
le
at
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
lev
el.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
n
o
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
o
v
e
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
ev
alu
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
an
d
s
b
y
b
u
ild
in
g
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
i
n
d
ex
s
y
s
tem
a
n
d
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
tatis
tical
te
s
ti
n
g
,
th
er
e
b
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
“
h
u
m
an
”
g
r
o
u
p
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
in
Vietn
am
.
2
.
5
.
Resea
rc
h g
a
ps
a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h
direct
io
n
2
.
5
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
g
a
ps
O
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
s
t
u
d
ie
s
s
h
o
ws
t
h
r
e
e
m
a
i
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
:
i
)
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
s
a
d
r
i
v
e
r
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
[
3
]
,
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
;
i
i
)
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
as
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
f
o
r
m
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
;
a
n
d
i
i
i
)
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
a
s
a
t
r
e
n
d
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
ti
v
e
n
e
s
s
[
2
8
]
–
[
30
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
m
a
n
y
r
e
c
e
n
t
wo
r
k
s
e
m
p
h
a
s
iz
e
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
r
o
l
e
o
f
p
e
o
p
l
e
i
n
d
i
g
it
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
i
o
n
[
3
3
]
–
[
3
5
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
n
o
t
a
b
l
e
g
a
p
s
.
F
ir
s
tly
,
th
e
g
a
p
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
els:
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
cu
ltu
r
e
o
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ly
.
W
o
r
k
s
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
r
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
;
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
cu
ltu
r
e
em
p
h
asize
th
e
id
en
tity
an
d
h
u
m
an
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
7
]
;
wh
ile
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
o
licy
a
n
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
v
e
r
y
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
b
u
ild
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
co
m
p
a
r
es
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
s
am
e
em
p
i
r
ical
m
o
d
el
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
weig
h
t o
f
ea
c
h
f
ac
to
r
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
ap
in
q
u
an
titativ
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
:
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
af
f
ir
m
“
h
u
m
an
ity
is
th
e
ce
n
ter
”
at
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
lev
el
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
b
u
t
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
s
tatis
tically
test
ed
th
e
d
eg
r
e
e
o
f
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
t
h
is
f
ac
to
r
o
v
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
r
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
in
th
e
s
am
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
o
le
b
etwe
en
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
ity
is
o
f
ten
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
at
a
g
en
er
al
lev
el,
lack
in
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
e
v
id
en
ce
o
f
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
g
ap
in
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
co
n
tex
t
in
th
e
er
a
o
f
AI
an
d
d
ee
p
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
:
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
u
p
d
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
AI
an
d
AR
/VR
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
b
u
t
m
o
s
tly
f
o
cu
s
o
n
tech
n
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
d
ig
it
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
h
av
e
n
o
t
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
co
g
n
iti
v
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
u
b
jects
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
h
ier
ar
ch
y
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
u
ltu
r
e,
i
n
teg
r
ati
o
n
an
d
p
eo
p
le
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
th
e
g
ap
in
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
in
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
:
m
an
y
w
o
r
k
s
an
al
y
ze
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licies
o
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
b
u
t
h
av
e
n
o
t
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ev
alu
ated
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
co
n
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
th
e
s
am
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
am
p
le,
in
o
r
d
er
to
clar
if
y
wh
i
ch
f
ac
to
r
is
ac
tu
ally
c
o
n
s
id
er
e
d
“
d
ec
is
iv
e
”
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
1
2
1
-
2
1
3
2
2124
2
.
5
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h direc
t
io
n
B
ased
o
n
th
e
g
ap
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
f
o
u
r
m
ain
co
n
ten
ts
:
i)
b
u
ild
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ated
a
n
aly
tical
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
o
f
f
o
u
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
u
ltu
r
e,
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
p
eo
p
le.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
a
o
n
e
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
l
ac
es
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
with
in
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
ea
ch
co
n
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
in
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
;
ii)
q
u
an
titativ
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
s
ca
le
an
d
r
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es
(
ANOV
A)
test
in
g
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
b
u
t
also
test
s
f
o
r
s
ta
tis
tica
lly
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
an
aly
s
is
f
r
o
m
th
eo
r
etica
l
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
to
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
with
v
er
if
icatio
n
;
iii
)
c
lar
if
ies
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
p
eo
p
le
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vie
tn
am
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
m
e
r
ely
af
f
i
r
m
in
g
in
p
r
in
cip
le,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
eter
m
in
es
wh
eth
er
th
e
“
h
u
m
an
”
f
ac
to
r
tr
u
l
y
p
r
ev
ails
o
v
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
v
er
if
ies
th
e
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
eo
p
le
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
e
;
an
d
iv
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
“
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
h
u
m
an
is
tic
in
teg
r
atio
n
”
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
Vietn
a
m
ese
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
em
p
ir
ical
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
b
u
il
d
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
t
h
at
b
alan
ce
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
with
a
h
u
m
an
is
tic
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t o
f
d
ig
ital tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
lies
n
o
t
in
th
e
lack
o
f
wo
r
k
s
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
u
ltu
r
e,
o
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
b
u
t
in
t
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
q
u
an
titativ
ely
v
al
id
ated
in
teg
r
ated
m
o
d
el
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
h
ie
r
ar
ch
y
a
m
o
n
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
ill
th
at
g
ap
with
an
em
p
ir
ically
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
clar
i
f
y
in
g
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
p
o
licy
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
th
e
er
a
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
R
esear
ch
ty
p
e
an
d
d
esig
n
:
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
an
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
.
Qu
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llec
ted
f
ir
s
t
(
2
4
7
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
)
to
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
lev
el
a
n
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
;
th
en
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
(
1
5
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
in
ter
p
r
et,
clar
if
y
,
an
d
a
d
d
m
ea
n
in
g
to
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
two
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
-
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
p
h
ase.
T
o
clar
if
y
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
in
th
e
er
a
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
te
x
tu
al
r
es
ea
r
ch
an
d
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
n
ter
v
iews
with
1
5
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
we
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
ten
t
r
elate
d
to
f
o
u
r
m
a
in
o
b
jectiv
es:
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
;
c
u
ltu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
is
tic
v
alu
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
;
I
n
te
r
n
ati
o
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
;
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
5
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
m
eth
o
d
s
:
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
t
o
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
er
a
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
at
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
in
Ho
C
h
i
Mi
n
h
C
ity
(
HC
MC)
;
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
am
p
le
was
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
at
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
in
HC
MC
,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
Saig
o
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
HC
MC
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
a
n
d
T
r
ad
e,
HC
MC
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
,
HC
MC
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Fin
an
ce
an
d
Ma
r
k
etin
g
,
HC
MC
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
an
d
H
u
m
an
ities
,
HC
M
C
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Natu
r
al
Scien
ce
s
,
an
d
HC
MC Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
T
r
ad
e
.
R
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
am
p
le
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
:
d
u
e
to
lim
itatio
n
s
in
f
ield
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
H
C
MC
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
co
n
v
en
i
en
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
;
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
r
r
ies
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ias,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
tr
en
d
s
with
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
tex
t
an
d
lim
itin
g
g
en
e
r
a
lizatio
n
s
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
HC
MC
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
c
lu
d
ed
:
i)
cu
r
r
en
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
/lectu
r
er
s
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
in
g
at
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
;
an
d
ii)
h
av
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
in
teac
h
in
g
/lear
n
in
g
/ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
E
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
ed
:
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
tr
ai
n
in
g
/ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
o
r
wh
o
d
id
n
o
t
co
m
p
lete
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
was
2
4
7
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
1
5
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
4
0
tea
ch
er
s
,
an
d
1
9
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
eo
p
le
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
elem
en
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
i
n
Vietn
am
in
th
e
er
a
o
f
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
,
u
s
in
g
a
s
ca
le
o
f
:
5
p
o
in
ts
=
e
x
ce
llen
t;
4
p
o
in
ts
=
g
o
o
d
;
3
p
o
in
ts
=
a
v
er
ag
e;
2
p
o
in
ts
=
p
o
o
r
;
1
p
o
in
t
=
v
e
r
y
p
o
o
r
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
lev
els:
4
.
2
1
-
5
.
0
p
o
i
n
ts
(
e
x
c
ellen
t
)
;
3
.
4
1
-
4
.
2
0
p
o
i
n
ts
(
g
ood
)
;
2
.
6
1
-
3
.
4
0
p
o
in
ts
(
a
v
er
ag
e
)
;
1
.
8
1
-
2
.
6
0
p
o
in
ts
(
w
eak
)
; 1
.
0
-
1
.
8
p
o
i
n
ts
(
p
o
o
r
)
.
E
x
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
s
am
p
le
s
ize
a
n
d
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
:
a
s
am
p
le
s
iz
e
o
f
2
4
7
was
ch
o
s
en
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
f
o
r
m
ea
n
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
test
s
(
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ep
ea
te
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ANOV
A)
an
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
esti
m
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
1
5
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
4
0
f
ac
u
lt
y
m
em
b
e
r
s
an
d
1
9
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ef
lect
th
e
ty
p
ical
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
at
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
n
o
tes
th
is
im
b
alan
ce
a
s
a
lim
itatio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
atio
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
/f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
o
r
a
p
p
ly
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
b
y
s
u
b
ject
g
r
o
u
p
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Hu
ma
n
-
ce
n
tered
h
i
g
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
r
efo
r
m
in
V
ietn
am
(
Du
n
g
Hu
y
N
g
u
ye
n
)
2125
Su
r
v
ey
t
o
o
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
:
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
’
s
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
th
eo
r
ies
o
n
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
at
io
n
,
an
d
a
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
ten
t
was
v
alid
ated
b
y
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
its
v
alid
ity
.
A
p
ilo
t
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ef
o
r
e
o
f
f
icial
r
elea
s
e
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
wo
r
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
a
l
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
r
ea
ch
ed
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a=
0
.
8
6
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
ev
a
lu
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Qu
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
-
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
p
h
ase
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
ar
r
ativ
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
in
te
r
v
iew
r
e
s
u
lts
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
lain
an
d
d
ee
p
e
n
q
u
an
titativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
T
he
curr
ent
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
hu
m
a
n
-
ce
nte
re
d
a
pp
ro
a
ch
in
educa
t
io
na
l
inn
o
v
a
t
io
n
in
Viet
na
m
in
t
he
er
a
o
f
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
a
nd
inte
g
ra
t
i
o
n
4
.
1
.
1
.
Ass
ess
i
ng
t
he
curr
ent
s
it
ua
t
io
n
T
o
clar
if
y
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
t
h
e
“h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
”
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
an
ev
alu
atio
n
tab
le
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ic
h
co
n
ten
t
r
elate
d
to
lear
n
er
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
co
n
te
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
(A
–
D)
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
3
.
5
2
to
3
.
8
4
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ev
alu
at
io
n
tr
en
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
.
Mo
r
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
th
e
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
is
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
wn
th
at
g
r
o
u
p
D
(
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
)
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
av
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
(
M=
3
.
8
4
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
f
in
ally
cu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
is
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
is
v
iewe
d
p
r
im
ar
ily
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies r
ath
er
th
an
a
p
u
r
ely
tech
n
ical
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
test
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
g
r
o
u
p
D
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
r
atin
g
th
an
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
elem
en
t
i
n
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
v
iews
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
o
n
ly
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
wh
en
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
r
ated
p
o
s
itiv
ely
b
u
t
n
o
t d
ec
is
iv
ely
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
v
iewe
d
it a
s
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
a
co
r
e
m
o
tiv
at
o
r
.
N
o
t
a
b
l
y
,
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
et
we
e
n
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
w
a
s
n
o
t
s
t
a
t
is
t
ic
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
T
h
i
s
r
es
u
l
t
i
m
p
l
i
es
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
t
w
o
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
e
x
is
t
i
n
a
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
s
ep
a
r
a
t
e
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
s
h
i
p
.
C
u
l
t
u
r
e
is
s
e
e
n
as
a
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
s
ta
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
i
s
t
i
c
o
r
i
e
n
t
at
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
wi
t
h
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
r
o
l
e
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
e
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
f
o
r
m
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
g
r
o
u
p
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
a
v
er
ag
e,
r
ef
lectin
g
p
r
o
a
ctiv
e
p
ar
tic
ip
atio
n
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
in
d
icate
s
u
n
ev
en
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
lev
els
am
o
n
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
n
o
te
d
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
r
ev
ea
l
a
clea
r
p
r
io
r
ity
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e:
p
e
o
p
le
ar
e
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
lay
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
o
le,
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
o
u
n
d
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
licy
im
p
licatio
n
i
s
th
at
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
a
h
u
m
an
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
a
o
n
e
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
f
o
cu
s
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
perc
ept
io
n lev
els bet
wee
n c
o
nte
nt
g
ro
up
s
A,
B
,
C,
a
nd
D
T
o
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
le
v
els
b
etwe
en
co
n
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
A
(
tech
n
o
l
ogy
)
,
B
(
cu
ltu
re
)
,
C
(
in
teg
r
atio
n
)
,
an
d
D
(
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
)
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
r
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ANOV
A
with
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
C
g
r
o
u
p
d
ata
,
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
ANOV
A
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
F
(
3
,
2
4
7
)
=1
5
.
3
2
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
,
η
²=
0
.
2
4
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
r
o
le
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
d
if
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ANOV
A
(
r
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es
)
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
F
(
3
,
2
4
7
)
=1
5
.
3
2
;
p
<0
.
0
0
1
;
η
²=
0
.
2
4
)
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t
th
at
th
e
“
h
u
m
an
-
c
en
ter
ed
”
f
ac
to
r
was
r
ated
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
tly
th
an
t
h
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
if
f
er
ed
,
a
p
o
s
t
-
h
o
c
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
test
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
D
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
A,
B
,
an
d
C
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
g
r
o
u
p
D
–
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
–
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
th
an
g
r
o
u
p
A
–
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
m
ea
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
=0
.
3
2
,
p
=0
.
0
0
3
)
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
C
–
in
teg
r
atio
n
(
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
=
0
.
1
8
,
p
=0
.
0
1
2
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
D
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
B
–
cu
ltu
r
e
was
n
o
t
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t (
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
=
0
.
2
6
,
p
=0
.
0
7
6
)
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
p
o
s
t
-
test
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
D
a
n
d
th
e
o
th
e
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
clar
if
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
th
e
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
r
o
le
in
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
is
v
alu
ed
m
o
r
e
h
ig
h
ly
th
a
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
is
o
n
p
ar
with
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
–
h
u
m
an
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
with
in
t
er
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
o
m
p
eten
cies,
a
h
u
m
an
is
tic
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
1
2
1
-
2
1
3
2
2126
T
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
r
e
s
u
l
ts
r
e
v
e
a
l
a
cle
a
r
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
h
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
y
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
“
h
u
m
a
n
-
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
”
g
r
o
u
p
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
a
v
er
a
g
e
s
c
o
r
e
(
M=
3
.
8
4
)
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
ti
n
g
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
a
w
a
r
e
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
cis
i
v
e
r
o
le
o
f
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
was
a
s
tatis
tical
ly
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
g
r
o
u
p
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ev
alu
ated
,
th
ey
wer
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
d
ec
is
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
with
o
u
t
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ac
ity
a
n
d
ad
a
p
tab
il
ity
.
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tab
ly
,
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e
was
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
t
h
e
cu
ltu
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
a
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
f
ac
to
r
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
a
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
wh
en
r
o
o
ted
in
cu
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
is
tic
v
alu
es.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
th
e
ex
t
en
t to
wh
ich
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
r
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
in
th
e
e
r
a
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
(
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
5
)
O
r
d
e
r
S
u
r
v
e
y
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
l
e
v
e
l
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
sco
r
e
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
A
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
C
n
1
Th
e
n
e
c
e
ssi
t
y
o
f
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
e
d
u
c
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t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
d
a
y
3
.
5
5
0
.
9
4
3
C
n
2
Th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
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l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
t
o
d
a
y
3
.
6
3
0
.
9
0
2
C
n
3
H
o
w
h
a
s
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
t
o
d
a
y
?
3
.
4
2
0
.
9
5
6
C
n
4
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
h
i
n
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
3
9
0
.
9
3
7
C
n
5
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
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n
d
d
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g
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t
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o
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r
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n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
3
.
4
3
0
.
9
0
5
C
n
6
D
o
e
s
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
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o
n
o
f
e
d
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c
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o
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l
t
e
c
h
n
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l
o
g
y
t
o
d
a
y
e
n
su
r
e
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s,
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
sec
u
r
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
d
a
t
a
?
3
.
5
2
0
.
9
5
4
C
n
7
H
o
w
d
o
e
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
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y
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o
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y
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m
p
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n
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v
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t
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o
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t
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c
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n
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m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
a
ssessm
e
n
t
?
3
.
6
9
0
.
9
3
1
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
sc
o
r
e
3
.
5
2
0
.
9
3
x
B
C
u
l
t
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d
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f
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V
h
1
Th
e
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3
.
6
3
0
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9
0
2
V
h
2
P
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ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies an
d
p
r
ac
tices.
Dig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
th
e
d
r
i
v
in
g
f
o
r
ce
,
b
u
t
its
v
alu
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
eo
p
le
.
D
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
p
er
s
o
n
alizin
g
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Q
uy
et
a
l
.
[
3
3
]
em
p
h
asized
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
c
h
as
A
I
a
n
d
i
n
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
,
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
in
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
b
u
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ca
p
ac
ity
,
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
o
f
lectu
r
er
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Ov
er
v
iews
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
also
in
d
icate
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
ly
tr
u
l
y
b
ec
o
m
es
a
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
if
it
is
s
tr
ateg
ically
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
ig
italizatio
n
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
Vietn
a
m
,
d
ig
ital
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
o
li
cies
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
av
e
p
r
o
m
o
ted
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
b
le
n
d
ed
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
d
ata
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
aim
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t te
ac
h
er
s
an
d
lear
n
er
s
in
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
3
8
]
.
C
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
e
s
g
u
id
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
:
c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
es
ar
e
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
g
u
id
in
g
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Su
s
tain
ab
le
in
n
o
v
atio
n
o
n
ly
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
cu
ltu
r
al
id
en
tity
is
p
r
eser
v
ed
,
s
o
cial
eq
u
ity
is
p
r
o
m
o
ted
,
an
d
th
e
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
is
f
o
s
ter
ed
.
Do
m
esti
c
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
at
h
e
m
atics
(
STE
M
)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
e
m
p
h
asize
th
at
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
u
ld
g
o
h
a
n
d
in
h
an
d
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
s
k
ills
,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
eth
ics,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
h
er
e
lies
in
b
u
ild
in
g
a
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
b
ec
o
m
es
a
to
o
l
s
er
v
i
n
g
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
es,
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
ad
o
p
tin
g
im
p
o
r
ted
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els
th
at
ar
e
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
Vietn
am
ese
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
av
o
id
in
g
im
b
alan
ce
s
an
d
in
eq
u
alities
.
I
n
te
r
n
ati
o
n
a
l
i
n
te
g
r
at
io
n
ex
p
a
n
d
s
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
it
ies
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
q
u
ali
ty
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
titi
v
en
ess
:
i
n
te
r
n
a
ti
o
n
al
in
t
eg
r
ati
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
ties
t
o
ac
ce
s
s
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
e
d
u
c
at
io
n
al
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
m
u
lti
lat
e
r
al
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
c
o
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
a
n
d
f
ac
u
lt
y
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e,
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
tit
iv
e
n
ess
o
f
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
in
s
tit
u
ti
o
n
s
.
I
n
t
er
n
ati
o
n
al
co
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
an
d
f
o
r
u
m
s
h
e
lp
s
h
a
r
e
e
x
p
er
ie
n
c
es
o
n
d
i
g
it
al
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
i
c
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
w
h
il
e
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
i
zin
g
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
a
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
i
n
t
er
n
a
ti
o
n
al
cr
ite
r
ia
[
3
8
]
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
in
t
eg
r
ati
o
n
is
o
n
l
y
t
r
u
l
y
e
f
f
e
ct
iv
e
w
h
e
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
e
d
s
t
r
at
e
g
ical
ly
,
s
u
s
t
ai
n
a
b
l
y
,
a
n
d
i
n
l
in
e
wit
h
t
h
e
p
r
ac
t
ica
l
n
e
ed
s
o
f
l
ea
r
n
e
r
s
,
w
h
il
e
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
eq
u
i
ty
i
n
ac
ce
s
s
t
o
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
all
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
.
P
e
o
p
l
e
a
r
e
a
t t
h
e
h
e
a
r
t o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
’
s
s
u
c
c
ess
:
a
l
l r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
em
p
h
a
s
i
z
es
t
h
at
p
e
o
p
l
e
–
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
,
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
a
d
m
i
n
is
t
r
a
t
o
r
s
,
a
r
e
t
h
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
v
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
io
n
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
,
a
t
ti
t
u
d
e
,
a
n
d
m
i
n
d
s
e
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
a
f
f
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
ts
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
ess
o
f
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
i
ti
a
t
i
v
es
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ti
o
n
.
W
h
i
l
e
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
al
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
o
f
f
e
r
m
a
n
y
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
,
i
f
n
o
t
l
i
n
k
e
d
t
o
h
u
m
a
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
e
a
s
i
l
y
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
u
p
e
r
f
i
c
i
al
o
r
l
a
c
k
d
e
p
t
h
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
c
a
r
e
e
r
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
tr
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
l
ic
i
es
,
a
n
d
a
h
u
m
a
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
s
e
s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
.
T
h
is
i
s
t
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
al
s
k
i
ll
s
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
i
es
,
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
d
et
e
r
m
i
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a
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b
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f
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d
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g
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t
al
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
1
2
1
-
2
1
3
2
2128
4
.
3
.
Cha
lleng
es in e
d
uca
t
io
na
l in
no
v
a
t
io
n in
Viet
na
m
in t
he
e
ra
o
f
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
a
nd
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
Alth
o
u
g
h
Vietn
am
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
cu
r
r
en
tly
f
ac
es
m
a
n
y
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
till
en
co
u
n
ter
s
s
ev
er
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
r
m
ain
asp
ec
ts
:
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
o
cio
-
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
a
n
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
C
h
allen
g
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
d
i
g
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e:
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
r
i
v
in
g
f
o
r
ce
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
tech
n
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
ca
p
ab
il
ities
r
em
ain
lim
ited
.
Ma
n
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
r
u
r
al
an
d
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
f
ac
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
in
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
ter
n
et,
lear
n
in
g
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
o
f
twar
e
[
3
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
d
ig
ital r
ea
d
in
ess
lev
el
s
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
wid
en
th
e
lear
n
in
g
g
ap
an
d
lead
to
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
in
e
q
u
ality
in
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
9
]
.
Hu
m
an
ca
p
ac
ity
ch
allen
g
es:
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
ig
g
est ch
allen
g
es is
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
teac
h
er
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
teac
h
e
r
s
ar
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
m
an
y
s
till
lack
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
esig
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
i
n
teg
r
ated
less
o
n
s
,
an
d
m
o
d
e
r
n
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
attitu
d
es
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
o
f
lea
r
n
er
s
an
d
t
ea
ch
er
s
also
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
iti
ativ
es.
C
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
s
o
cial
co
n
tex
t
ch
allen
g
es:
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
is
n
o
t
ju
s
t
a
tech
n
ical
is
s
u
e
b
u
t
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
s
o
cial
v
alu
es.
So
m
e
im
p
o
r
te
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els,
if
n
o
t
ad
a
p
ted
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iately
,
m
ay
co
n
f
lict
with
Vietn
am
ese
cu
ltu
r
al
id
en
tity
,
h
in
d
er
in
g
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
s
o
cial
e
q
u
ity
a
n
d
h
o
lis
tic
h
u
m
an
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
[
4
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
with
o
u
t
b
ein
g
lin
k
ed
to
h
u
m
an
v
alu
es
ca
n
lead
to
s
u
p
e
r
f
icial,
s
h
allo
w,
an
d
u
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
C
h
allen
g
es
in
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
p
o
licies:
t
h
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
a
n
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
r
em
ain
f
r
ag
m
e
n
ted
an
d
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t.
Su
p
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
o
licies,
an
d
d
ig
ital
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
wid
e
ly
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
im
p
lem
en
ted
[
3
8
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
lack
o
f
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
o
r
ien
te
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
also
lim
its
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
o
n
ito
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
[
3
3
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
ar
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e:
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
i
n
h
er
e
n
tly
g
u
a
r
an
tee
s
u
cc
ess
;
h
u
m
an
c
ap
ac
ity
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
;
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
ar
e
th
e
g
u
i
d
in
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
;
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
an
d
f
le
x
ib
le.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
p
lacin
g
p
eo
p
le
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
cies,
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
teac
h
er
s
,
ad
ju
s
tin
g
p
o
licies ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
,
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
a
h
u
m
an
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
4
.
4
.
M
ea
s
ure
s
f
o
r
educa
t
io
na
l inno
v
a
t
io
n in Vie
t
na
m
in t
he
e
ra
o
f
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
a
nd
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
B
ased
o
n
th
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
it
ies
a
n
d
c
h
all
e
n
g
es,
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
i
n
n
o
v
ati
o
n
i
n
Vie
tn
am
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
ex
t
o
f
d
i
g
i
tal
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
in
t
er
n
a
ti
o
n
al
i
n
t
eg
r
ati
o
n
r
eq
u
i
r
e
s
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
m
e
asu
r
es
,
c
lo
s
el
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
ap
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
−
Me
as
u
r
e
1
(
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
ce
n
t
r
a
l
t
o
i
n
n
o
v
ati
o
n
)
:
p
e
o
p
le
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
l
ea
r
n
er
s
,
te
ac
h
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
ad
m
i
n
is
t
r
a
to
r
s
,
a
r
e
t
h
e
d
ec
is
i
v
e
f
ac
t
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
a
ll
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
ati
o
n
i
n
it
iat
iv
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
lo
p
d
ig
ita
l
s
k
il
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
te
ac
h
e
r
s
,
w
h
il
e
eq
u
i
p
p
i
n
g
l
e
ar
n
e
r
s
wit
h
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
s
k
ills
a
n
d
cr
i
tic
al
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
.
Or
g
an
iz
e
i
n
-
d
e
p
t
h
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
c
o
u
r
s
es
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
o
n
tea
c
h
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
i
n
t
e
g
r
ate
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
er
n
ati
o
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
;
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
to
r
i
n
g
an
d
co
ac
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
ig
ita
l
s
k
il
ls
a
n
d
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
ap
p
ly
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
tea
ch
er
s
;
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
lea
r
n
e
r
s
t
o
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
at
e
i
n
STE
M
a
cti
v
i
ties
,
r
ese
ar
ch
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
eg
r
a
te
d
le
ar
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
c
es
t
o
d
e
v
el
o
p
c
r
ea
ti
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
.
−
Me
asu
r
e
2
(
s
tr
ateg
ically
ap
p
ly
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
)
:
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
as
a
to
o
l
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
r
at
h
er
th
an
ju
s
t
a
tech
n
ical
g
o
al.
B
u
ild
o
n
lin
e
a
n
d
b
l
en
d
ed
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
with
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
f
le
x
ib
le,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
co
n
te
n
t;
a
p
p
ly
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
a
s
AI
,
I
o
T
,
an
d
b
ig
d
ata
an
aly
tics
to
ev
alu
ate
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
teac
h
er
s
in
ad
ju
s
tin
g
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
ass
es
s
lear
n
er
s
’
ab
ilit
ies
;
s
tr
en
g
th
en
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
ag
en
cies
to
im
p
lem
en
t te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ly
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
−
Me
asu
r
e
3
(
en
s
u
r
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
es
)
:
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
lin
k
e
d
to
p
r
eser
v
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
id
e
n
tity
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
o
cial
eq
u
ity
.
Desig
n
in
g
a
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
th
at
i
n
teg
r
ates
Viet
n
am
ese
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
,
aim
in
g
f
o
r
h
o
lis
tic
h
u
m
an
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t;
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
lear
n
er
s
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
ex
p
er
ien
tial
ac
t
iv
ities
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
r
o
jec
ts
to
cu
ltiv
ate
ch
ar
ac
ter
,
et
h
ics,
an
d
s
o
cial
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Hu
ma
n
-
ce
n
tered
h
i
g
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
r
efo
r
m
in
V
ietn
am
(
Du
n
g
Hu
y
N
g
u
ye
n
)
2129
s
k
ills
.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
all
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
in
itiativ
es,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
r
elate
d
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
ar
e
g
ea
r
ed
to
war
d
s
h
u
m
a
n
is
tic
g
o
als,
m
in
im
i
zin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
i
n
eq
u
ality
a
n
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
im
b
alan
ce
.
−
Me
as
u
r
e
4
(
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
m
a
n
a
g
em
e
n
t
m
e
ch
a
n
is
m
s
an
d
p
o
l
ici
es
)
:
f
o
r
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
le
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
r
e
f
o
r
m
,
it
is
n
e
ce
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
ze
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
p
o
li
ci
es.
De
v
e
lo
p
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
a
n
d
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
ev
al
u
a
ti
n
g
th
e
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ati
o
n
,
f
l
e
x
i
b
le
t
o
t
h
e
Vie
tn
am
ese
c
o
n
te
x
t
b
u
t
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
ci
n
g
in
t
er
n
ati
o
n
al
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
;
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
o
l
ici
es
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
es
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ic
al
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
,
d
ig
ita
l
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ct
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
b
u
d
g
et
f
o
r
tea
ch
er
t
r
a
in
in
g
;
es
ta
b
lis
h
a
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ati
o
n
m
e
ch
a
n
is
m
b
et
wee
n
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
ag
en
cies
,
s
c
h
o
o
ls
,
b
u
s
i
n
ess
e
s
,
an
d
s
o
cia
l
o
r
g
a
n
iz
ati
o
n
s
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
iz
ed
a
n
d
s
u
s
ta
in
a
b
le
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
ati
o
n
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
Vietn
am
n
ee
d
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
:
p
lacin
g
p
eo
p
le
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
b
o
th
tech
n
ical
s
k
i
lls
an
d
h
u
m
an
is
tic
q
u
alities
.
Stra
teg
ically
,
f
lex
ib
ly
,
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
is
tic
v
alu
es
in
all
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
itiativ
es.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
licies
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
icity
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
u
tili
ze
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
r
o
m
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
u
t
also
h
el
p
m
in
im
ize
ch
allen
g
es,
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
b
ase
f
o
r
Vietn
am
in
th
e
2
1
s
t c
en
tu
r
y
.
5.
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
“h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
”
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
Vietn
am
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
as
a
p
o
lic
y
g
u
id
elin
e
,
b
u
t
also
as
an
a
n
aly
tical
len
s
to
clar
if
y
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
e
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
u
ltu
r
e
–
h
u
m
a
n
v
alu
es,
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lt
s
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
s
t
u
d
ies,
wh
ile
clar
if
y
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
tu
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
h
o
w
Vietn
am
in
ter
p
r
ets an
d
a
p
p
lies
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
5
.
1
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n wit
h inte
rna
t
io
na
l t
heo
ries a
nd
s
t
ud
ies
o
n hum
a
n
-
ce
nte
re
d e
du
ca
t
io
n
I
n
i
n
t
er
n
ati
o
n
al
r
ese
ar
c
h
,
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
is
o
f
t
en
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
u
m
an
is
tic
,
eq
u
it
a
b
le
,
a
n
d
h
o
lis
tic
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
ls
[
4
3
]
,
o
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
ea
r
n
er
-
c
e
n
te
r
e
d
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cy
-
b
ase
d
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
m
o
d
els
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
a
r
a
p
id
l
y
ch
an
g
i
n
g
l
ab
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
m
a
n
y
Asi
a
n
co
u
n
t
r
ies
,
t
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
is
ass
o
cia
te
d
w
it
h
s
y
s
t
em
e
f
f
ici
en
cy
a
n
d
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
to
n
at
i
o
n
al
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
m
o
s
t
i
n
te
r
n
at
io
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
s
t
o
p
at
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
ti
v
e
o
r
d
esc
r
i
p
ti
v
e
m
o
d
e
l
l
ev
el
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
a
d
d
s
an
o
t
h
e
r
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
:
in
s
tea
d
o
f
j
u
s
t
co
n
f
i
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
el
em
en
t,
em
p
i
r
i
ca
l
d
at
a
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
i
n
d
e
x
g
r
o
u
p
ac
h
ie
v
es
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
a
v
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
a
n
d
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
tl
y
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
is
all
o
ws
t
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
“h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
t
er
ed
”
t
o
b
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
er
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
t
h
e
o
r
et
ica
l
p
r
i
n
ci
p
le
t
o
a
n
em
p
i
r
i
ca
l
e
v
al
u
at
io
n
cr
i
te
r
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
g
r
o
u
p
d
o
es
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
io
r
ity
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
d
o
n
o
t
eq
u
ate
in
n
o
v
atio
n
with
d
ig
italizatio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
i
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
UNE
SC
O
’
s
v
iew
o
n
d
ig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lin
k
e
d
to
h
u
m
an
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
4
]
an
d
s
tu
d
ie
s
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
o
le
o
f
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ac
ity
in
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
Vietn
am
,
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
a
m
ea
n
s
,
wh
ile
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
th
e
s
u
b
jects th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
5
.
2
.
Why
is
t
he
hu
m
a
n f
a
c
t
o
r
s
up
er
io
r
t
o
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
?
R
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
in
d
icato
r
s
r
elate
d
to
f
ac
u
l
ty
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
lear
n
er
in
itiativ
e
ar
e
r
ated
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
in
d
icat
o
r
s
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
o
r
tech
n
ical
to
o
ls
.
T
h
is
r
ef
lects
th
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
:
wh
er
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
r
e
u
n
e
v
en
ac
r
o
s
s
r
eg
io
n
s
,
th
e
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
d
ec
is
iv
e
v
ar
iab
le
in
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
o
licies
in
to
p
r
ac
tice.
Un
lik
e
m
an
y
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
c
o
n
tex
t
d
em
an
d
s
f
lex
ib
le
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
b
etwe
en
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
ig
n
if
ies
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
i
n
g
b
u
t
also
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
alan
cin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
e
q
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
ly
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
h
u
m
an
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
th
e
cu
ltu
r
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
th
is
ar
g
u
m
en
t:
th
e
h
u
m
an
elem
e
n
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
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th
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.
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I
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2130
T
h
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ap
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d
s
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f
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ewo
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r
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wh
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at
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ter
h
elp
s
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o
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“
tech
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illu
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th
at
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eq
u
atin
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in
n
o
v
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with
in
f
r
astru
ctu
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in
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h
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,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ass
er
ts
th
at
“
h
u
m
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-
ce
n
ter
ed
e
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ca
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am
ic
co
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tr
u
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d
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o
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titu
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in
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.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
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ce
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h
o
win
g
th
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in
th
e
co
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tex
t
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f
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tr
an
s
f
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m
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d
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ter
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in
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g
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atio
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,
th
e
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
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lay
s
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tr
al
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d
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tatis
tically
m
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if
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th
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ely
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a
n
titativ
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is
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b
in
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with
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co
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m
s
th
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ca
tio
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in
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o
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in
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am
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l
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h
as
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v
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an
d
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is
tr
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s
ar
e
p
lace
d
at
th
e
f
o
r
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n
t.
Alth
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h
th
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awa
r
en
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f
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n
tr
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s
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ch
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.
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tec
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m
in
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u
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m
s
.
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m
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t
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in
th
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c
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te
x
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ev
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in
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co
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t
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s
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g
it
ali
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lo
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a
liz
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s
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a
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ab
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es.
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