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a
n
d
re
a
d
in
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in
terv
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t
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p
r
o
g
ra
m
s.
K
ey
w
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d
s
:
Gen
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p
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L
iter
ac
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d
ev
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p
m
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t
R
ea
d
in
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h
ab
its
R
ea
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in
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p
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f
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m
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Statis
t
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an
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s
is
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is i
s
a
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
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d
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Ko
m
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Ku
m
ar
Nap
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Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
Ar
tific
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I
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tellig
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Data
Scien
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Sav
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eth
a
E
n
g
in
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in
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C
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lleg
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C
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I
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d
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k
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alk
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ea
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in
g
is
a
f
o
u
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d
atio
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ac
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k
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th
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co
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ican
tly
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o
wth
,
a
n
d
ac
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m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
[
1
]
.
At
th
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
lev
el,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
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ts
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-
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d
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th
in
k
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co
m
p
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s
io
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,
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d
an
aly
tical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
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,
en
a
b
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
e
n
g
a
g
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
with
a
c
a
d
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m
i
c
t
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x
t
s
,
s
o
l
v
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p
r
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b
l
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m
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
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c
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as
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ly
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c
c
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,
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in
co
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tem
p
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ar
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h
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ca
tio
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[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
h
av
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s
h
if
te
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m
ar
k
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ly
with
th
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ex
p
an
s
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o
f
d
ig
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two
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k
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m
s
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an
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
f
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r
m
c
o
n
ten
t
[
3
]
.
Su
s
tain
ed
,
lo
n
g
-
f
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r
m
r
ea
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in
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h
a
s
d
ec
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as
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ig
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d
is
tr
ac
tio
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s
in
cr
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s
e,
r
aisi
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g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
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t
co
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p
r
e
h
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s
io
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d
ep
th
,
atten
tio
n
s
p
an
,
an
d
cr
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en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
tex
ts
[
4
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
h
av
e
e
v
o
lv
ed
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
o
p
u
lar
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
m
u
ltime
d
i
a
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tin
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
a
b
its
a
n
d
th
eir imp
a
ct
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
p
e
r
fo
r
ma
n
ce
a
mo
n
g
…
(
K
o
ma
l Ku
ma
r
N
a
p
a
)
2649
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
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ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
an
d
r
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d
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g
p
r
o
f
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cy
,
with
r
eg
u
lar
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lar
y
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n
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n
,
a
n
d
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
k
n
o
wled
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e
[
5
]
–
[
8
]
.
I
n
cr
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s
in
g
atten
tio
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h
as a
ls
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f
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in
an
t
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f
co
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p
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io
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u
tco
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es [
9
]
.
An
a
ly
tically
d
em
an
d
in
g
g
en
r
es
—
s
u
ch
as
m
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s
ter
y
/th
r
iller
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tr
u
e
cr
im
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an
d
s
cien
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f
ict
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—
m
ay
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m
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ee
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g
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t
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in
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in
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wh
er
ea
s
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
-
o
r
ien
te
d
g
en
r
es
m
ay
in
v
o
lv
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
lev
el
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
lin
k
in
g
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
to
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
r
ea
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
I
n
d
ian
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
e
m
a
in
s
lim
ited
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
p
atter
n
s
i
s
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
liter
ac
y
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
f
o
s
ter
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
ac
y
[
1
0
]
.
Desp
ite
ex
ten
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
an
d
g
en
r
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
im
p
o
r
tan
t
g
a
p
s
p
er
s
is
t.
Prio
r
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
ten
em
p
h
asize
g
e
n
er
al
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
r
attitu
d
es
r
ath
er
th
an
ex
a
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
—
s
u
ch
as
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
d
aily
r
ea
d
i
n
g
d
u
r
ati
o
n
,
an
d
n
ewsp
ap
e
r
en
g
a
g
em
e
n
t
—
jo
in
tly
p
r
ed
ict
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Mu
l
tiv
ar
iate
s
tatis
tical
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
ian
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
c
o
n
t
ex
ts
is
also
s
ca
r
ce
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
r
e
ad
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
to
s
tan
d
a
r
d
i
ze
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
u
tco
m
es
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
Ad
d
r
es
s
in
g
th
ese
g
ap
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
v
esti
g
ates
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
,
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
,
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
a
n
I
n
d
ian
h
ig
h
er
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
ar
e
to
an
aly
z
e
r
ea
d
in
g
p
atter
n
s
,
e
x
am
in
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
,
ev
al
u
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
ass
ess
g
en
r
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
d
id
e
n
tify
k
ey
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
u
s
in
g
in
f
er
en
tial statis
tical
m
o
d
elin
g
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
R
esear
ch
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
,
lit
er
ac
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
i
n
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
in
tellectu
al
g
r
o
wth
.
R
eg
u
lar
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
i
n
f
er
en
cin
g
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
th
er
e
b
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
o
v
er
all
liter
ac
y
co
m
p
eten
ce
[
1
1
]
.
E
x
te
n
s
iv
e
an
d
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
r
ea
d
i
n
g
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
elf
-
s
elec
ted
r
ea
d
in
g
—
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
n
d
m
a
y
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
d
ir
ec
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
g
ain
s
[
1
2
]
.
A
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
c
h
lin
k
s
r
ea
d
in
g
h
a
b
its
with
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
ter
tiar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Stu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
T
h
ailan
d
,
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
Nam
ib
ia,
a
n
d
o
th
er
co
n
tex
ts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
r
ea
d
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
an
d
en
g
ag
e
with
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
n
o
n
-
ac
ad
em
ic
m
ater
ials
ten
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
tr
o
n
g
er
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
v
er
b
al
s
k
ills
[
1
3
]
.
Similar
p
atter
n
s
ap
p
ea
r
ac
r
o
s
s
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
an
d
W
e
s
ter
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
wh
er
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
co
r
r
elate
with
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
g
r
ad
es
an
d
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
E
v
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
ia
a
n
d
r
elate
d
co
n
tex
ts
lik
ewise
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
a
b
its
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ea
d
in
g
attitu
d
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es
at
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
an
d
ter
tiar
y
lev
els
[
1
5
]
.
R
ea
d
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
r
e
also
ce
n
tr
al
t
o
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
G
u
th
r
ie
a
n
d
W
ig
f
ield
’
s
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
em
p
h
asize
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
tex
ts
as
m
a
jo
r
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
g
r
o
wth
[
1
6
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
r
ea
d
f
o
r
en
jo
y
m
en
t
ty
p
ic
ally
en
g
ag
e
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
with
tex
ts
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
o
v
er
tim
e
[
1
7
]
.
W
ith
in
th
is
liter
atu
r
e,
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
y
et
u
n
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
f
ac
to
r
.
R
o
s
en
b
latt’
s
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
at
m
ea
n
in
g
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
em
o
tio
n
,
an
d
g
en
r
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
An
aly
tically
d
em
an
d
in
g
g
en
r
es
—
s
u
ch
as
m
y
s
ter
y
,
cr
im
e,
an
d
s
cien
ce
f
ictio
n
—
en
co
u
r
ag
e
in
f
e
r
en
cin
g
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ee
p
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
1
9
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
g
e
n
r
e
a
f
f
ec
ts
in
f
er
en
ce
e
f
f
o
r
t,
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
liter
ar
y
q
u
ality
,
alth
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
lin
k
s
b
etwe
en
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
at
e
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
em
ain
lim
ited
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Glo
b
ally
,
r
ea
d
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ar
e
s
h
if
tin
g
to
war
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
leis
u
r
e
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
elian
ce
o
n
d
ig
ital
m
ed
ia
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
d
ian
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ates
s
im
ilar
ly
f
ac
e
tim
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
ex
am
-
o
r
ien
ted
cu
ltu
r
es,
an
d
d
ig
ital
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
co
n
s
tr
ain
s
u
s
tain
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Scr
ee
n
-
b
ased
r
ea
d
in
g
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
s
k
im
m
in
g
an
d
m
u
ltit
ask
in
g
m
ay
wea
k
en
d
ee
p
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ile
n
ewsp
ap
er
r
ea
d
in
g
is
d
ec
lin
in
g
d
esp
ite
its
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
[
2
7
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
h
a
b
its
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
em
p
ir
ical
e
v
id
en
ce
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
d
aily
r
ea
d
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
,
n
ewsp
ap
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
a
n
d
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
to
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
I
n
d
ia
—
r
em
ain
s
s
ca
r
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
ev
id
en
ce
to
liter
ac
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t a
n
d
h
i
g
h
er
-
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
q
u
an
titativ
e,
s
u
r
v
ey
-
b
ased
,
n
o
n
-
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
esig
n
t
o
ex
am
in
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
,
g
en
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Su
ch
d
esig
n
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
6
4
8
-
2
6
5
8
2650
id
en
tify
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
tr
en
d
s
an
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
in
lar
g
e
s
am
p
l
es
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
en
ab
led
co
n
s
is
ten
t
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
ts
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
’
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2
0
2
4
–
2
0
2
5
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
,
in
clu
d
in
g
e
n
g
in
e
er
in
g
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
,
ar
t
s
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
an
d
liter
ac
y
d
em
an
d
s
.
A
to
tal
o
f
3
4
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
co
m
p
leted
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
an
d
all
av
ailab
l
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
in
clu
d
e
d
u
s
in
g
av
ailab
ilit
y
(
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
)
s
am
p
lin
g
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
lar
g
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
r
elev
an
ce
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
ty
p
ical
I
n
d
ian
h
ig
h
er
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
wh
er
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
m
ed
iu
m
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
tex
ts
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
ass
ess
m
en
ts
ar
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
R
o
u
tin
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
in
d
icate
m
o
d
er
ate
b
u
t
v
ar
iab
le
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
tex
t
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
,
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
er
v
alid
a
tio
n
r
eq
u
i
r
es f
u
tu
r
e
m
u
lti
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
3
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
f
o
r
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
a
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t
as
p
r
i
m
ar
y
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
g
ath
er
e
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
g
e
n
d
er
,
ac
ad
em
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t,
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
)
,
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
(
d
aily
r
ea
d
i
n
g
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
n
ewsp
ap
er
-
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
)
,
r
ea
d
in
g
attitu
d
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
L
i
k
er
t
-
ty
p
e
item
s
,
a
n
d
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
(
e.
g
.
,
m
y
s
ter
y
/th
r
i
ller
,
r
o
m
an
ce
,
tr
u
e
cr
im
e,
an
d
s
cien
ce
f
ictio
n
)
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
en
ab
led
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
A
2
5
-
item
r
ea
d
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
test
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
a
s
s
es
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
alig
n
e
d
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
tem
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
r
ee
lev
els:
liter
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
in
f
er
en
tial
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
an
al
y
tical
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
an
d
tex
tu
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Pas
s
ag
es
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
d
if
f
icu
lty
wer
e
ca
lib
r
ated
t
o
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
ea
d
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
r
ate
s
co
r
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
with
o
u
t
ce
ilin
g
o
r
f
lo
o
r
ef
f
ec
t
s
.
All
item
s
wer
e
o
b
jectiv
e,
en
ab
lin
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
co
r
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e
(
0
–
2
5
)
s
er
v
ed
as
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
q
u
an
titativ
e
i
n
d
i
ca
to
r
f
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
,
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
in
g
.
3
.
4
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
s
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
co
llect
r
eliab
le
d
a
ta
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
h
a
b
its
,
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
Af
ter
b
r
ief
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
v
o
lu
n
tar
in
ess
,
an
d
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
,
a
class
r
o
o
m
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
a
n
d
2
5
-
item
r
ea
d
in
g
test
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
e
r
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
.
R
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
co
d
ed
,
v
er
if
ie
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
leten
ess
,
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
eth
ical
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
A
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
ex
a
m
in
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
,
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tat
is
tics
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
an
d
s
co
r
es,
wh
ile
t
-
test
s
,
ANOV
A,
Sp
ea
r
m
an
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
an
d
W
elch
’
s
t
-
test
ass
e
s
s
ed
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
id
en
tifie
d
k
ey
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
r
ea
d
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
All
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
Py
th
o
n
-
b
ased
s
tatis
tical
lib
r
ar
ies
to
en
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
ep
licab
il
ity
.
3
.
6
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
r
elia
bil
it
y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
en
s
u
r
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
ev
alu
atio
n
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
v
ia
a
p
ilo
t te
s
t w
ith
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
m
ain
s
am
p
le:
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
s
h
o
wed
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
elia
b
ilit
y
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
=0
.
8
4
)
a
n
d
th
e
2
5
-
item
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
=0
.
8
1
)
.
Stan
d
ar
d
ized
a
d
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
,
u
n
if
o
r
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
lled
test
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
u
r
th
er
m
in
i
m
ized
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
v
ar
iatio
n
.
Valid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
r
ev
iew
b
y
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Facu
lt
y
(
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
)
a
n
d
alig
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
test
item
s
with
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
d
o
m
ain
s
—
liter
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
in
f
er
e
n
ce
,
an
d
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
(
co
n
ten
t
v
a
lid
ity
)
.
Par
ticip
an
t
an
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
t
icip
atio
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
i
as.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
o
b
u
s
t statis
tical
an
aly
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tin
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
a
b
its
a
n
d
th
eir imp
a
ct
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
p
e
r
fo
r
ma
n
ce
a
mo
n
g
…
(
K
o
ma
l Ku
ma
r
N
a
p
a
)
2651
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
a
n
d
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
al
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
liter
ac
y
p
atter
n
s
with
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
in
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ated
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u
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ates
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1
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h
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r
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e
n
t
i
l
e
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15
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ict
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h
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atter
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icate
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ited
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o
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m
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aly
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io
r
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d
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h
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h
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e
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iv
e
r
s
ity
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
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d
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g
p
r
a
c
tices,
o
f
f
er
in
g
in
s
ig
h
t
i
n
to
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o
w
th
ese
f
ac
to
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s
m
a
y
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n
tr
ib
u
te
to
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ar
iatio
n
s
in
r
ea
d
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er
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o
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m
a
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ce
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s
th
e
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n
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er
g
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d
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ate
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o
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u
latio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
New
s
p
ap
er
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
R
e
s
p
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n
se
C
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n
t
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
R
a
r
e
l
y
2
4
4
7
1
.
3
No
77
2
2
.
5
D
a
i
l
y
21
6
.
1
4
.
2
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
A
s
er
ies
o
f
in
f
er
en
tial
test
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
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ev
al
u
ate
th
e
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d
y
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s
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o
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eg
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d
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em
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ce
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d
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eh
av
io
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
4
.
2
.
1
.
H
1
:
g
ender
diff
er
ence
s
in re
a
din
g
perf
o
rm
a
nce
An
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
te
s
t
r
ev
ea
led
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
s
co
r
e
s
(
p
=0
.
4
4
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
f
em
ales
s
co
r
ed
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
o
n
av
er
ag
e,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
=0
.
4
3
)
in
d
icate
d
a
s
m
all
-
to
-
m
ed
iu
m
p
r
ac
tical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
H1
was n
o
t su
p
p
o
r
ted
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
H
2
:
m
edium
o
f
ins
t
ruct
io
n a
nd
re
a
din
g
perf
o
rm
a
n
ce
Du
e
to
th
e
ex
tr
em
ely
u
n
ev
e
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
—
n
ea
r
ly
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
m
ed
iu
m
ed
u
ca
ted
—
s
tatis
tical
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
co
u
ld
n
o
t b
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
u
s
,
H2
was n
o
t
test
ed
.
4
.
2
.
3
.
H
3
:
depa
rt
m
ent
-
wis
e
diff
er
ence
s
A
o
n
e
-
way
ANOV
A
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
a
ca
d
em
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
in
f
lu
en
c
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
ts
(
p
=0
.
5
6
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
H3
was n
o
t su
p
p
o
r
te
d
.
4
.
2
.
4
.
H
4
:
da
ily
re
a
din
g
du
ra
t
io
n a
nd
newsp
a
per
re
a
din
g
re
la
t
io
ns
hip
A
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
m
all
b
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
aily
r
ea
d
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
n
e
wsp
ap
er
-
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
ρ
=0
.
1
4
6
,
p
=0
.
0
0
6
8
)
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
r
ea
d
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
d
u
r
atio
n
s
ten
d
ed
to
e
n
g
ag
e
s
lig
h
tly
m
o
r
e
with
n
ewsp
ap
er
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
H4
was su
p
p
o
r
ted
.
4
.
2
.
5
.
H
5
:
g
enre
pref
er
ence
a
nd
re
a
din
g
perf
o
rm
a
nce
Usi
n
g
W
elch
’
s
t
-
test
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
a
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
an
aly
tic
-
g
en
r
e
r
ea
d
er
s
an
d
e
n
ter
tain
m
en
t
-
g
en
r
e
r
ea
d
er
s
(
t=7
.
9
8
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
an
aly
tic
g
en
r
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
h
ig
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
with
a
v
er
y
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
=1
.
3
6
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
H5
was
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
a
n
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
co
m
p
ar
es
r
ea
d
in
g
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
an
aly
tic
-
g
e
n
r
e
a
n
d
e
n
ter
tain
m
en
t
-
g
e
n
r
e
r
ea
d
er
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
h
ig
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
r
ef
er
a
n
aly
tic
g
en
r
es
s
u
ch
as
m
y
s
ter
y
/th
r
ill
er
,
tr
u
e
cr
im
e,
a
n
d
s
cien
ce
f
i
ctio
n
.
T
h
ese
g
en
r
es
d
em
an
d
in
f
er
en
ce
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
s
y
n
th
esis
,
an
d
cr
itical
r
e
aso
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
lik
el
y
en
h
a
n
ce
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
g
e
n
r
es
r
eq
u
ir
e
less
an
aly
tical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
v
is
u
al
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
g
en
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
g
n
itiv
el
y
en
g
ag
i
n
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
tes
t r
esu
lts
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
t
e
s
t
R
e
s
u
l
t
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
H1
t
-
t
e
s
t
p
=
0
.
4
4
N
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H2
—
—
N
o
t
t
e
s
t
e
d
(
u
n
e
q
u
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
s)
H3
ANOVA
p
=
0
.
5
6
N
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H4
S
p
e
a
r
m
a
n
’
s
ρ
0
.
1
4
6
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
6
8
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H5
W
e
l
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’
s
t
-
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e
s
t
t
=
7
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9
8
,
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S
t
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o
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e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tin
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
a
b
its
a
n
d
th
eir imp
a
ct
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
p
e
r
fo
r
ma
n
ce
a
mo
n
g
…
(
K
o
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l Ku
ma
r
N
a
p
a
)
2653
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
co
r
es b
etwe
en
a
n
aly
tic
-
g
e
n
r
e
an
d
en
ter
tain
m
e
n
t
-
g
en
r
e
r
ea
d
er
s
4
.
3
.
Reg
re
s
s
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
Mu
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
id
en
tifie
d
g
e
n
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Daily
r
ea
d
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
s
h
o
we
d
a
s
m
all
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t,
wh
ile
n
e
wsp
ap
er
r
ea
d
i
n
g
h
a
d
m
in
im
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
O
v
er
all,
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
b
eh
av
io
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
—
esp
ec
ially
g
en
r
e
ch
o
ice
—
p
lay
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
r
e
ad
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
in
ter
ce
p
t
(
B
=1
2
.
8
0
)
in
d
icate
s
b
aselin
e
m
o
d
er
ate
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
Gen
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
was
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
(
B
=7
.
0
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
d
aily
r
ea
d
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
(
B
=0
.
9
0
,
p<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
New
s
p
ap
er
r
ea
d
in
g
was
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
B
=
–
0
.
2
7
,
p
=
0
.
5
3
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
li
m
ited
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
in
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t.
T
ab
le
5
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ex
p
lan
at
o
r
y
s
tr
en
g
th
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
R
=0
.
5
7
2
)
in
d
icate
s
a
m
o
d
er
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
ile
R
²=
0
.
3
2
7
s
h
o
ws
th
at
3
2
.
7
%
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
ar
ian
c
e
is
ex
p
lain
ed
.
T
h
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
R
²
o
f
0
.
3
2
1
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
s
u
s
tain
ed
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
af
ter
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
g
en
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
d
u
r
ati
o
n
as
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t.
T
ab
le
6
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
ANOV
A
s
u
m
m
ar
y
ass
ess
in
g
o
v
e
r
all
m
o
d
el
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
Gen
r
e
p
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
is
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
F=1
4
3
.
0
8
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
a
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
m
o
s
t
to
ex
p
lain
e
d
v
ar
ian
ce
,
wh
ile
d
aily
r
ea
d
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
is
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
F=1
8
.
2
9
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
New
s
p
ap
er
r
ea
d
in
g
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
F=0
.
3
9
,
p
=
0
.
5
3
1
)
.
T
h
e
r
esid
u
al
v
ar
ia
n
ce
(
5
0
9
4
.
3
1
)
i
n
d
icate
s
r
em
ain
in
g
u
n
ex
p
lain
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
ty
p
ical
in
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
r
esear
ch
.
T
ab
le
4
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
c
o
e
f
f
icien
ts
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
B (
u
n
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
co
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
)
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
9
5
%
C
I
l
o
w
e
r
9
5
%
C
I
u
p
p
e
r
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
1
2
.
8
0
0
.
7
3
1
7
.
5
3
<
0
.
0
0
1
1
1
.
3
6
1
4
.
2
3
G
e
n
r
e
c
o
d
e
(
1
=
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
,
0
=
e
n
t
e
r
t
a
i
n
m
e
n
t
)
7
.
0
5
0
.
5
9
1
1
.
9
6
<
0
.
0
0
1
5
.
8
9
8
.
2
1
D
a
i
l
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
9
0
0
.
2
1
4
.
2
8
<
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
4
8
1
.
3
1
N
e
w
sp
a
p
e
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
–
0
.
2
7
0
.
4
4
–
0
.
6
3
0
.
5
3
1
–
1
.
1
4
0
.
5
9
T
ab
le
5
.
Mo
d
el
s
u
m
m
ar
y
M
o
d
e
l
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
V
a
l
u
e
R
0
.
5
7
2
R²
0
.
3
2
7
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
²
0
.
3
2
1
T
ab
le
6
.
ANOVA
s
u
m
m
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
S
o
u
r
c
e
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
df
F
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
G
e
n
r
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
g
e
n
r
e
_
c
o
d
e
)
2
1
5
6
.
5
3
1
1
4
3
.
0
8
<
0
.
0
0
1
D
a
i
l
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
r
e
a
d
_
n
u
m)
2
7
5
.
6
0
1
1
8
.
2
9
<
0
.
0
0
1
N
e
w
sp
a
p
e
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
(
n
e
w
s_
n
u
m)
5
.
9
2
1
0
.
3
9
0
.
5
3
1
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
5
0
9
4
.
3
1
3
3
8
—
—
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
6
4
8
-
2
6
5
8
2654
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
a
clea
r
u
p
w
ar
d
s
h
if
t
i
n
r
ea
d
in
g
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
an
al
y
tic
-
g
en
r
e
r
ea
d
er
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
-
g
e
n
r
e
r
ea
d
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
lin
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
(
B
=7
.
0
5
)
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
g
e
n
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
n
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
ab
le
7
p
r
esen
ts
b
iv
ar
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
k
e
y
v
a
r
ia
b
les.
R
ea
d
in
g
s
co
r
e
s
h
o
ws
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
wi
th
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
(
r
=0
.
5
3
9
)
an
d
wea
k
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
d
aily
r
ea
d
in
g
(
r
=0
.
1
5
5
)
an
d
n
ewsp
ap
er
r
ea
d
in
g
(
r
=0
.
1
5
9
)
.
L
o
w
in
ter
-
p
r
ed
icto
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
in
c
lu
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F
)
v
alu
es
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
T
a
b
le
8
ar
e
all
well
b
elo
w
ty
p
i
ca
l
cu
to
f
f
s
(
VI
F<5
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
is
n
o
t
a
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
th
is
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
.
Gen
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
(
VI
F=1
.
1
0
)
,
d
aily
r
ea
d
in
g
(
VI
F=1
.
0
5
)
,
an
d
n
ewsp
ap
er
r
ea
d
in
g
(
VI
F=1
.
1
3
)
o
p
er
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
i
n
p
r
ed
ictin
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
r
ev
ea
ls
n
o
f
u
n
n
e
lin
g
o
r
cu
r
v
atu
r
e,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
ad
eq
u
ate
m
o
d
el
f
it
an
d
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
h
eter
o
s
ce
d
asti
city
o
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
eliab
le
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Scatter
p
lo
t illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
g
e
n
r
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
(
a
n
aly
tic
v
s
.
en
t
er
tain
m
en
t)
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
with
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
lin
e
in
d
icatin
g
p
r
ed
icti
v
e
s
tr
en
g
th
T
ab
le
7
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ix
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
S
c
o
r
e
G
e
n
r
e
c
o
d
e
D
a
i
l
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
(
r
e
a
d
_
n
u
m)
N
e
w
sp
a
p
e
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
(
n
e
w
s_
n
u
m)
S
c
o
r
e
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
5
3
9
0
.
1
5
5
0
.
1
5
9
G
e
n
r
e
c
o
d
e
0
.
5
3
9
1
.
0
0
0
–
0
.
0
6
2
0
.
2
7
2
D
a
i
l
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
0
.
1
5
5
–
0
.
0
6
2
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
1
8
8
N
e
w
sp
a
p
e
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
0
.
1
5
9
0
.
2
7
2
0
.
1
8
8
1
.
0
0
0
T
ab
le
8
.
Mu
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
V
I
F
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
1
2
.
0
9
G
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D
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R
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N
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w
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R
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R
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itted
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8
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I
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ea
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in
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h
a
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a
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2655
4
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ica
l
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
h
o
w
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
,
g
en
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
s
h
ap
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
r
ea
d
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ex
te
n
d
p
r
io
r
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
liter
ac
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
w
h
ile
also
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
ch
an
g
in
g
d
i
g
ital
-
ag
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
First,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
et
we
en
r
e
g
u
l
ar
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
e
ar
lie
r
wo
r
k
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
at
in
g
th
a
t
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
t
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
en
h
an
c
es v
o
c
ab
u
l
ar
y
,
i
n
f
er
e
n
ci
n
g
a
b
il
ity
,
a
n
d
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
[
5
]
–
[
8
]
,
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
e
m
ain
s
a
ce
n
tr
al
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
liter
ac
y
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
en
r
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
alig
n
s
with
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
a
l
th
eo
r
ies
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
[
9
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
at
m
ea
n
in
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ac
tiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
tex
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
a
n
aly
tically
d
e
m
an
d
in
g
g
en
r
es
ac
h
iev
e
d
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
co
r
es,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
co
m
p
le
x
n
ar
r
ativ
e
g
e
n
r
es
s
tim
u
late
in
f
er
en
tial
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
an
d
d
ee
p
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
also
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
m
o
tiv
atio
n
-
b
ased
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t w
ith
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l t
ex
ts
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
g
r
o
wth
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
i
r
d
,
t
h
e
p
o
s
it
i
v
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
d
a
i
l
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
d
u
r
a
ti
o
n
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
ce
s
K
r
as
h
e
n
’
s
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
[
1
2
]
a
n
d
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
u
s
ta
i
n
e
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
s
t
o
ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
u
c
c
ess
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
s
m
a
l
l
e
r
t
h
a
n
g
e
n
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
,
t
h
is
r
e
l
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
s
t
h
e
c
u
m
u
l
at
i
v
e
r
o
le
o
f
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
n
c
y
i
n
l
ite
r
a
c
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
F
o
u
r
t
h
,
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
n
e
ws
p
a
p
e
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
r
e
f
l
e
c
ts
g
l
o
b
a
l
s
h
i
f
ts
t
o
w
a
r
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
f
o
r
m
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
w
h
e
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
m
a
y
o
c
c
u
r
i
n
f
r
a
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
f
o
r
m
a
t
s
t
h
a
t
l
i
m
i
t
d
e
e
p
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
d
e
c
l
i
n
e
s
i
n
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
r
eg
io
n
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Fi
f
th
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ev
i
d
en
ce
th
at
r
ea
d
i
n
g
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
u
t
w
e
i
g
h
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
al
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
g
e
n
d
e
r
o
r
d
i
s
c
i
p
li
n
e
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
t
h
at
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
s
p
r
i
m
a
r
i
l
y
s
h
a
p
e
d
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
ti
c
es
r
a
t
h
er
t
h
a
n
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
o
r
y
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
s
m
u
l
ti
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
,
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
,
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
v
a
r
ia
b
l
e
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
4
.
4
.
1
.
Co
ntr
ibu
t
io
ns
a
nd
pra
ct
ica
l im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
Pra
ctica
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
an
aly
tically
r
ich
g
en
r
es
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
r
o
u
tin
es
w
ith
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cu
r
r
icu
la
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
o
r
etica
l
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
teg
r
ates
co
g
n
itiv
e
-
g
e
n
r
e
th
eo
r
y
,
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
-
en
g
ag
em
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
els
in
to
a
u
n
i
f
ied
em
p
ir
ical
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
,
in
f
er
en
tial
test
in
g
,
a
n
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
in
g
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
ataset,
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
r
ep
licab
le
q
u
an
titativ
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
liter
ac
y
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
c
o
g
n
itiv
el
y
d
em
an
d
in
g
tex
ts
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
g
u
id
e
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
.
Pro
m
o
tin
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ed
icate
d
tim
e
an
d
d
i
v
er
s
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
ess
en
tial.
As
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
m
in
im
al,
b
e
h
av
io
r
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
liter
ac
y
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
o
licies ar
e
k
e
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
s
u
cc
e
s
s
.
4
.
5
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
it
atio
n
s
.
I
ts
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
e
s
ig
n
lim
its
ca
u
s
al
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
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ay
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estrict
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ce
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est
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r
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f
r
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f
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tically
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Daily
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in
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u
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also
co
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tr
ib
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d
p
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itiv
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,
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d
e
r
s
co
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th
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v
alu
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o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
ea
d
in
g
r
o
u
tin
es,
th
o
u
g
h
its
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ec
t
was
s
m
aller
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New
s
p
ap
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r
eq
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cy
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t w
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Fu
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DATA AV
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RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
.
M
i
h
r
e
t
a
n
d
J.
J
o
s
h
i
,
“
T
h
e
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l
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t
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o
n
s
h
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p
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w
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t
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r
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d
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l
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d
a
c
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mi
c
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m
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t
:
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c
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t
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g
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t
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n
,
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n
t
e
r
n
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t
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o
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J
o
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R
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e
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.
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3
.
[
2
]
J.
P
.
L
a
mp
i
,
S
.
L.
A
r
mstro
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g
,
A
.
Ta
l
w
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J.
P
.
M
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g
l
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o
,
“
R
e
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g
ma
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r
s i
n
su
p
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t
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t
s
:
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p
l
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e
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a
c
y
t
a
s
k
s i
n
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
su
c
c
e
ss,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
l
l
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g
e
S
t
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d
e
n
t
Re
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
:
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
T
h
e
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ry
& Pr
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e
,
v
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.
2
7
,
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o
.
3
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p
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7
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5
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2
3
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1
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5
5
7
.
[
3
]
L.
B
a
n
i
ć
a
n
d
T.
O
r
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h
o
v
a
č
k
i
,
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:
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t
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t
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r
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e
v
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w
,
”
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l
t
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T
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e
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o
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:
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3
3
9
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0
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.
[
4
]
F
.
O
.
I
d
o
w
u
,
“
Ef
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t
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v
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n
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d
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l
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r
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a
d
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o
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t
y
,”
S
S
RN
E
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t
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c
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o
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n
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l
,
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p
.
1
–
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4
.
[
O
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l
i
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e
]
.
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e
:
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s:
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sr
n
.
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o
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s
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c
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=
4
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5
[
5
]
D
.
M
.
D
e
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d
a
t
o
,
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n
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p
l
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r
e
l
a
t
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d
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b
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m
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t
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h
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o
l
s
,
”
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h
.
D
.
d
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ssert
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t
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o
n
,
S
t
.
Jo
h
n
’
s U
n
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v
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t
y
,
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e
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Y
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r
k
,
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s,
2
0
2
4
.
[
6
]
F
.
H
a
k
e
m
u
l
d
e
r
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
n
g
e
n
,
“
L
i
t
e
r
a
r
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
o
n
p
a
p
e
r
a
n
d
s
c
r
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n
s:
a
s
so
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t
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o
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s
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a
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c
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m
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a
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f
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Re
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Re
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