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b
y
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
h
as a
ls
o
led
to
t
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
n
atio
n
al
laws a
n
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
.
T
h
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
f
ac
ilit
ated
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als’
ac
ce
s
s
b
ey
o
n
d
n
atio
n
al
b
o
r
d
er
[
8
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
ew
d
im
en
s
io
n
to
in
t
er
p
er
s
o
n
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
way
s
in
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
p
r
esen
t
th
em
s
elv
es
to
o
th
e
r
s
[
1
1
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
s
h
ap
e
h
o
w
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
ch
an
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
2
]
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
t
h
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
i
g
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
e
m
p
h
asized
,
an
d
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
F
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
attain
m
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
g
o
als,
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
o
u
t
-
of
-
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
te
x
t,
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
[
1
3
]
.
Var
io
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
m
ay
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
a
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
[
1
4
]
.
Activ
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
alo
n
g
with
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
r
ea
l
-
life
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
is
o
f
p
ar
ticu
lar
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
c
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
to
s
ch
o
o
l c
u
r
r
icu
la;
o
th
er
wis
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
lack
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
leg
al
an
d
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
in
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
itiativ
es
r
elate
d
to
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
As
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
o
v
id
er
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
ak
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
u
c
h
in
itiativ
es [
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
i
n
ed
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
in
d
ep
t
h
u
s
in
g
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
t
aim
ed
t
o
f
ill
th
e
lim
ited
q
u
alitativ
e
g
ap
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
d
ig
it
al
citizen
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
r
e
v
ea
ls
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
’
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
liter
ac
y
,
d
i
g
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
d
ig
ital
eth
ics,
d
ig
ital
b
u
lly
in
g
,
an
d
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
i
n
ter
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
r
o
a
d
en
s
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
esp
ec
t,
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
o
th
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
f
o
r
r
aisi
n
g
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
d
ig
ital
citize
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
aisi
n
g
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
ab
o
u
t
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
b
u
t
also
b
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
x
am
in
in
g
d
ig
i
tal
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
its
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
:
wh
at
ar
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
’
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
?
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
es
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
:
−
W
h
at
ar
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
i
d
ates’
v
iews o
n
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
?
−
W
h
at
ar
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
i
d
ates’
v
iews o
n
d
ig
ital e
th
ics?
−
W
h
at
ar
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
i
d
ates’
v
iews o
n
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
?
−
W
h
at
ar
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
i
d
ates’
v
iews o
n
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
?
−
W
h
at
ar
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
i
d
ates’
v
iews o
n
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ex
am
in
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
.
Qu
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
ex
am
i
n
es
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
s
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
attr
ib
u
te
to
e
v
e
n
ts
an
d
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
lo
g
ical
d
esig
n
was
u
til
ized
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
ass
ig
n
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
d
ig
ita
l
citizen
s
h
ip
.
Ph
en
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
y
aim
s
to
r
ev
ea
l
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
liv
ed
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
[
1
9
]
.
Ph
e
n
o
m
en
o
lo
g
y
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
r
ef
er
s
t
o
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
eir
liv
es
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
’
h
o
lis
tic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
its
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
h
as b
ee
n
ex
a
m
in
ed
in
d
ep
th
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n ins
t
rum
ent
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n pro
ce
s
s
A
s
et
o
f
f
iv
e
in
ter
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
as
th
e
d
a
ta
co
llectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
R
ib
b
le
[
4
]
wer
e
tak
en
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
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&
R
es E
d
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c
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SS
N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
E
xa
min
a
tio
n
o
f so
cia
l stu
d
ies tea
ch
er c
a
n
d
id
a
tes’
views
o
n
d
ig
ita
l c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
(
A
yşeg
ü
l Çelik G
eld
i
)
2043
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
Op
en
-
en
d
ed
in
ter
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
in
wr
itten
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
0
m
in
u
tes
wer
e
allo
tted
f
o
r
co
m
p
letio
n
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
was
en
ti
r
ely
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
allo
ws
f
o
r
t
h
eir
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
p
r
esen
tatio
n
to
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
ile
also
f
ac
il
itatin
g
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
r
ic
h
d
ata
b
y
en
ab
lin
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
to
estab
lis
h
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
1
]
.
2
.
3
.
Study
g
r
o
u
p
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
0
0
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
—
3
1
m
ale
an
d
6
9
f
em
ale
—
en
r
o
l
led
in
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
So
cial
Stu
d
ies
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
at
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
T
ü
r
k
iy
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2025
–
2
0
2
6
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
.
C
o
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
m
ay
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
r
ea
d
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
g
r
o
u
p
as th
e
r
esear
ch
s
am
p
le
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
C
o
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
was
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llected
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
C
o
n
te
n
t
an
aly
s
is
allo
ws
f
o
r
an
in
-
d
ep
th
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
c
h
[
2
2
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
co
d
e
was
f
ir
s
t
ass
ig
n
ed
to
ea
ch
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
i
d
ates.
I
n
v
alid
o
r
in
c
o
m
p
lete
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
th
en
ex
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
ca
teg
o
r
ies an
d
co
d
es b
ased
o
n
th
eir
co
n
ten
t.
2
.
5
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
.
Fo
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Miles
an
d
Hu
b
er
m
an
[
2
3
]
was u
s
ed
:
R
eliab
ilit
y
=
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
+
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Dis
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
×
100
A
r
eliab
ilit
y
lev
el
o
f
9
0
%
was
ac
h
iev
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wer
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
d
etail.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
a
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
n
ter
v
iews
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iews
also
in
clu
d
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
e
r
s
’
v
iews
o
n
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
,
d
ig
ital
et
h
ics,
d
ig
ital
b
u
lly
in
g
,
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
les 1
-
5.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
“
wh
at
is
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
?”
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
ad
e
lev
els.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
d
escr
ib
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
as
ac
tiv
e
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctiv
e,
wh
er
ea
s
s
ec
o
n
d
-
,
th
ir
d
-
,
an
d
f
o
u
r
t
h
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
ef
in
ed
it
as
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
ac
tiv
ity
-
b
ased
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
to
a
b
r
o
ad
er
s
k
ills
-
b
ased
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
in
later
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
t
ea
ch
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
s
tatem
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
:
A1
:
“
Th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f a
n
in
d
ivid
u
a
l to
q
u
esti
o
n
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
a
v
a
ila
b
le
o
n
th
e
in
tern
et.
”
A8
:
“
Ha
vin
g
kn
o
w
led
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y.
”
A1
3
:
“
B
ein
g
d
ig
ita
lly
co
mp
ete
n
t.
”
A1
9
:
“
A
cc
ess
in
g
d
esir
ed
b
o
o
k
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cia
l n
etw
o
r
ks.
”
A3
1
:
“
Lea
r
n
in
g
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
fr
o
m
d
ig
ita
l e
n
viro
n
men
ts
.
”
A4
5
:
“
I
n
terp
r
etin
g
p
o
s
ts
o
n
s
o
cia
l m
ed
ia
a
n
d
th
e
in
tern
et
co
r
r
ec
tly.
”
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
“
wh
at
is
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
?”
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
ad
e
lev
els.
First
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
wit
h
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
v
alu
e
,
wh
er
ea
s
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
i
d
ates
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
ef
i
n
ed
it
as
s
o
c
ial
r
u
les.
T
h
ir
d
-
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
also
em
p
h
asized
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
s
o
ci
al
r
u
les,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
d
ig
i
tal
eth
ics
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
at
es’
s
tatem
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ig
ital e
th
ics:
A1
6
:
“
R
u
les in
d
ig
ita
l e
n
viro
n
men
ts
.
”
A2
2
:
“
E
xh
ib
itin
g
c
o
r
r
ec
t b
eh
a
vio
r
in
th
e
d
ig
ita
l d
o
ma
in
.
”
A3
9
:
“
S
h
a
r
in
g
a
cc
u
r
a
te
in
f
o
r
ma
tio
n
o
n
t
h
e
in
tern
et.
”
A4
4
:
“
N
o
t u
s
in
g
o
th
ers
’
co
n
ten
t wi
th
o
u
t p
ermis
s
io
n
.
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
2
0
4
1
-
2
0
5
0
2044
A6
9
:
“
A
ctin
g
co
r
r
ec
tly
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
tfu
lly
in
d
ig
ita
l e
n
viro
n
me
n
ts
.
”
A7
1
:
“
Th
e
cla
s
s
ifica
tio
n
o
f b
e
h
a
vio
r
s
a
s
g
o
o
d
o
r
b
a
d
.
”
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ea
c
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
:
“
wh
at
is
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
?
”
C
l
a
s
s l
e
v
e
l
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
C
o
d
e
f
C
l
a
s
s
1
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
v
e
11
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
2
A
c
t
i
v
e
11
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
5
Ti
me
l
y
1
A
c
c
e
ss
1
To
t
a
l
31
C
l
a
s
s
2
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
A
c
t
i
v
e
2
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
1
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
1
S
k
i
l
l
s
16
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
4
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
1
A
c
c
e
ss
1
To
t
a
l
28
C
l
a
s
s
3
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
S
k
i
l
l
s
13
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
1
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o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
3
A
c
t
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v
e
1
To
t
a
l
18
C
l
a
s
s
4
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
S
k
i
l
l
s
8
C
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
5
A
c
t
i
v
e
1
To
t
a
l
14
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ea
c
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
: “
wh
at
is
d
ig
ital e
th
ics?”
C
l
a
s
s l
e
v
e
l
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
C
o
d
e
f
C
l
a
s
s
1
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
t
h
i
c
s
V
a
l
u
e
5
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
1
R
e
s
p
e
c
t
5
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
4
To
t
a
l
15
C
l
a
s
s
2
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
t
h
i
c
s
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
3
S
o
c
i
a
l
r
u
l
e
s
10
R
e
s
p
e
c
t
5
To
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
1
C
o
r
r
e
c
t
n
e
ss
1
To
t
a
l
20
C
l
a
s
s
3
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
t
h
i
c
s
C
o
r
r
e
c
t
n
e
ss
5
V
a
l
u
e
1
C
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
2
C
o
p
y
r
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t
1
R
e
s
p
e
c
t
6
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o
c
i
a
l
r
u
l
e
s
2
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t
a
l
17
C
l
a
s
s
4
D
i
g
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t
a
l
e
t
h
i
c
s
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o
n
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i
o
u
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n
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ss
1
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o
r
r
e
c
t
n
e
ss
1
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o
c
i
a
l
r
u
l
e
s
3
R
e
s
p
e
c
t
3
To
t
a
l
8
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
“
wh
at
is
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
it
y
?”
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
ad
e
lev
els.
First
-
y
e
ar
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
cited
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
wh
ile
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
em
p
h
asized
g
en
e
r
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
ir
d
-
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
g
e
n
er
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
t
ea
ch
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
s
tatem
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
:
A6
9
:
“
P
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
p
ers
o
n
a
l i
n
fo
r
ma
tio
n
in
o
n
lin
e
en
viro
n
m
en
ts
.
”
A7
8
:
“
P
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
o
u
r
p
ers
o
n
a
l p
o
s
ts
in
d
ig
ita
l e
n
viro
n
me
n
ts
.
”
A8
8
:
“
S
a
feg
u
a
r
d
in
g
p
ers
o
n
a
l
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
a
g
a
in
s
t th
r
ea
ts
.
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
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2045
A8
9
:
“
P
r
o
tectin
g
o
u
r
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
fr
o
m
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
iz
ed
in
d
ivid
u
a
ls
.
”
A9
6
:
“
S
ec
u
r
in
g
a
cc
o
u
n
ts
a
n
d
d
ev
ices in
d
ig
ita
l e
n
viro
n
men
t
s
.
”
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ea
c
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
: “
wh
at
is
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
?”
C
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s
s l
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16
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11
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31
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3
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T
ab
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4
p
r
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p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
“
wh
at
is
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
?”
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
a
d
e
lev
els.
First
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
i
d
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
d
escr
ib
e
d
it
as
a
n
attac
k
,
wh
ile
s
ec
o
n
d
-
an
d
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
em
p
h
as
ized
h
u
m
iliatio
n
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
.
Fo
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
r
ea
ts
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
is
g
en
e
r
ally
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
h
ar
m
f
u
l
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
at
es’
s
tatem
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
:
A1
:
“
C
a
u
s
in
g
h
a
r
m
to
s
o
meo
n
e
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ita
l to
o
ls
.
”
A7
6
:
“
A
n
y
fo
r
m
o
f b
u
llyin
g
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
in
d
ig
ita
l e
n
viro
n
me
n
ts
.
”
A9
6
:
“
Ma
kin
g
d
is
r
esp
ec
tfu
l p
o
s
ts
ta
r
g
etin
g
p
eo
p
le
in
virt
u
a
l e
n
viro
n
men
ts
.
”
A4
4
:
“
A
cts o
f h
u
milia
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
p
eo
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cia
l
n
e
tw
o
r
ks.
”
A5
2
:
“
B
u
llyin
g
c
a
r
r
ied
o
u
t u
s
i
n
g
d
ig
ita
l te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
”
A6
6
:
“
Tr
ea
tin
g
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
p
o
o
r
ly
in
o
n
lin
e
e
n
viro
n
men
ts
.
”
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
“
wh
at
is
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
?”
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
ad
e
lev
els.
First
-
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
d
ig
ital
p
r
o
f
ile,
wh
er
ea
s
th
ir
d
-
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
em
p
h
asized
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
m
an
ag
in
g
a
n
o
n
lin
e
p
r
o
f
ile
to
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
at
es’
s
tatem
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
:
A2
1
:
“
A
ctin
g
w
ith
a
w
a
r
en
ess
o
f rig
h
ts
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies in
d
ig
ita
l e
n
viro
n
me
n
ts
.
”
A4
1
:
“
Usi
n
g
d
ig
ita
l res
o
u
r
ce
s
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly.
”
A5
3
:
“
Th
e
d
ig
ita
l fo
r
m
o
f c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
.
”
A6
9
:
“
Th
e
d
ig
ita
l v
ers
io
n
o
f
o
u
r
citiz
en
s
h
ip
in
r
ea
l life.
”
A7
7
:
“
Ou
r
p
r
esen
ce
o
n
th
e
in
t
ern
et.
”
A9
5
:
“
A
ll o
f o
u
r
b
eh
a
vio
r
s
in
virt
u
a
l e
n
viro
n
men
ts
.
”
W
h
en
ask
ed
wh
at
d
ig
ital
lite
r
ac
y
is
,
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
d
escr
ib
ed
it
as
ac
tiv
e
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctiv
e.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ey
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
p
r
im
ar
ily
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ac
tiv
ely
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
its
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
s
ec
o
n
d
-
,
th
ir
d
-
,
an
d
f
o
u
r
t
h
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
i
d
ates
m
o
s
t
o
f
te
n
d
ef
in
e
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
as
s
k
ills
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
ey
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
it
f
r
o
m
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
c
o
n
c
ep
t
o
f
“sk
ills
”
en
co
m
p
ass
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a
r
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g
e
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f
co
m
p
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in
clu
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g
b
o
t
h
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
f
in
d
in
g
in
d
icate
s
th
at
p
r
o
s
p
e
ctiv
e
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
lim
ited
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
s
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g
g
ests
th
at
d
ig
ital c
itizen
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ip
is
n
o
t su
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tly
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2
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[
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[
2
5
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.
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wh
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a
s
s
4
D
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i
t
a
l
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i
t
i
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e
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sh
i
p
D
i
g
i
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a
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p
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o
f
i
l
e
1
C
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
3
A
c
t
i
v
e
1
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
7
P
e
r
so
n
1
To
t
a
l
13
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
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al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xa
min
a
tio
n
o
f so
cia
l stu
d
ies tea
ch
er c
a
n
d
id
a
tes’
views
o
n
d
ig
ita
l c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
(
A
yşeg
ü
l Çelik G
eld
i
)
2047
W
h
en
ask
ed
wh
at
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
is
,
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
d
escr
ib
ed
it
as
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
v
al
u
e.
R
esp
ec
t
is
ac
tu
ally
a
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
v
al
u
es;
h
o
wev
er
,
t
h
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
d
icate
th
at
th
ey
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
p
r
im
ar
i
ly
as
r
esp
ec
t
alo
n
e.
T
h
e
s
am
e
p
atter
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
am
o
n
g
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates,
wh
o
also
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
d
e
f
in
ed
d
i
g
ital
eth
ics
as
r
esp
ec
t.
Seco
n
d
-
y
ea
r
tea
ch
er
ca
n
d
id
ates,
in
co
n
tr
ast,
m
o
s
t
o
f
ten
d
escr
ib
e
d
d
ig
ital
eth
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
o
cial
r
u
les.
Fo
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
b
o
t
h
s
o
cial
r
u
les
an
d
r
esp
ec
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
p
o
s
s
ess
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital
eth
ics.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
iv
e
teac
h
er
s
talk
ab
o
u
t
r
esp
e
ct
an
d
s
o
cial
r
u
les
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
eir
eth
ical
aw
ar
en
ess
is
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
at
teac
h
er
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
tr
an
s
m
it
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t
also
s
et
an
ex
am
p
le
with
eth
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ic
h
s
u
ch
awa
r
en
ess
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
Dig
ital
eth
ics
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
etiq
u
ette
th
at
ev
er
y
o
n
e
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
llo
w
in
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
an
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
ar
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lan
at
io
n
alig
n
s
with
th
e
teac
h
e
r
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ig
ital e
th
ics.
W
h
en
ask
ed
wh
at
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
,
f
ir
s
t
-
,
th
ir
d
-
,
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
t
h
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
e
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
d
escr
ib
ed
it
as
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
Seco
n
d
-
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
o
f
ten
d
e
f
in
ed
it
as
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ey
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
r
o
m
a
b
r
o
ad
er
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
f
a
ct
th
at
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
d
is
cu
s
s
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
y
ar
e
awa
r
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
r
is
k
s
.
T
h
is
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
r
th
em
s
elv
es
b
u
t
also
f
o
r
r
aisi
n
g
th
is
awa
r
e
n
ess
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
Pra
ctica
l
s
tu
d
ies
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
is
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
af
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
alig
n
s
with
th
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
d
ata
in
d
ig
ital e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
W
h
en
ask
ed
wh
at
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
is
,
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
i
d
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
d
escr
ib
ed
it
as
an
attac
k
.
Seco
n
d
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
d
ef
in
ed
it
p
r
im
ar
ily
as
h
u
m
iliatio
n
,
wh
ile
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
d
escr
ib
ed
it
m
ain
ly
as
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
.
Fo
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
o
f
ten
m
en
tio
n
ed
it
as
a
th
r
ea
t.
T
h
es
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
d
icate
th
at
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
h
o
ld
a
lim
ited
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
in
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
an
y
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
th
e
y
m
ay
en
co
u
n
ter
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
cc
u
r
in
a
co
n
f
in
ed
ar
ea
b
u
t
tak
es
p
lace
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
2
8
]
.
I
ts
s
co
p
e
ex
ten
d
s
f
ar
b
e
y
o
n
d
b
u
lly
in
g
co
n
d
u
cted
v
ia
em
ails
[
2
9
]
.
An
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
ab
le
to
id
en
tify
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
elem
e
n
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
W
h
en
ask
ed
wh
at
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
is
,
f
ir
s
t
-
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
d
escr
ib
ed
it
as
a
d
ig
ital
p
r
o
f
il
e.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
y
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
p
r
im
ar
ily
as
th
e
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
a
s
t,
th
ir
d
-
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
o
s
t
o
f
te
n
d
ef
in
ed
d
i
g
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
tin
g
th
at
th
ey
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
it
n
ar
r
o
wly
as
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
th
e
d
u
ti
es
o
f
a
citizen
.
T
h
e
way
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
d
e
f
in
e
d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
s
h
o
ws th
at
th
ey
lack
a
h
o
lis
tic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
it.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
t
h
at
th
ey
m
ay
g
u
i
d
e
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
n
ar
r
o
w
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
d
ig
ita
l
citizen
s
h
ip
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
a
b
r
o
ad
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
b
o
t
h
th
eo
r
etica
lly
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
.
Dig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
in
v
o
lv
es
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
lear
n
,
cr
ea
te,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
[
3
0
]
.
I
t r
eq
u
ir
e
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
as we
ll a
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
f
icien
tly
[
3
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates’
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
it
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
t
h
ey
ten
d
to
d
ef
in
e
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
d
ig
ital
p
r
o
f
ile
a
n
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
te
r
n
et
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
T
h
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital d
ev
ices
h
as
m
ad
e
it
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
eir
u
s
e
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
r
is
k
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
teac
h
in
g
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
in
ter
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
is
esp
ec
ially
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
th
at
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
g
en
e
r
ally
h
av
e
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
its
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
d
ef
icien
cies
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
d
ig
ital
b
u
lly
in
g
,
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
et
h
ics.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
is
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
also
co
in
cid
e
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
p
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ip
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h
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d
t
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p
r
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I
t
also
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icate
s
th
at
th
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p
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ac
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u
d
y
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f
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u
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h
e
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g
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o
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h
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tr
ib
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t
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ed
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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n
s
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ip
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e
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tio
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p
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a
m
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ev
elo
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k
ills
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ib
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b
eh
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r
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r
f
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t
u
r
e
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ased
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e
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im
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d
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ased
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th
e
f
i
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g
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o
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tu
d
y
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e
f
o
llo
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o
m
m
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ca
n
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e
m
a
d
e
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r
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ip
s
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o
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ld
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e
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in
th
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c
u
r
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ates
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u
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ir
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t
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it
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s
u
b
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ld
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ates
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is
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,
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h
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d
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u
g
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est th
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tr
ain
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s
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e
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n
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ip
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d
also
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r
o
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a
n
im
p
o
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ta
n
t r
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r
ce
f
o
r
f
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r
e
r
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UNDING
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M
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Au
th
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ticle
[
an
d
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s
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p
p
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ater
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]
.
RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
L.
P
a
n
g
r
a
z
i
o
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n
d
J.
S
e
f
t
o
n
-
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e
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n
,
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p
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D
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Li
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:
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s
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?
”
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o
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p
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[
2
]
A
.
H
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t
z
,
L.
D
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n
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c
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a
n
d
K
.
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v
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l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
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7
3
9
,
2
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.
[
3
]
M
.
S
.
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b
b
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e
,
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.
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y
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v
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.
3
2
,
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.
1
,
p
p
.
7
–
11
,
2
0
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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N:
2252
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(
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4
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M
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4
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5
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[
1
9
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.
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:
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c
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.
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