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to
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am
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g
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d
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r
y
s
ch
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m
in
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r
s
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n
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th
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ter
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T
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.
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h
e
f
r
am
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k
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n
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ter
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ter
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al
o
r
g
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s
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ter
ac
t
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h
ap
e
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ad
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tco
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es.
Aca
d
e
m
ic
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co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
as
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y
n
am
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er
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g
f
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o
m
th
es
e
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ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
r
ath
er
th
an
a
s
tatic
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iv
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al
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te.
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ea
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er
s
h
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p
er
s
o
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ality
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tex
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p
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t
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h
d
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an
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ir
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g
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ed
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co
n
s
tr
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cts:
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r
r
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lu
m
lead
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s
h
ip
an
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in
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o
v
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n
cu
ltu
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e.
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h
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ed
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h
a
n
is
m
s
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lay
a
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in
tr
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p
ac
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d
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t
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p
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t
in
to
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s
is
ts
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—
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h
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n
ality
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co
n
tex
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al
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u
p
p
o
r
t
,
cu
r
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ip
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in
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o
v
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tio
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cu
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a
n
d
ac
ad
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ic
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ad
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s
h
ip
—
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
i
p
p
er
s
o
n
ality
r
ep
r
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in
ter
n
a
l
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p
ac
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n
clu
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p
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lects
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izatio
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r
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r
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u
r
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n
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s
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m
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C
u
r
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r
s
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co
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s
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to
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Fig
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1
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ip
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eq
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(
SEM
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.
T
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p
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esear
ch
[
5
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
s
u
p
p
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tin
g
a
s
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Sy
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2
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2
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6
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;
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[
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8
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3
4
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;
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4
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4
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;
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[
4
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5
B
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A
v
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4
4
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;
H
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M
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4
5
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O
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(
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)
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4
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9
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6
H
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[
3
3
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4
1
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5
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;
B
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;
C
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[
5
2
]
;
W
i
c
h
i
a
n
s
a
n
et
a
l
.
[
5
3
]
7
D
a
v
i
s
a
n
d
N
e
w
st
r
o
m
[
5
4
]
;
K
o
o
n
t
z
a
n
d
W
e
i
h
r
i
c
h
[
5
5
]
;
H
e
n
g
j
a
i
b
o
o
n
[
5
6
]
;
U
k
h
a
m
[
5
7
]
;
S
i
p
h
a
n
b
u
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
5
8
]
8
B
a
ss
a
n
d
A
v
o
l
i
o
[
4
4
]
;
H
o
y
a
n
d
M
i
s
k
e
l
[
4
5
]
;
Y
u
k
l
[
5
9
]
;
M
a
r
s
h
a
l
l
[
6
0
]
;
P
r
a
t
h
u
m
[
6
1
]
;
Ja
n
s
i
l
a
[
6
2
]
9
H
u
o
n
g
[
3
3
]
;
D
o
r
u
k
b
a
ş
i
a
n
d
C
a
n
s
o
y
[
4
2
]
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
SEM
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
was
s
elec
ted
to
en
ab
le
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
with
in
a
th
eo
r
etica
lly
s
p
ec
if
ied
m
o
d
el.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
SEM
to
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les.
Giv
en
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata,
th
e
esti
m
ated
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ar
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
th
eo
r
etica
lly
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
ath
s
r
ath
er
th
an
ca
u
s
al
ef
f
ec
ts
.
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n
a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
m
p
r
is
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
Seco
n
d
ar
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Ser
v
ice
Ar
ea
Of
f
ices
in
n
o
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
T
h
ailan
d
.
A
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
s
tr
atif
ied
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
ased
o
n
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
eg
io
n
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ize
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
co
v
er
ag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
with
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
s
ettin
g
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
4
8
0
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
(
3
9
3
p
r
in
cip
als
an
d
8
7
v
ice
-
p
r
in
cip
als),
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
ac
r
o
s
s
1
1
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
.
A
1
0
0
%
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
was
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
s
tem
atic
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
au
th
o
r
ities
,
th
er
eb
y
m
in
im
izin
g
n
o
n
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ias.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
ex
ce
ed
ed
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
f
o
r
SEM
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ad
eq
u
ate
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
an
d
m
o
d
el
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Prio
r
to
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
d
ataset
was
s
cr
ee
n
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
leten
ess
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
No
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
wer
e
d
etec
ted
.
Sk
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
wer
e
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
(
|
s
k
ewn
ess
|
<2
;
|
k
u
r
to
s
is
|
<7
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
was
s
atis
f
ied
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
ins
t
rum
ent
Data
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
an
d
n
atio
n
al
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
m
p
r
is
ed
f
iv
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
er
s
o
n
ality
(
PERS
)
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
C
ONT
E
XT
)
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
C
UR
R
)
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
(
I
NNOV
)
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
AC
ADL
)
.
E
ac
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les,
y
ield
in
g
a
to
tal
o
f
2
0
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les.
E
ac
h
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
le
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
item
s
o
n
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t scale
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
0
0
1
-
2
0
1
0
2004
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
ev
alu
atio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
d
ex
o
f
item
co
n
g
r
u
en
ce
(
I
OC
)
,
with
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
7
to
1
.
0
0
(
m
ea
n
=0
.
8
9
)
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
cr
iter
ia.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
(
n
=5
0
)
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
ess
clar
ity
an
d
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
y
ield
in
g
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a=
0
.
9
3
–
0
.
9
7
)
.
Fo
llo
win
g
f
u
ll
-
s
ca
le
d
ata
co
llectio
n
(
n
=4
8
0
)
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
r
ea
s
s
ess
ed
,
with
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
ts
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
9
5
to
0
.
9
7
an
d
an
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
9
8
,
in
d
icatin
g
ex
ce
llen
t
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
p
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
d
o
m
ain
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
C
FA
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
m
o
d
el
f
it
in
d
ices.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
ed
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
p
o
s
itio
n
(
p
r
in
cip
al
o
r
v
ice
-
p
r
in
cip
al)
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l size
to
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
2
.
4
.
Co
m
m
o
n
m
et
ho
d bia
s
T
o
m
in
im
ize
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
v
ar
ian
ce
,
b
o
th
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
an
d
s
tatis
tical
r
em
ed
ies
wer
e
ap
p
lied
.
Pro
ce
d
u
r
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
clu
d
ed
an
o
n
y
m
ity
ass
u
r
an
ce
,
clea
r
item
wo
r
d
in
g
,
an
d
ca
r
ef
u
l
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
esig
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
b
ias
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
atter
n
s
.
Har
m
an
’
s
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
test
in
d
icate
d
th
at
a
s
in
g
le
f
ac
to
r
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
less
th
an
4
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias
(
C
MV
)
was
n
o
t
a
s
er
io
u
s
co
n
ce
r
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ata
r
em
ain
s
a
lim
itatio
n
.
2
.
5
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
was a
s
s
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
C
FA.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
f
it
to
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
(
χ²=
5
5
7
.
7
7
8
,
d
f
=1
6
0
,
C
FI=
0
.
9
6
3
,
T
u
ck
er
–
L
ewis
in
d
ex
o
r
T
L
I
=0
.
9
5
6
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
o
r
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
7
2
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
o
r
SR
MR=0
.
0
5
1
)
.
All
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
ex
ce
ed
ed
0
.
7
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
9
4
to
0
.
9
7
,
wh
ile
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
2
to
0
.
8
5
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
ar
ck
er
cr
iter
io
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts we
r
e
em
p
ir
ically
d
is
tin
ct.
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
Data
wer
e
co
llected
o
v
er
a
two
-
m
o
n
th
p
er
io
d
u
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ated
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
f
f
ices.
Par
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
was
ass
u
r
ed
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
eth
ical
r
esear
ch
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
All r
esp
o
n
s
es we
r
e
co
m
p
lete,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
n
o
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata.
2
.
7
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
Mp
lu
s
v
er
s
io
n
8
.
3
with
m
ax
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
.
C
FA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
SEM
to
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les.
Mo
d
el
f
it
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
in
d
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
χ²,
d
f
,
C
FI,
T
L
I
,
R
MSE
A,
an
d
SR
MR,
b
ased
o
n
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia
(
C
FI
an
d
T
L
I
≥
0
.
9
0
;
R
MSE
A
an
d
SR
MR
≤
0
.
0
8
)
.
T
h
ese
in
d
ices w
er
e
s
elec
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
m
o
d
el
ad
eq
u
ac
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
P
re
lim
ina
ry
a
na
ly
s
is
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
in
d
icate
d
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
with
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
4
.
0
6
to
4
.
0
8
.
Sk
ewn
ess
(
−0
.
1
2
to
0
.
1
0
)
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
(
−0
.
9
7
to
−0
.
0
4
)
v
alu
es
wer
e
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
(
|
s
k
ewn
ess
|
<2
;
|
k
u
r
to
s
is
|
<7
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
n
o
v
io
latio
n
s
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
C
FA a
n
d
SEM
.
3
.
2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
m
o
del e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
C
FA
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
m
o
d
el
f
it
to
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
(
χ²=
5
5
7
.
7
7
8
,
d
f
=1
6
0
,
C
FI=
0
.
9
6
3
,
T
L
I
=0
.
9
5
6
,
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
7
2
,
SR
MR=0
.
0
5
1
)
.
All
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
ex
ce
ed
ed
0
.
7
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
C
R
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
9
4
to
0
.
9
7
,
an
d
AVE
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
2
to
0
.
8
5
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
ar
ck
er
cr
iter
io
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
em
p
ir
ically
d
is
tin
ct.
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
is
b
o
th
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
alid
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t stru
ctu
r
al
an
aly
s
is
.
3
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l
m
o
del a
na
ly
s
is
SEM
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ex
ce
llen
t
f
it
to
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
(
χ²
=
1
4
9
.
8
4
9
,
d
f
=
1
6
0
,
p
=
0
.
7
0
6
,
C
FI
=
1
.
0
0
0
,
TLI
=
1
.
0
0
1
,
R
MSE
A
=
0
.
0
0
0
,
SR
MR
=
0
.
0
1
8
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
d
el
ex
h
ib
ited
n
ea
r
-
p
er
f
ec
t
f
it
in
d
ices,
s
u
ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Mo
d
elin
g
a
ca
d
emic
lea
d
ers
h
ip
in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
:
ev
id
e
n
ce
fr
o
m
n
o
r
th
ea
s
tern
…
(
Du
s
a
d
ee
B
u
tb
u
r
ee
)
2005
r
esu
lts
m
ay
r
ef
lect
h
ig
h
m
o
d
el
p
ar
s
im
o
n
y
o
r
clo
s
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
ese
f
it
in
d
ices
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
with
ca
u
tio
n
d
esp
ite
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
h
o
c
m
o
d
el
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
er
s
o
n
ality
(
PERS
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
(
β
=
0
.
5
7
4
,
p<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
β
=
0
.
3
9
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Similar
ly
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
C
ONT
E
XT
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
in
n
o
v
atio
n
(
β
=
0
.
5
4
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
β
=
0
.
3
6
7
,
p<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
β
=
0
.
2
8
6
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
B
o
th
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
ex
er
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
AC
ADL
)
,
with
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
ef
f
ec
t
(
β
=
0
.
3
1
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
(
β
=
0
.
2
7
1
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
er
s
o
n
ality
(
β
=
0
.
2
2
8
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
β
=
0
.
2
6
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
also
h
ad
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
0
.
3
5
6
an
d
a
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
0
.
5
8
4
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
wh
ile
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
h
o
wed
an
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
0
.
3
2
5
an
d
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
(
0
.
5
9
2
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
ed
6
1
.
7
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
6
3
.
1
%
in
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
7
3
.
8
%
in
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
wh
ile
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
d
ir
ec
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t,
an
d
to
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les.
All
h
y
p
o
th
esized
p
ath
s
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
ac
a
d
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
T
ab
le
2
.
Dir
ec
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t,
an
d
t
o
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
P
a
t
h
D
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
To
t
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
P
ER
S
→
C
U
R
R
0
.
3
9
2
*
*
*
–
0
.
3
9
2
C
O
N
TEX
T→
C
U
R
R
0
.
3
6
7
*
*
*
–
0
.
3
6
7
I
N
N
O
V
→C
U
R
R
0
.
2
8
6
*
*
*
–
0
.
2
8
6
P
ER
S
→I
N
N
O
V
0
.
5
7
4
*
*
*
–
0
.
5
7
4
C
O
N
TEX
T→I
N
N
O
V
0
.
5
4
5
*
*
*
–
0
.
5
4
5
P
ER
S
→A
C
A
D
L
0
.
2
2
8
*
*
*
0
.
3
5
6
0
.
5
8
4
C
O
N
TEX
T→A
C
A
D
L
0
.
2
6
7
*
*
*
0
.
3
2
5
0
.
5
9
2
C
U
R
R
→A
C
A
D
L
0
.
3
1
5
*
*
*
–
0
.
3
1
5
I
N
N
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L
0
.
2
7
1
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*
*
0
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0
9
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3
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<
0
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0
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1
4.
DIS
CU
SS
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O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
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f
th
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p
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p
ir
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u
p
p
o
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t
f
o
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
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m
o
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el
ex
p
lain
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
in
n
o
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
T
h
ailan
d
.
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h
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
ac
ad
em
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
0
0
1
-
2
0
1
0
2006
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
les
o
f
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
[
5
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
ed
7
3
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
p
tu
r
es
k
ey
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
er
s
o
n
ality
em
er
g
ed
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
b
o
th
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
th
at
em
p
h
asize
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
eth
ical
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
as
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
elem
en
ts
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
1
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
f
o
r
m
al
au
th
o
r
ity
b
u
t
is
d
ee
p
ly
r
o
o
ted
in
in
ter
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
,
wh
ich
s
h
ap
es
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
v
alu
e
-
b
ased
lead
er
s
h
ip
as
cr
itical
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
n
tex
tu
al
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
p
o
licy
alig
n
m
en
t,
r
eso
u
r
ce
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
clim
ate
in
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
ex
ten
d
s
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
b
y
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
co
n
d
itio
n
ed
r
ath
er
th
an
s
o
lely
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
I
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
n
o
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
wh
er
e
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
em
ain
ev
id
en
t,
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
ec
o
m
es
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
co
n
tex
tu
al
en
ab
ler
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
tr
an
s
latin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
in
to
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
s
u
s
tain
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
ch
o
o
l im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
as
k
ey
m
ed
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
lin
k
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
u
tco
m
es.
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
alig
n
m
en
t,
an
d
teac
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
s
h
ap
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
5
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tly
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
tly
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ad
ap
tiv
e,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
ath
er
th
an
d
ir
ec
t
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ac
tio
n
alo
n
e.
T
h
ese
m
ed
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
n
o
t
s
im
p
ly
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
attr
ib
u
te
b
u
t
is
in
s
titu
tio
n
ally
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
s
a
s
y
s
tem
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ath
er
th
an
is
o
lated
in
d
iv
id
u
al
tr
aits
[
2
0
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
Fro
m
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
ex
ten
d
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
is
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
p
r
ac
tice
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ed
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
with
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
5
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
B
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
ter
ac
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ed
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
ten
d
cu
r
r
en
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
as
a
co
n
tex
t
-
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
em
b
ed
d
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
in
co
m
p
lex
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
b
o
th
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Fro
m
a
p
r
ac
tical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
d
r
ess
b
o
th
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
h
asize
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
eth
ical
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
5
9
]
,
wh
ile
p
o
licy
in
itiativ
es
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
au
to
n
o
m
y
[
2
0
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
ltu
r
es
m
ay
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ated
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
jo
in
tly
s
h
ap
e
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
u
tco
m
es,
o
f
f
er
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
p
o
licy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
ten
d
s
ex
is
tin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
els
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
u
ltip
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
5
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
s
y
s
tem
ic
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
in
wh
ich
lead
er
s
h
ip
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
em
er
g
es f
r
o
m
d
y
n
am
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
in
ter
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
ex
ter
n
a
l
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
ad
v
an
ce
s
cu
r
r
en
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
b
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
as
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
em
b
ed
d
ed
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ath
er
th
an
an
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
is
o
lated
in
d
iv
id
u
al
attr
ib
u
t
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
d
el
was e
m
p
ir
ically
test
ed
in
n
o
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
r
ef
lect
b
r
o
ad
er
p
atter
n
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
er
a
[
1
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
les
o
f
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Mo
d
elin
g
a
ca
d
emic
lea
d
ers
h
ip
in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
:
ev
id
e
n
ce
fr
o
m
n
o
r
th
ea
s
tern
…
(
Du
s
a
d
ee
B
u
tb
u
r
ee
)
2007
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
cu
ltu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
le
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
ex
p
lain
in
g
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
i
p
ca
p
ac
ity
is
tr
an
s
late
d
in
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
an
d
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es a
cr
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
[
8
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
as b
r
o
ad
er
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eg
io
n
al
s
ettin
g
.
B
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
jo
in
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ed
iatin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
in
teg
r
ativ
e
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
els
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
to
f
u
r
th
er
ex
am
in
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
y
n
am
ics
with
in
co
m
p
lex
,
r
ap
id
ly
ev
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
an
d
v
alid
ated
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
e
q
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
t
h
at
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
th
e
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
lead
er
s
h
i
p
p
er
s
o
n
alit
y
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
t,
m
ed
iated
b
y
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
em
b
e
d
d
ed
with
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
ath
er
th
a
n
s
o
lely
a
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
attr
ib
u
te.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
in
teg
r
ated
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
e
x
p
lain
in
g
h
o
w
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
f
a
cto
r
s
jo
in
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
with
im
p
licat
io
n
s
f
o
r
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
with
ca
u
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
an
d
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ata.
F
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
v
alid
at
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
tex
ts
u
s
in
g
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
ita
tio
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
First,
th
e
r
esear
ch
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
in
n
o
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
T
h
ailan
d
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
t
o
o
t
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
with
ca
u
tio
n
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ata
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ias an
d
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
i
es c
o
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
th
en
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
d
ata,
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
lim
its
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
a
m
in
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
v
er
tim
e.
Giv
en
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
,
lo
n
g
i
tu
d
in
al
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
elec
ted
in
ter
n
al
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
v
ar
ia
b
les,
s
u
ch
as
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
m
ay
f
u
r
th
e
r
en
h
an
ce
th
e
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
e
g
io
n
s
an
d
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
to
a
s
s
es
s
i
ts
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
f
lu
en
cin
g
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
cu
ltu
r
e
in
ter
ac
t
o
v
er
tim
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
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