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ANOVA
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n
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tri
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sig
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imp
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terv
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il
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p
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m
s.
K
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w
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s
:
Ar
t th
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ap
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Au
tis
m
s
p
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tr
u
m
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r
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C
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m
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E
m
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So
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T
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s
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
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A
uth
o
r
:
Nald
o
J
an
iu
s
Facu
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f
E
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-
C
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Un
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s
ity
C
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lleg
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E
ast Stam
p
in
R
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,
9
3
3
5
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Ku
ch
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awa
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Ma
lay
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m
ail: n
ald
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@
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.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Au
tis
m
s
p
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tr
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d
is
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r
d
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(
ASD)
is
a
n
eu
r
o
d
e
v
elo
p
m
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co
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d
itio
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m
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ed
b
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s
is
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t
d
if
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icu
lties
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co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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,
em
o
tio
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eg
u
latio
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,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
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ter
ac
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,
wh
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o
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ten
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in
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e
n
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
ev
er
y
d
ay
en
v
ir
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n
m
en
ts
[
1
]
.
T
h
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ch
allen
g
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af
f
ec
t
ac
ad
em
ic
f
u
n
ctio
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in
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tio
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al
well
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d
s
o
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.
W
ith
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ec
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ly
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v
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h
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ten
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if
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ad
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ap
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s
eq
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tly
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cr
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tiv
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d
ex
p
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th
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ap
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g
ain
ed
atten
tio
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with
ar
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ap
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m
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g
in
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as a
p
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m
is
in
g
n
o
n
-
v
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b
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f
lex
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le,
an
d
ch
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-
ce
n
ter
ed
in
ter
v
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n
tio
n
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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Vo
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15
,
No
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3
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20
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6
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2206
Ar
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R
esear
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[
4
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B
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th
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c
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p
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r
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n
ter
a
ctio
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an
d
s
elf
-
r
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u
la
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[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
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f
in
d
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h
ig
h
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t t
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cr
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s
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m
u
ltip
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d
e
v
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tal
d
o
m
ain
s
[
7
]
.
Desp
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en
co
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ag
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s
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s
f
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ag
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Ma
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f
f
er
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s
m
all
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am
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h
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r
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s
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d
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b
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ch
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teac
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ep
o
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[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
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o
f
s
tan
d
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d
ize
d
ass
ess
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en
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s
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a
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ab
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d
lim
its
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en
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ter
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T
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er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
,
c
o
n
te
x
tu
ally
r
elev
a
n
t
r
esear
c
h
d
esig
n
s
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
with
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
[
1
0
]
.
T
r
ad
it
io
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as a
p
p
lied
b
eh
av
io
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
AB
A)
p
r
io
r
itize
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
k
ill ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
1
]
.
W
h
ile
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
,
th
ey
o
f
ten
n
eg
lect
em
o
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
.
C
h
ild
r
e
n
with
s
en
s
o
r
y
s
en
s
itiv
ities
o
r
e
x
p
r
ess
iv
e
l
an
g
u
ag
e
ch
allen
g
es
m
ay
f
in
d
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
r
estrictiv
e.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
f
lex
ib
le,
e
m
o
t
io
n
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
em
p
h
asize
s
s
elf
-
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
tr
ad
it
io
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
em
o
tio
n
al
well
-
b
e
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
[
1
2
]
.
E
x
am
in
in
g
h
o
w
ar
t
th
er
a
p
y
f
ills
th
ese
g
ap
s
i
s
ess
en
tial f
o
r
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Ar
t
th
er
ap
y
m
a
y
r
ed
u
ce
an
x
i
ety
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
th
an
p
u
r
el
y
b
eh
av
io
r
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
f
o
r
m
in
im
ally
v
e
r
b
al
ch
il
d
r
en
[
7
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
cr
itics
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
its
lack
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es,
wh
ich
lim
it
clin
ical
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
th
er
a
p
ies
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
q
u
an
tifi
ab
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
b
u
t
o
f
te
n
o
v
er
lo
o
k
em
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
with
estab
lis
h
ed
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
m
a
y
y
ield
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
o
u
tco
m
es,
b
ala
n
cin
g
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
with
em
o
tio
n
al
g
r
o
wt
h
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
cr
itical
r
esear
ch
g
ap
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
atic
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
in
en
h
an
cin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
e
m
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
with
ASD
in
Kin
a
b
alu
C
ity
,
Sab
ah
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
d
r
awin
g
,
p
a
in
tin
g
,
co
llag
e,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
g
a
p
s
an
d
em
p
h
asizin
g
cu
ltu
r
al
r
elev
an
ce
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
em
p
ir
ical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ar
t
t
h
er
ap
y
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
will
in
f
o
r
m
a
ll
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
an
d
s
to
c
k
h
o
ld
e
r
s
o
n
in
teg
r
atin
g
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
in
t
o
ea
r
ly
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
p
ath
way
s
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
with
ASD.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
will
in
v
o
lv
e
1
0
ch
i
ld
r
en
ag
ed
4
-
6
y
ea
r
s
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
with
ASD.
Par
tic
ip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ca
r
ef
u
l
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Selectio
n
was
b
ased
o
n
estab
li
s
h
ed
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
m
et
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
jectiv
es.
Sp
ec
if
ic
ally
,
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
h
ad
b
ee
n
f
o
r
m
ally
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
with
ASD
s
tag
e
2
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Diag
n
o
s
ti
c
r
ep
o
r
ts
an
d
au
tis
m
in
d
ex
s
co
r
es
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
to
co
n
f
ir
m
elig
ib
ilit
y
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
s
elec
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ased
o
n
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
i
a
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
to
h
av
e
f
o
r
m
al
ac
a
d
em
ic
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
in
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
,
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
atio
n
,
as
well
as
ex
t
en
s
iv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
m
in
im
u
m
2
0
y
e
ar
s
)
wo
r
k
in
g
with
ch
ild
r
en
with
ASD.
On
ly
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
ls
wh
o
m
et
all
t
h
e
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n m
et
ho
ds
T
h
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
an
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
r
atin
g
s
ca
le
-
2
(
B
E
R
S‑2
)
will
b
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
p
r
e‑
an
d
p
o
s
t‑
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
to
o
l
ass
ess
es
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
k
ills
,
af
f
ec
tiv
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
an
d
in
tr
ap
e
r
s
o
n
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
o
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
s
o
cial
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
.
C
h
ild
r
en
’
s
ar
two
r
k
will
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
v
is
u
al
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
co
d
in
g
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
(
VE
SC
F),
as
an
in
d
i
ca
to
r
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
s
o
cial
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
an
d
d
aily
liv
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
1
6
]
.
Sem
i‑
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
in
ter
v
iews
.
Ar
t
th
er
ap
is
ts
an
d
ASD
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
will
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
s
em
i‑
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
in
te
r
v
iews
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
v
iews
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ch
an
g
es
in
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
ar
t th
er
a
p
y
p
r
ac
tices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
r
t
th
era
p
y
to
w
a
r
d
ch
ild
r
en
w
ith
a
u
tis
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
o
r
d
er i
n
K
o
ta
K
in
a
b
a
lu
,
S
a
b
a
h
…
(
N
a
ld
o
Ja
n
iu
s
)
2207
T
ab
le
1
.
Sam
p
le
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
at
4
to
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
No
N
a
me
(
n
o
t
r
e
a
l
)
A
g
e
G
e
n
d
e
r
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
1
S
i
t
i
4
G
i
r
l
D
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
A
u
t
i
sm i
n
d
e
x
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
1
0
0
,
l
e
v
e
l
2
A
S
D
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
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c
i
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s
l
e
v
e
l
Li
mi
t
e
d
v
e
r
b
a
l
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
2
Bel
5
G
i
r
l
D
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
A
u
t
i
sm i
n
d
e
x
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
1
0
0
,
l
e
v
e
l
2
A
S
D
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s
l
e
v
e
l
Li
mi
t
e
d
v
e
r
b
a
l
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
3
R
o
y
4
B
o
y
D
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
A
u
t
i
sm i
n
d
e
x
s
c
o
r
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o
f
9
9
,
l
e
v
e
l
2
A
S
D
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s
l
e
v
e
l
Li
mi
t
e
d
v
e
r
b
a
l
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
4
Za
m
5
B
o
y
D
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
A
u
t
i
sm i
n
d
e
x
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
9
9
,
l
e
v
e
l
2
A
S
D
C
o
mm
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n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s
l
e
v
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l
Li
mi
t
e
d
v
e
r
b
a
l
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
5
A
l
i
5
B
o
y
D
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
A
u
t
i
sm i
n
d
e
x
s
c
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1
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0
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l
e
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2
A
S
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c
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t
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c
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a
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i
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ter
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p
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2
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4
.
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t
hica
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t
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T
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ap
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th
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Sch
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E
th
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C
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m
m
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p
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d
all
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3.
RE
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SCU
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1
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Resul
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t
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=1
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.
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an
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s
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15
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3
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e
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
,
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
f
o
r
s
o
cial
in
ter
a
ctio
n
(
Po
s
tSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t)
r
o
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
a
m
ea
n
o
f
2
.
8
1
6
7
(
SD=0
.
1
9
9
5
4
)
,
r
ef
lectin
g
m
ar
k
ed
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
in
itiate
an
d
s
u
s
tain
s
o
cial
ex
ch
an
g
es.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
Pre
C
o
m
m
)
y
ield
ed
a
m
e
an
o
f
1
.
2
8
3
3
(
SD=0
.
1
1
2
4
9
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
lim
ited
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
r
ec
ep
t
iv
e
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
Po
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
co
r
es (
P
o
s
tC
o
m
m
)
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
.
7
5
0
0
(
SD=0
.
1
4
1
6
4
)
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
en
h
an
ce
d
v
er
b
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
f
o
r
d
aily
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
(
Pre
L
iSk
i
ll)
s
h
o
wed
th
e
l
o
west
in
itial
m
ea
n
at
1
.
2
1
6
7
(
SD=0
.
2
9
4
5
0
)
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
r
o
u
tin
e
s
elf
-
ca
r
e
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
Af
t
er
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
f
o
r
d
aily
liv
in
g
s
k
il
ls
(
Po
s
tLiSk
ill)
im
p
r
o
v
ed
to
2
.
7
6
6
7
(
SD=0
.
3
0
6
3
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
g
ain
s
in
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ab
ilit
y
.
T
o
ass
ess
o
v
er
all
im
p
ac
t,
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
co
r
e
(
Ov
er
L
)
was
ca
lcu
late
d
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
y
ield
in
g
a
m
ea
n
o
f
2
.
8
3
3
3
(
S
D=
0
.
2
0
7
8
7
)
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
aly
ze
d
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
N
P
r
e
S
o
l
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
1
.
3
1
6
7
0
.
1
4
5
9
3
10
P
r
e
C
o
m
m
1
.
2
8
3
3
0
.
1
1
2
4
9
10
P
r
e
Li
S
k
i
l
l
1
.
2
1
6
7
0
.
2
9
4
5
0
10
P
o
st
S
o
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
2
.
8
1
6
7
0
.
1
9
9
5
4
10
P
o
st
C
o
m
m
2
.
7
5
0
0
0
.
1
4
1
6
4
10
P
o
st
L
i
S
k
i
l
l
2
.
7
6
6
7
0
.
3
0
6
3
1
10
O
v
e
r
L
2
.
8
3
3
3
0
.
2
0
7
8
7
10
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
f
r
o
m
a
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
r
ee
c
o
r
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
tal
d
o
m
ain
s
-
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
d
aily
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
10
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
Pre
So
lI
n
ter
ac
t
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
3
1
6
7
(
S
D=
0
.
1
4
5
9
3
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
b
aselin
e
in
p
ee
r
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
th
e
Po
s
tSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t
r
o
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
a
m
ea
n
o
f
2
.
8
1
6
7
(
SD=0
.
1
9
9
5
4
)
,
r
ef
lectin
g
m
ar
k
ed
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
a
b
ilit
y
t
o
in
itiate
an
d
s
u
s
tain
s
o
cial
ex
ch
an
g
es.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
Pre
C
o
m
m
y
ield
ed
a
m
ea
n
o
f
1
.
2
8
3
3
(
SD=0
.
1
1
2
4
9
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
lim
ited
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
Po
s
t
C
o
m
m
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
.
7
5
0
0
(
SD=0
.
1
4
1
6
4
)
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
en
h
an
ce
d
v
e
r
b
a
l
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
Pre
L
iSk
ill
s
h
o
wed
th
e
lo
west
in
itial
m
e
an
at
1
.
2
1
6
7
(
SD=0
.
2
9
4
5
0
)
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
r
o
u
tin
e
s
elf
-
ca
r
e
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
Af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
th
e
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
im
p
r
o
v
ed
to
2
.
7
6
6
7
(
SD=0
.
3
0
6
3
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
g
ain
s
in
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ab
ilit
y
.
T
o
ass
es
s
o
v
er
all
im
p
ac
t,
th
e
Ov
er
L
was
ca
lcu
lated
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
y
ield
i
n
g
a
m
ea
n
o
f
2
.
8
3
3
3
(
SD=0
.
2
0
7
8
7
)
.
T
ab
le
5
aim
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
s
in
g
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
ten
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
tatis
tical
an
al
y
s
es
in
clu
d
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics,
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
ANOV
A,
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
b
o
th
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les.
3
.
2
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
pre
-
a
nd
po
s
t
-
inte
rv
ent
io
n sco
re
s
T
h
e
Pre
So
lI
n
ter
ac
t
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
a
m
ea
n
o
f
1
.
3
1
6
7
(
SD=0
.
1
4
5
9
3
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
Po
s
tSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t
r
o
s
e
to
2
.
8
1
6
7
(
SD=0
.
1
9
9
5
4
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
n
o
ta
b
le
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
ee
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
Pre
C
o
m
m
s
h
o
wed
a
m
ea
n
o
f
1
.
2
8
3
3
(
SD=0
.
1
1
2
4
9
)
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
.
7
5
0
0
(
SD=0
.
1
4
1
6
4
)
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
r
ef
lectin
g
e
n
h
an
ce
d
e
x
p
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
r
ec
ep
t
iv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
Pre
L
iSk
ill h
ad
t
h
e
lo
west
in
itial
m
ea
n
at
1
.
2
1
6
7
(
SD=0
.
2
9
4
5
0
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
in
r
o
u
tin
e
s
elf
-
ca
r
e
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
in
g
.
Po
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
t
h
e
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
im
p
r
o
v
ed
to
2
.
7
6
6
7
(
SD=0
.
3
0
6
3
1
)
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ain
s
i
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
Ov
er
L
,
ca
lcu
la
ted
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
r
ea
ch
e
d
a
m
ea
n
o
f
2
.
8
3
3
3
(
SD=0
.
2
0
7
8
7
)
,
a
f
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
c
u
m
u
lativ
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
r
t
th
era
p
y
to
w
a
r
d
ch
ild
r
en
w
ith
a
u
tis
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
o
r
d
er i
n
K
o
ta
K
in
a
b
a
lu
,
S
a
b
a
h
…
(
N
a
ld
o
Ja
n
iu
s
)
2209
T
ab
le
4
.
E
v
alu
atin
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
o
cial,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
d
aily
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
e
a
su
r
e
P
r
e
S
o
l
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
P
r
e
C
o
m
m
P
r
e
Li
S
k
i
l
l
P
o
st
S
o
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
P
o
st
C
o
m
m
P
o
st
L
i
S
k
i
l
l
O
v
e
r
L
P
r
e
S
o
l
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
P
e
a
r
so
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
3
2
0
0
.
1
6
5
-
0
.
4
3
5
-
0
.
3
7
3
-
0
.
0
2
8
0
.
0
0
0
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
0
.
3
6
8
0
.
6
4
8
0
.
2
0
9
0
.
2
8
8
0
.
9
4
0
1
.
0
0
0
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
P
r
e
C
o
m
m
P
e
a
r
so
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
3
2
0
1
.
0
0
0
-
0
.
2
8
9
0
.
0
9
6
-
0
.
0
9
7
0
.
3
4
0
0
.
3
9
6
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
0
.
3
6
8
0
.
4
1
8
0
.
7
9
1
0
.
7
9
0
0
.
3
3
6
0
.
2
5
7
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
P
r
e
Li
S
k
i
l
l
P
e
a
r
so
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
1
6
5
-
0
.
2
8
9
1
.
0
0
0
-
0
.
4
0
4
-
0
.
7
7
7
*
*
-
0
.
8
8
3
*
*
-
0
.
3
5
3
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
0
.
6
4
8
0
.
4
1
8
0
.
2
4
6
0
.
0
0
8
<
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
3
1
7
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
P
o
st
S
o
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
P
e
a
r
so
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
0
.
4
3
5
0
.
0
9
6
-
0
.
4
0
4
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
2
7
3
0
.
5
3
5
0
.
7
4
4
*
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
0
.
2
0
9
0
.
7
9
1
0
.
2
4
6
0
.
4
4
5
0
.
1
1
1
0
.
0
1
4
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
P
o
st
C
o
m
m
P
e
a
r
so
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
0
.
3
7
3
-
0
.
0
9
7
-
0
.
7
7
7
*
*
0
.
2
7
3
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
6
4
0
*
0
.
1
0
5
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
0
.
2
8
8
0
.
7
9
0
0
.
0
0
8
0
.
4
4
5
0
.
0
4
6
0
.
7
7
3
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
P
o
st
L
i
S
k
i
l
l
P
e
a
r
so
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
0
.
0
2
8
0
.
3
4
0
-
0
.
8
8
3
*
*
0
.
5
3
5
0
.
6
4
0
*
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
6
3
0
S
i
g
.
(2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
0
.
9
4
0
0
.
3
3
6
<
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
1
1
1
0
.
0
4
6
0
.
0
5
1
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
O
v
e
r
L
P
e
a
r
so
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
3
9
6
-
0
.
3
5
3
0
.
7
4
4
*
0
.
1
0
5
0
.
6
3
0
1
.
0
0
0
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
2
5
7
0
.
3
1
7
0
.
0
1
4
0
.
7
7
3
0
.
0
5
1
N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
*
*
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
1
l
e
v
e
l
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
*
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
5
l
e
v
e
l
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
T
ab
le
5
.
Statis
tical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
an
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
sᵃ
M
o
d
e
l
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
U
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
t
S
i
g
.
B
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
B
e
t
a
1
(
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
)
-
1
.
4
1
9
3
.
3
7
5
-
-
0
.
4
2
1
0
.
7
0
2
P
r
e
S
o
l
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
0
.
1
2
7
0
.
5
2
3
0
.
0
8
9
0
.
2
4
3
0
.
8
2
4
P
r
e
C
o
m
m
0
.
3
7
3
0
.
5
8
5
0
.
2
0
2
0
.
6
3
8
0
.
5
6
9
P
r
e
Li
S
k
i
l
l
0
.
4
4
1
0
.
4
9
7
0
.
6
2
4
0
.
8
8
6
0
.
4
4
1
P
o
st
S
o
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
0
.
6
0
7
0
.
4
0
2
0
.
5
8
2
1
.
5
1
0
0
.
2
2
8
P
o
st
C
o
m
m
-
0
.
0
7
6
0
.
7
3
4
-
0
.
0
5
2
-
0
.
1
0
4
0
.
9
2
4
P
o
st
L
i
S
k
i
l
l
0
.
5
6
8
0
.
4
6
4
0
.
8
3
6
1
.
2
2
3
0
.
3
0
9
3
.
2
.
2
.
Co
rr
ela
t
io
na
l ins
ig
hts
No
tab
ly
,
Pre
C
o
m
m
was
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
c
o
r
r
elate
d
with
b
o
th
Po
s
tSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t
(
r
=0
.
7
9
1
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
a
n
d
Po
s
tC
o
m
m
(
r
=0
.
7
9
0
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
in
itial
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
b
ilit
y
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
f
o
r
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
in
b
o
th
s
o
cial
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
iv
e
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Pr
eL
iSk
ill
ex
h
ib
ited
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
Po
s
tC
o
m
m
(
r
=
–
0
.
7
7
7
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
an
d
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
(
r
=
–
0
.
8
8
3
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
wit
h
lo
wer
b
aselin
e
d
aily
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
g
r
ea
t
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
Po
s
tSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t
v
ar
iab
le
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
Ov
er
L
(
r
=0
.
7
4
4
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
o
v
er
all
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
g
ain
s
.
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
als
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
wit
h
Ov
er
L
(
r
=0
.
6
3
0
,
p
=0
.
0
5
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
n
ea
r
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
cu
m
u
lativ
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
3
.
2
.
3
.
ANO
VA
a
nd
re
g
re
s
s
io
n m
o
del e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
Th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
e
d
s
ix
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
: Pr
eSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t,
Pre
C
o
m
m
,
Pre
L
iSk
ill,
Po
s
tS
o
lI
n
ter
ac
t,
Po
s
tC
o
m
m
,
an
d
Po
s
tLiSk
ill.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
y
iel
d
ed
an
F
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
2
.
1
9
7
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
c
e
lev
el
o
f
p
=
0
.
2
7
7
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
c
o
llectiv
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tly
ex
p
lain
v
ar
ian
ce
in
t
h
e
Ov
er
L
s
co
r
e.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
m
ay
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
N=
1
0
)
,
w
h
ich
lim
its
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
an
d
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
an
al
y
s
is
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
Po
s
tSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t
(
β=0
.
5
8
2
,
p
=
0
.
2
2
8
)
a
n
d
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
(
β=0
.
8
3
6
,
p
=
0
.
3
0
9
)
h
ad
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
s
u
g
g
est
in
g
th
ey
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
o
v
er
all
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
Po
s
tC
o
m
m
(
β=
–
0
.
0
5
2
,
p
=
0
.
9
2
4
)
in
d
icate
s
m
in
im
al
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
to
th
e
Ov
e
r
L
in
th
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el,
d
esp
ite
its
s
tr
o
n
g
b
iv
ar
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
s
in
g
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
0
ch
ild
r
en
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
em
p
l
o
y
ed
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
es
in
clu
d
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
,
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ices,
A
NOVA
,
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
ical
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
m
ap
p
in
g
.
Par
ticu
lar
atten
tio
n
was
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ag
e
a
n
d
g
en
d
e
r
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
o
u
tco
m
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
2
0
5
-
2
2
1
6
2210
−
Pre
-
test
s
co
r
es:
estab
lis
h
in
g
b
aselin
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
.
Pre
-
test
s
co
r
es
s
er
v
ed
as
b
aselin
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
ea
c
h
ch
ild
’
s
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
s
tatu
s
p
r
io
r
to
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
wer
e:
Pre
So
lI
n
ter
ac
t
=
1
.
3
1
6
7
;
Pre
C
o
m
m
=
1
.
2
8
3
3
;
Pre
L
iSk
ill
=
1
.
2
1
6
7
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
r
e
f
lect
lim
ited
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
p
ee
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e/r
ec
ep
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
el
ativ
ely
lo
w
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
s
u
g
g
est co
n
s
is
ten
t p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
am
p
le.
−
Po
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es:
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
im
p
ac
t
.
Po
s
tSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t
=
2
.
8
1
6
7
;
Po
s
tC
o
m
m
=
2
.
7
5
0
0
;
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
=
2
.
7
6
6
7
;
Ov
er
L
=
2
.
8
3
3
3
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
af
f
ir
m
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
id
en
tifie
d
Po
s
tSo
lI
n
ter
ac
t
(
β=0
.
5
8
2
)
an
d
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
(
β=0
.
8
3
6
)
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
o
v
er
all
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
eir
p
-
v
alu
es
d
id
n
o
t
r
ea
c
h
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
T
h
e
A
NOVA
m
o
d
el
(
F
=2
.
1
9
7
,
p
=
0
.
2
7
7
)
s
im
ilar
ly
f
ailed
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
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2
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L
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ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
f
u
r
th
er
id
en
tifie
d
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
(
β=0
.
8
3
6
)
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
i
cto
r
o
f
o
v
er
all
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
o
f
d
aily
liv
i
n
g
co
m
p
eten
cies i
n
b
r
o
ad
er
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
2
2
0
5
-
2
2
1
6
2212
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
r
ian
g
u
lated
d
ata
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
r
ian
g
u
lated
d
ata
o
f
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
3
.
5
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
r
esu
lted
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
o
ci
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
with
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
n
ea
r
ly
d
o
u
b
lin
g
f
r
o
m
a
lo
w
b
aselin
e
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
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is
in
cr
ea
s
e,
co
r
r
elatio
n
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aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
o
v
er
all
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
p
r
o
g
r
ess
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
(
r
=0
.
7
4
4
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
ee
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t
is
n
o
t
ju
s
t
an
is
o
lated
s
k
ill
b
u
t
a
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
o
v
er
all
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Qu
alitativ
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
t
h
ese
s
ta
tis
tical
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
a
r
t
p
r
o
jects,
s
u
ch
as
g
r
o
u
p
m
u
r
als,
e
n
co
u
r
ag
ed
tu
r
n
-
tak
in
g
,
s
h
ar
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
On
e
ch
ild
wh
o
h
a
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
b
ee
n
o
s
tr
ac
ized
b
y
p
ee
r
s
b
eg
a
n
in
v
itin
g
o
th
er
s
to
jo
in
in
th
e
co
lo
r
in
g
task
,
e
x
p
lain
in
g
h
o
w
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
cr
ea
tes
a
s
af
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
s
o
cial
ex
ch
an
g
e
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
Vo
g
el
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
wh
o
em
p
h
asize
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
i
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
ec
ip
r
o
city
.
Hav
s
teen
-
Fra
n
k
li
n
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
wh
o
em
p
h
asize
th
e
n
atu
r
al
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
in
cr
ea
tiv
e
co
n
tex
ts
.
Mo
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
e
v
id
en
c
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
C
lar
k
e
an
d
L
o
r
d
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
p
ee
r
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
o
u
t
r
ely
in
g
o
n
r
ig
id
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
g
u
id
elin
es,
th
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
cu
ltu
r
ally
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
c
h
ild
-
ce
n
ter
ed
p
ath
way
f
o
r
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ch
allen
g
es
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
m
o
d
els
th
at
o
f
ten
p
r
io
r
itize
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
o
v
er
o
r
g
a
n
ic
in
ter
a
ctio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
co
r
es
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
with
th
e
m
e
an
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
d
o
u
b
lin
g
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
b
aselin
e.
C
o
r
r
el
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
ea
r
ly
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
p
r
ed
icted
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
co
r
es
i
n
b
o
th
s
o
cial
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tiv
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
(
r
=0
.
7
9
1
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
in
ter
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
h
as
b
r
o
ad
er
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
ter
v
iews
with
teac
h
er
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
r
ich
,
in
-
d
ep
th
co
n
tex
t
u
al
an
aly
s
is
.
C
h
i
ld
r
en
in
itially
r
elied
o
n
d
r
awin
g
to
ex
p
r
ess
em
o
ti
o
n
s
b
u
t
g
r
ad
u
ally
tr
an
s
itio
n
ed
to
v
er
b
al
lab
elin
g
,
u
s
in
g
wo
r
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
“
h
a
p
p
y
”
an
d
“
f
am
ily
”
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
in
teg
r
ates
n
o
n
v
er
b
al
an
d
v
er
b
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Alasm
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
w
h
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
n
o
n
v
er
b
al
th
er
ap
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
o
th
e
x
p
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
r
ec
e
p
tiv
e
s
k
ills
.
E
s
p
o
s
ito
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
wh
o
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
teac
h
er
m
ed
iat
io
n
was
cr
u
cial
in
g
u
id
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
to
co
n
n
ec
t
v
is
u
al
s
y
m
b
o
ls
with
v
er
b
al
l
an
g
u
ag
e
.
T
h
e
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
th
at
a
r
t
th
er
ap
y
ac
ts
as
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
la
n
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
en
a
b
lin
g
c
h
ild
r
en
to
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
v
er
b
al
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
[
2
2
]
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
s
p
ee
ch
th
er
ap
y
,
wh
ich
is
o
f
ten
lim
ited
to
lan
g
u
ag
e
ex
er
cises
,
ar
t
th
er
a
p
y
in
teg
r
ates
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l,
cr
ea
tiv
e
c
o
n
tex
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
est
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
r
o
ad
en
s
th
e
r
e
p
er
to
ir
e
o
f
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
av
a
ilab
le
to
ch
ild
r
en
with
ASD,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
o
s
e
r
esis
tan
t to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
la
n
g
u
ag
e
-
b
ased
th
er
a
p
ies
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
r
t
th
era
p
y
to
w
a
r
d
ch
ild
r
en
w
ith
a
u
tis
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
o
r
d
er i
n
K
o
ta
K
in
a
b
a
lu
,
S
a
b
a
h
…
(
N
a
ld
o
Ja
n
iu
s
)
2213
Daily
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
h
ad
th
e
lo
west
b
aselin
e
s
co
r
es
b
u
t
s
h
o
wed
th
e
b
est
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
af
ter
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
a
n
al
y
s
is
id
en
tifie
d
Po
s
tLiSk
ill
(
β=0
.
8
3
6
)
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
o
v
e
r
all
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
in
ac
tiv
ities
in
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
ch
ild
r
e
n
with
lo
wer
b
aselin
e
lev
els
o
f
d
aily
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
s
h
o
wed
g
r
ea
ter
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
a
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
p
atter
n
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
an
in
teg
r
ate
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Qu
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
p
r
o
m
o
ted
th
e
ass
im
ilatio
n
o
f
p
r
ac
t
ices
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
d
r
ew
p
ictu
r
es
o
f
b
r
u
s
h
in
g
th
eir
teet
h
in
ar
t
class
later
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
is
task
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
em
p
h
asized
th
at
v
is
u
alizin
g
p
r
ac
tices
th
r
o
u
g
h
ar
t
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
b
eh
av
io
r
a
l
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
ese
r
e
s
u
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
Z
h
an
g
[
1
4
]
,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
v
is
u
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
teac
h
i
n
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
in
t
e
g
r
ates
s
y
m
b
o
lic
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
with
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
y
m
b
o
lic
b
en
ef
its
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
with
teac
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
th
ese
b
en
ef
its
ca
n
lead
to
c
o
n
cr
ete
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
wo
r
k
m
ak
es
ar
t
t
h
er
ap
y
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
in
d
aily
liv
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
cu
ltu
r
ally
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
3
.
5
.
1
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
lim
it
s
th
e
s
tati
s
tical
p
o
wer
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
lar
g
er
s
am
p
les
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
d
u
r
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
lim
its
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ass
ess
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
i
es
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
e
x
am
in
e
wh
eth
er
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
p
er
s
is
t
af
ter
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
in
t
er
v
en
tio
n
.
W
h
ile
teac
h
er
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
is
ess
en
tial
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
h
ea
lt
h
liter
ac
y
,
it r
aises
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t th
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
in
lo
w
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ettin
g
s
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
ar
t
th
e
r
ap
y
f
o
r
ASD
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
d
o
m
ain
s
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
s
o
cial
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
s
ep
ar
ately
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
e
cted
n
ess
o
f
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
d
aily
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
i
s
f
in
d
in
g
is
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Vo
g
el
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
r
ec
ip
r
o
city
;
Kim
an
d
Par
k
[
6
]
o
n
n
o
n
v
er
b
al
s
tim
u
latio
n
;
an
d
T
h
o
m
p
s
o
n
a
n
d
R
iv
er
a
[
1
3
]
o
n
in
clu
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
b
u
t
ex
p
an
d
s
o
n
th
is
n
o
tio
n
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
ar
t
th
e
r
ap
y
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
ar
t
th
er
a
p
y
,
as
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ar
two
r
k
o
f
ten
r
e
f
lects
lo
ca
l
id
en
titi
es
an
d
f
am
il
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
is
o
v
er
lap
s
with
Dele
o
n
[
2
9
]
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
cu
ltu
r
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
ath
wa
y
f
o
r
h
o
l
is
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
cu
ltu
r
a
l
f
ac
to
r
s
in
to
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
a
u
n
iq
u
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
a
r
t
th
er
ap
y
is
n
o
t o
n
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
u
t a
ls
o
ap
p
licab
le
to
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
[
3
0
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
lead
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
r
elev
an
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
d
aily
liv
in
g
s
k
il
ls
in
ch
ild
r
en
with
ASD.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
as
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e,
cu
ltu
r
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
a
n
d
ch
i
ld
-
ce
n
ter
ed
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
ar
t
th
er
ap
y
co
m
b
in
es
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
s
e,
en
co
u
r
ag
es
p
ee
r
in
ter
a
ctio
n
with
o
u
t
h
ar
s
h
s
tim
u
li,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
cr
ea
ti
v
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ex
p
an
d
s
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
a
v
ailab
le
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
with
A
SD
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
ath
way
f
o
r
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Fu
n
d
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
f
e
es wa
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
I
-
C
AT
S U
n
iv
er
s
ity
C
o
lleg
e
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
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f
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ter
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co
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DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
er
e
is
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o
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ata
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tatem
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co
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r
es
ea
r
ch
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
G
.
B
e
r
t
o
l
l
o
,
C
.
F
.
P
u
n
t
e
l
,
B
.
V
.
d
a
S
i
l
v
a
,
M
.
M
a
r
t
i
n
s,
M
.
D
.
B
a
g
a
t
i
n
i
,
a
n
d
Z
.
M
.
I
g
n
á
c
i
o
,
“
N
e
u
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
n
e
u
r
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
l
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s
a
n
d
mo
o
d
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
s,
”
Br
a
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
3
0
7
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
b
r
a
i
n
s
c
i
1
5
0
3
0
3
0
7
.
[
2
]
J.
F
.
R
i
c
h
a
r
d
so
n
,
“
A
r
t
,
a
r
t
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
,
a
n
d
a
u
t
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sm,
”
i
n
T
h
e
Wi
l
e
y
H
a
n
d
b
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o
k
o
f
Art
T
h
e
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a
p
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,
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.
E
.
G
u
ssa
k
a
n
d
M
.
L.
R
o
s
a
l
,
E
d
s.,
H
o
b
o
k
e
n
,
N
J
:
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l
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y
,
2
0
2
6
,
p
p
.
4
0
1
–
4
1
0
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
1
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/
9
7
8
1
3
9
4
2
1
5
0
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7
.
c
h
4
3
.
[
3
]
G
.
K
h
a
l
i
f
a
,
Z.
M
a
ss
a
r
w
a
,
M
.
K
r
a
y
e
m
,
a
n
d
L.
H
o
s
n
i
,
“
A
r
t
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
i
n
I
sr
a
e
l
i
k
i
n
d
e
r
g
a
r
t
e
n
s:
k
i
n
d
e
r
g
a
r
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