I
AE
S In
t
er
na
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Art
if
icia
l In
t
ellig
ence
(
I
J
-
AI
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
6
,
p
p
.
2874
~
2
8
8
4
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijai.v
15
.i
3
.
p
p
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
4
2874
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
i
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Do
uble dire
ction
o
ptimiza
tion: a n
ew met
a
he
uristic
that
performs
e
x
plo
ita
tion a
nd e
x
plo
ra
ti
o
n simulta
neo
usl
y
P
urba
Da
ru
K
us
um
a
1,
2
,
H
elm
y
Widy
a
nta
ra
2
,
3
1
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
Te
l
k
o
m U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
C
e
n
t
e
r
o
f
E
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
:
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
a
n
d
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
st
e
m,
Te
l
k
o
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
S
u
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
3
P
r
o
g
r
a
m St
u
d
y
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
c
s
,
T
e
l
k
o
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
S
u
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
1
0
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
1
1
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Ma
r
5
,
2
0
2
6
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
c
o
n
stru
c
ts
a
n
o
v
e
l
m
e
th
o
d
c
a
ll
e
d
d
o
u
b
le d
irec
ti
o
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(DD
O).
DD
O
is
c
o
n
stru
c
ted
b
a
se
d
o
n
sw
a
rm
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(S
I)
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
a
n
d
it
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
u
se
a
n
y
m
e
tap
h
o
r.
As
it
s
n
a
m
e
su
g
g
e
sts,
i
t
e
m
p
l
o
y
s
a
n
o
v
e
l
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
b
y
p
e
rfo
rm
i
n
g
e
x
p
l
o
it
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
l
o
ra
ti
o
n
sim
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
sly
wh
ich
is
tran
sfo
rm
e
d
in
t
o
two
se
q
u
e
n
ti
a
l
se
a
rc
h
e
s.
In
th
e
1
st
se
a
rc
h
,
th
e
m
o
ti
o
n
to
wa
rd
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
g
e
n
t
is
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
wit
h
t
h
e
m
o
ti
o
n
to
wa
rd
a
ra
n
d
o
m
l
y
tak
e
n
h
ig
h
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
a
g
e
n
t.
I
n
th
e
2
n
d
se
a
rc
h
,
th
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
t
o
wa
rd
th
e
fin
e
st
e
n
ti
t
y
is
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
wit
h
th
e
m
o
ti
o
n
re
lativ
e
t
o
a
ra
n
d
o
m
ly
tak
e
n
a
g
e
n
t.
I
n
t
h
is
wo
r
k
,
t
h
e
e
ffica
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
DD
O
is
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
u
sin
g
th
re
e
u
se
c
a
se
s:
2
3
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s,
fo
u
r
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
p
ro
b
lem
s,
a
n
d
a
n
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
m
issio
n
d
isp
a
tch
(EE
D)
p
ro
b
lem
.
In
t
h
is
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
th
e
re
a
re
fiv
e
m
e
ta
h
e
u
risti
c
s
th
a
t
b
e
c
o
m
e
th
e
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
rk
:
c
ra
y
fish
o
p
t
imiz
a
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(COA
),
h
ik
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(HO
),
o
s
p
re
y
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
(OO
A),
c
a
rp
e
t
we
a
v
e
r
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(C
WO),
a
n
d
d
o
l
lma
k
e
r
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(DO
A).
Th
e
re
su
l
t
in
d
ica
tes
th
e
su
p
re
m
a
c
y
o
f
DD
O
in
h
i
g
h
d
ime
n
sio
n
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
DD
O
in
fi
x
e
d
d
ime
n
sio
n
m
u
l
ti
m
o
d
a
l
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s,
fo
u
r
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
p
ro
b
lem
s,
a
n
d
th
e
EE
D p
ro
b
lem
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
co
n
o
m
ic
em
is
s
io
n
d
is
p
atch
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
esig
n
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tic
Op
tim
izatio
n
Po
wer
s
y
s
tem
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Pu
r
b
a
Dar
u
Ku
s
u
m
a
Pro
g
r
am
Stu
d
y
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ic
al
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
T
elk
o
m
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: p
u
r
b
o
d
ar
u
@
telk
o
m
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Op
tim
izatio
n
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
o
r
well
-
k
n
o
w
n
s
tu
d
y
th
at
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
m
a
n
y
f
ield
s
,
esp
ec
ially
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
b
asic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
wh
eth
e
r
it
is
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
o
n
e
o
r
m
in
im
u
m
o
n
e,
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
et
o
f
av
ailab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
r
ca
n
b
e
ca
lled
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
r
d
is
cr
ete.
M
an
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
is
p
atch
[
1
]
,
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
[
2
]
,
o
r
u
n
it
co
m
m
itm
en
t
[
3
]
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
th
e
ex
am
p
le
o
f
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e.
Ma
n
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
o
p
er
atio
n
r
esear
ch
,
s
u
ch
as
f
lo
w
-
s
h
o
p
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
[
4
]
,
v
e
h
icle
r
o
u
ti
n
g
[
5
]
,
an
d
o
r
d
er
all
o
ca
tio
n
[
6
]
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
d
is
cr
ete
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e.
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tics
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
p
o
p
u
lar
to
o
l
th
at
is
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
in
m
an
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tu
d
ies wh
eth
er
th
eir
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
r
d
is
cr
ete.
Ma
n
y
n
ew
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
r
ec
en
tly
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
ar
e
m
etap
h
o
r
-
im
itated
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
ar
e
m
etap
h
o
r
-
f
r
ee
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
ex
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
1
s
t
o
n
es
ar
e
d
ee
p
s
leep
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
DS
O
)
[
7
]
,
h
ik
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
HO)
[
8
]
,
p
r
air
ie
d
o
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PDO)
[
9
]
,
cr
ay
f
is
h
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
C
OA)
[
1
0
]
,
o
s
p
r
ey
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
OOA)
[
1
1
]
,
ly
r
eb
ir
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
L
OA)
[
1
2
]
,
ca
r
p
et
wea
v
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
C
W
O)
[
1
3
]
,
d
o
llm
a
k
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
DOA)
[
1
4
]
,
s
ales
tr
ain
in
g
-
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Do
u
b
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
:
a
n
ew me
ta
h
eu
r
is
tic
th
a
t p
er
fo
r
ms ex
p
lo
ita
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
P
u
r
b
a
Da
r
u
K
u
s
u
ma
)
2875
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
STBO)
[
1
5
]
,
ad
d
ax
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
AOA)
[
1
6
]
,
clo
u
d
ed
leo
p
ar
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
C
L
O)
[
1
7
]
,
g
o
ld
e
n
jack
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GJO)
[
1
8
]
,
w
h
ite
s
h
ar
k
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
W
SO)
[
1
9
]
,
elk
h
er
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
E
HO)
[
2
0
]
,
Ko
m
o
d
o
m
li
p
ir
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
KM
A
)
[
2
1
]
,
g
ian
t
a
r
m
ad
illo
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
(
GAO)
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
p
u
f
f
e
r
f
is
h
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
POA)
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
th
e
2
n
d
o
n
es
ar
e
g
o
l
d
en
s
ea
r
c
h
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GSO)
[
2
4
]
,
a
v
er
ag
e
s
u
b
t
r
ac
tio
n
-
b
ased
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
(
ASB
O)
[
2
5
]
,
f
u
ll
y
in
f
o
r
m
ed
s
ea
r
c
h
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
FISA)
[
2
6
]
,
an
d
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
av
e
r
ag
e
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
SAB
O)
[
2
7
]
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
tw
o
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
r
c
r
itiq
u
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
co
n
ce
r
n
is
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
m
etap
h
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
2
n
d
co
n
ce
r
n
is
th
e
tr
en
d
o
n
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Ma
n
y
m
eta
h
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
u
s
e
m
e
tap
h
o
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
m
etap
h
o
r
is
an
im
al
b
eh
av
io
r
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
h
u
n
tin
g
,
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
,
o
r
m
atin
g
.
I
r
o
n
ically
,
th
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
th
e
m
etap
h
o
r
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
as
th
e
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
8
]
.
I
r
o
n
ically
,
b
y
i
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
eir
f
o
r
m
al
m
eth
o
d
,
esp
ec
ially
b
ased
o
n
th
e
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
s
eu
d
o
c
o
d
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el,
o
v
e
r
a
ll,
th
is
m
etap
h
o
r
is
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ics
o
n
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
et
h
er
th
ey
ar
e
d
ir
ec
ted
s
ea
r
ch
to
war
d
o
r
awa
y
f
r
o
m
ce
r
tain
tar
g
et
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
.
B
esid
es,
s
o
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
s
ea
r
ch
m
ec
h
an
is
m
wh
eth
er
th
ese
m
u
ltip
le
s
ea
r
c
h
es
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
eq
u
e
n
tially
,
co
n
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
r
b
o
th
.
T
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
co
m
p
etitio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
o
n
es
b
ec
o
m
es
a
c
o
n
ce
r
n
to
o
.
Ma
n
y
n
ew
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
ar
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
b
ea
t
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
o
n
es,
an
d
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
is
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
n
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
o
n
es.
T
h
ese
two
co
n
ce
r
n
s
m
ay
p
u
s
h
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
eta
h
eu
r
is
tic
in
a
wr
o
n
g
way
.
R
ath
er
th
an
f
in
d
in
g
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
n
ew
way
s
to
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
m
a
n
y
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
ten
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
n
ew
m
etap
h
o
r
s
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
o
n
es.
Ma
n
y
o
ld
s
ch
o
o
l
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
,
s
im
u
lated
an
n
ea
lin
g
(
SA)
,
an
d
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
ar
e
s
till
u
tili
ze
d
in
m
an
y
wo
r
k
s
,
s
u
ch
as
to
s
o
lv
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
v
e
h
icle
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
2
9
]
,
p
ath
p
lan
n
in
g
[
3
0
]
,
wate
r
allo
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
[
3
1
]
,
task
o
f
f
lo
ad
i
n
g
in
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
[
3
2
]
,
an
d
cr
ed
it
r
atin
g
m
o
d
el
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
e
n
ew
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
g
r
ey
wo
l
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GW
O)
[
3
4
]
o
r
m
ar
in
e
p
r
e
d
ato
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
MPA)
[
3
5
]
ar
e
also
s
till
p
o
p
u
lar
,
s
u
ch
as
to
s
o
lv
e
task
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
i
n
clo
u
d
s
y
s
tem
[
3
6
]
,
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
[
3
7
]
,
an
d
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
[
3
8
]
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
all
th
ese
ex
is
tin
g
m
etah
eu
r
is
ti
cs
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tak
en
as
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
f
o
r
n
ew
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tics
an
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
b
ea
ten
m
an
y
tim
es.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
a
d
ictio
n
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
u
n
m
atch
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
n
o
t
ev
e
r
y
t
h
in
g
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
s
im
p
licity
an
d
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
ex
is
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
o
le
i
n
b
ec
o
m
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
is
aim
ed
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
n
ew
m
et
h
o
d
ca
lled
d
o
u
b
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
DDO)
.
I
t
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
in
g
SI
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
o
th
at
it
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
s
e
t
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
en
titi
es.
DD
O
is
d
esig
n
ed
as
a
m
etap
h
o
r
-
f
r
ee
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
th
at
its
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
b
o
th
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
i
n
a
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
m
an
n
er
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
ly
in
v
esti
g
ated
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
.
DDO
is
th
en
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
s
o
lv
e
th
r
ee
u
s
e
ca
s
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
ar
e
lis
ted
:
i)
i
t
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
n
o
v
e
l
m
etap
h
o
r
-
f
r
ee
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
lle
d
as
DDO
,
ii)
DDO
h
as
a
n
o
v
el
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
in
eq
u
al
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
,
iii)
t
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
DDO
is
ass
es
s
ed
b
y
ch
allen
g
in
g
it
to
s
o
lv
e
2
3
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
4
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
em
is
s
io
n
d
is
p
atch
(
E
E
D)
p
r
o
b
lem
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
,
an
d
iv
)
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
DDO
is
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
ed
u
s
in
g
f
iv
e
n
ew
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
elo
w.
Sectio
n
2
in
v
esti
g
ates
an
d
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
r
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
r
s
t
u
d
ies
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
.
Sectio
n
3
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
DDO
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
r
esu
lt
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
DDO.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
k
n
o
wn
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
to
o
l
s
in
ce
lo
n
g
d
ec
ad
e
s
ag
o
.
I
ts
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
c
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
its
s
i
m
p
licity
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
v
ar
io
u
s
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
I
t
s
tar
ted
with
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
ea
r
ch
er
a,
wh
er
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
tab
u
s
ea
r
ch
,
SA
,
an
d
v
ar
iab
le
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
ea
r
ch
g
ain
e
d
th
eir
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
.
E
v
en
to
d
ay
,
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
s
till
wid
ely
u
s
ed
wh
eth
e
r
u
s
in
g
th
eir
b
asic
f
o
r
m
o
r
th
eir
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
n
es.
T
h
en
,
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
b
ase
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
r
o
s
e
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
s
in
ce
th
ey
ac
h
iev
e
f
aster
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
g
iv
e
b
etter
ch
an
ce
to
av
o
id
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
al
b
y
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
with
in
s
p
ac
e.
I
n
th
is
er
a,
s
ev
er
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
e
GA
o
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
(
E
P)
r
o
s
e
th
eir
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
.
T
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
co
n
tin
u
ed
to
th
e
em
er
g
in
g
o
f
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
(
SI)
er
a.
Sti
ll
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
SI
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
r
ea
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
y
ac
tiv
atin
g
all
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
b
ec
o
m
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ag
e
n
ts
th
at
s
ea
r
c
h
b
o
t
h
in
d
i
v
id
u
ally
a
n
d
c
o
llectiv
ely
in
ev
e
r
y
iter
atio
n
.
PS
O
was
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
ea
r
ly
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
SI
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
wh
ich
is
also
s
till
p
o
p
u
lar
u
n
til
to
d
ay
.
Sin
ce
th
e
n
,
m
an
y
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tics
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
SI
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
en
,
it
co
m
es
n
atu
r
e
in
s
p
ir
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
NI
O)
e
r
a.
T
h
is
er
a,
m
an
y
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tics
ad
o
p
t
o
r
im
itate
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
atu
r
e.
An
im
al
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
alth
o
u
g
h
p
lan
tatio
n
,
m
ater
ial,
o
r
ev
en
h
u
m
an
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ar
e
also
ad
o
p
ted
as
m
etap
h
o
r
s
.
Ma
n
y
n
atu
r
e
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
6
:
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
4
2876
m
etap
h
o
r
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
SI
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
PS
O
im
itates
th
e
n
atu
r
al
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
b
ir
d
s
.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
n
atu
r
e
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
o
r
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
SI
a
n
d
e
v
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
etap
h
o
r
-
b
ased
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tics
,
th
er
e
is
cr
itiq
u
e
th
at
’
s
s
tate
th
at
m
an
y
o
f
th
em
h
id
e
th
eir
m
er
e
o
r
tr
iv
ial
n
o
v
elty
b
eh
i
n
d
th
e
m
etap
h
o
r
[
2
8
]
.
B
y
ab
s
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
m
etap
h
o
r
s
,
m
an
y
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
th
ese
m
etap
h
o
r
-
b
ased
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
in
g
en
er
al
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e
o
r
s
im
ilar
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
q
u
ality
ag
en
t
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
e
n
tity
tak
en
t
o
b
ec
o
m
e
a
tar
g
et
f
o
r
th
e
d
ir
ec
ted
s
e
ar
ch
.
T
h
is
h
i
g
h
est
q
u
ality
ag
en
t
ca
n
b
e
th
e
g
lo
b
al
v
er
s
io
n
o
r
th
e
lo
ca
l
o
n
e.
T
h
is
en
tity
h
as
v
ar
i
o
u
s
n
am
e
in
m
an
y
m
etap
h
o
r
-
b
ased
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tics
.
B
esid
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
ag
en
t,
th
er
e
ar
e
also
m
a
n
y
c
o
m
m
o
n
e
n
titi
es
lik
e
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
a
g
en
t,
a
n
d
o
th
er
ag
en
t,
th
at
also
h
av
e
m
a
n
y
n
am
es.
B
esid
es
th
e
en
tity
,
t
h
e
ty
p
es
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
es
also
h
av
e
v
ar
io
u
s
n
am
es,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
ea
r
ch
.
B
elo
w
ar
e
th
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
s
ev
er
al
m
etap
h
o
r
-
b
ased
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tics
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
p
l
u
s
th
e
m
etap
h
o
r
th
at
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
C
OA
is
a
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
th
at
im
itates
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
co
lo
n
y
o
f
c
r
ay
f
is
h
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
u
s
e
s
s
ev
er
al
m
etap
h
o
r
-
b
ased
ter
m
s
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
f
o
o
d
,
an
d
s
h
ad
e.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
iz
ed
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
th
at
is
tak
en
in
ev
er
y
iter
atio
n
.
Sh
ad
e
is
th
e
en
tity
th
at
i
s
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
r
ec
e
n
t
iter
atio
n
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
alit
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
n
til
th
e
r
ec
en
t
iter
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
o
d
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
s
tag
es:
co
m
p
etitio
n
,
f
o
r
ag
in
g
,
an
d
s
u
m
m
er
r
eso
r
t.
B
y
ab
s
tr
ac
tin
g
th
ese
m
etap
h
o
r
s
,
th
ey
ar
e
th
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
ized
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
th
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
.
O
OA
is
a
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
th
at
im
itates
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
o
s
p
r
ey
h
u
n
tin
g
th
e
p
r
ey
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
em
p
lo
y
s
two
s
eq
u
en
tial
p
h
ases
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
p
h
ase
em
p
lo
y
s
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
th
at
u
s
es
p
o
s
itio
n
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
f
is
h
h
u
n
tin
g
as
m
etap
h
o
r
s
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
2
n
d
p
h
ase
em
p
lo
y
s
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
th
at
u
s
es
ca
r
r
y
in
g
th
e
ca
u
g
h
t
p
r
ey
to
c
er
tain
p
o
s
itio
n
as
m
etap
h
o
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
1
s
t
p
h
ase,
a
s
et
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
all
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
ag
en
ts
p
lu
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est q
u
ality
ag
en
t is ca
lled
f
is
h
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
in
th
is
p
h
ase
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
f
is
h
.
I
n
th
e
2
n
d
p
h
ase,
ca
r
r
y
in
g
t
h
e
f
is
h
is
a
m
etap
h
o
r
f
o
r
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
ea
r
ch
.
KM
A
is
a
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
th
at
i
m
itates
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
Ko
m
o
d
o
d
r
ag
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
h
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
p
r
ey
a
n
d
m
atin
g
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
em
p
lo
y
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
p
lit
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
ag
en
ts
:
b
ig
m
ales,
f
em
ales,
an
d
s
m
all
m
ales.
T
h
e
b
ig
m
ales
ar
e
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
ag
en
ts
;
f
em
ale
ar
e
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
ate
q
u
ality
ag
en
ts
;
an
d
s
m
all
m
ales
ar
e
lo
w
q
u
ality
ag
en
ts
.
Fem
ales
p
er
f
o
r
m
two
ty
p
es
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
es:
m
o
tio
n
t
o
war
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
ag
en
t
wh
ich
m
etap
h
o
r
is
s
ex
u
al
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
wh
ich
m
etap
h
o
r
is
asex
u
al
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ag
en
ts
te
n
d
s
t
o
b
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lo
w
-
q
u
ality
ag
en
ts
ten
d
s
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
m
o
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
em
ales
is
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
wh
ich
is
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
ag
en
t
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
c
h
,
b
u
t
o
n
e
ac
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
at
o
n
e
tim
e.
PDO
is
a
m
eth
o
d
th
at
im
itates
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
p
r
air
ie
d
o
g
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
o
p
tio
n
s
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
:
f
o
r
a
g
in
g
,
b
u
r
r
o
win
g
,
f
o
o
d
alar
m
,
an
d
an
tip
r
ed
atio
n
.
Fo
r
ag
in
g
an
d
b
u
r
r
o
win
g
r
ep
r
esen
t
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
wh
ile
f
o
o
d
alar
m
a
n
d
an
tip
r
ed
atio
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
t
r
ateg
y
s
elec
tio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
iter
atio
n
wh
er
e
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
eq
u
al
s
ize
p
er
io
d
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
1
s
t
iter
atio
n
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
en
titi
es
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
:
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
ar
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
r
ec
en
t
iter
atio
n
.
E
HO
is
a
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
th
at
im
itates
th
e
b
r
ee
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
elk
h
er
d
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
r
u
ttin
g
,
ca
lv
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
elec
tio
n
.
R
u
ttin
g
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
id
e
n
tify
i
n
g
ea
c
h
ag
e
n
t
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
q
u
ality
.
C
alv
in
g
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
c
r
ea
tin
g
n
ew
o
f
f
s
p
r
i
n
g
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
a
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
tak
e
n
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
ag
en
t.
Selectio
n
is
a
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
ich
en
titi
es
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
to
th
e
n
ex
t iter
atio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
n
ew
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
th
at
is
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
m
etap
h
o
r
is
c
h
allen
g
in
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
is
b
etter
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
k
ep
t
s
im
p
le.
B
y
d
o
n
o
t
u
s
in
g
m
etap
h
o
r
an
d
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
im
p
le,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
b
e
ea
s
ier
to
l
ea
r
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
n
ew
m
eta
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
th
at
s
im
p
le
an
d
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
m
etap
h
o
r
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
it
is
also
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
th
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
o
th
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
as
in
g
en
er
al,
m
an
y
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
s
p
lit th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DDO
is
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
b
ala
n
ce
b
etwe
en
ex
p
lo
it
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
B
o
th
ac
tiv
ities
,
w
h
ich
in
n
atu
r
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t,
ar
e
th
en
m
er
g
ed
in
to
s
in
g
le
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
m
o
tio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
DDO
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
m
o
tio
n
is
th
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
ag
en
t a
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
T
h
e
2
n
d
m
o
tio
n
is
th
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
tak
en
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
ag
e
n
t a
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
m
o
tio
n
is
th
e
m
o
tio
n
b
ased
to
war
d
o
r
awa
y
f
r
o
m
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
tak
en
ag
en
t
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Do
u
b
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
:
a
n
ew me
ta
h
eu
r
is
tic
th
a
t p
er
fo
r
ms ex
p
lo
ita
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
P
u
r
b
a
Da
r
u
K
u
s
u
ma
)
2877
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
r
ee
m
o
tio
n
s
in
D
DO
of
(
a)
1
s
t m
o
tio
n
,
(
b
)
2
n
d
m
o
tio
n
,
a
n
d
(
c
)
th
ir
d
m
o
tio
n
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
m
o
tio
n
s
ar
e
t
h
e
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
to
two
s
eq
u
en
tial
s
ea
r
ch
es.
T
h
e
1
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
is
th
e
b
len
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
ag
e
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
a
r
an
d
o
m
ly
tak
e
n
h
i
g
h
er
q
u
ality
ag
e
n
t.
T
h
e
2
n
d
s
ea
r
ch
is
th
e
b
len
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
a
g
en
t
an
d
th
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
o
r
awa
y
f
r
o
m
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
tak
en
ag
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
a
g
en
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
m
o
tio
n
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
a
r
an
d
o
m
ly
tak
en
h
ig
h
e
r
q
u
ality
ag
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
tio
n
to
war
d
o
r
awa
y
f
r
o
m
a
r
an
d
o
m
ly
tak
en
a
g
en
t
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
-
o
r
ien
te
d
m
o
tio
n
.
I
n
b
o
th
s
ea
r
ch
es,
th
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
m
o
tio
n
is
0
.
5
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
-
o
r
ien
te
d
m
o
tio
n
is
also
0
.
5
.
E
ac
h
s
ea
r
ch
g
en
er
ates
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
n
d
id
a
te.
Strin
g
en
t
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
DDO
s
o
th
at
th
is
ca
n
d
id
ate
r
ep
lace
s
th
e
r
ec
en
t
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
ag
e
n
t
o
n
ly
if
th
is
ca
n
d
id
ate
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
DDO
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
)
to
(
1
0
)
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
at,
th
e
n
o
tatio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Do
u
b
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
p
tim
izer
1:
start
2:
for all agents
3:
initiate
a
i
4:
update
a
highest
5:
end for
6
:
for
t
=1 to
t
max
7
:
for all agents
8
:
perform 1st search and update
a
highest
9
:
perform
2nd
search and update
a
highest
10
:
stop
11
:
stop
12
:
return
a
highest
13
:
stop
T
ab
le
1
.
No
tatio
n
lis
t
N
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
a
a
g
e
n
t
A
set
o
f
a
g
e
n
t
s
A
pool
set
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
g
e
n
t
s
a
s
e
l
1
,
a
s
e
l
2
1
st
a
n
d
2
n
d
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
g
e
n
t
c
1
,
c
2
1
st
a
n
d
2
n
d
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
of
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
b
upp
e
r
,
b
l
o
we
r
u
p
p
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
,
l
o
w
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
u
1
r
a
n
d
o
m
[
0
,
1
]
u
2
r
a
n
d
o
m
a
m
o
n
g
a
s
e
t
u
3
r
a
n
d
o
m
{1
,
2
}
t
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
m
ax
max
i
mu
m i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
i
n
d
e
x
o
f
a
g
e
n
t
j
i
n
d
e
x
o
f
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
k
i
n
d
e
x
o
f
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
a
g
e
n
t
d
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
si
z
e
DDO
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ag
e
n
ts
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
i
n
itializatio
n
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
g
en
er
atin
g
th
e
in
itial
ag
e
n
t
r
an
d
o
m
ly
with
in
s
p
ac
e
as p
r
esen
ted
in
(
2
)
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
2
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
u
p
d
atin
g
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est q
u
ality
ag
e
n
t a
s
p
r
esen
te
d
in
(
3
)
.
=
{
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
,
}
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
6
:
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
4
2878
,
=
,
+
1
(
,
−
,
)
(
2
)
ℎ
ℎ
′
=
{
,
(
)
<
(
ℎ
ℎ
)
ℎ
ℎ
,
(
3
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
1
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
4
)
to
(
7
)
.
I
n
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
,
a
p
o
o
l
th
at
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
ag
en
ts
p
l
u
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
q
u
ality
ag
en
t
is
s
et
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
.
T
h
e
n
,
a
n
ag
e
n
t
is
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
is
p
o
o
l
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
1
s
t
an
d
th
e
2
n
d
s
ea
r
ch
in
a
b
alan
ce
m
a
n
n
er
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
6
)
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
1
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
n
d
id
ate.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
ag
e
n
t
is
u
p
d
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
1
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
n
d
id
ate
an
d
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
7
)
.
,
=
{
∀
∈
∧
(
)
<
(
)
}
∪
ℎ
ℎ
(
4
)
1
,
=
2
(
,
)
(
5
)
1
,
,
=
,
+
1
(
ℎ
ℎ
,
−
3
,
)
2
+
1
(
1
,
,
−
3
,
)
2
(
6
)
′
=
{
1
,
,
(
1
,
)
<
(
)
,
(
7
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
1
s
t sear
ch
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
8
)
to
(
1
0
)
.
I
n
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
,
an
ag
e
n
t is r
an
d
o
m
ly
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
war
m
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
1
s
t
an
d
th
e
3
r
d
s
ea
r
ch
in
a
b
alan
ce
m
an
n
e
r
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
9
)
t
o
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
2
n
d
s
o
l
u
tio
n
ca
n
d
id
ate.
T
h
e
m
o
tio
n
is
to
war
d
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
tak
en
a
g
en
t
if
t
h
is
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
tak
en
ag
en
t
is
b
etter
th
an
t
h
e
ag
e
n
t.
Oth
er
wis
e,
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
to
m
o
v
e
aw
ay
f
r
o
m
th
e
ta
r
g
et.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
ag
en
t is u
p
d
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
1
s
t so
lu
tio
n
ca
n
d
i
d
ate
an
d
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
0
)
.
2
,
=
2
(
)
(
8
)
2
,
,
=
{
,
+
1
(
ℎ
ℎ
,
−
3
,
)
2
+
1
(
2
,
,
−
3
,
)
2
,
(
2
,
)
<
(
)
,
+
1
(
ℎ
ℎ
,
−
3
,
)
2
+
1
(
,
−
3
,
,
)
2
,
(
9
)
′
=
{
2
,
,
(
2
,
)
<
(
)
,
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
DDO
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
O
(
n
(
A
).
d
)
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itializatio
n
an
d
O
(
n
(
A
)
2
d
.
t
max
)
.
Du
r
in
g
in
itializatio
n
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
lin
ea
r
to
t
h
e
s
war
m
s
ize
o
r
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ize.
Me
an
wh
ile,
d
u
r
i
n
g
iter
atio
n
,
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
lin
ea
r
to
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ize
o
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
,
an
d
q
u
a
d
r
atic
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l
to
th
e
s
war
m
s
ize.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
re
s
ult
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
DDO
to
s
o
lv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
r
ee
ca
s
es
ar
e
tak
en
f
o
r
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
e
1
s
t
ca
s
e
i
s
s
et
o
f
2
3
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
2
n
d
ca
s
e
is
4
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
3
r
d
ca
s
e
is
E
E
D
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
ca
s
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
u
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
2
n
d
ca
s
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
ir
d
u
s
e
ca
s
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
DDO
is
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
e
d
with
f
iv
e
ex
is
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
:
C
OA
[
1
0
]
,
HO
[
8
]
,
OOA
[
1
1
]
,
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
,
an
d
DOA
[
1
4
]
.
All
th
ese
f
iv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
n
ew.
C
OA
an
d
HO
r
ep
r
esen
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
em
p
lo
y
lo
o
s
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
wh
ile
OOA,
C
W
O,
an
d
DOA
r
ep
r
esen
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
em
p
lo
y
s
tr
in
g
e
n
t a
cc
ep
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
war
m
s
ize
is
5
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
is
2
0
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
u
s
e
ca
s
e
is
th
e
s
et
o
f
2
3
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
I
ts
s
ev
en
h
ig
h
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
u
n
im
o
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
ex
p
l
o
itat
io
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
as
ea
ch
o
f
th
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
h
as
o
n
ly
o
n
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
[
3
9
]
.
I
ts
s
ix
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
as
ea
ch
o
f
th
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
h
as
m
u
ltip
le
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
u
t
o
n
ly
o
n
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
[
3
9
]
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
e
ca
p
ab
i
lity
to
escap
e
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Do
u
b
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
:
a
n
ew me
ta
h
eu
r
is
tic
th
a
t p
er
fo
r
ms ex
p
lo
ita
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
P
u
r
b
a
Da
r
u
K
u
s
u
ma
)
2879
th
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
m
atter
s
.
I
ts
ten
f
ix
ed
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
o
r
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
is
3
0
.
T
h
e
d
ec
im
al
p
o
i
n
t
less
th
an
1
0
-
4
is
r
o
u
n
d
ed
to
0
.
T
ab
le
2
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
s
u
p
r
e
m
a
cy
o
f
DDO
in
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
u
n
im
o
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
I
t
attain
s
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lt
in
all
s
ev
en
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
I
t
also
attain
s
th
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
al
f
o
r
th
r
ee
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F1
,
F2
,
an
d
F4
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
C
W
O
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
wo
r
s
t
o
n
e
as
it
attain
s
th
e
w
o
r
s
t
r
esu
lt
in
s
ix
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F1
to
F6
)
.
T
h
e
n
,
HO
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
2
n
d
wo
r
s
t
o
n
e
as
it
attain
s
th
e
2
n
d
wo
r
s
t
r
esu
lt
in
f
iv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F1
,
F2
,
an
d
F4
to
F6
)
.
B
e
s
id
es
DDO,
C
OA,
O
OA,
an
d
DOA
also
attain
s
th
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
al
in
F2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
also
in
d
i
ca
tes
a
wid
esp
r
ea
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
est
a
n
d
wo
r
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
t
h
ese
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
u
n
im
o
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
o
cc
u
r
s
in
all
s
ev
en
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
s
u
p
r
e
m
ac
y
s
till
o
cc
u
r
s
f
o
r
DDO
in
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
I
t a
ttain
s
th
e
b
est r
esu
lt in
f
o
u
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F9
to
F1
1
,
an
d
F1
3
)
.
DDO
also
attain
s
th
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
al
in
two
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F9
an
d
F1
0
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
DDO
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
2
n
d
b
est
in
F1
2
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
b
est
in
F8
.
C
OA
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
2
n
d
b
est
alg
o
r
it
h
m
as
it
attain
s
th
e
2
n
d
b
est
r
esu
lt
in
th
r
ee
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F
9
an
d
F1
1
)
.
C
W
O
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
wo
r
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
as
it
attain
s
th
e
wo
r
s
t
r
esu
lt
in
f
o
u
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F1
0
t
o
F1
3
)
.
T
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lt
a
n
d
wo
r
s
t
r
esu
l
t
is
m
ix
ed
in
th
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
W
id
esp
r
ea
d
o
cc
u
r
s
in
f
iv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F9
to
F1
3
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
n
ar
r
o
w
s
p
r
ea
d
o
c
cu
r
s
in
F8
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lt o
n
h
i
g
h
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
u
n
im
o
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
F
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
HO
[
8
]
OOA
[
1
1
]
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
DOA
[
1
4
]
DDO
1
mea
n
0
.
0
0
0
9
6
.
9
0
9
7
×
10
1
0
.
1
9
9
2
1
.
7
6
1
6
×
10
4
0
.
4
9
3
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
r
a
n
g
e
0
.
0
1
3
9
1
.
4
0
6
8
×
10
2
0
.
3
3
1
0
1
.
4
3
0
9
×
10
4
2
.
2
4
6
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
2
5
3
6
4
1
2
mea
n
0
.
0
0
0
0
9
.
9
0
5
0
×
10
3
0
.
0
0
0
0
3
.
2
1
1
6
×
10
31
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
r
a
n
g
e
0
.
0
0
0
0
1
.
0
4
1
7
×
10
5
0
.
0
0
0
0
7
.
0
6
5
6
×
10
32
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
1
5
1
6
1
1
3
mea
n
3
.
7
4
3
7
1
.
0
8
2
8
×
10
3
1
.
1
3
4
9
×
10
3
3
.
5
8
9
0
×
10
4
9
.
2
5
5
0
×
10
2
0
.
0
0
1
6
r
a
n
g
e
4
.
0
9
0
4
×
10
1
5
.
2
1
9
7
×
10
3
7
.
4
5
3
2
×
10
3
3
.
6
2
5
0
×
10
4
3
.
2
6
8
6
×
10
3
0
.
0
1
1
6
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
2
4
5
6
3
1
4
mea
n
0
.
1
4
3
9
3
.
4
3
5
6
0
.
8
9
6
3
5
.
1
6
0
0
×
10
1
1
.
3
1
2
9
0
.
0
0
0
0
r
a
n
g
e
3
.
1
1
6
7
3
.
7
7
8
3
1
.
6
8
8
7
1
.
4
2
1
1
×
10
1
2
.
9
4
0
5
0
.
0
0
0
0
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
2
5
3
6
4
1
5
mea
n
3
.
8
6
4
3
×
10
1
4
.
6
1
6
3
×
10
4
3
.
2
2
6
2
×
10
1
2
.
4
8
7
3
×
10
7
3
.
6
2
8
9
×
10
1
2
.
8
9
4
2
×
10
1
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
2
8
4
3
×
10
2
2
.
3
4
2
7
×
10
5
1
.
4
5
9
8
×
10
1
3
.
2
9
5
4
×
10
7
2
.
9
8
8
8
×
10
1
0
.
1
7
5
3
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
4
5
2
6
3
1
6
mea
n
7
.
0
8
4
9
7
.
9
4
9
5
×
10
1
6
.
1
7
2
3
1
.
8
8
1
5
×
10
4
6
.
5
1
9
8
6
.
1
1
3
7
r
a
n
g
e
0
.
9
7
0
0
1
.
7
3
8
1
×
10
2
2
.
4
5
5
8
1
.
1
5
8
2
×
10
4
3
.
1
8
1
3
2
.
0
9
9
6
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
4
5
2
6
3
1
7
mea
n
0
.
0
3
9
7
2
.
0
5
0
1
×
10
2
0
.
0
3
5
4
1
.
2
0
9
4
×
10
1
0
.
0
4
5
4
0
.
0
1
1
2
r
a
n
g
e
0
.
1
7
3
0
3
.
5
2
4
0
×
10
2
0
.
0
6
3
2
1
.
3
5
0
9
×
10
1
0
.
1
8
4
5
0
.
0
2
6
8
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
3
6
2
5
4
1
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lt o
n
h
i
g
h
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
F
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
HO
[
8
]
OOA
[
1
1
]
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
DOA
[
1
4
]
DDO
8
mea
n
-
1
.
6
4
9
5
×
10
3
-
8
.
9
3
8
4
×
10
1
-
3
.
2
2
3
3
×
10
3
-
3
.
2
2
1
0
×
10
3
-
2
.
8
5
7
5
×
10
3
-
2
.
2
8
0
3
×
10
3
r
a
n
g
e
4
.
0
9
0
4
×
10
3
5
.
8
7
8
2
×
10
1
3
.
0
7
8
9
×
10
3
2
.
3
6
0
3
×
10
3
1
.
9
8
7
8
×
10
3
2
.
5
5
8
4
×
10
3
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
5
6
1
2
3
4
9
mea
n
0
.
7
6
7
6
3
.
3
2
8
2
×
10
2
3
.
5
3
5
4
2
.
9
4
1
1
×
10
2
4
.
1
5
3
9
0
.
0
0
0
0
r
a
n
g
e
7
.
8
0
9
6
2
.
0
9
0
7
×
10
2
3
.
4
6
1
9
×
10
1
5
.
0
0
4
1
×
10
1
2
.
1
6
6
2
×
10
1
0
.
0
0
0
0
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
2
6
3
5
4
1
10
mea
n
0
.
0
0
0
6
6
.
3
1
1
0
0
.
1
2
6
0
1
.
7
7
9
7
×
10
1
0
.
2
2
3
9
0
.
0
0
0
0
r
a
n
g
e
0
.
0
1
3
3
6
.
4
7
5
9
0
.
2
6
7
1
2
.
3
4
6
1
1
.
4
1
3
6
0
.
0
0
0
0
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
2
5
3
6
4
1
11
mea
n
0
.
1
0
3
5
0
.
6
6
0
9
0
.
1
6
0
8
1
.
7
4
2
6
×
10
2
0
.
2
9
8
1
0
.
0
0
4
7
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
4
2
9
4
0
.
8
0
6
4
0
.
5
0
8
7
1
.
0
1
6
1
×
10
2
0
.
7
4
5
4
0
.
0
5
6
6
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
2
5
3
6
4
1
12
mea
n
1
.
7
6
7
0
7
.
1
1
4
8
1
.
0
7
3
7
1
.
7
6
2
1
×
10
7
1
.
1
1
0
5
1
.
0
9
3
1
r
a
n
g
e
3
.
4
0
3
1
1
.
0
5
1
6
×
10
1
0
.
8
0
7
5
3
.
9
3
5
7
×
10
7
0
.
8
4
2
1
0
.
6
4
4
9
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
4
5
1
6
3
2
13
mea
n
3
.
6
0
5
2
8
.
3
3
9
5
3
.
3
6
5
5
6
.
0
1
0
1
×
10
7
3
.
3
6
8
9
3
.
1
3
4
3
r
a
n
g
e
6
.
1
2
7
7
3
.
3
3
6
8
×
10
1
0
.
7
9
2
3
1
.
2
1
9
5
×
10
8
1
.
2
2
2
5
0
.
3
2
0
8
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
4
5
2
6
3
1
T
ab
le
4
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
c
o
m
p
etit
iv
en
ess
o
f
DDO
in
th
e
f
ix
e
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
DDO
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
b
est
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
eig
h
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F1
4
,
F1
5
,
F1
7
,
F1
8
,
an
d
F2
0
to
F2
3
)
,
th
e
2
n
d
b
est
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
6
:
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
4
2880
F1
9
an
d
f
if
th
b
est
in
F1
6
.
C
OA
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
2
n
d
wo
r
s
t
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
wh
ile
HO
b
ec
o
m
es
t
h
e
wo
r
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
DDO
lo
s
es
its
s
u
p
r
em
ac
y
,
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
a
m
o
n
g
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
in
th
ese
te
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
is
n
ar
r
o
w.
T
h
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
tak
es
p
la
ce
in
all
ten
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
is
f
ac
t
also
d
is
p
lay
s
f
ier
ce
co
n
f
r
o
n
tatio
n
am
o
n
g
m
etah
eu
r
is
tics
.
Desp
ite
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
alm
o
s
t
ten
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
C
OA
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
b
e
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
F1
9
.
OOA
b
ec
o
m
es th
e
b
est alg
o
r
it
h
m
b
y
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
b
est r
esu
l
t in
f
iv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
F1
4
to
F1
8
)
.
T
ab
le
4
.
R
esu
lt o
n
f
i
x
ed
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
F
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
HO
[
8
]
OOA
[
1
1
]
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
DOA
[
1
4
]
DDO
14
mea
n
1
.
1
6
4
1
×
10
1
2
.
1
8
0
2
×
10
1
8
.
8
7
9
6
9
.
0
0
6
7
9
.
4
8
7
7
1
.
1
2
4
7
×
10
1
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
0
6
7
7
×
10
1
9
.
5
1
0
6
×
10
1
1
.
5
4
4
5
×
10
1
1
.
6
2
4
3
×
10
1
1
.
5
6
2
7
×
10
1
1
.
2
3
8
5
×
10
1
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
5
6
1
2
3
4
15
mea
n
0
.
0
7
8
5
0
.
2
6
2
4
0
.
0
0
3
6
0
.
0
1
3
4
0
.
0
0
4
8
0
.
0
2
4
6
r
a
n
g
e
0
.
1
4
1
0
2
.
5
5
3
4
0
.
0
3
2
4
0
.
0
3
5
7
0
.
0
2
3
3
0
.
1
0
4
5
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
5
6
1
3
2
4
16
mea
n
-
0
.
3
7
6
5
1
.
0
7
7
4
-
1
.
0
2
7
5
-
0
.
9
7
9
7
-
1
.
0
2
4
1
-
0
.
9
1
4
8
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
0
1
6
2
4
.
4
4
3
8
0
.
0
2
6
7
0
.
2
2
8
8
0
.
0
4
3
2
0
.
7
7
6
3
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
5
6
1
3
2
4
17
mea
n
4
.
0
1
9
2
3
.
2
4
5
5
0
.
3
9
8
5
0
.
4
1
7
5
0
.
4
0
4
0
3
.
0
2
0
4
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
0
9
6
5
×
10
1
8
.
4
5
9
8
0
.
0
0
1
9
0
.
0
9
2
0
0
.
0
3
3
4
1
.
8
3
0
5
×
10
1
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
6
5
1
3
2
4
18
mea
n
3
.
8
2
2
3
×
10
1
7
.
3
4
5
3
×
10
2
3
.
0
0
9
8
3
.
6
3
9
5
3
.
1
2
5
7
3
.
7
5
1
0
×
10
1
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
0
0
7
2
×
10
2
2
.
8
7
7
1
×
10
3
0
.
0
4
8
0
3
.
0
1
8
7
0
.
5
7
2
1
1
.
2
6
3
0
×
10
2
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
5
6
1
3
2
4
19
mea
n
-
2
.
1
8
6
4
-
0
.
0
3
2
8
-
0
.
0
4
9
5
-
0
.
0
4
9
5
-
0
.
0
4
9
5
-
0
.
0
4
9
5
r
a
n
g
e
0
.
5
0
8
1
0
.
0
4
9
5
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
1
6
2
2
2
2
20
mea
n
-
1
.
2
4
9
8
-
0
.
4
5
7
2
-
3
.
0
0
2
4
-
3
.
0
1
1
5
-
3
.
0
9
6
9
-
1
.
8
2
8
2
r
a
n
g
e
2
.
3
5
8
3
1
.
8
8
9
3
0
.
5
8
4
4
0
.
6
0
4
6
0
.
5
0
3
0
2
.
4
2
3
8
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
5
6
3
2
1
4
21
mea
n
-
0
.
6
3
8
1
-
0
.
7
1
4
4
-
2
.
5
6
8
1
-
3
.
5
3
6
7
-
4
.
4
0
9
6
-
2
.
2
5
3
4
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
7
7
1
6
2
.
4
0
3
8
3
.
7
3
0
1
4
.
4
5
4
7
7
.
5
9
2
0
3
.
3
7
3
5
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
6
5
3
2
1
4
22
mea
n
-
0
.
8
2
8
8
-
0
.
9
2
2
6
-
2
.
8
2
9
1
-
4
.
7
2
9
3
-
4
.
3
2
1
2
-
2
.
0
9
4
6
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
6
1
2
1
3
.
4
9
0
8
4
.
2
5
0
9
5
.
0
2
8
8
6
.
6
7
6
8
3
.
4
2
8
0
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
6
5
3
1
2
4
23
mea
n
-
1
.
0
8
5
3
-
1
.
1
5
6
7
-
2
.
8
0
1
1
-
4
.
3
2
4
7
-
4
.
3
1
6
4
-
2
.
0
9
8
5
r
a
n
g
e
2
.
9
9
4
4
1
.
9
8
2
0
3
.
3
5
2
5
5
.
7
7
1
4
5
.
1
8
3
7
2
.
5
8
6
7
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
6
5
3
1
2
4
T
ab
le
5
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
th
e
c
o
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
o
f
DDO
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
its
b
e
n
ch
m
a
r
k
.
Ov
er
all,
DDO
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
C
OA
an
d
HO.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
DDO
is
ab
s
o
lu
te
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
HO.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
DDO
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
co
m
p
etitiv
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
OOA,
C
W
O,
an
d
DOA.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
DDO
is
d
o
m
in
an
t
in
th
e
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
alth
o
u
g
h
DDO
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
C
OA
an
d
HO,
it
is
in
f
er
io
r
t
o
O
OA,
C
W
O,
an
d
DOA
in
f
ix
ed
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Fo
r
tu
n
ately
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
,
th
e
n
a
r
r
o
w
s
p
r
ea
d
in
f
ix
ed
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
p
r
o
o
f
s
th
at
DDO
is
s
till
co
m
p
etitiv
e
to
OOA,
C
W
O,
an
d
DOA.
T
ab
le
5
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
s
u
p
r
e
m
a
cy
o
f
DDO
C
l
u
st
e
r
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
HO
[
8
]
OOA
[
1
1
]
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
DOA
[
1
4
]
1
6
7
6
7
6
2
6
6
4
5
5
3
9
10
0
0
0
To
t
a
l
21
23
10
12
11
T
h
e
2
n
d
u
s
e
ca
s
e
is
f
o
u
r
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
y
in
clu
d
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
v
ess
els,
s
p
ee
d
r
ed
u
ce
r
s
,
weld
ed
b
ea
m
,
an
d
s
p
r
i
n
g
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wh
er
e
in
ea
c
h
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
I
t
m
ak
es
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
p
u
t
an
y
wh
e
r
e
with
in
s
p
ac
e
as
th
e
v
alu
e
in
ce
r
tain
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
a
k
es
lim
itatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
o
t
h
er
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Deta
iled
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
th
em
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
d
i
s
p
lay
s
th
at
DDO
is
also
co
m
p
etitiv
e
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
s
u
p
er
io
r
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
t
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
th
ir
d
b
est
in
th
e
weld
ed
b
ea
m
d
e
s
ig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
f
o
u
r
th
b
est
in
b
o
th
p
r
ess
u
r
e
v
ess
el
an
d
s
p
r
in
g
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
f
if
th
b
est
in
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
e
d
u
ce
r
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
C
W
O
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
b
est
alg
o
r
ith
m
as
it
attain
s
th
e
b
e
s
t
r
esu
lt
in
th
r
ee
p
r
o
b
lem
s
(
s
p
ee
d
r
ed
u
ce
r
,
weld
e
d
b
ea
m
,
an
d
s
p
r
in
g
)
wh
ile
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Do
u
b
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
:
a
n
ew me
ta
h
eu
r
is
tic
th
a
t p
er
fo
r
ms ex
p
lo
ita
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
P
u
r
b
a
Da
r
u
K
u
s
u
ma
)
2881
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
2
n
d
b
est
in
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
v
ess
el
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
HO
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
wo
r
s
t
alg
o
r
i
th
m
as
it
attain
s
th
e
wo
r
s
t r
esu
lt in
th
r
ee
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
(
p
r
ess
u
r
e
v
ess
el,
weld
ed
b
ea
m
,
a
n
d
s
p
r
i
n
g
)
.
T
ab
le
6
also
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
e
v
ar
ie
ty
o
f
s
p
r
ea
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
esp
ec
ially
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
est
an
d
wo
r
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
is
v
er
y
wid
e
i
n
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
v
ess
el
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
clu
s
ter
s
in
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
cl
u
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
C
W
O
an
d
DOA.
T
h
e
2
n
d
cl
u
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
OOA.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
DDO
an
d
C
OA.
Me
a
n
wh
ile
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
HO.
T
ab
le
7
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
v
er
y
n
ar
r
o
w
s
p
r
ea
d
am
o
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
s
p
ee
d
r
ed
u
ce
r
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
t
is
in
d
icate
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
b
e
twee
n
C
W
O
as
th
e
b
est
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
C
OA
as
t
h
e
wo
r
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
er
e
is
o
n
ly
a
s
in
g
le
clu
s
ter
in
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
C
W
O
an
d
DOA.
T
h
e
2
n
d
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
C
OA,
HO,
OOA,
an
d
DDO.
T
ab
le
6
.
R
esu
lt in
p
r
ess
u
r
e
v
es
s
el
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
M
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
M
e
a
n
R
a
n
g
e
R
a
n
k
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
7
.
3
6
7
4
×
1
0
5
3
.
3
9
1
6
×
1
0
6
5
HO
[
8
]
8
.
2
9
4
6
×
1
0
12
1
.
9
0
5
4
×
1
0
11
6
OOA
[
1
1
]
2
.
5
8
9
9
×
1
0
2
4
.
3
7
2
9
×
1
0
3
3
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
2
.
6
0
0
5
×
1
0
1
7
.
6
4
7
0
×
1
0
1
2
DOA
[
1
4
]
1
.
0
1
0
7
×
1
0
1
1
.
5
6
8
3
×
1
0
1
1
DDO
9
.
4
7
2
3
×
1
0
3
1
.
2
6
8
0
×
1
0
5
4
T
ab
le
7
.
R
esu
lt in
s
p
ee
d
r
e
d
u
c
er
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
M
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
M
e
a
n
R
a
n
g
e
R
a
n
k
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
3
.
6
2
8
4
×
1
0
3
3
.
6
8
2
6
×
1
0
2
6
HO
[
8
]
3
.
6
0
1
1
×
1
0
3
1
.
8
7
2
6
×
1
0
2
3
OOA
[
1
1
]
3
.
6
3
3
6
×
1
0
3
2
.
9
4
7
1
×
1
0
2
4
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
3
.
5
3
7
9
×
1
0
3
3
.
0
3
0
8
×
1
0
1
1
DOA
[
1
4
]
3
.
5
3
8
3
×
1
0
3
4
.
0
9
8
1
×
1
0
1
2
DDO
3
.
6
1
6
3
×
1
0
3
3
.
0
1
7
3
×
1
0
2
5
T
ab
le
8
r
ev
ea
ls
t
h
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
am
o
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
in
weld
e
d
b
ea
m
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
t
is
in
d
icate
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
b
etwe
en
C
W
O
an
d
HO.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
n
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
in
to
f
o
u
r
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
C
W
O
an
d
D
OA.
T
h
e
2
n
d
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
OOA.
T
h
e
3
r
d
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
C
OA
an
d
DDO.
T
h
e
4
th
cl
u
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
HO.
T
ab
le
9
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
am
o
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
s
p
r
i
n
g
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
b
etwe
en
C
W
O
an
d
HO
is
wid
e.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
in
to
t
h
r
ee
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
1
s
t
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
OOA,
C
W
O,
an
d
DOA.
T
h
e
2
n
d
clu
s
ter
c
o
n
tain
s
DDO.
T
h
en
,
th
e
th
ir
d
clu
s
ter
co
n
tain
s
C
OA
an
d
HO.
T
h
e
3
r
d
ca
s
e
is
th
e
E
E
D
p
r
o
b
lem
in
J
av
a
-
B
ali
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
J
av
a
-
B
ali
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
is
th
e
b
ig
g
est
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
s
in
ce
J
a
v
a
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lo
u
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ialized
is
lan
d
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
I
t
m
ak
es
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
J
av
a
I
s
lan
d
v
er
y
h
ig
h
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
B
ali
is
b
esid
e
J
av
a
.
T
h
is
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tain
s
eig
h
t
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
wh
er
e
s
ix
o
f
th
em
a
r
e
th
er
m
al
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
w
h
ile
t
h
e
two
o
th
er
s
ar
e
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
es
th
e
p
o
wer
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
p
o
wer
p
lan
t,
th
e
co
s
t
co
n
s
tan
ts
,
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
4
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
is
s
et
to
1
2
,
2
2
8
MW/h
o
u
r
wh
ile
co
s
t w
eig
h
t is set to
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
0
.
T
ab
le
8
.
R
esu
lt in
weld
ed
b
ea
m
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
M
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
M
e
a
n
R
a
n
g
e
R
a
n
k
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
1
.
5
3
6
1
×
1
0
10
2
.
6
6
0
9
×
1
0
11
5
HO
[
8
]
1
.
0
2
9
0
×
1
0
12
1
.
6
1
0
7
×
1
0
13
6
OOA
[
1
1
]
1
.
6
5
3
1
×
1
0
9
1
.
3
2
1
5
×
1
0
10
4
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
3
.
0
7
7
2
×
1
0
8
8
.
9
3
5
6
×
1
0
8
1
DOA
[
1
4
]
1
.
5
3
4
8
×
1
0
8
9
.
9
8
2
8
×
1
0
8
2
DDO
1
.
7
4
0
8
×
1
0
10
1
.
0
9
1
4
×
1
0
10
3
T
ab
le
9
.
R
esu
lt in
s
p
r
in
g
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
M
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
M
e
a
n
R
a
n
g
e
R
a
n
k
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
2
.
7
2
0
0
×
1
0
2
4
.
3
0
6
5
×
1
0
3
5
HO
[
8
]
8
.
7
0
7
8
×
1
0
2
5
.
3
3
8
3
×
1
0
3
6
OOA
[
1
1
]
4
.
2
8
7
9
5
.
1
6
5
0
2
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
4
.
2
3
1
6
2
.
5
5
3
3
1
DOA
[
1
4
]
5
.
2
7
9
6
2
.
3
0
5
2
×
1
0
1
3
DDO
3
.
0
3
0
3
×
1
0
1
8
.
8
2
2
4
×
1
0
1
4
T
ab
le
1
0
.
R
esu
lt o
n
E
E
D
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
J
av
a
-
B
ali
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
M
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
M
e
a
n
R
a
n
g
e
R
a
n
k
C
O
A
[
1
0
]
2
.
3
0
7
9
×
1
0
10
4
.
1
7
3
1
×
1
0
9
6
HO
[
8
]
2
.
3
6
9
2
×
1
0
10
3
.
7
7
1
6
×
1
0
9
5
OOA
[
1
1
]
2
.
1
2
6
6
×
1
0
10
8
.
1
0
1
3
×
1
0
8
4
C
W
O
[
1
3
]
2
.
1
2
4
2
×
1
0
10
7
.
1
7
4
1
×
1
0
8
3
DOA
[
1
4
]
2
.
0
9
3
8
×
1
0
10
5
.
5
3
6
0
×
1
0
8
1
DDO
2
.
1
2
7
3
×
1
0
10
6
.
3
3
2
5
×
1
0
8
2
4
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
is
r
esu
lt
d
is
p
lay
s
th
at
DDO
is
co
m
p
etitiv
e
in
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
DDO
is
d
o
m
in
an
t
in
h
ig
h
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
u
n
im
o
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
DDO
h
as
d
o
m
in
an
t
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
en
,
DDO
is
co
m
p
etitiv
e
in
f
ix
ed
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
DDO
h
as
b
alan
cin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
6
:
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
4
2882
T
h
e
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
o
f
DD
O
in
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
wh
eth
er
th
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
r
E
E
D
p
r
o
b
lem
s
d
is
p
lay
s
th
at
DDO
c
an
f
in
d
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
m
o
r
e
lim
ited
s
p
ac
e.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
C
OA
an
d
HO
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
o
o
r
ly
in
wh
eth
er
th
e
u
n
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
o
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
C
OA
an
d
HO
in
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
OOA,
C
W
O,
DOA,
an
d
DD
O
in
a
n
o
th
er
g
r
o
u
p
is
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
wh
er
e
b
o
th
m
eta
h
eu
r
is
tics
p
er
f
o
r
m
lo
o
s
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
w
h
ile
th
e
o
th
er
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
tr
in
g
en
t
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
in
g
en
er
al,
th
e
s
tr
in
g
en
t
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
is
b
etter
th
an
th
e
lo
o
s
e
o
n
e.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
it
ten
d
s
to
b
e
b
etter
to
b
e
s
tu
ck
in
th
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
al
r
ath
er
th
an
b
ein
g
p
u
s
h
ed
to
a
wo
r
s
en
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
b
etwe
en
C
OA
an
d
HO,
HO
ten
d
s
to
b
e
wo
r
s
e
th
an
C
OA.
B
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
it
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
C
OA
h
as
m
o
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
an
HO.
T
h
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
also
o
cc
u
r
s
in
OOA,
C
W
O,
DOA,
an
d
DD
O
th
at
also
h
av
e
m
u
ltip
le
s
ea
r
ch
es.
T
h
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
d
is
p
lay
s
th
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
em
p
lo
y
m
u
ltip
le
s
ea
r
ch
es
ten
d
to
b
e
b
etter
th
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
em
p
lo
y
o
n
ly
s
in
g
le
s
e
ar
ch
es.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
r
esu
lt
al
s
o
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
n
o
-
f
r
ee
-
lu
n
ch
(
NFL)
th
eo
r
y
.
Desp
ite
b
ein
g
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
in
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
DDO
is
co
m
p
etitiv
e
o
r
m
o
d
er
ate
in
o
th
er
ca
s
es.
C
W
O
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
alth
o
u
g
h
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
th
e
2
3
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
is
m
o
d
er
ate.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
C
OA
is
p
o
o
r
in
g
en
e
r
al,
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
u
n
im
o
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
is
v
e
r
y
co
m
p
etitiv
e.
T
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
NFL
th
eo
r
y
is
a
ls
o
p
r
o
v
en
b
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
p
r
ea
d
b
et
wee
n
th
e
b
est
an
d
wo
r
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Ov
er
all,
t
h
is
s
p
r
ea
d
is
wid
e
in
th
e
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
u
n
im
o
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
s
o
m
e
h
ig
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
is
s
p
r
ea
d
is
n
ar
r
o
w
in
th
e
f
ix
e
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
s
o
m
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
,
an
d
th
e
E
E
D
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
Desp
ite
its
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
,
DDO
esp
ec
ially
an
d
th
is
wo
r
k
g
en
er
ally
s
till
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
a
lo
t
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
r
u
les
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
.
B
esid
es,
th
er
e
ar
e
also
a
lo
t
o
f
u
s
e
ca
s
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ta
k
en
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
D
DO
o
r
its
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
in
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
ese
two
lim
itatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
to
cr
ea
te
n
ew
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
o
r
m
o
d
if
ied
DDO
in
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
DDO
c
an
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
o
r
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
o
th
er
en
titi
es
lik
e
lo
wer
q
u
ality
ag
e
n
ts
o
r
th
e
l
o
west
q
u
ality
ag
en
t
to
b
ec
o
m
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
A
n
o
th
er
in
ter
est
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
t
h
e
m
ar
k
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
th
at
th
e
ag
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
s
ea
r
ch
in
th
e
ar
ea
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
v
is
ited
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
n
o
t so
p
h
is
ticated
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
as p
r
esen
ted
a
n
e
w
m
etap
h
o
r
-
f
r
ee
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
th
at
is
ca
lled
as
DDO.
T
h
is
p
r
esen
tatio
n
in
clu
d
es
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
e
x
p
lo
it
atio
n
with
in
s
in
g
le
s
ea
r
ch
,
f
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
an
d
m
ath
em
atic
al
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
d
is
p
lay
s
th
at
DDO
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
q
u
a
s
i
-
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
DDO
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
in
th
r
ee
ca
s
es:
2
3
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
f
o
u
r
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
a
n
d
E
E
D
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
t
also
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
c
e
o
f
DDO
in
h
i
g
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
DDO
al
s
o
ca
n
f
in
d
th
e
g
l
o
b
al
o
p
tim
al
o
f
f
iv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
u
t
o
f
2
3
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
d
is
p
lay
s
th
at
C
OA
an
d
HO
ten
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
o
o
r
ly
r
ath
er
t
h
an
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
,
it
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
im
p
lem
en
t
DDO
to
s
o
lv
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
r
ac
tical
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
r
o
m
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
ec
to
r
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
DDO
b
y
i
n
s
er
tin
g
a
n
ew
s
ea
r
ch
o
r
ad
a
p
tiv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
e
r
is
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
T
elk
o
m
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
with
o
u
t
an
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
g
r
a
n
t.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Pu
r
b
a
Dar
u
Ku
s
u
m
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Helm
y
W
id
y
an
tar
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Do
u
b
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
:
a
n
ew me
ta
h
eu
r
is
tic
th
a
t p
er
fo
r
ms ex
p
lo
ita
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
P
u
r
b
a
Da
r
u
K
u
s
u
ma
)
2883
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[P
D
K]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
F
.
T
a
b
a
ss
u
m,
M
.
S
a
e
e
d
,
N
.
A
.
C
h
a
u
d
h
r
y
,
J
.
A
l
i
,
M
.
F
a
r
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
k
r
a
m,
“
E
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
s
i
m
p
l
e
x
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
H
o
o
k
e
-
Je
e
v
e
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
l
o
a
d
d
i
s
p
a
t
c
h
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
v
a
l
v
e
p
o
i
n
t
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
s,”
A
i
n
S
h
a
m
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
1
–
1
0
1
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
se
j
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
4
.
0
0
6
.
[
2
]
H
.
M
.
H
a
sa
n
i
e
n
,
I
.
A
l
sa
l
e
h
,
A
.
A
l
a
ssaf,
a
n
d
A
.
A
l
a
t
e
e
q
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
a
t
i
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
-
b
a
s
e
d
o
p
t
i
ma
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
2
9
0
6
9
.
[
3
]
V
.
K
.
K
a
m
b
o
j
a
n
d
O
.
P
.
M
a
l
i
k
,
“
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
u
n
i
t
c
o
mm
i
t
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
sc
h
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
o
f
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
sy
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
p
l
u
g
-
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s a
n
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s,
”
E
n
e
rg
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
7
0
1
0
1
2
3
.
[
4
]
S
.
Y
a
n
g
,
J.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Z.
X
u
,
“
R
e
a
l
-
t
i
me
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
p
e
r
m
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
l
o
w
sh
o
p
s
w
i
t
h
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
j
o
b
a
r
r
i
v
a
l
s
u
s
i
n
g
d
e
e
p
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
me
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
e
i
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
1
7
7
6
.
[
5
]
Y
.
H
o
u
,
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
C
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
L.
D
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
C
.
X
i
a
o
,
“
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
a
x
-
mi
n
a
n
t
sy
s
t
e
m
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
t
e
d
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m,”
I
AE
N
G
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
5
–
2
0
3
,
2
0
2
4
.
[
6
]
Q
.
D
o
n
g
a
n
d
Y
.
Y
u
a
n
,
“
D
a
t
a
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
i
n
g
c
a
r
b
o
n
e
mi
ss
i
o
n
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s i
n
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
9
–
1
1
4
5
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
i
t
o
r
.
1
3
3
2
8
.
[
7
]
S
.
O
.
O
l
a
d
e
j
o
,
S
.
O
.
E
k
w
e
,
L.
A
.
A
k
i
n
y
e
mi
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
M
i
r
j
a
l
i
l
i
,
“
Th
e
d
e
e
p
s
l
e
e
p
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
r
:
a
h
u
ma
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
me
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
8
3
6
3
9
–
8
3
6
6
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
2
9
8
1
0
5
.
[
8
]
S
.
O
.
O
l
a
d
e
j
o
,
S
.
O
.
E
k
w
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
i
r
j
a
l
i
l
i
,
“
T
h
e
h
i
k
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m:
a
n
o
v
e
l
h
u
m
a
n
-
b
a
se
d
me
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
-
B
a
se
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
k
n
o
sy
s
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
1
1
8
8
0
.
[
9
]
A
.
E.
E
z
u
g
w
u
,
J.
O
.
A
g
u
s
h
a
k
a
,
L.
A
b
u
a
l
i
g
a
h
,
S
.
M
i
r
j
a
l
i
l
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
H
.
G
a
n
d
o
mi
,
“
P
r
a
i
r
i
e
d
o
g
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,
”
N
e
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
1
7
–
2
0
0
6
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
0
0
5
2
1
-
0
2
2
-
0
7
5
3
0
-
9.
[
1
0
]
H
.
J
i
a
,
H
.
R
a
o
,
C
.
W
e
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
i
r
j
a
l
i
l
i
,
“
C
r
a
y
f
i
s
h
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,
”
Art
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
S
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
9
–
1
9
7
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
4
6
2
-
0
2
3
-
1
0
5
6
7
-
4.
[
1
1
]
M
.
D
e
h
g
h
a
n
i
a
n
d
P
.
Tr
o
j
o
v
s
k
ý
,
“
O
sp
r
e
y
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
:
a
n
e
w
b
i
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms,
”
Fro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
me
c
h
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
2
6
4
5
0
.
[
1
2
]
M
.
D
e
h
g
h
a
n
i
,
G
.
B
e
k
t
e
m
y
ss
o
v
a
,
Z.
M
o
n
t
a
z
e
r
i
,
G
.
S
h
a
i
k
e
mel
e
v
,
O
.
P
.
M
a
l
i
k
,
a
n
d
G
.
D
h
i
m
a
n
,
“
L
y
r
e
b
i
r
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m:
a
n
e
w
b
i
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
,
”
B
i
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
b
i
o
m
i
me
t
i
c
s8
0
6
0
5
0
7
.
[
1
3
]
S
.
A
l
o
mar
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
a
r
p
e
t
w
e
a
v
e
r
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
n
o
v
e
l
s
i
mp
l
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
h
u
m
a
n
-
i
n
sp
i
r
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
0
–
2
4
2
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
2
6
6
/
I
JI
ES2
0
2
4
.
0
8
3
1
.
1
8
.
[
1
4
]
S
.
A
.
O
mari
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
o
l
l
ma
k
e
r
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
:
a
n
o
v
e
l
h
u
ma
n
-
i
n
sp
i
r
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
r
f
o
r
so
l
v
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
1
6
–
8
2
8
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
2
6
6
/
i
j
i
e
s2
0
2
4
.
0
6
3
0
.
6
3
.
[
1
5
]
T.
H
a
ma
d
n
e
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
a
l
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
n
e
w
h
u
m
a
n
-
i
n
sp
i
r
e
d
me
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
su
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
2
5
–
1
3
3
4
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
2
6
6
/
i
j
i
e
s
2
0
2
4
.
1
2
3
1
.
9
6
.
[
1
6
]
T.
H
a
m
a
d
n
e
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
d
d
a
x
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
:
a
n
o
v
e
l
n
a
t
u
r
e
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
f
o
r
so
l
v
i
n
g
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
3
2
–
7
4
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
2
6
6
/
i
j
i
e
s2
0
2
4
.
0
6
3
0
.
5
7
.
[
1
7
]
E.
Tr
o
j
o
v
s
k
a
a
n
d
M
.
D
e
h
g
h
a
n
i
,
“
C
l
o
u
d
e
d
l
e
o
p
a
r
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
n
e
w
n
a
t
u
r
e
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,”
I
EEE
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
8
7
6
–
1
0
2
9
0
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
2
0
8
7
0
0
.
[
1
8
]
N
.
C
h
o
p
r
a
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
A
n
sari
,
“
G
o
l
d
e
n
j
a
c
k
a
l
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
n
o
v
e
l
n
a
t
u
r
e
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
f
o
r
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
Ex
p
e
rt
S
y
st
e
m
s w
i
t
h
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
sw
a
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
6
9
2
4
.
[
1
9
]
M
.
B
r
a
i
k
,
A
.
H
a
mm
o
u
r
i
,
J
.
A
t
w
a
n
,
M
.
A
.
A
l
-
B
e
t
a
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
A
w
a
d
a
l
l
a
h
,
“
W
h
i
t
e
s
h
a
r
k
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
:
a
n
o
v
e
l
b
i
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
m
e
t
a
-
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
g
l
o
b
a
l
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms,
”
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
-
B
a
se
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
k
n
o
s
y
s.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
8
4
5
7
.
[
2
0
]
M
.
A
.
A
l
-
B
e
t
a
r
,
M
.
A
.
A
w
a
d
a
l
l
a
h
,
M
.
S
.
B
r
a
i
k
,
S
.
M
a
k
h
a
d
me
h
,
a
n
d
I
.
A
.
D
o
u
s
h
,
“
El
k
h
e
r
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
:
a
n
o
v
e
l
n
a
t
u
r
e
-
i
n
sp
i
r
e
d
met
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,
”
Ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
4
6
2
-
0
2
3
-
1
0
6
8
0
-
4.
[
2
1
]
S
.
S
u
y
a
n
t
o
,
A
.
A
.
A
r
i
y
a
n
t
o
,
a
n
d
A
.
F
.
A
r
i
y
a
n
t
o
,
“
K
o
m
o
d
o
m
l
i
p
i
r
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
o
f
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
so
c
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
8
0
4
3
.
[
2
2
]
O
.
A
l
s
a
y
y
e
d
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
G
i
a
n
t
a
r
m
a
d
i
l
l
o
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
n
e
w
b
i
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
me
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
,
”
Bi
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
b
i
o
mi
m
e
t
i
c
s
8
0
8
0
6
1
9
.
[
2
3
]
O
.
A
l
-
B
a
i
k
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
u
f
f
e
r
f
i
s
h
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
:
a
n
e
w
b
i
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
met
a
h
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms,
”
B
i
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
b
i
o
mi
me
t
i
c
s
9
0
2
0
0
6
5
.
[
2
4
]
M
.
N
o
r
o
o
z
i
,
H
.
M
o
h
a
m
ma
d
i
,
E.
Ef
a
t
i
n
a
s
a
b
,
A
.
L
a
s
h
g
a
r
i
,
M
.
Es
l
a
m
i
,
a
n
d
B
.
K
h
a
n
,
“
G
o
l
d
e
n
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
7
5
1
5
–
3
7
5
3
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
6
2
8
5
3
.
[
2
5
]
M
.
D
e
h
g
h
a
n
i
,
Š
.
H
u
b
á
l
o
v
sk
ý
,
a
n
d
P
.
Tr
o
j
o
v
sk
ý
,
“
A
n
e
w
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
s
u
b
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
e
st
a
n
d
w
o
r
st
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
so
l
v
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
,
”
Pe
e
rJ
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
7
7
1
7
/
P
EER
J
-
C
S
.
9
1
0
.
[
2
6
]
M
.
G
h
a
sem
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
e
w
m
e
t
a
p
h
o
r
-
l
e
ss
si
m
p
l
e
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
R
a
o
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms:
a
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
f
o
r
me
d
se
a
r
c
h
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
(
F
I
S
A
)
,
”
Pe
e
r
J
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
7
7
1
7
/
p
e
e
r
j
-
c
s.
1
4
3
1
.
[
2
7
]
P
.
Tr
o
j
o
v
s
k
ý
a
n
d
M
.
D
e
h
g
h
a
n
i
,
“
S
u
b
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
-
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
:
a
n
e
w
sw
a
r
m
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
,
”
Bi
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
b
i
o
mi
me
t
i
c
s8
0
2
0
1
4
9
.
[
2
8
]
J.
S
w
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
‘
i
n
t
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
,
’
”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
9
3
–
4
0
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
j
o
r
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
5
.
0
4
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.