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n
e
t
i
c
(
E
M)
w
a
v
e
s
i
n
to
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
h
a
t
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
[
3
]
.
T
h
i
s
m
a
k
e
s
i
t
th
e
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
o
p
t
io
n
f
o
r
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
a
n
d
s
e
lf
-
s
u
f
f
ic
i
e
n
t
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
s
i
n
c
e
i
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
w
i
r
ed
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
e
p
l
ac
e
m
en
t
s
.
T
r
a
d
i
t
io
n
a
l
e
n
er
g
y
-
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
s
o
la
r
,
v
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
m
o
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
en
er
g
y
,
h
av
e
b
e
e
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
in
g
I
o
T
a
n
d
W
S
N
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
th
e
s
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
t
en
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
in
t
e
r
m
i
t
te
n
t
en
e
r
g
y
a
v
a
i
l
ab
i
l
i
t
y
,
d
ep
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
[
4
]
.
R
F
EH
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
a
n
d
o
m
n
ip
r
e
s
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
b
y
c
ap
t
u
r
i
n
g
EM
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
W
i
-
F
i
,
c
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
d
e
d
i
ca
t
e
d
R
F
p
o
wer
b
ea
c
o
n
s
[
5
]
.
A
d
v
an
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
R
F
EH
o
v
e
r
o
t
h
e
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
A
v
a
i
la
b
i
l
i
ty
:
u
n
l
ik
e
s
o
la
r
o
r
t
h
er
m
o
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
e
n
er
g
y
,
wh
i
ch
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
ex
t
e
r
n
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
,
R
F
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
av
a
i
la
b
l
e
in
u
r
b
a
n
ar
e
a
s
w
i
th
h
ig
h
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
t
r
af
f
i
c.
S
c
a
l
ab
i
l
it
y
:
R
F
E
H
c
an
b
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
to
a
w
id
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
,
f
r
o
m
i
m
p
l
an
t
a
b
l
e
m
ed
i
c
a
l
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
t
o
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
r
o
n
e
s
an
d
l
a
r
g
e
-
s
c
a
l
e
I
o
T
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
C
o
m
p
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
ty
w
i
t
h
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
:
a
s
I
o
T
n
e
t
wo
r
k
s
c
o
n
t
in
u
e
ex
p
a
n
d
i
n
g
,
RF
EH
c
a
n
s
e
a
m
l
e
s
s
l
y
co
-
ex
i
s
t
w
i
t
h
5
G
an
d
6
G
n
e
t
wo
r
k
s
,
u
t
i
l
i
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ir
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
l
t
an
e
o
u
s
EH
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
io
n
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
ig
g
e
s
t
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
io
n
s
o
f
R
F
E
H
i
s
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
d
en
s
i
t
y
.
Sin
ce
am
b
ien
t
R
F
p
o
we
r
i
s
o
f
ten
we
ak
(
ty
p
ica
l
ly
in
t
h
e
μ
W
to
m
W
r
an
g
e)
,
ef
f
ic
ien
t
an
t
en
n
a
d
e
s
ig
n
an
d
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
en
er
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
ak
e
it
a
v
iab
le
p
o
we
r
s
o
u
r
ce
W
h
il
e
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
RF
EH
h
a
s
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
s
u
b
-
6
GH
z
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ie
s
(
e.
g
.
,
W
i
-
F
i
a
t
2
.
4
G
Hz,
c
el
lu
lar
n
e
t
wo
r
k
s
a
t
9
0
0
MH
z
,
an
d
1
,
8
0
0
MH
z)
,
r
e
ce
n
t
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
h
as
s
h
i
f
t
ed
to
war
d
s
m
il
li
m
e
tr
e
-
w
av
e
(
m
m
W
av
e
)
EH
(
2
4
-
1
0
0
G
Hz
)
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
:
co
m
p
ac
t
an
ten
n
a
s
iz
e:
a
t
m
m
W
a
v
e
f
r
eq
u
en
ci
e
s
,
th
e
w
av
e
len
g
th
i
s
s
i
g
n
if
ic
an
t
ly
s
m
a
l
ler
,
al
lo
w
in
g
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
an
d
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
an
ten
n
a
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
i
s
en
a
b
le
s
s
e
am
le
s
s
i
n
teg
r
at
io
n
in
to
I
o
T
d
ev
i
ce
s
,
wea
r
ab
le
s
,
an
d
im
p
l
an
ta
b
l
e
b
io
m
ed
ica
l
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
it
io
n
al
s
u
b
-
6
GH
z
r
e
ct
en
n
a
s
,
m
m
W
av
e
r
ec
ten
n
a
s
ca
n
b
e
d
es
ig
n
ed
wi
th
a
m
u
ch
s
m
a
ll
er
f
o
r
m
f
ac
to
r
wi
th
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
L
ar
g
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
:
th
e
m
m
W
av
e
s
p
e
ct
r
u
m
o
f
f
er
s
a
b
u
n
d
an
t
b
an
d
w
id
th
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
co
n
g
e
s
t
ed
s
u
b
-
6
G
Hz
b
a
n
d
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
i
s
a
l
l
o
w
s
f
o
r
m
u
lt
i
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
EH
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
a
ll
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
Hig
h
er
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
i
ty
:
s
i
n
ce
p
o
wer
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
m
m
W
av
e
s
ig
n
al
s
in
h
er
en
tly
ca
r
r
y
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
p
er
u
n
i
t a
r
ea
,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
em
m
o
r
e
ef
f
e
ct
iv
e
f
o
r
R
F
E
H
ap
p
l
ic
at
io
n
s
.
D
e
s
p
i
t
e
th
e
s
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
ag
e
s
,
m
m
W
a
v
e
EH
in
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
s
ev
er
a
l
t
ec
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
h
a
l
le
n
g
e
s
th
a
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
d
.
H
i
g
h
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
p
a
t
h
l
o
s
s
m
m
W
a
v
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
e
x
p
er
i
e
n
c
e
g
r
ea
t
e
r
p
a
t
h
l
o
s
s
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
s
u
b
-
6
G
H
z
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
i
e
s
,
w
h
i
ch
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t
h
ig
h
-
g
a
in
an
t
en
n
a
a
r
r
ay
s
ar
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
co
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
e
f
o
r
s
i
g
n
a
l
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
io
n
.
S
tu
d
i
e
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
a
t
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
ed
a
r
r
a
y
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
ar
e
n
e
c
es
s
a
r
y
f
o
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
EH
a
t
m
m
W
av
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
i
es
.
D
i
r
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
m
m
w
a
v
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
,
u
n
li
k
e
s
u
b
-
6
G
H
z
w
av
e
s
th
a
t
p
r
o
p
ag
a
t
e
o
m
n
i
d
ir
e
c
t
io
n
a
l
ly
,
m
m
W
a
v
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
r
ec
i
s
e
b
e
am
a
l
ig
n
m
e
n
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
[
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
at
e
s
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
d
a
p
t
iv
e
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
ed
ar
r
a
y
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
f
o
r
ef
f
i
c
ie
n
t
m
m
W
a
v
e
R
F
EH
.
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
co
n
s
t
r
a
in
t
s
an
d
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
io
n
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ie
s
,
d
ie
l
e
c
t
r
ic
lo
s
s
e
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e,
r
ed
u
c
in
g
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
an
te
n
n
a
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
cy
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ic
e
o
f
l
o
w
-
lo
s
s
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
R
o
g
e
r
s
R
T
/
d
u
r
o
i
d
,
l
i
q
u
id
cr
y
s
t
a
l
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
(
L
C
P
)
,
a
n
d
lo
w
-
t
em
p
er
a
tu
r
e
c
o
-
f
ir
e
d
c
er
a
m
i
c
s
(
L
T
C
C
)
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
ef
f
e
c
t
iv
e
m
m
W
a
v
e
r
e
c
t
en
n
a
d
e
s
ig
n
.
M
o
t
i
v
a
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n
s
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
wo
r
k
w
i
th
th
e
r
a
p
i
d
e
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
o
f
5
G
/6
G
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
I
o
T
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
s
e
l
f
-
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
in
g
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
s
h
a
s
s
u
r
g
e
d
.
m
m
W
a
v
e
EH
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
a
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G
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2.
RE
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en
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d
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[
1
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]
.
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latin
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tical
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[
1
1
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p
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APS
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I
n
[
1
2
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s
u
g
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ests
a
s
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b
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esig
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ly
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in
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1
3
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c
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B
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ased
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v
e
r
tically
s
tack
ed
to
f
e
ed
a
2
×
2
d
u
al
-
p
o
lar
is
ed
m
ag
n
eto
-
elec
tr
ic
(
ME
)
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
in
a
th
r
e
e
-
lay
er
p
r
in
ted
cir
cu
it
b
o
ar
d
(
PC
B
)
lam
in
ate
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
d
u
al
-
p
o
la
r
is
ed
2
D
m
u
ltib
ea
m
an
ten
n
a
ac
h
iev
es
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
is
n
o
v
el
p
h
ase
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
a
v
iab
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
n
ex
t
-
g
e
n
er
atio
n
m
m
W
av
e
EH
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Pro
p
o
s
es
a
d
u
al
-
cir
c
u
lar
ly
p
o
lar
is
ed
(
d
u
al
-
C
P)
m
m
W
av
e
ar
r
ay
an
te
n
n
a
u
s
in
g
a
g
a
p
wav
eg
u
id
e
-
b
ased
f
ee
d
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
s
ep
tu
m
p
o
lar
is
er
an
d
a
tu
r
n
s
tile
o
r
th
o
m
o
d
e
tr
a
n
s
d
u
ce
r
(
OM
T
)
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
u
al
-
cir
c
u
lar
p
o
lar
is
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
±
9
0
°
p
h
a
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
a
n
s
v
er
s
e
elec
tr
ic
(
TE
)
1
0
an
d
T
E
0
1
m
o
d
es.
T
h
e
tu
r
n
s
tile
OM
T
en
ab
les
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
m
o
d
es
in
to
f
o
u
r
m
u
tu
ally
o
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
al
s
u
b
ar
r
a
y
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
lar
is
atio
n
d
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ig
n
al
in
teg
r
ity
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
-
C
P
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
EH
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
p
o
la
r
is
atio
n
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
en
h
an
ce
s
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
ep
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
e
r
en
h
an
ce
g
ain
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
in
[
1
5
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
p
lan
ar
s
e
g
m
en
ted
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
(
PS
A)
,
wh
ich
ac
h
iev
es
a
3
d
B
g
ain
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
as
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
a
s
u
p
er
s
tr
ate
s
tack
-
u
p
lay
er
.
T
h
e
PS
A
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
lev
er
a
g
es
m
u
ltip
le
s
eg
m
en
ted
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
to
in
d
u
ce
m
ag
n
etic
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
g
en
er
atin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
cir
cu
latio
n
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
.
Un
lik
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
atch
an
ten
n
as,
th
is
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
o
n
l
y
a
s
in
g
le
ex
citatio
n
p
o
r
t
wh
ile
s
h
o
r
tin
g
p
in
s
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
is
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
eg
m
en
ted
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
r
ad
iatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
an
ce
s
g
ain
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ac
t
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
m
W
av
e
EH
s
y
s
tem
s
.
An
o
th
er
k
ey
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
in
h
i
g
h
-
g
ain
m
m
W
av
e
an
ten
n
as
is
th
e
d
u
al
-
p
o
la
r
ized
8
×8
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
,
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
an
ten
n
a
s
y
s
tem
,
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
Q
-
b
an
d
m
m
W
av
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
m
etallic
p
illar
s
an
d
ca
v
ities
ac
tin
g
as
m
ag
n
e
to
elec
tr
ic
d
ip
o
les.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
1
-
to
-
4
b
ac
k
ed
ca
v
ity
f
ee
d
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
with
cr
o
s
s
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
lo
ts
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ex
cite
tw
o
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
lin
ea
r
p
o
lar
is
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
h
ar
ed
v
ia
-
b
ased
f
ee
d
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
en
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
a
n
ten
n
a’
s
b
an
d
wid
th
an
d
p
o
lar
is
atio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
f
a
b
r
icate
d
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
h
ig
h
g
ain
a
n
d
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
wid
th
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
c
y
EH
an
d
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
m
m
W
av
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
m
m
W
av
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
u
al
-
p
o
la
r
is
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
s
eg
m
en
ted
p
atch
an
ten
n
as,
an
d
m
ag
n
eto
elec
tr
ic
d
ip
o
le
-
b
ased
ar
r
ay
s
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es,
f
u
tu
r
e
m
m
W
av
e
EH
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
,
b
etter
p
o
lar
izatio
n
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
,
f
ac
ilit
ati
n
g
th
eir
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
in
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
wir
eless
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
9
3
8
Hig
h
-
g
a
in
a
n
ten
n
a
a
r
r
a
ys fo
r
millimet
r
e
-
w
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ve
en
erg
y
h
a
r
ve
s
tin
g
:
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es,
…
(
S
h
a
li
n
i Mir
le
Ga
jen
d
r
a
)
2899
en
er
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
I
o
T
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
[
1
7
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
v
el
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
,
m
u
ltib
ea
m
am
b
ien
t
m
m
W
av
e
EH
d
ev
ice
with
h
ig
h
y
ield
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
b
att
er
y
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t
an
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
c
o
m
b
in
es
a
d
u
al
-
p
o
lar
is
ed
ME
d
ip
o
le
r
ec
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
,
a
m
o
d
if
ied
L
u
n
eb
u
r
g
len
s
,
a
n
d
a
b
asic
DC
co
m
b
in
er
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ax
im
is
es
EH
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
a
n
g
les
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
s
b
y
u
tili
s
in
g
d
iv
er
s
ity
i
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
p
o
la
r
is
atio
n
.
B
y
en
ab
lin
g
R
F
s
ig
n
al
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
an
d
m
u
ltib
ea
m
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
L
u
n
eb
u
r
g
len
s
g
r
ea
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
p
o
wer
-
g
ath
er
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
r
ec
t
if
ier
n
etwo
r
k
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
t
o
en
h
an
ce
R
F
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
tab
le
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
m
W
av
e
-
p
o
wer
e
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Hy
b
r
id
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
co
m
b
in
e
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
an
d
m
m
W
av
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
m
o
r
e
EH
o
p
tio
n
s
th
an
s
tan
d
-
al
o
n
e
m
m
W
av
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
in
v
esti
g
ates
a
h
y
b
r
id
n
etwo
r
k
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
in
wh
ich
m
m
W
av
e
o
r
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
(
B
S
s
)
m
ay
b
o
th
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
en
er
g
y
to
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
(
U
E
)
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
els f
o
r
E
C
P a
n
d
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
-
p
lu
s
-
n
o
is
e
co
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
(
SC
P)
u
s
in
g
a
s
to
ch
asti
c
g
eo
m
etr
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
A
d
etailed
d
escr
i
p
tio
n
o
f
EH
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
itu
atio
n
s
is
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
i
ch
u
s
es
p
o
is
s
o
n
p
o
in
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
(
PP
P)
an
d
p
o
is
s
o
n
clu
s
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
(
PC
P)
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
B
S
an
d
UE
.
B
o
th
s
tu
d
ies
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
in
m
m
W
av
e
-
b
ased
EH
,
with
o
n
e
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
r
ec
te
n
n
a
an
d
m
u
ltib
ea
m
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
n
etwo
r
k
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
an
d
m
m
W
av
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
p
a
v
e
th
e
way
f
o
r
s
ca
lab
le,
m
u
lti
-
s
o
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tem
s
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ess
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n
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ar
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er
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e
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t
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le
1
s
h
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e
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m
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ar
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in
m
m
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e
EH
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d
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ten
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a
d
esig
n
.
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ab
le
1
.
Su
m
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r
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s
[
1
0
]
U
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.
[
1
1
]
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.
[
1
2
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C
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1
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.
[
1
3
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P
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.
[
1
4
]
d
e
s
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e
.
[
1
5
]
D
e
v
e
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o
p
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t
o
f
a
P
S
A
f
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n
m
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t
s.
[
1
6
]
A
n
8
×
8
d
u
a
l
-
p
o
l
a
r
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s
e
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Q
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b
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me
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a
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s
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a
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g
e
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sca
l
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e
p
l
o
y
me
n
t
.
[
1
7
]
I
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
M
E
-
d
i
p
o
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Lu
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t
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a
h
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g
a
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n
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l
t
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m mm
W
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s
y
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m.
En
h
a
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c
e
s
R
F
-
to
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y
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l
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a
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a
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s
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t
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o
n
d
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v
e
r
s
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t
y
.
Ex
p
e
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t
o
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e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s.
[
1
8
]
H
y
b
r
i
d
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
mm
W
a
v
e
a
n
d
s
u
b
-
6
G
H
z
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
f
o
r
EH
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
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m
a
t
i
o
n
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
a
t
t
h
e
same
t
i
m
e
.
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
EH
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
c
r
o
s
s
mu
l
t
i
p
l
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
b
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
d
i
v
e
r
se
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s.
Th
e
s
t
o
c
h
a
st
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
p
p
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a
c
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l
a
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s
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v
a
l
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d
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t
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o
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a
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d
h
a
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d
w
a
r
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i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
2
.
2
.
Ant
enna
a
rr
a
y
co
nfig
ur
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
o
ptim
is
a
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
o
b
tai
n
in
g
a
b
r
o
ad
a
x
ial
r
atio
an
d
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
b
an
d
wid
t
h
o
v
e
r
lap
in
p
at
ch
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
to
li
g
h
t
b
y
r
ec
en
t
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
9
]
,
it
is
s
till
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
o
v
er
la
p
p
in
g
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
2
0
%
ev
en
wh
e
n
L
-
ty
p
e
p
r
o
b
e
f
ee
d
in
g
a
n
d
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
r
o
tati
o
n
(
SR
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Yan
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
is
s
u
e
b
y
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
a
x
ial
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atio
b
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d
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m
eth
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Ho
wev
e
r
,
D
R
As
ar
e
les
s
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
m
m
W
av
e
ap
p
licatio
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s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
h
ig
h
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
co
s
ts
.
Simi
lar
to
th
is
,
a
3
D
h
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e
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
2
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t J Ar
tif
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tell
,
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15
,
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3
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
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6
-
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0
6
2900
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
[
2
1
]
t
o
attain
a
2
0
%
3
-
d
B
ax
ial
r
atio
b
an
d
wid
t
h
;
h
o
wev
er
,
p
u
ttin
g
s
u
ch
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
g
eth
er
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
ex
tr
em
ely
d
if
f
icu
lt.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
is
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
to
f
ab
r
icate
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
T
C
C
m
eth
o
d
.
An
o
t
h
er
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
lin
ea
r
ly
p
o
lar
is
ed
(
L
P)
b
ea
m
s
in
to
cir
cu
lar
ly
p
o
lar
is
ed
(
C
P)
b
ea
m
s
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
[
2
2
]
u
s
in
g
a
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
is
er
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ef
f
icien
t,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
le
n
g
th
en
s
th
e
an
te
n
n
a'
s
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
len
g
th
an
d
a
d
d
s
ex
tr
a
lo
s
s
es,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
i
t
less
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
s
m
all
d
esig
n
s
.
ME
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
as
h
a
v
e
d
r
awn
a
l
o
t
o
f
in
te
r
est
am
o
n
g
wid
e
b
an
d
r
ad
iatin
g
elem
en
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
o
lar
is
atio
n
an
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
an
ap
e
r
tu
r
e
-
c
o
u
p
led
ME
-
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
cr
ea
ted
in
[
2
3
]
h
ad
a
3
-
d
B
AR
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
1
7
.
3
%
an
d
an
im
p
ed
an
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
2
4
.
9
%.
ME
-
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
as
h
a
v
e
in
clu
d
ed
SR
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
C
P
r
a
d
iatio
n
an
d
ex
p
an
d
th
e
ax
ial
r
ati
o
b
an
d
wid
th
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
SR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
Fen
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
cr
ea
ted
a
4
×4
ME
-
d
i
p
o
l
e
an
ten
n
a
f
ed
b
y
a
SIW,
ac
h
i
ev
in
g
a
3
-
d
B
ax
ial
r
atio
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
2
7
.
8
%
a
n
d
an
im
p
e
d
an
ce
b
an
d
wid
t
h
o
f
2
7
.
7
%.
Ho
wev
er
,
at
m
m
W
av
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
SR
-
f
ee
d
n
etwo
r
k
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ig
i
d
ity
o
f
SIW
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
wh
ic
h
r
estricts
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wa
y
to
en
h
an
ce
C
P
r
ad
iatio
n
in
m
m
W
av
e
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
t
h
an
t
h
e
SR
tech
n
iq
u
e.
An
ap
er
tu
r
e
-
co
u
p
led
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
an
ten
n
a
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
J
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
,
an
d
it
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
3
-
d
B
ax
ial
r
atio
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
3
8
.
8
%
(
f
r
o
m
5
3
.
5
7
to
7
9
.
3
2
GHz
)
a
n
d
a
b
r
o
ad
im
p
ed
an
ce
b
a
n
d
wid
th
o
f
3
3
.
8
%
(
f
r
o
m
5
6
.
1
1
to
7
8
.
9
5
GHz
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
c
o
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
p
r
esen
t
a
v
iab
le
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
attain
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
C
P
r
ad
iatio
n
in
m
m
W
av
e
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
ay
s
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
a
la
r
g
er
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
W
ith
a
p
ea
k
g
ain
o
f
1
3
d
B
i
an
d
80
°
an
g
u
lar
co
v
e
r
ag
e,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
6
]
u
s
es
a
R
o
tm
an
len
s
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
f
o
r
5
G
m
m
W
av
e
EH
an
d
r
u
n
s
at
2
8
GHz
.
W
h
en
r
u
n
n
in
g
at
an
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
1
0
d
B
m
,
its
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icien
cy
is
s
till
lo
w
at
1
0
%,
in
d
icatin
g
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
is
s
u
es
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
ix
ed
f
o
r
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
as,
wh
ich
b
y
th
e
ir
v
er
y
n
atu
r
e
h
a
v
e
a
lim
ited
b
an
d
wid
th
,
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
is
R
o
tm
an
len
s
-
b
ased
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
esig
n
b
e
co
m
es
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
o
tm
an
len
s
p
o
r
ts
r
is
es,
wh
ich
r
esu
lt
s
in
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
d
u
e
to
m
etallic
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
[
2
6
]
is
r
estricte
d
to
an
eig
h
t
-
p
o
r
t
R
o
tm
an
len
s
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
to
o
f
f
s
et
th
ese
lo
s
s
e
s
,
wh
ich
lim
its
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
g
ain
an
d
r
en
d
er
s
it
u
n
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
EH
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
lim
ited
b
ea
m
d
ef
lectio
n
co
v
er
ag
e
is
y
et
a
n
o
th
e
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
r
awb
ac
k
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
[
2
7
]
tr
ie
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
an
g
le
to
1
1
0
°
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
f
le
x
ib
le
PC
B
d
esig
n
,
th
e
R
o
tm
an
len
s
's
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
EH
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
is
lim
ited
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
o
n
ly
d
e
f
lect
b
ea
m
s
in
o
n
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
R
o
tm
an
le
n
s
'
s
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
p
o
r
ts
en
h
a
n
c
es
m
u
tu
al
c
o
u
p
lin
g
ef
f
ec
ts
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
in
h
ib
it
DC
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
i
s
r
aises
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
co
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
is
also
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
DC
co
m
b
in
in
g
cir
cu
it
u
tili
s
ed
in
th
e
m
u
ltip
o
r
t
EH
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
to
d
a
y
.
N
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
ec
tifie
r
d
io
d
es,
an
d
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
[
2
7
]
o
f
f
er
ed
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
d
io
d
e
n
etwo
r
k
th
at
b
u
ild
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
els
f
r
o
m
[
2
8
]
a
n
d
[
2
9
]
,
th
e
d
esig
n
s
t
ill
r
eq
u
ir
es
2
×(
N
-
1
)
b
y
p
ass
d
io
d
es.
Scalab
ilit
y
is
a
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
eth
o
d
b
ec
o
m
es
u
n
f
ea
s
ib
le
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
r
ts
r
is
es.
A
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
,
m
u
lt
id
im
en
s
io
n
al,
lar
g
e
-
an
g
le
b
ea
m
s
ca
n
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
m
m
W
av
e
EH
m
u
s
t
b
e
th
e
m
ai
n
f
o
cu
s
o
f
a
r
ee
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
EH
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
ca
la
b
ilit
y
,
f
u
tu
r
e
d
esig
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
u
t
u
al
co
u
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
alter
n
ate
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
le
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
ec
tific
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
An
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
lay
o
u
ts
an
d
o
p
ti
m
is
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
W
o
r
k
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
r
esh
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
eig
h
t
co
m
p
ac
t
tr
ap
ez
o
i
d
al
s
lo
t
elem
en
ts
an
d
L
-
s
h
ap
e
d
co
p
la
n
ar
wav
eg
u
i
d
e
(
C
PW
)
f
ee
d
lin
es,
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
5
G
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
et
u
p
d
eliv
er
s
wid
e
b
an
d
wid
th
a
n
d
p
o
lar
is
atio
n
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
o
lid
lin
k
s
in
th
e
3
.
2
-
6
GHz
b
an
d
.
Po
s
itio
n
ed
at
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
co
r
n
er
s
,
th
e
an
ten
n
as
f
it
a
co
m
p
ac
t
7
5
m
m
b
y
1
5
0
m
m
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
e
s
tr
o
n
g
is
o
latio
n
s
an
s
d
ec
o
u
p
li
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
e
ar
r
ay
b
o
asts
2
,
8
0
0
M
Hz
b
an
d
wid
th
,
lo
w
en
v
elo
p
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icie
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)
,
d
e
s
i
g
n
c
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
mu
t
u
a
l
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
.
[
2
7
]
Ex
t
e
n
d
s
R
o
t
m
a
n
l
e
n
s
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
n
g
l
e
t
o
1
1
0
°
u
si
n
g
a
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
P
C
B
d
e
si
g
n
.
En
h
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
c
o
v
e
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a
g
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a
n
d
f
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x
i
b
i
l
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y
.
B
e
a
m
d
e
f
l
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c
t
i
o
n
i
s
st
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l
l
l
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mi
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e
d
t
o
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d
i
m
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,
r
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q
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i
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q
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r
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t
o
b
l
o
c
k
D
C
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
.
[
2
8
]
O
p
t
i
mi
z
e
s
a
sh
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
i
o
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n
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t
w
o
r
k
f
o
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r
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c
t
i
f
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u
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s.
R
e
d
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e
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f
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sse
s.
R
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q
u
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s
2
×
(
N
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b
y
p
a
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d
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s
,
mak
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n
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sc
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me
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a
t
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s
i
mp
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
.
[
2
9
]
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
r
e
f
i
n
e
s
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
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R
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s
-
b
a
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R
F
EH
.
I
mp
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o
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r
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c
t
i
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a
t
i
o
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f
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c
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e
n
c
y
.
S
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
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t
y
i
ssu
e
s
r
e
m
a
i
n
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t
o
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p
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o
m
p
l
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i
t
y
.
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cu
s
s
e
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r
awb
ac
k
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o
f
co
n
v
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tio
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a
r
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ten
n
a
r
eliab
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ass
ess
m
en
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tech
n
iq
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es,
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ar
ticu
lar
ly
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o
s
e
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at
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ely
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th
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n
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y
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tem
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d
h
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e
a
te
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d
en
cy
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o
ex
ag
g
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ate
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eliab
ili
ty
b
y
ig
n
o
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
alf
u
n
ctio
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in
g
tr
a
n
s
m
it/re
ce
iv
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(
T
/R
)
m
o
d
u
les
[
3
0
]
.
A
n
o
v
el
r
eliab
ilit
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
th
a
t
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
p
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m
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at
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s
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r
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is
s
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g
g
ested
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
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r
ea
s
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
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y
ex
am
in
in
g
ev
er
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
s
y
s
tem
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
u
ar
an
tees
a
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
ep
ar
ated
in
to
s
u
b
ar
r
ay
s
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
l
e
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
s
,
an
d
ea
ch
s
u
b
ar
r
ay
is
ass
ess
ed
s
ep
ar
ately
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
im
p
r
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v
es
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
f
au
lt
to
ler
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n
ce
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o
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el
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y
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o
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ci
n
g
a
m
in
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m
u
m
f
ailu
r
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
s
u
b
ar
r
a
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
li
s
tic
r
eliab
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y
ass
es
s
m
en
t
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
d
en
s
ity
an
te
n
n
a
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
b
y
lo
wer
i
n
g
o
v
er
esti
m
atio
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
esp
ec
ially
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
p
h
ased
ar
r
a
y
an
d
h
u
g
e
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
s
m
o
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
ex
ce
llen
t
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
[
3
1
]
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
ze
r
o
-
o
r
d
er
r
eso
n
an
t
an
ten
n
a
b
ased
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n
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
ig
h
t
-
lef
t
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h
an
d
e
d
(
C
R
L
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c
o
n
ce
p
t,
o
p
er
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g
at
3
0
GHz
,
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
m
all
m
m
W
av
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
u
s
es
m
ir
r
o
r
-
im
ag
e
C
R
L
H
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
p
atch
-
l
ik
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r
ad
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n
a
n
d
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
with
o
u
t
m
etallic
v
ias.
Dis
p
er
s
io
n
d
iag
r
am
s
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p
ar
am
eter
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
s
im
ilar
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
ellin
g
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
W
ith
an
8
7
% r
ad
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n
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
a
r
ea
l
is
ed
g
ain
o
f
5
.
3
5
d
B
i,
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
en
s
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icien
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W
ith
a
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GHz
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th
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d
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ex
h
ib
its
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p
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
f
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eq
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ap
p
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s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
4
×
4
B
u
tler
m
atr
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u
s
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a
p
ass
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b
ea
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f
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m
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ar
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ay
th
at
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ec
ts
C
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H
an
ten
n
as
to
p
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o
v
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d
e
b
ea
m
-
s
ca
n
n
in
g
a
n
g
le
s
o
f
1
2
°,
-
6
8
°,
6
4
°,
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to
tr
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al
r
eso
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t
an
ten
n
as,
in
[
3
2
]
p
r
e
s
en
ts
a
n
ew
g
r
ap
h
en
e
-
b
ased
a
n
ten
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r
s
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I
t
ca
n
ad
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t
its
b
e
am
d
y
n
am
ically
b
y
tu
n
in
g
its
ch
em
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p
o
ten
tials
with
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tr
ic
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ield
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T
h
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allo
ws
f
o
r
3
6
0
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im
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id
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r
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R
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s
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n
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.
T
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o
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r
a
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m
o
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g
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
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m
ed
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ag
in
g
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d
s
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u
r
ity
s
cr
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n
in
g
ap
p
licatio
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s
.
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h
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
th
eo
r
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l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
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is
v
alid
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b
y
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m
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ical
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im
u
latio
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s
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d
f
u
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t
h
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s
tu
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y
will c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
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ad
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n
ef
f
icie
n
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d
ex
p
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d
in
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its
p
o
s
s
ib
le
u
s
es.
R
esear
ch
lo
o
k
s
at
h
o
w
c
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
(
C
M)
cu
r
r
en
ts
cr
ea
te
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
e
n
lo
w
-
b
a
n
d
(
6
9
0
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9
6
0
MH
z)
an
d
h
ig
h
-
b
a
n
d
(
1
,
8
1
0
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2
,
6
9
0
MH
z)
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
,
lead
in
g
to
p
a
tter
n
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
m
u
ltib
an
d
b
ase
-
s
tatio
n
an
ten
n
as.
T
o
f
ix
th
is
,
th
e
h
ig
h
-
b
an
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
ad
d
s
a
s
p
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CM
s
u
p
p
r
ess
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cir
cu
it
th
at
s
h
if
ts
th
e
C
M
r
eso
n
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ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
w
-
b
an
d
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
lo
w
-
b
an
d
r
a
d
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n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
m
in
im
is
e
s
u
n
d
esire
d
d
is
to
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tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
m
eth
o
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
in
ter
ce
ll
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
im
p
r
o
v
es
n
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b
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ap
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eth
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r
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d
y
et
ef
f
icien
t
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n
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p
r
esen
ted
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y
[
3
3
]
in
r
esp
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s
e
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th
e
in
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ai
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ases
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s
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ln
ess
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ical
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ten
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d
esig
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,
in
[
3
4
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
two
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m
p
u
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al
m
eth
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ased
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m
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ates
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to
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r
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p
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m
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m
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ests
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w
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icien
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f
-
3
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d
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at
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8
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ir
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in
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r
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GHz
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ld
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atch
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o
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s
ely
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p
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T
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d
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d
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ly
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d
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p
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ticu
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o
r
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d
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s
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ee
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s
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t
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a
n
d
cu
t
r
elian
ce
o
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o
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b
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Key
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o
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.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
r
ev
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ten
n
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c
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i
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r
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p
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etwo
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s
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s
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3
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an
ten
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a
d
esig
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s
an
d
way
s
to
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tim
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em
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8
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3
8
Hig
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2903
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Su
m
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v
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n
t
a
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S
h
o
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c
o
mi
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s
[
3
5
]
D
e
si
g
n
s
a
su
b
-
6
G
H
z
M
I
M
O
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[
3
6
]
A
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a
r
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t
w
o
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k
s.
[
3
7
]
D
e
v
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o
p
s
a
w
i
d
e
b
a
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d
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[
3
0
]
Ev
a
l
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t
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s
a
r
r
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y
a
n
t
e
n
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[
3
1
]
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a
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n
a
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s.
[
3
2
]
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
g
r
a
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h
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-
b
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o
mm
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c
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t
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n
.
[
3
8
]
P
r
o
p
o
ses
a
CM
s
u
p
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
c
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e
r
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f
r
e
q
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c
y
n
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t
w
o
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k
s
.
[
3
3
]
D
e
si
g
n
s
a
n
U
W
)
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l
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x
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l
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w
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e
l
e
s
s a
p
p
l
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c
a
t
i
o
n
s.
[
3
4
]
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
s
n
e
a
r
-
f
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l
d
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d
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y
n
a
mi
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n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s.
[
3
9
]
P
r
o
p
o
ses
a
g
l
a
ss
-
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
5
G
mm
W
a
v
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a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
v
e
h
i
c
u
l
a
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s.
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r
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v
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d
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b
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a
d
b
a
n
d
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p
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n
(
2
4
.
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3
1
.
0
G
H
z
)
w
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t
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a
t
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s
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o
r
e
-
s
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g
h
t
g
a
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n
(
6
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2
d
B
i
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ma
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n
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m
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t
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r
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e
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o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
R
F
EH
f
o
r
I
o
T
a
n
d
5
G
n
e
t
w
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k
s,
h
i
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l
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g
h
t
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n
g
r
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c
t
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f
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r
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f
f
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c
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c
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n
d
mi
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a
t
u
r
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sa
t
i
o
n
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
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e
s.
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
s
k
e
y
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
s
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n
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mp
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d
a
n
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e
m
a
t
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i
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g
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e
c
t
i
f
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c
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t
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n
d
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f
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p
o
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d
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o
T
sy
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t
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ms
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c
k
s
e
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p
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r
i
me
n
t
a
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t
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p
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n
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o
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s
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m
in
g
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ar
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n
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o
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p
tu
r
e
R
F
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er
g
y
f
r
o
m
GSM
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9
0
0
,
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S
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8
0
0
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an
d
W
i
-
Fi
-
2
4
0
0
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
s
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ates
a
n
o
v
el
tr
i
-
b
an
d
B
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tler
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atr
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with
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m
m
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r
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d
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u
p
ler
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f
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n
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e
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m
f
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in
g
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
o
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tim
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e
s
p
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v
er
ag
e
wh
ile
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in
g
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ig
h
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g
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H.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
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e
s
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d
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r
o
p
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s
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tr
i
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b
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d
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tify
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it
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n
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s
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le
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ed
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at
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n
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en
s
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r
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g
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t
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F
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to
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n
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n
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r
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en
c
y
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s
.
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h
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p
r
o
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en
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les
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T
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g
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o
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u
r
th
e
r
en
h
an
ce
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FEH
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f
icien
cy
,
in
[
4
2
]
p
r
esen
ts
a
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
R
FEH
cir
cu
it
th
at
i
n
co
r
p
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r
ates
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×2
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atch
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r
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lect
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a
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e
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o
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ip
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m
atch
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g
n
etwo
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.
T
h
e
L
-
m
atch
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g
n
etwo
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k
s
er
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.
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to
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m
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b
a
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d
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,
in
r
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[
4
3
]
–
[
4
6
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in
tr
o
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a
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f
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p
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m
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esp
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in
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cid
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R
F
w
av
e
an
g
les
[
4
7
]
–
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
is
d
e
s
ig
n
ad
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ess
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th
e
ch
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ir
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o
r
n
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r
k
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an
d
wea
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a
b
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o
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ics.
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t
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ically
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r
R
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s
o
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ax
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ter
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an
d
f
ab
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allen
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lex
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ates
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s
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m
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r
k
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m
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m
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d
is
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6
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n
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3.
CO
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m
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h
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tem
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d
s
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en
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l
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s
.
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h
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iv
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ig
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d
m
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ch
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ig
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tin
g
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le
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tim
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R
F
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to
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.
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f
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ater
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s
ca
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h
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g
ar
ch
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d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
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tiv
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f
ab
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tec
h
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Ad
d
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lar
g
e
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ca
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ex
p
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tal
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d
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ar
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tial
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d
esp
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s
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r
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u
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Hig
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