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i
b
u
tin
g
ab
o
u
t
2
5
%
o
f
n
atio
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
'
s
o
n
io
n
ex
p
o
r
ts
[
7
]
.
I
n
Nig
er
ia,
th
e
Kan
o
r
eg
io
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lar
g
est
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
o
f
s
h
allo
ts
with
an
i
n
ten
s
iv
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
s
h
allo
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
lim
ited
to
cu
ltiv
atio
n
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
q
u
ality
s
ee
d
s
,
h
ig
h
ch
em
ical
in
p
u
t
co
s
ts
,
p
est
a
n
d
d
is
ea
s
e
attac
k
s
,
an
d
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
ir
r
i
g
atio
n
wat
er
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
7
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
b
u
t
also
in
clu
d
e
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
p
o
s
t
-
h
ar
v
est
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Sh
allo
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
waste
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
o
r
ti
n
g
r
esid
u
es,
o
u
ter
s
k
in
s
,
r
o
o
ts
,
an
d
u
n
u
s
ed
p
la
n
t
p
a
r
ts
ca
u
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
if
n
o
t
m
an
a
g
ed
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
C
o
m
p
o
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
s
h
allo
t
r
esid
u
e
m
ix
ed
with
c
o
w
m
a
n
u
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
il
p
h
y
s
ico
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
m
ic
r
o
b
ial
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
s
h
allo
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
y
iel
d
s
ag
r
o
e
co
lo
g
ically
,
with
a
d
o
s
e
o
f
3
0
0
k
g
N
h
a⁻¹
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
s
t
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
t
tea
b
ein
g
a
b
le
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
h
ar
v
est
y
ield
s
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
e
r
tili
za
tio
n
[
1
1
]
.
A
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
c
en
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
k
ey
to
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
ac
tices,
in
clu
d
in
g
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
L
o
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
ter
ac
t
d
ir
ec
tly
with
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
t
h
eir
d
aily
liv
es,
s
o
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
n
at
u
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
ep
en
d
s
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
p
r
ac
tical
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
ag
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
d
ialo
g
u
e
an
d
f
ield
tr
ials
[
1
2
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
s
h
allo
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
waste
h
av
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
tech
n
ical
-
a
g
r
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
asp
ec
ts
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
an
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
r
em
ai
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
r
o
les,
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
in
te
g
r
ated
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
in
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
h
allo
t
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
g
ap
an
aly
s
is
m
e
asu
r
in
g
d
is
cr
ep
a
n
cies
b
etwe
en
ac
tu
al
an
d
i
d
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
s
h
allo
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
s
is
ab
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
cu
r
r
e
n
t
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
o
o
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
v
alo
r
izatio
n
in
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
f
o
o
d
s
h
as
n
o
t b
ee
n
lin
k
ed
to
s
o
cio
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
a
cto
r
s
,
d
esp
ite
its
p
o
ten
tial
to
ad
d
r
ess
m
aln
u
tr
itio
n
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
h
az
a
r
d
s
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
r
o
l
es,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
h
allo
t
waste
(
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
)
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
s
,
esp
ec
ially
B
r
eb
es
R
eg
en
cy
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
ac
tu
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
ap
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
e
lty
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
lies
in
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
h
allo
t
waste
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
Mo
s
t
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
waste
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
is
g
en
er
al
in
n
atu
r
e,
wh
ile
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
ex
am
i
n
es
s
h
allo
t
co
m
m
o
d
ities
in
t
h
e
lar
g
est
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
en
ter
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
v
ar
iab
les
(
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
o
les,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e)
i
n
o
n
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
v
ar
ia
b
le
to
p
u
b
lic
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
an
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
Sp
ea
r
m
an
r
an
k
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
,
a
n
d
g
a
p
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
t
u
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as
well
as
th
e
d
ete
r
m
in
an
ts
o
f
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
elativ
el
y
r
ar
ely
a
p
p
lied
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
at
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lev
el.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
d
es
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
an
aly
tical
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
with
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
an
aly
tical
n
atu
r
e
is
ex
p
licitly
ju
s
tifie
d
b
y
its
o
b
jectiv
e
to
test
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
o
le
(
X₁)
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
X₂)
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
X₃)
,
an
d
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le,
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
h
allo
t
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
waste)
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
ce
n
ter
s
.
Un
lik
e
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
aim
e
d
at
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
n
ew
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
with
o
u
t
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
,
th
is
an
aly
tical
d
esig
n
was
s
elec
ted
to
test
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
h
y
p
o
th
eses
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
a
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ea
ch
p
r
ed
icto
r
'
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les at
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t in
ti
m
e
with
in
a
d
e
f
in
ed
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
2
.
2
.
L
o
ca
t
io
n
a
n
d
t
im
e
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
B
r
eb
es
R
eg
en
cy
,
C
en
tr
al
J
a
v
a
Pro
v
i
n
ce
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lar
g
e
s
t
s
h
allo
t
-
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
r
e
g
io
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Sit
e
s
elec
t
io
n
was
b
ased
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
cr
iter
ia:
its
s
tatu
s
as
a
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
s
h
allo
t
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
waste,
an
d
th
e
lo
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
d
ir
ec
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
a
s
ix
-
m
o
n
th
p
er
io
d
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
f
ield
d
ata
co
llec
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f c
o
mmu
n
ity
p
ercep
tio
n
o
n
fo
o
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
…
(
D.
Ya
n
E
l R
iz
a
l U
n
z
ila
tir
r
i
z
q
i
)
527
2
.
3
.
P
o
p
u
la
t
io
n
a
n
d
s
a
m
p
le
T
h
e
tar
g
e
t
p
o
p
u
l
at
io
n
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
al
l
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
s
r
e
s
i
d
in
g
in
s
h
al
lo
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
ce
n
ter
a
r
ea
s
o
f
B
r
eb
e
s
R
eg
en
cy
wi
th
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
t
r
el
at
io
n
s
h
i
p
s
to
s
h
al
lo
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
an
d
wa
s
t
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
a
ct
iv
it
ie
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize
o
f
1
8
0
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
wa
s
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a,
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
in
g
15
–
2
0
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
s
p
er
p
r
ed
i
cto
r
v
ar
iab
le
f
o
r
m
u
l
ti
p
le
r
eg
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
an
a
ly
s
is
.
W
i
t
h
n
in
e
p
r
ed
i
cto
r
s
(
th
r
ee
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
an
d
s
ix
s
o
c
io
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
i
ab
le
s
)
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t
w
a
s
9
×
2
0
=
1
8
0
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
,
al
s
o
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
,
n
am
e
ly
N
≥
5
0
+
8
m
=
1
2
2
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
el
ec
ted
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l
r
an
d
o
m
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
c
en
t
er
ar
ea
w
a
s
s
t
r
a
tif
ied
b
y
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ic
t,
an
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
er
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
e
lec
ted
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
d
i
s
tr
i
ct
's
p
o
p
u
la
ti
o
n
s
ize
.
I
n
c
lu
s
io
n
cr
i
t
er
i
a
wer
e:
i
)
m
in
im
u
m
ag
e
o
f
1
9
y
ea
r
s
,
ii
)
r
es
id
en
ce
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
ce
n
ter
ar
ea
f
o
r
a
t le
as
t
o
n
e
y
ea
r
,
an
d
ii
i
)
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
wi
ll
in
g
n
es
s
to
p
ar
t
ic
ip
a
te.
E
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
it
er
i
a
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
u
n
ab
l
e
to
co
m
m
u
n
ic
at
e
ef
f
ec
t
i
v
ely
,
th
o
s
e
r
ef
u
s
in
g
t
o
co
m
p
l
e
te
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
a
ir
e
en
tir
ely
,
o
r
th
o
s
e
r
e
s
id
in
g
in
th
e
ar
e
a
f
o
r
l
es
s
th
an
o
n
e
y
e
ar
.
2
.
4
.
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
i
n
s
t
r
um
e
nt
s
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
w
a
s
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
es
t
io
n
n
a
ir
e
co
m
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
f
iv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
s
o
c
io
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
ch
ar
a
ct
er
is
t
ic
s
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
o
le
(
1
2
it
em
s
)
,
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
(
1
0
ite
m
s
)
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
(
1
2
i
tem
s
)
,
an
d
p
er
ce
p
t
io
n
s
o
f
wa
s
te
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
(
1
0
i
te
m
s
)
.
A
ll
a
tt
i
tu
d
in
al
i
t
em
s
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
c
al
e
(
1
=
S
tr
o
n
g
ly
D
i
s
ag
r
ee
t
o
5
=
S
tr
o
n
g
ly
Ag
r
e
e)
.
C
o
n
te
n
t
v
a
lid
i
ty
w
a
s
e
s
t
ab
l
i
s
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
e
r
t
r
ev
i
ew
b
y
th
r
e
e
a
ca
d
em
i
c
s
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
c
t
v
a
lid
i
ty
w
a
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
i
lo
t
s
tu
d
y
o
f
3
0
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
P
ea
r
s
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
m
o
m
en
t
co
r
r
e
la
tio
n
,
wi
th
i
tem
s
r
e
ta
in
ed
i
f
th
e
r
-
ca
l
cu
la
te
d
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
r
-
tab
le
(
α
=
0
.
0
5
,
d
f
=
2
8
;
r
-
tab
le
=
0
.
3
6
1
)
.
R
e
lia
b
i
li
ty
w
as
te
s
t
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
's
Alp
h
a
w
ith
an
ac
c
ep
t
an
c
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
o
f
≥
0
.
7
8
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
f
0
.
7
0
.
Al
l r
et
ain
ed
it
em
s
s
a
ti
s
f
ied
b
o
th
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
ld
s
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
co
l
le
ct
io
n
t
e
ch
n
i
q
ue
Data
we
r
e
co
l
le
ct
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
ed
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
t
er
v
i
e
ws
ad
m
in
is
te
r
ed
b
y
tr
ain
ed
en
u
m
er
a
to
r
s
.
T
h
i
s
m
e
th
o
d
w
as
ch
o
s
en
b
e
ca
u
s
e
th
e
m
a
jo
r
ity
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
h
ad
lo
w
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
a
l
at
ta
in
m
en
t
(
5
7
.
2
%
co
m
p
l
et
ed
o
n
ly
el
em
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l)
,
n
e
ce
s
s
i
ta
t
in
g
a
s
s
i
s
ta
n
ce
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
E
n
u
m
er
at
o
r
s
u
n
d
er
w
en
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
tr
ain
in
g
co
v
er
in
g
in
ter
v
ie
w
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
et
h
i
cs
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
.
W
r
it
ten
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
w
as
o
b
ta
in
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
ll
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
p
r
io
r
to
p
ar
ti
cip
at
io
n
.
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
i
s
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
Data
an
a
ly
s
i
s
p
r
o
c
ee
d
e
d
s
eq
u
en
t
ia
lly
.
F
ir
s
t,
d
e
s
cr
i
p
t
iv
e
an
aly
s
i
s
ch
a
r
ac
te
r
iz
ed
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
f
il
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
s
,
m
ea
n
s
,
an
d
s
t
an
d
ar
d
d
ev
ia
tio
n
s
.
Se
co
n
d
,
g
a
p
an
a
ly
s
is
id
en
tif
ied
d
i
s
cr
e
p
an
c
ie
s
b
e
tw
ee
n
ac
tu
a
l a
n
d
id
ea
l
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
(
1
0
0
%)
a
cr
o
s
s
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
c
la
s
s
i
c
al
as
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
te
s
t
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
m
u
lt
ic
o
l
lin
ea
r
it
y
(
VI
F
<
1
0
)
,
au
to
co
r
r
e
la
t
io
n
(
Du
r
b
in
-
W
a
t
s
o
n
)
,
n
o
r
m
a
li
ty
(
Ko
l
m
o
g
o
r
o
v
-
Sm
ir
n
o
v
)
,
an
d
h
ete
r
o
s
ce
d
a
s
t
ic
it
y
(
G
le
j
s
er
te
s
t)
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
h
ier
ar
ch
ic
al
m
u
l
tip
le
li
n
ea
r
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
wa
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
:
s
o
ci
o
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
co
n
t
r
o
l
v
ar
ia
b
l
es
wer
e
en
te
r
ed
in
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
b
lo
ck
,
f
o
l
lo
w
ed
b
y
th
e
t
h
r
e
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
in
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
b
lo
ck
,
to
i
s
o
l
at
e
u
n
iq
u
e
p
r
ed
ic
to
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
w
h
il
e
co
n
tr
o
l
l
in
g
f
o
r
p
o
ten
ti
al
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
ab
l
es
.
Fif
th
,
S
p
ea
r
m
an
's
r
an
k
c
o
r
r
ela
t
io
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
iv
ar
ia
te
a
s
s
o
cia
t
io
n
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
o
r
d
in
a
l
s
o
c
io
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
v
ar
i
ab
le
s
.
S
ix
th
,
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
S
E
)
an
d
r
el
at
iv
e
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
(
S
R
)
an
a
ly
s
e
s
d
ete
r
m
i
n
ed
ea
ch
p
r
ed
ic
to
r
's
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
a
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
to
ex
p
la
in
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
.
Al
l
an
a
ly
s
e
s
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
at
α
=
0
.
0
5
u
s
in
g
S
P
S
S v
er
s
io
n
2
6
.
0
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
s
o
ci
o
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
ch
a
r
ac
te
r
i
s
ti
cs
o
f
th
e
1
8
0
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
o
f
f
em
al
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
(
5
1
.
7
%)
i
s
s
l
ig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
a
t
o
f
m
al
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
(
4
8
.
3
%).
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
ag
e
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
as
4
2
.
5
9
y
ea
r
s
(
SD
=
1
4
.
6
9
2
)
,
wi
th
an
ag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
9
to
8
7
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
jo
r
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
h
ad
an
el
em
en
t
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
5
7
.
2
%)
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
(
2
0
.
0
%)
an
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
(
1
6
.
1
%)
,
wh
il
e
th
o
s
e
wi
th
d
ip
lo
m
as
a
n
d
b
ac
h
elo
r
's
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
r
ab
o
v
e
wer
e
o
n
ly
a
s
m
al
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(
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R
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4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
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v
esti
g
ate
d
th
e
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eter
m
i
n
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ts
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f
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b
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ce
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tio
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d
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h
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t
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y
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p
r
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d
u
ct
(
waste)
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
in
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
ce
n
ter
ar
ea
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
r
ee
p
r
in
cip
al
p
r
ed
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r
s
:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
a
c
o
m
p
lex
in
ter
p
lay
am
o
n
g
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les,
with
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
o
le
em
e
r
g
in
g
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
in
an
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
ese
r
e
s
u
lts
a
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
waste
m
a
n
ag
em
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n
t
liter
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
id
en
tifie
s
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
al
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
as
cr
itical
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
waste
m
an
a
g
em
en
t sy
s
tem
s
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
(
T
ab
le
3
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
at
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
p
u
b
li
c
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
h
allo
t
waste
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
β
=
0
.
3
4
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
th
e
lar
g
est
ef
f
ec
tiv
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co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
1
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.
7
4
%
(
T
ab
l
e
5
)
.
T
h
e
Sp
ea
r
m
an
r
an
k
co
r
r
elatio
n
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aly
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is
f
u
r
th
er
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
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g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
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le
h
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th
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s
tr
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g
est
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tio
n
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3
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0
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all
m
ain
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ia
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les
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ab
le
4
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h
is
d
o
m
in
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n
ce
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f
th
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g
o
v
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en
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le
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s
is
ten
t
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
I
n
ak
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
o
v
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ip
with
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Kela
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=
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2
)
.
Similar
ly
,
R
o
u
s
ta
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
eir
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
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ld
waste
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p
ar
t
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v
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ican
tly
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f
lu
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ticip
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,
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d
t
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atis
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ac
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with
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h
e
waste
m
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ag
em
e
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s
tem
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tr
o
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by
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g
o
v
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n
m
e
n
t
h
a
v
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a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
waste
s
o
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tin
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ticip
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n
.
T
h
is
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n
d
e
r
s
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r
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o
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in
s
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am
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k
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r
am
im
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en
tatio
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an
d
c
o
m
m
u
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ity
e
n
g
ag
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n
t
s
er
v
es
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a
cr
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s
ig
n
al
th
at
s
h
ap
es h
o
w
co
m
m
u
n
ities
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t in
itiativ
es [
1
6
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
-
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6
I
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t J Pu
b
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Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
5
2
5
-
5
3
3
530
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
o
les
(
r
s
=
0
.
5
6
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
T
ab
le
4
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
is
clo
s
ely
tied
to
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
i
s
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
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m
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
b
y
He
r
d
ian
s
y
ah
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
,
wh
o
n
o
ted
t
h
at
co
m
m
u
n
ities
ca
n
n
o
t c
ar
r
y
o
u
t w
aste m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
a
n
d
r
e
q
u
ir
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
r
elev
an
t
ag
en
cies,
wh
ich
p
la
y
a
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
law
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t.
I
n
Nig
er
ia,
Ab
ila
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
s
im
ilar
ly
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
t
h
at
lim
ited
s
o
lid
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s
te
in
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r
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ctu
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t o
n
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b
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ce
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tio
n
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
I
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v
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y
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h
"
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ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
i
o
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ity
.
T
h
is
s
tar
k
d
ef
icit
in
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
ch
allen
g
e
in
lar
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
ar
ea
s
:
d
esp
ite
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
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o
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itiv
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er
ce
p
tio
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o
f
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m
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a
g
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ical
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ea
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p
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a
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l
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t
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e
s
[
2
5
]
-
[2
7
]
.
T
h
i
n
g
s
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
-
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
n
c
e
[2
8
]
,
[
29
]
.
T
h
e
g
a
p
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
7
8
.
9
%
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
s
t
i
l
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
(
T
a
b
l
e
2
)
,
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
t
a
n
g
i
b
l
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
e
v
e
n
w
e
l
l
-
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
f
a
c
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
t
o
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
w
a
s
t
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
[
3
0
]
-
[3
2
].
T
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
Fag
an
el
an
d
Stre
ich
er
[3
3
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
in
s
ig
h
t,
as
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
waste
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
a
cts
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
waste
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
eir
u
s
e
o
f
Sp
ea
r
m
an
'
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
to
test
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
o
f
waste
s
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
waste
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
p
ar
allels
th
e
an
a
ly
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ica
l
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
n
o
n
-
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
co
r
r
elatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
o
r
d
in
al
an
d
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ata
i
n
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t r
esear
ch
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
].
Pu
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
wh
ile
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
β
=
0
.
1
5
2
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
7
)
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
th
e
le
ast
am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
,
with
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
o
n
ly
5
.
4
1
%
an
d
a
r
elativ
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
1
3
.
9
4
%
(
T
ab
le
5
)
.
T
h
e
Sp
ea
r
m
a
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
was
m
o
d
er
ate
(
r
s
=
0
.
3
5
6
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
g
ap
an
aly
s
is
p
ain
ts
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
:
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
v
alu
ab
le
p
r
o
d
u
cts
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
g
ap
at
7
6
.
1
%,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
(
7
5
.
0
%),
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
(
7
3
.
9
%),
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
(
7
1
.
7
%),
a
n
d
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
e
f
f
ec
ts
(
6
8
.
3
%).
On
ly
th
e
in
d
ic
ato
r
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
o
n
io
n
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
cts
s
h
o
wed
a
r
elativ
ely
lo
wer
g
a
p
at
5
0
.
6
%.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
b
y
R
o
u
s
ta
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
u
t
r
elativ
ely
wea
k
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
(
r
=
0
.
1
4
)
with
waste
s
o
r
ti
n
g
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies,
an
d
th
at
d
esp
ite
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
alo
n
e
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
d
r
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ch
a
n
g
e
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
lem
en
ta
r
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
I
n
a
k
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
s
im
ilar
ly
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
h
ad
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
b
u
t
wea
k
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
p
u
b
lic
p
e
r
ce
p
ti
o
n
o
f
p
last
ic
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
r
=
0
.
1
8
4
)
,
n
o
tin
g
th
at
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als to
b
u
il
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ev
e
n
ts
in
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
b
u
t
th
at
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
i
s
m
o
d
er
ated
b
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
an
d
in
s
ti
tu
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
A
Mo
d
er
ate
-
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elati
o
n
(
0
.
5
1
2
)
b
etwe
en
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
el
an
d
litt
er
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t d
o
m
ain
,
it is
n
o
t th
e
o
n
ly
o
n
e
in
s
h
ap
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
3
5
].
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
l
o
w
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
r
o
le
an
d
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
5
7
.
2
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
o
n
ly
an
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
4
6
.
7
%
ea
r
n
e
d
less
th
an
I
DR
2
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
.
T
h
is
lo
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
lik
ely
co
n
s
tr
ain
s
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
n
ef
its
.
As
I
n
ak
u
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
lo
w
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
u
ltima
tely
ca
u
s
es
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
waste
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
b
e
v
er
y
lack
i
n
g
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
wh
e
n
n
o
t
all
lev
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
clu
d
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
o
n
waste
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Ma
b
ad
ah
an
y
e
et
a
l
.
[3
6
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
a
co
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
,
n
o
tin
g
th
at
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
lev
el
s
h
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
wastewate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t p
lan
ts
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
n
o
t a
lway
s
clea
r
an
d
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
n
tex
t
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f c
o
mmu
n
ity
p
ercep
tio
n
o
n
fo
o
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
…
(
D.
Ya
n
E
l R
iz
a
l U
n
z
ila
tir
r
i
z
q
i
)
531
T
h
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ally
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
r
ef
lect
a
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
r
al
n
o
r
m
o
r
s
o
cial
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
with
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
waste
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
ev
e
n
wh
en
p
r
ac
tical
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
Su
r
y
an
ti
et
a
l
.
[3
7
]
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
im
ilar
d
y
n
am
ic
in
Su
r
ak
ar
ta
C
ity
,
wh
er
e
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
h
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
waste
v
o
lu
m
e
(
r
=
-
0
.
5
9
8
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
waste
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
wer
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
l
o
wer
waste
v
o
lu
m
es
,
b
u
t
als
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
at
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
al
o
n
e
d
o
es n
o
t
g
u
ar
an
tee
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
(
T
ab
l
e
4
)
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
p
lay
a
r
elativ
ely
m
in
o
r
r
o
le
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
r
r
elate
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
u
t
wea
k
ly
with
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
(
r
s
=
0
.
2
0
3
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
,
wh
ile
a
g
e
s
h
o
ws
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
(
r
s
=
0
.
1
2
4
,
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
I
n
co
m
e
s
h
o
ws
a
m
o
d
est
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
with
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
(
r
s
=
0
.
1
8
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
b
y
R
o
u
s
ta
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
wh
o
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
th
e
wea
k
est
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
waste
s
o
r
tin
g
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
d
esp
ite
a
lar
g
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
u
ch
f
ac
to
r
s
.
L
u
k
m
an
et
a
l
.
[3
8
]
s
im
ilar
ly
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
lev
el
s
h
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
Kar
im
u
n
jawa
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
u
s
in
g
Sp
ea
r
m
an
r
an
k
an
aly
s
is
,
b
u
t
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
was c
o
m
p
lex
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t.
T
h
e
k
e
y
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
h
allo
t
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
r
a
n
k
ed
b
y
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
,
a
r
e:
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
o
le
(
β =
0
.
3
4
2
,
SE
=
1
8
.
7
4
%),
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
(
β =
0
.
2
9
8
,
SE
=
1
4
.
9
6
%),
an
d
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
β
=
0
.
1
5
2
,
SE
=
5
.
4
1
%).
T
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
Sp
ea
r
m
an
r
an
k
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
an
aly
s
es,
all
y
ield
in
g
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
p
atter
n
s
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
u
tr
itio
n
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
h
allo
t
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
cts
co
n
tain
b
io
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
in
clu
d
in
g
f
lav
o
n
o
i
d
s
,
q
u
er
ce
ti
n
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
o
s
u
lf
u
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
with
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
an
tio
x
id
an
t
an
d
an
ti
-
in
f
lam
m
ato
r
y
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
h
o
ld
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
f
o
r
tific
atio
n
an
d
n
u
tr
ac
e
u
tical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
g
ap
an
al
y
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
7
6
.
1
%
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
lack
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
v
alu
a
b
le
p
r
o
d
u
ct
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
em
b
ed
d
e
d
in
s
h
allo
t
waste
r
em
ain
u
n
e
x
p
lo
ited
.
Stre
n
g
th
en
in
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
-
le
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
u
ld
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
r
ed
u
ce
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
waste
an
d
en
h
an
ce
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ac
ce
s
s
to
n
u
tr
ie
n
t
-
r
ich
d
er
iv
e
d
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
th
er
eb
y
li
n
k
in
g
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
d
ir
ec
tly
to
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es in
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
s
cien
tific
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
h
allo
t
wast
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
b
ased
o
n
a
s
o
cio
-
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
a
g
r
ar
ian
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
f
ile
was
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
a
g
e
(
m
ea
n
4
2
.
5
9
y
ea
r
s
)
with
lo
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
5
7
.
2
%
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l)
a
n
d
a
m
ajo
r
ity
em
p
lo
y
ed
(
8
5
.
6
%).
Gap
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
ef
icien
cies
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
ex
p
er
ien
c
e,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
5
0
.
0
–
7
8
.
9
%),
alth
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
h
ad
r
ea
ch
e
d
i
d
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
g
a
p
0
.
0
%),
r
e
n
d
er
in
g
it
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
as
a
lev
er
ag
e
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
Mu
ltip
le
l
in
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
at
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
o
le
(
β
=
0
.
3
4
2
,
SE
=
1
8
.
7
4
%),
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
β
=
0
.
2
9
8
,
SE
=
1
4
.
9
6
%),
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
β
=
0
.
1
5
2
,
SE
=
5
.
4
1
%)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
c
ed
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
(
F =
3
7
.
1
8
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
Ad
j.
R
²
=
0
.
3
7
8
)
.
Fo
r
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at:
i
)
L
o
ca
l
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
m
u
late
in
teg
r
ated
s
h
allo
t
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
em
b
e
d
d
ed
with
in
v
illag
e
-
lev
el
p
o
licies;
ii
)
C
o
m
m
u
n
al
co
m
p
o
s
tin
g
f
ac
ilit
ies
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
as
p
r
io
r
ity
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e;
an
d
iii
)
P
ar
t
icip
ato
r
y
e
x
ten
s
io
n
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
tar
g
etin
g
lo
w
-
liter
a
cy
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
lin
k
ed
to
f
o
o
d
an
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
p
o
licies,
as
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
h
allo
t
waste
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
o
o
d
s
af
ety
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
a
n
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
waste
v
alo
r
izatio
n
in
to
o
r
g
an
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
,
th
e
r
eb
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
h
o
r
ticu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
q
u
ality
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
l
d
lik
e
t
o
e
x
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
all
p
a
r
ties
wh
o
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
ed
to
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
W
e
ex
ten
d
o
u
r
a
p
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Fo
o
d
an
d
Hea
lth
Scien
ce
s
,
Mu
h
ad
i
Setiab
u
d
i
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
S
tu
d
ies,
Har
k
at
Neg
er
i
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
f
o
r
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
W
e
ar
e
d
ee
p
l
y
g
r
atef
u
l
to
th
e
lo
ca
l
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
f
B
r
eb
es
R
eg
en
cy
f
o
r
g
r
a
n
tin
g
r
esear
ch
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
s
h
allo
t p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
Mu
h
ad
i
Setiab
u
d
i
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
B
r
eb
es,
C
en
tr
al
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
,
with
g
r
an
t
n
u
m
b
er
1
4
2
1
.
d
p
p
/2
0
2
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
26
:
5
2
5
-
5
3
3
532
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
D.
Yan
E
l
R
i
za
l
Un
z
il
at
ir
r
izq
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
is
k
a
Ar
s
it
a
Har
n
aw
at
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
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5
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