I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
20
26
,
p
p
.
349
~
3
68
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
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.v
42.
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349
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ttp
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Enha
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NICD
a
nd NIM
H
ba
tt
er
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rg
ing
ef
fici
ency
:
a
M
SCCC s
trategy
using
artificial i
nt
ellig
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ro
l
So
m
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a
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Aw
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o
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r
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Art
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y:
R
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Dec
3
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ev
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Ma
r
1
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6
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cc
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ted
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y
2
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In
th
e
a
b
o
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ss
a
y
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a
s
m
a
rt
m
u
lt
i
-
sta
g
e
c
o
n
sta
n
t
c
u
rre
n
t
c
h
a
rg
in
g
(
M
S
CCC
)
stra
teg
y
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
ro
p
o
se
d
w
it
h
a
n
a
d
a
p
ti
v
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n
e
u
ro
-
f
u
z
z
y
in
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
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ste
m
(A
NFIS
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to
im
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ro
v
e
th
e
c
h
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rg
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g
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
o
f
n
ic
k
e
l
m
e
tal
h
y
d
rid
e
(NiM
H)
a
n
d
n
ick
e
l
c
a
d
m
iu
m
(NiCd
)
t
y
p
e
b
a
tt
e
ries
.
T
h
e
su
g
g
e
ste
d
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
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se
s
a
b
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e
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th
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t
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o
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r
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f
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c
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ted
a
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d
v
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le cu
rre
n
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g
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c
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rd
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g
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re
a
l
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ti
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e
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e
d
b
a
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o
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lt
a
g
e
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n
d
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te
o
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h
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rg
e
.
M
AT
LAB/S
im
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li
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se
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it
h
a
2
4
V
2
3
.
5
A
h
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p
a
c
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a
n
d
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5
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2
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9
.
4
A
h
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p
a
c
k
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m
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si
m
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l
a
ti
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o
n
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e
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ti
o
n
a
l
P
I,
f
u
z
z
y
,
a
n
d
n
e
u
ra
l
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
sh
o
w
th
a
t
A
NFIS
-
M
S
CCC
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
sta
te
-
of
-
c
h
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rg
e
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S
o
C
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re
ten
ti
o
n
b
y
a
b
o
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t
5
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8
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e
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t,
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l
m
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e
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t
a
n
d
tran
siti
o
n
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
c
u
rre
n
ts
a
re
s
m
o
o
th
e
r
w
h
ich
re
su
lt
s
in
t
o
lo
w
e
r
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
str
e
ss
.
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sid
e
s,
th
e
su
g
g
e
ste
d
a
p
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ro
a
c
h
h
a
s
a
sh
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rter
se
tt
li
n
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m
e
,
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ig
h
c
h
a
rg
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g
sta
b
il
i
ty
,
a
n
d
s
a
fe
th
e
rm
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
.
T
h
e
se
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
ro
v
e
th
a
t
th
e
A
NFIS
-
a
id
e
d
M
S
CCC
p
ro
v
id
e
s
a
p
o
w
e
r
f
u
l
a
n
d
re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sy
ste
m
to
NiCd
a
n
d
NiM
H
b
a
tt
e
ries
,
w
h
ich
is
a
p
p
li
c
a
b
le
w
it
h
in
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
b
a
tt
e
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
s th
a
t
a
re
a
lrea
d
y
in
u
se
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
d
ap
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
i
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
te
m
B
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t s
y
s
te
m
C
o
n
s
tan
t c
u
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
s
tan
t
NiC
D
b
atter
y
NiMH
b
atter
y
State
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
Vo
ltag
e
(
C
C
-
C
V)
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
So
m
e
n
d
r
a
B
an
er
j
ee
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Ma
d
an
Mo
h
a
n
Ma
la
v
i
y
a
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
MM
MU
T
)
Go
r
ak
h
p
u
r
,
Uttar
P
r
ad
esh
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
b
an
er
j
ee
s
o
m
e
n
d
r
a8
3
@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
atter
ies
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
d
,
lik
e
n
ic
k
el
ca
d
m
iu
m
(
Ni
C
d
)
an
d
n
ic
k
el
m
e
tal
h
y
d
r
id
e
(
Ni
MH
)
o
n
es,
in
cl
u
d
e
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ie
s
.
A
NiMH
b
atter
y
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
a
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
(
L
I
B
)
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
d
its
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
t
w
o
to
th
r
ee
ti
m
e
s
h
ig
h
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
a
NiC
d
b
at
ter
y
eq
u
al
i
n
s
ize.
De
g
r
ad
atio
n
s
al
s
o
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
v
ar
y
in
g
in
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
ex
ter
n
al
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
an
d
u
s
ag
e
[
1
]
.
On
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
i
s
th
at
b
atter
y
ag
ein
g
,
w
h
ic
h
o
cc
u
r
s
o
v
er
th
e
b
atter
y
's
lif
eti
m
e,
i
m
p
air
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
p
r
im
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
b
atter
y
lif
e
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ar
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
r
ate,
d
ep
th
o
f
d
i
s
ch
a
r
g
e,
an
d
c
y
clic
lif
e.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
b
atter
y
i
s
p
u
t
o
n
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
li
n
e,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
ec
k
ed
f
o
r
q
u
ali
t
y
f
o
r
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
id
en
ti
f
y
d
ev
ice
s
th
a
t
ar
e
d
eter
io
r
atin
g
,
ex
te
n
d
th
e
ir
c
y
clic
li
f
e,
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
b
est
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
ab
o
u
t
ca
p
ac
it
y
lo
s
s
,
f
aster
b
atter
y
ag
i
n
g
,
an
d
ev
en
p
o
ten
tial
b
atter
y
d
am
a
g
e
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
y
p
icall
y
,
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
m
a
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
.
I
t
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
ad
eq
u
ate
o
r
ce
r
tif
ied
b
ef
o
r
e
t
o
in
s
ta
llatio
n
,
n
e
v
er
th
e
less
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
atter
y
q
u
alit
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
s
an
ess
e
n
tial a
r
ea
o
f
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
b
o
th
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ia
.
On
e
of
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
ass
e
s
s
i
n
g
a
ce
ll
'
s
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
is
it
s
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
B
atter
y
i
n
ter
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
i
s
i
n
ti
m
atel
y
r
elate
d
to
b
o
th
th
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
r
ate
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
26
:
3
4
9
-
3
68
350
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
L
I
B
'
s
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
,
w
h
ich
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
ch
a
r
g
e
lev
el,
an
d
o
v
er
all
h
ea
lt
h
,
co
n
tr
o
ls
its
p
o
w
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
A
s
a
r
esu
l
t,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
w
er
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
,
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
,
an
d
AC
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
8
]
.
Var
io
u
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
lev
el
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
MS
C
C
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies
in
to
w
h
ic
h
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
lev
el
tr
an
s
itio
n
cr
iter
ia
f
all
ar
e
b
atter
y
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
s
ep
ar
ated
in
th
e
l
iter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tag
e
's
cu
r
r
en
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tag
e
's
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
th
is
to
w
o
r
k
.
L
i
u
et
a
l.
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
m
a
k
e
ter
m
in
al
v
o
l
tag
e
t
h
e
cu
to
f
f
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
v
o
lta
g
e
w
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
b
lem
a
tic
I
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
is
u
n
ab
le
to
b
e
co
m
p
let
el
y
ch
ar
g
ed
.
Af
ter
th
e
last
s
tag
e
c
h
ar
g
e,
a
C
V
m
o
d
e
i
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
in
cl
u
d
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
f
u
l
l
ch
ar
g
e
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
i
s
m
an
n
er
,
th
e
co
s
t
i
s
a
lo
n
g
er
C
T
an
d
a
lo
w
er
C
E
.
T
h
e
s
tate
-
of
-
c
h
ar
g
e
(
S
o
C
)
is
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
cr
iter
io
n
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
ap
p
ly
to
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
th
at
ea
ch
le
v
el
o
f
th
is
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
cr
iter
ia.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
u
ls
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
an
d
th
e
C
C
-
C
V
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
S
o
C
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
it
io
n
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
lo
w
er
C
T
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
C
E
.
T
h
e
an
t
co
l
o
n
y
s
y
s
te
m
(
AC
S)
[9
]
,
B
ay
esia
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
[
1
2
]
,
g
en
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
G
A
)
[
1
5
]
,
P
SO
[
1
6
],
cu
ck
o
o
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
C
O
A
)
[
1
7
]
,
GW
O
[
1
8
]
,
an
d
o
th
er
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
(
OA
s
)
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
OC
C
P
o
f
MS
C
C
.
W
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
C
C
-
C
V,
th
e
O
A
m
a
y
g
r
ea
tl
y
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
co
n
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
tak
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
s
e
v
er
al
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
icato
r
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
f
o
r
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
m
ee
t
s
e
v
er
al
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
n
ec
e
s
s
itate
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
v
alid
atio
n
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
p
atter
n
s
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
w
h
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
test
i
n
g
an
d
r
aises
t
h
e
ti
m
e
an
d
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
d
eter
m
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
b
e
s
t
o
p
tio
n
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Kh
a
n
a
n
d
C
h
o
i
[
1
9
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
a
f
o
r
m
u
la
c
alcu
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as th
e
FC
m
e
th
o
d
in
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
)
to
ascer
tain
t
h
e
OC
C
P
o
f
MS
C
C
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
E
C
M.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
ea
c
h
s
te
p
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
er
ie
s
o
f
s
tr
ai
g
h
tf
o
r
w
ar
d
f
o
r
m
u
la
s
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
d
o
esn
't
tak
e
as
m
u
c
h
ti
m
e
o
r
ex
ten
s
iv
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tatio
n
as
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
d
escr
ib
ed
w
a
y
s
.
Ne
v
er
th
ele
s
s
,
it
ig
n
o
r
es
t
h
e
E
L
a
n
d
T
R
an
d
is
s
o
le
l
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
en
h
an
c
in
g
th
e
C
T
.
A
ll
t
h
in
g
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
C
H
C
,
C
T
,
an
d
E
L
th
at
ea
ch
s
tag
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
is
th
e
m
ai
n
f
ac
to
r
ass
es
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
MSC
C
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
MSC
C
ca
n
n
o
t
p
r
o
ce
ed
w
it
h
o
u
t
f
ir
s
t
lo
ca
tin
g
th
e
O
C
C
P
.
W
h
ile
r
ec
en
t
in
v
es
tig
a
tio
n
s
h
av
e
e
x
a
m
in
ed
ar
tif
ic
ial
in
telli
g
e
n
ce
(
A
I
)
-
aid
ed
m
u
lt
i
-
s
ta
g
e
co
n
s
tan
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
(
MSC
C
C
)
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
th
e
p
r
ep
o
n
d
e
r
an
ce
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
s
es
o
n
lit
h
iu
m
-
io
n
b
att
er
ies.
Nick
el
-
b
ased
ch
e
m
is
tr
ie
s
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
,
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
m
p
ar
at
iv
el
y
le
s
s
s
cr
u
t
in
y
,
n
o
t
w
i
th
s
ta
n
d
in
g
t
h
eir
p
er
s
is
ten
t
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
p
o
w
er
to
o
ls
,
b
ac
k
u
p
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ett
in
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
NiC
d
/NiMH
c
h
ar
g
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
g
e
n
er
all
y
e
m
p
lo
y
f
i
x
ed
P
I
o
r
r
u
le
-
b
ased
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
in
h
er
e
n
tl
y
li
m
ited
i
n
th
eir
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
t
h
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
b
atter
ies.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
esear
ch
v
o
id
ex
i
s
ts
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e,
A
I
-
d
r
iv
e
n
M
SC
C
C
s
tr
ateg
ies
e
x
p
licitl
y
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
i
s
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
p
o
in
ts
m
ad
e
b
y
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
:
Dev
elo
p
in
g
a
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
MSC
C
C
w
it
h
A
NFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
le
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
t
h
e
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
t
y
p
e
o
f
b
atte
r
ies.
Desig
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t P
FC
b
o
o
s
t
-
co
n
v
er
ter
b
ased
ch
ar
g
er
w
i
th
ad
a
p
tiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t u
n
d
e
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as P
I
,
Fu
zz
y
,
an
d
Ne
u
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
De
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
A
N
FIS
co
n
tr
o
l
led
to
b
etter
S
o
C
s
tab
ilit
y
,
lo
w
er
v
o
ltag
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t,
an
d
a
m
o
r
e
g
r
ac
ef
u
l c
u
r
r
e
n
t r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
2
-
D
n
ick
el
-
b
ased
c
h
e
m
is
tr
ies
w
it
h
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
d
o
n
e
i
n
M
A
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
li
n
k
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
2
.
1
.
M
ulti
-
s
t
a
g
e
co
ns
t
a
nt
cu
rr
ent
cha
rg
ing
(
M
SCCC)
Fas
t
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
h
as
e
m
er
g
ed
a
s
an
es
s
e
n
tial
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
g
etti
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
li
m
ita
tio
n
s
o
f
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
b
atter
ies,
in
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
w
er
to
o
ls
,
in
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles,
an
d
a
s
a
b
ac
k
u
p
s
y
s
te
m
.
B
es
id
es
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
th
e
u
s
er
g
r
ea
ter
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
n
in
g
e
n
io
u
s
a
n
d
ad
ap
tab
le
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
is
v
ital
i
n
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
to
tal
ti
m
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
c
y
clic
lif
e
o
f
n
ic
k
el
-
b
ased
b
atter
y
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
ies.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
f
u
l
f
illi
n
g
th
e
s
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
is
d
y
n
a
m
ic
M
SC
C
C
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
n
th
e
M
SC
C
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
C
C
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
t
ag
e
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
h
ase,
w
h
ic
h
o
p
er
ate
at
g
r
ad
u
all
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
s
,
o
r
C
-
r
ates.
R
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
an
d
in
ter
n
a
l
p
r
ess
u
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
at
is
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
w
it
h
NiM
H
an
d
NiC
d
ce
lls
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
tan
t
h
i
g
h
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
c
h
ar
g
in
g
th
is
f
alli
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
elec
tr
o
d
es
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
in
ce
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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n
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D
a
n
d
N
I
MH b
a
tter
ies ch
a
r
g
in
g
efficien
cy
:
a
MS
C
C
C
s
t
r
a
teg
y
…
(
S
o
men
d
r
a
B
a
n
erjee)
351
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
to
u
s
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
ta
g
e,
th
e
MS
C
C
C
m
et
h
o
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
e
ce
lls
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e
a
n
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
t
w
o
ef
f
ec
t
s
th
a
t
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
s
ea
led
NiC
d
/NiMH
ce
ll
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
ld
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
CC
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
lta
g
e
(
C
C
-
C
V)
.
T
h
e
MSC
C
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as b
e
en
v
er
y
p
o
p
u
lar
d
u
e
to
its
s
i
m
p
licit
y
,
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
tr
ik
e
a
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
af
et
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
MSC
C
C
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
esear
ch
ed
in
th
e
liter
a
tu
r
e;
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
t
y
p
icall
y
co
m
p
r
is
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
r
ee
an
d
ten
s
tep
s
.
E
ac
h
p
h
ase
h
a
s
d
is
s
i
m
ilar
tr
an
s
it
io
n
cr
iter
ia
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
tr
ac
k
,
S
o
C
esti
m
atio
n
s
,
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
els
o
f
ea
c
h
s
t
ag
e
ar
e
also
v
ar
ied
as
p
er
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
as
w
ell
as d
es
ir
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
ass
ess
h
o
w
w
e
ll
th
e
MSC
C
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
o
r
k
s
f
o
r
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
b
atter
ies,
T
im
e
s
p
en
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
E
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
R
eten
tio
n
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e/d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
w
h
ile
ch
ar
g
in
g
B
y
e
n
ab
li
n
g
a
d
ap
ti
v
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
s
tag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
in
g
cr
iter
ia
in
r
ea
l ti
m
e,
A
I
s
u
ch
as
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
P
I
D
m
o
d
elli
n
g
ca
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
MS
C
C
C
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
a
t
is
s
u
ited
to
b
atter
y
s
tate
an
d
u
s
a
g
e
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
in
f
l
u
e
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
o
f
Ni
C
d
an
d
NiMH
b
atter
ies
is
th
e
C
-
r
ate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e;
r
ap
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
ac
h
i
ev
ed
w
it
h
a
g
r
ea
ter
C
-
r
ate.
I
t
is
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
th
e
cy
cle
li
f
e
m
a
y
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
if
a
h
i
g
h
C
r
ate
is
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ili
t
y
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
e
f
f
icien
c
y
.
I
t
is
w
o
r
th
n
o
ti
n
g
t
h
at
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
d
u
r
atio
n
m
a
y
b
e
a
th
r
ea
t in
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
an
d
h
ig
h
S
o
C
le
v
els
;
h
o
w
ev
er
,
Ni
C
d
an
d
NiMH
ar
e
less
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
en
t c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
ate
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
m
a
y
b
e
f
u
ll
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
e
b
atter
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
esp
ec
iall
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
es
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
S
o
C
lev
els
ar
e
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
4
0
%.
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
s
tag
e
w
h
e
n
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
ac
tio
n
i
s
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
s
f
o
r
o
v
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
r
th
e
r
m
al
s
tr
es
s
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
in
ter
n
al
r
esi
s
tan
c
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
th
e
d
an
g
er
o
f
p
o
lar
izatio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
in
te
n
s
i
f
i
es
as
th
e
S
o
C
r
is
es
ab
o
v
e
5
0
%.
T
h
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
s
h
o
w
s
u
p
in
NiMH
ce
lls
a
s
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
o
x
y
g
e
n
g
as
at
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ele
ctr
o
d
e,
w
h
ich
,
i
f
i
m
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
r
ec
o
m
b
in
ed
o
r
v
en
ted
,
ca
n
r
aise
in
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
I
t
c
an
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
ch
ar
g
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
w
o
r
s
e
n
t
h
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
ef
f
ec
t
f
o
r
NiC
d
[
2
0
]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
m
etr
ic
s
f
o
r
th
e
L
I
B
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
h
o
w
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
it
ch
a
r
g
es.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
a
L
I
B
is
its
ab
ilit
y
to
d
is
s
ip
ate
en
er
g
y
w
h
ile
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
i
v
id
ed
b
y
it
s
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
ch
ar
g
e
.
T
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
o
n
e
u
s
e
s
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
(
1
)
.
(
%
)
=
×
∑
×
=
1
×
100
(
1
)
I
n
(
1
)
,
n
,
I
d
,
td
,
I
c,
an
d
tc
s
tan
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tag
e
s
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t,
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
ti
m
e,
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t,
as
w
ell
as
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
.
A
h
ig
h
er
C
-
r
ate
r
esu
lt
s
in
a
g
r
ea
ter
ca
p
ac
ity
lo
s
s
w
h
e
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
C
C
V
m
eth
o
d
.
Fo
r
lar
g
er
cr
ates
,
th
e
MS
C
C
c
h
ar
g
e
m
e
th
o
d
is
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
in
cip
le.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
C
C
V
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
n
th
at
it
u
s
e
s
a
v
ar
iab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
a
s
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
m
a
y
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
at
o
d
d
s
w
it
h
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
at
ti
m
es
[
2
1
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
h
a
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
0
.
6
%,
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ti
m
e
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
4
%
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
C
C
C
V
u
tili
zi
n
g
th
e
S
o
C
-
b
ased
f
o
u
r
s
tep
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
[
1
4
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
c
h
ar
g
e
p
att
er
n
w
h
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
MSC
C
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates v
o
ltag
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
cr
iter
ia
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
a
cr
u
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
ass
ess
i
n
g
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
's
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
t
h
e
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
in
A
h
)
th
at
it
ca
n
s
to
r
e
w
h
ile
b
ei
n
g
c
h
ar
g
ed
.
A
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
i
n
g
w
h
et
h
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
i
s
co
m
p
lete,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
s
u
m
ed
at
th
e
last
e
n
d
,
an
d
th
e
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
is
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ele
m
e
n
t
s
th
at
a
f
f
ec
t
th
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
A
t
lo
w
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
(
s
u
c
h
a
s
0
°
C
o
r
lo
w
er
)
,
Ni
C
d
an
d
NiM
H
b
atter
ies,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
u
s
u
all
y
s
h
o
w
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
ch
ar
g
e
u
p
tak
e,
w
h
ich
r
es
u
lt
s
i
n
u
n
d
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ev
e
n
w
h
en
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
er
is
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
to
tal
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
s
ea
b
le
en
er
g
y
e
x
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
is
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
T
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
a
y
b
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
in
ter
n
a
l r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
SOH,
a
n
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
ef
f
ec
t
s
.
T
h
e
last
o
n
e
i
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
f
o
r
NiC
d
b
atte
r
ies.
ℎ
=
ℎ
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
26
:
3
4
9
-
3
68
352
ℎ
=
ℎ
(
3
)
W
h
er
e,
ℎ
: A
ct
u
al
c
h
ar
g
e
s
to
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
A
h
)
ℎ
:
A
ct
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
ted
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
is
c
h
ar
g
in
g
(
A
h
)
: N
o
m
in
a
l (
r
ated
)
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
(
A
h
)
T
h
ese
n
o
r
m
al
ized
v
alu
e
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
as
w
ell
as
th
e
b
atter
y
t
y
p
es.
T
h
i
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ca
n
b
e
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
l
y
u
s
e
f
u
l
w
h
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
A
I
-
o
p
tim
ized
MSC
C
C
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
ty
p
es
o
f
b
atter
ies
is
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
u
r
in
g
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
Si
m
i
lar
to
li
th
i
u
m
-
io
n
t
y
p
es
o
f
b
atter
ies,
h
ea
t
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
ter
n
a
ll
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
h
ea
t
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
o
v
er
p
o
ten
tial
ef
f
ec
t
s
,
as
w
e
ll
as
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es.
Su
ch
h
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
w
h
en
th
e
b
atter
y
is
c
h
ar
g
ed
q
u
ick
l
y
.
A
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ea
t
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
MSC
C
C
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
tr
u
e
w
h
en
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
lev
els
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
ar
e
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
it
ial
s
tag
e
s
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
h
ea
t
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
J
o
u
le
h
ea
t.
T
h
e
J
o
u
le
h
ea
t
ca
n
b
e
m
at
h
e
m
atica
ll
y
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
,
2
int
o
h
m
ic
R
M
S
Q
I
R
t
(
4
)
W
h
er
e,
ℎ
: H
ea
t g
en
er
ated
d
u
e
to
i
n
ter
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
(
J
o
u
les)
2
: Ro
o
t
m
ea
n
s
s
q
u
ar
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t (
A
)
: I
n
ter
n
al
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
b
att
er
y
(
Ω
)
t
: Ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
(
s
)
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
i
tial
s
tag
e
s
o
f
MSC
C
C
lead
to
an
ex
p
o
n
e
n
ti
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lts
i
n
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
e
lectr
o
l
y
te,
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
an
d
v
e
n
ti
n
g
is
s
u
es
i
n
s
ea
led
NiC
d
/Ni
MH
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
h
i
g
h
in
NiMH
b
atter
ies
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ex
o
th
er
m
ic
r
ea
ctio
n
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ad
i
n
g
,
s
w
e
l
lin
g
,
an
d
r
u
p
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
e
A
I
c
o
n
tr
o
l
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
th
e
MSC
C
C
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
elp
s
in
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
-
r
elate
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
f
o
r
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
le
v
els d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
2
.
Ada
ptiv
e
neuro
-
f
uzzy
i
nfe
re
nce
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
ANF
I
S)
An
in
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
esti
m
ato
r
ca
lled
A
NFI
S
w
as
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
b
y
J
.
S.
R
o
g
er
J
an
g
in
1
9
9
3
.
I
t
w
as
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
T
ak
ag
i
-
S
u
g
e
n
o
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
el
[
2
3
].
Usi
n
g
a
co
n
s
tan
t
ter
m
a
n
d
li
n
ea
r
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
in
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
el
cr
ea
tes
r
u
le
o
u
tp
u
ts
a
s
a
T
y
p
e
3
f
u
zz
y
i
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fi
n
al
r
e
s
u
l
ts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
u
m
m
i
n
g
to
g
et
h
er
th
e
w
e
ig
h
ted
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
ea
ch
r
u
le
[
2
4
]
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
t
h
e
b
est
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
ar
tif
icial
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
ANFI
S
cr
ea
tes
a
u
n
i
f
ied
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
co
m
p
le
x
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
i
s
a
s
c
h
e
m
atic
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ANFI
S a
r
ch
i
tectu
r
e.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
es
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
to
m
i
m
ic
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
ac
tu
al
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
A
NFI
S
[
2
7
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
N
I
C
D
a
n
d
N
I
MH b
a
tter
ies ch
a
r
g
in
g
efficien
cy
:
a
MS
C
C
C
s
t
r
a
teg
y
…
(
S
o
men
d
r
a
B
a
n
erjee)
353
W
ith
t
w
o
in
p
u
ts
(
x
1
an
d
x
2
)
an
d
o
n
e
o
u
tp
u
t
(
y
)
,
t
h
e
b
asi
c
id
ea
o
f
A
N
FIS
m
a
y
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
R
u
le
1
: i
f
x
1
is
A
1
a
n
d
x
2
is
B
1
,
th
en
y
1
=p
1
x
1
+q
1
x
2
+r
1
R
u
le
2
: i
f
x
1
is
A
2
a
n
d
x
2
is
B
2
,
th
en
y
2
=p
2
x
1
+q
2
x
2
+r
2
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
s
et
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
e
ac
h
in
p
u
t i
n
p
ar
t
-
i
f
(
p
er
m
is
s
i
v
e
p
o
r
tio
n
)
ar
e
A
j
an
d
B
j
,
w
h
ile
th
e
li
n
ea
r
f
o
r
p
ar
t
th
e
n
(
th
e
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
g
p
ar
t)
,
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
p
j
,
q
j
,
an
d
r
j
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
d
is
tin
c
t
le
v
els
i
n
t
h
e
A
N
FIS
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
o
n
e
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
t
s
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
m
p
u
ted
at
th
e
f
u
zz
y
i
f
icatio
n
la
y
er
,
w
h
er
e
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
j
ac
ts
a
s
an
ad
ap
tab
le
n
o
d
e
[2
8
]
.
1
=
(
1
)
,
=
1
(
5
)
1
=
=
3
,
4
(
6
)
I
n
th
e
I
m
p
licat
io
n
L
a
y
er
,
t
h
e
s
tatic
n
o
d
es
d
en
o
ted
b
y
π,
f
u
n
c
tio
n
as
b
asic
m
u
lt
ip
lier
s
.
T
h
e
r
u
le
f
ir
in
g
s
tr
en
g
th
,
d
en
o
ted
as
w
j
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
p
u
t si
g
n
a
ls
as f
o
llo
w
s
,
2
=
=
(
1
)
−
2
(
2
)
,
=
1
,
2
(
7
)
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
la
y
er
as
s
i
g
n
s
a
f
i
x
ed
n
o
d
e,
N,
to
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
s
i
g
n
al
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
j
th
r
u
le
'
s
f
ir
in
g
i
n
t
en
s
it
y
b
y
t
h
e
to
tal
f
ir
in
g
i
n
ten
s
ities
o
f
all
r
u
les.
w
j
f
o
r
th
e
j
th
n
o
d
e,
3
=
̅
=
1
+
2
=
1
,
(
8
)
Def
u
zz
if
icatio
n
la
y
er
:
I
n
t
h
i
s
l
a
y
er
,
ea
ch
ad
ap
ti
v
e
n
o
d
e
j
in
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
(
p
j
,
q
j
,
r
j
,
an
d
w
j
)
i
n
it
s
n
o
d
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
P
r
esen
ted
b
elo
w
is
t
h
e
f
ir
i
n
g
s
tr
en
g
t
h
n
o
r
m
alize
d
v
alu
e,
4
=
̅
=
̅
(
+
+
)
,
=
1
,
2
(
9
)
C
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
la
y
er
:
T
h
er
e
is
ju
s
t
o
n
e
f
i
x
ed
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
ter
m
in
al
la
y
er
,
d
en
o
ted
as
∑,
I
t
c
o
m
p
u
te
s
th
e
to
tal
en
d
o
u
tp
u
t b
y
ad
d
in
g
to
g
et
h
er
all
i
n
p
u
t s
ig
n
al
s
.
5
=
=
∑
(
̅
)
=
∑
(
)
∑
(
1
0
)
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
AP
P
RO
ACH
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
f
o
u
r
m
aj
o
r
s
tep
s
:
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
r
eg
u
lat
io
n
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
,
an
d
MSC
C
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
First,
th
e
AC
in
p
u
t
i
s
r
ec
tif
ied
an
d
f
ed
to
t
h
e
P
FC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
r
e
g
u
la
tes
t
h
e
D
C
o
u
tp
u
t
w
i
th
an
L
C
f
ilter
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
lo
w
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
A
NFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
ch
a
n
g
e
s
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
M
SC
C
C
al
g
o
r
ith
m
co
n
tr
o
ls
t
h
e
m
u
l
ti
-
s
ta
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
's
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
g
e
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
's
m
o
d
u
lar
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
en
ab
les
t
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
tag
e
a
n
d
th
e
in
te
lli
g
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ta
g
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
la
tio
n
,
s
m
o
o
th
c
u
r
r
en
t s
u
p
p
l
y
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
b
att
er
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ir
cu
it a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l a
r
ch
itect
u
r
e
3
.
1
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
s
pecif
ica
t
io
ns
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
b
atter
y
ch
e
m
is
tr
ies
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
h
i
g
h
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
2
3
.
5
A
h
o
f
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
a
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
2
4
V
ar
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
26
:
3
4
9
-
3
68
354
a
NiC
d
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
u
s
ed
in
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
4
9
.
4
Ah
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
2
5
.
2
V
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
al
s
o
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
a
NiMH
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
[
2
9
]
.
A
ll
th
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
an
d
th
e
ch
ar
g
er
d
esig
n
ar
e
s
elec
ted
to
co
n
f
o
r
m
to
th
e
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
3
.
2
.
Use c
a
s
e
T
h
e
aim
is
to
cr
ea
te
an
in
t
ellig
en
t
MS
C
C
C
ch
ar
g
er
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
at
u
ti
lizes
AI
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
i
s
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
b
etter
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e,
an
d
b
atter
y
li
f
e.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
er
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
th
e
lo
ad
s
an
d
b
e
co
m
p
atib
le
w
it
h
b
o
th
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
el
is
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
MA
T
L
A
B
Si
m
u
li
n
k
,
an
d
a
s
in
g
le
-
in
p
u
t
s
i
n
g
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
SIS
O)
ad
ap
tiv
e
A
NFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ex
ec
u
ted
to
en
h
a
n
ce
co
n
tr
o
l o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e.
3
.
3
.
Alt
er
na
t
i
v
es
a
nd
t
ra
deo
f
f
’
s
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
I
an
d
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
a
s
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
o
f
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
litt
le
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
it
y
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
f
ix
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
n
d
r
u
les,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
t
ad
a
p
t
ab
le
to
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
A
NFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
ad
d
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
s
,
b
u
t
th
is
is
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
f
o
r
b
y
it
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
la
tio
n
,
s
m
o
o
th
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
it
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
b
etter
S
o
C
r
eten
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
ad
d
to
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
s
i
n
ce
th
e
ANFI
S
i
s
a
t
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l le
v
e
l.
3
.
4
.
F
un
da
m
ent
a
l ba
t
t
er
y
c
ha
rg
ing
circ
uit
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
-
p
h
ase
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
er
e
a
d
io
d
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
r
ec
tif
ies
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
to
g
en
er
ate
DC
i
n
p
u
t
f
o
llo
w
in
g
is
lo
w
er
ed
b
y
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
A
p
o
w
er
f
ac
t
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
tr
o
ls
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
r
aises
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
,
is
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
is
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
t
h
at
in
c
lu
d
es
a
n
A
NFI
S
i
n
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
v
o
ltag
e,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
an
d
p
h
ase)
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t p
ar
am
eter
s
(
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e,
So
C
).
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
ca
l
led
t
h
e
M
C
C
C
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
e
n
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
h
ap
p
en
s
i
n
a
s
p
ec
if
i
c
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
o
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
te
m
to
r
eg
u
l
ate
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
o
p
ti
m
iz
e
th
e
le
v
els
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
S
o
C
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
is
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
w
i
th
o
u
t
o
v
er
h
ea
ti
n
g
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
s
w
i
tch
lev
e
ls
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t to
m
a
in
ta
i
n
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
4.
DE
S
I
G
N
SPEC
I
F
I
C
AT
I
O
N
S
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
te
llig
e
n
t
M
SC
C
C
-
b
ased
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
Ni
C
d
a
n
d
NiMH
b
atter
ies
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
h
i
g
h
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
in
c
h
ar
g
in
g
t
h
e
b
atter
ie
s
w
it
h
m
in
i
m
u
m
lo
s
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
,
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ip
p
le
ef
f
ec
t,
s
af
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
les
1
an
d
2
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
ti
f
ied
is
r
ep
r
ese
n
ted
as
Vi
n
,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
ter
m
in
a
ls
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
VB
,
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
I
L
,
an
d
th
e
S
o
C
is
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltis
t
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
f
ile
ch
a
r
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
ed
as
th
e
P
o
w
er
Facto
r
C
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
w
it
h
a
d
j
u
s
tab
le
tap
s
,
th
e
p
h
o
to
elec
tr
ic
r
ec
tif
ier
(
P
FC
)
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
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atter
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en
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atter
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Fig
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3
.
B
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iag
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atter
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ar
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ith
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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p
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N:
2
5
0
2
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4
7
52
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355
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4.
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id
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atter
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ased
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t
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(
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: I
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f
s
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w
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tch
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eq
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(
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,
I
OUT
(m
ax)
: M
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t
Δ
VB
:
A
llo
w
ab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
26
:
3
4
9
-
3
68
356
T
h
e
v
alu
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i
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et
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ai
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ate
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u
s
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m
en
t
o
f
th
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ar
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m
eter
s
g
u
ar
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tees
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p
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u
m
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er
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a
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d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
A
N
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r
e
g
u
lated
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
b
o
th
NiC
d
an
d
NiMH
b
atte
r
ies.
4
.
2
.
Co
ntr
o
ller
de
s
ig
n
A
s
m
ar
t
MS
C
C
C
-
b
ased
ch
ar
g
in
g
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
r
elies
o
n
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
d
y
n
a
m
ical
l
y
r
e
g
u
lat
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ch
ar
g
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n
g
cu
r
r
en
t,
o
u
tp
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t
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
AC
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
I
t
i
n
co
r
p
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r
ates
an
A
N
FIS,
o
r
ad
ap
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eu
r
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-
f
u
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ased
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o
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tees
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ase
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C
C
p
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ce
s
s
.
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h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
r
ee
ess
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tial
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etr
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f
o
r
p
r
o
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er
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e
r
atio
n
:
B
atter
y
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
B
)
:
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
it
at
th
e
d
esire
d
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
v
alu
e
Vr
e
f
i
n
ea
ch
s
ta
g
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
AC
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
:
m
o
n
it
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r
ed
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th
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tr
an
s
f
o
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m
er
'
s
s
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n
d
ar
y
s
id
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to
co
o
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ate
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e
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u
r
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en
t
t
h
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o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
cto
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an
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k
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p
th
e
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h
as
es a
lig
n
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r
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FC
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ase
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.
4
.
2
.
1
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
co
ntr
o
l lo
o
p
T
h
e
o
u
ter
lo
o
p
co
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tr
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v
o
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th
e
ter
m
i
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als
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f
th
e
b
att
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y
.
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t
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ar
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v
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atter
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v
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(
V
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w
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is
estab
lis
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ed
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en
t
ch
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g
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n
g
s
tag
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(
I
1
,
I
2
,
I
3
)
an
d
th
e
b
atter
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's
S
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C
.
A
p
r
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p
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co
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m
an
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g
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th
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r
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d
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ates
a
r
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ce
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r
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s
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g
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al.
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
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is
s
e
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t
to
th
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n
n
er
lo
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y
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a
m
icall
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f
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g
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ch
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g
p
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T
h
e
A
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FIS
co
n
tr
o
ller
i
m
p
r
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h
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er
f
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m
an
ce
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t
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ased
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b
atter
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eh
av
io
r
t
h
at
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a
s
b
ee
n
lear
n
t
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
I
nn
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curr
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lo
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p
An
i
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d
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u
ar
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ag
n
it
u
d
e
an
d
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
m
o
d
u
lated
c
u
r
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en
t
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
j
u
x
tap
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
,
an
d
a
n
o
th
er
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
an
d
le
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
ltin
g
m
i
s
tak
e.
T
h
i
s
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
lc
u
lat
es
th
e
P
W
M
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
,
w
h
ich
is
t
h
e
n
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
to
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
P
FC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
s
w
i
tch
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
s
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
o
b
tain
in
g
a
n
ea
r
-
u
n
it
y
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
an
d
o
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ti
m
iz
in
g
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
A
NFI
S
f
u
r
t
h
er
o
p
ti
m
izes
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
p
er
s
i
s
ten
tl
y
ad
j
u
s
ti
n
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
u
r
f
ac
e
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
cir
c
u
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
,
i
n
ter
n
a
l
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ch
a
n
g
e
s
,
an
d
So
C
v
ar
iatio
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s
o
f
t
h
e
Ni
C
d
an
d
NiM
H
b
atter
ies.
5.
ST
A
T
E
F
L
O
W
CO
NT
RO
L
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
r
im
ar
y
cu
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
an
d
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
ltag
e
-
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
CC
-
C
V
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
m
u
l
tis
ta
g
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
f
aster
an
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e.
I
t
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
th
r
ee
-
s
tep
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
w
h
er
eb
y
ea
c
h
s
ta
g
e
u
tili
ze
s
d
is
ti
n
ct
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e
s
.
Up
o
n
in
i
tiatio
n
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
,
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
s
d
eliv
er
ed
u
p
u
n
til
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
h
it
s
its
p
ea
k
,
af
te
r
w
h
ic
h
it
is
d
r
asti
ca
ll
y
lo
wer
ed
w
it
h
its
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tag
e
v
alu
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
c
u
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
W
h
en
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
lo
w
er
ed
ag
ain
,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
es
to
its
m
ax
i
m
u
m
.
Mu
lti
s
ta
g
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
s
in
th
is
w
a
y
.
T
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
alu
es f
o
r
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t a
r
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
s
.
I
n
C
C
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
N
I
C
D
a
n
d
N
I
MH b
a
tter
ies ch
a
r
g
in
g
efficien
cy
:
a
MS
C
C
C
s
t
r
a
teg
y
…
(
S
o
men
d
r
a
B
a
n
erjee)
357
s
tep
is
to
m
ain
ta
in
a
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
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b
atter
y
'
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
allo
w
ab
le
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
1
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
(I
3
)
is
n
o
w
th
e
o
n
l
y
f
ac
to
r
th
at
d
eter
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
ed
AH
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
ed
ca
p
ac
it
y
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
I
3
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
A
t
n
o
w
,
th
e
ti
m
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
i
s
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
s
elec
ti
n
g
b
o
th
I
1
an
d
I
3
is
s
o
lel
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
u
p
o
n
I
2
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
v
ar
y
i
n
g
v
al
u
es
o
f
I
2
w
ill
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
s
;
n
e
v
er
th
e
less
,
th
e
a
m
p
er
e
-
h
o
u
r
ca
p
ac
it
y
ch
ar
g
ed
w
ill b
e
n
ea
r
l
y
eq
u
iv
a
len
t t
o
th
at
o
f
I
3
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
e
o
f
I
2
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
:
2
=
√
1
×
3
(
1
5
)
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ec
eiv
es
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
itr
y
a
n
d
u
s
e
s
b
o
o
s
t
P
FC
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
a
s
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
I
2
,
w
h
ich
lead
s
to
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
v
al
u
e
o
f
I
2
.
W
h
en
I
3
is
m
i
n
i
m
is
e
d
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e
T
is
m
a
x
i
m
ize
d
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
(
3
)
,
an
d
th
e
b
est
v
alu
e
is
n
o
t
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
R
eq
an
d
C
eq
,
b
u
t
r
ath
er
r
elies
o
n
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
I
1
an
d
I
3
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
o
f
I
2
,
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
I
1
an
d
I
3
a
r
e
h
eld
co
n
s
ta
n
t.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
at
eq
u
atio
n
,
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
ti
m
e
to
ch
ar
g
e
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
I
2
.
Her
e
w
e
g
o
in
to
m
o
r
e
d
etail
o
n
t
h
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
MS
C
C
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
ti
m
e
(
T
)
an
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t (
I
2
)
F
ig
u
r
e
7
.
State
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l lo
g
ic
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
lt
is
ta
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
26
:
3
4
9
-
3
68
358
5
.
1
.
St
a
t
e
f
lo
w
cha
r
t
de
m
o
n
s
t
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
NFI
S
-
b
ased
MSC
C
C
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
NiC
d
an
d
N
iMH
b
atter
ies
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
s
ta
te
f
lo
w
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
t
h
at
s
tar
t
s
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
en
t
1
,
estab
lis
h
i
n
g
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
3
5
V.
A
d
elay
o
f
0
.
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
ti
lis
i
n
g
t
w
o
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
lo
g
ic
b
lo
ck
s
to
av
er
t
th
e
p
r
e
m
atu
r
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
tag
e
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
v
o
lta
g
e
s
p
i
k
e.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ta
g
e,
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
i
m
i
n
i
s
h
es
to
I
2
,
d
u
r
in
g
w
h
ic
h
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
escala
tes
an
d
n
ea
r
s
its
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
2
9
.
3
3
V.
Up
o
n
th
e
f
u
l
f
il
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
t
≤
,
th
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
to
th
i
s
p
h
ase
w
it
h
an
u
p
d
ated
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
8
.
2
5
V.
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
a
n
ag
e
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
d
ela
y
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
s
ta
g
e
o
m
is
s
io
n
,
a
1
-
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ela
y
i
s
s
i
m
ilar
l
y
i
n
clu
d
ed
u
t
ilizi
n
g
d
u
a
l
lo
g
ic
b
lo
ck
s
.
Up
o
n
attain
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ea
k
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
th
e
t
h
ir
d
s
ta
g
e,
t
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
to
3
,
an
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
u
n
d
er
r
eg
u
lated
cir
cu
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
.
Up
o
n
r
ea
ch
in
g
an
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
t
h
e
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
c
lu
d
es
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
lo
w
er
i
n
g
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
to
0
V,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
ce
asi
n
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t d
eliv
er
y
a
n
d
as
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
f
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
o
u
r
c
e.
6.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
th
at
w
er
e
r
u
n
to
ev
alu
a
te
h
o
w
w
e
ll
a
M
SC
C
C
F
s
tr
ateg
y
a
u
g
m
e
n
te
d
w
i
th
AI
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
NiMH
an
d
NiC
d
b
atter
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
a
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MS
C
C
C
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
A
I
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
li
k
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ti
m
e,
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
eten
tio
n
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
ed
MSC
C
C
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
er
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ANFI
S
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
u
s
e
w
ith
NiC
d
as
w
ell
a
s
NiMH
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
s
h
o
w
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P
I
,
Fu
zz
y
,
an
d
Neu
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
b
ased
o
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
S
o
C
r
ete
n
tio
n
,
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
eg
u
la
tio
n
,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
t
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
w
th
at
A
N
FIS
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
S
o
C
r
ete
n
t
io
n
v
a
lu
e
th
at
is
5
-
8
%
h
i
g
h
er
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
v
al
u
e
th
at
is
ab
o
u
t
2
0
%
lo
w
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
6
.
1
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
NICD
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
8
illu
s
tr
ates
an
A
d
ap
tiv
e
SI
SO
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
is
u
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
A
N
FI
S
tr
ain
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
w
h
ic
h
s
ta
n
d
s
f
o
r
Neu
r
o
-
F
u
zz
y
I
n
f
er
en
ce
S
y
s
te
m
,
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
Ni
C
d
b
atter
ies.
T
w
o
v
ar
iab
les,
er
r
o
r
an
d
ac
tu
al
p
la
n
t
o
u
tp
u
t,
ar
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
AN
FIS
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
n
d
o
n
e
v
ar
iab
le,
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
is
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
en
iter
atio
n
s
o
f
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
n
t
il c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
h
a
s
th
r
ee
p
h
a
s
es:
in
p
u
t1
=
-
1
5
.
3
,
in
p
u
t
2
=
-
2
4
.
6
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
=
-
1
7
2
.
I
n
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
p
ar
t,
w
e
s
ee
1
2
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
le,
s
h
o
w
n
as
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
lin
e
s
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
th
i
s
,
y
o
u
'
ll
s
ee
a
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
1
1
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
le;
MA
T
L
A
B
'
s
A
NFI
S
ed
ito
r
m
a
k
es
th
e
s
e
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
ts
au
to
m
atica
l
l
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
t
h
ir
d
s
tag
e,
t
h
e
ANFI
S
s
y
s
te
m
'
s
f
u
zz
y
s
et
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
.
E
ac
h
p
lo
t
i
n
t
h
e
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
ep
ict
s
a
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
d
ata
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
o
n
t
h
e
x
-
a
x
is
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
al
u
es
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
o
n
th
e
y
-
a
x
is
.
Yo
u
ca
n
s
ee
h
o
w
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
f
f
ec
ted
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
al
u
e
s
an
d
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
t
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
in
d
icate
s
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ar
ea
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
in
ten
s
it
y
,
i
llu
s
tr
ati
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
's
ad
ap
ti
v
e
b
eh
av
io
r
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
p
ac
e
.
T
h
is
v
i
s
u
aliza
tio
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
at
es
th
at
th
e
ANFI
S
m
o
d
el
h
a
s
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
ac
q
u
ir
ed
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
telli
g
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
u
tp
u
t
s
,
h
en
ce
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
Ni
C
d
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
MS
C
C
C
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
Ni
C
D
ar
e
d
ep
icted
in
b
elo
w
g
i
v
en
f
i
g
u
r
es.
Fig
u
r
e
9
in
d
icate
s
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
in
th
e
S
o
C
o
f
th
e
Ni
C
d
b
atter
y
d
u
r
in
g
a
2
0
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
c
y
cle
o
f
f
o
u
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
i.e
.
A
NFI
S,
Neu
r
al,
FUZZ
Y
an
d
P
I
.
E
v
er
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ee
k
s
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
S
o
C
at
co
n
s
tan
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
ec
ay
s
f
a
s
ter
an
d
th
en
r
ec
o
v
er
s
s
lo
w
er
.
ANFI
S
is
ab
le
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
a
s
o
m
e
w
h
at
h
i
g
h
er
S
o
C
th
r
o
u
g
h
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
a
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
e
r
ete
n
t
io
n
.
FU
Z
Z
Y
a
n
d
Neu
r
al
lie
o
n
th
e
m
id
d
le
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
e
ex
tr
e
m
es
w
i
th
FUZZ
Y
g
i
v
i
n
g
a
s
m
o
o
th
er
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
an
d
Ne
u
r
al
g
i
v
i
n
g
a
a
l
ittl
e
s
h
ar
p
er
o
n
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
w
il
l
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
cu
r
r
en
t
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
.
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
en
er
ate
s
h
u
g
e
ab
r
u
p
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
w
i
n
g
s
w
h
en
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
lo
ad
s
,
an
d
A
NFI
S,
Ne
u
r
al,
an
d
FUZZ
Y
g
e
n
er
ate
m
o
r
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
ac
es.
A
NFI
S
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
g
r
ad
u
al
o
f
t
h
e
in
t
ellig
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
an
d
h
as lo
w
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t,
w
h
ic
h
i
m
p
lies
b
etter
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
les
s
elec
tr
ical
s
tr
es
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
is
m
ad
e
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
P
I
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
d
is
p
lay
s
h
u
g
e
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
p
ea
k
s
an
d
d
ip
s
in
d
icati
n
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
tab
ilit
y
in
v
o
ltag
e.
C
o
m
p
ar
at
iv
el
y
,
A
NFI
S
a
n
d
FU
Z
Z
Y
h
a
v
e
a
s
m
aller
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
b
a
n
d
w
ith
les
s
er
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t.
A
NFI
S
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
d
am
p
i
n
g
an
d
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
i
n
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
v
o
lt
ag
e
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ch
a
n
g
es.
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