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p
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K
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w
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s
:
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o
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tr
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l stra
teg
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I
s
lan
d
ed
o
p
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Mic
r
o
g
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tab
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Ph
o
to
v
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in
teg
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aly
s
is
tech
n
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T
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n
d
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CC B
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li
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se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
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esh
an
Vis
wan
ath
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Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
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ics an
d
C
o
m
m
u
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in
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.
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ar
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s
titu
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f
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s
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I
n
d
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m
ail: g
an
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o
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D
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ec
en
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ea
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s
,
th
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as
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th
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m
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v
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way
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r
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v
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a
b
r
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ad
s
tr
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r
its
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s
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r
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g
r
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wh
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r
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th
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g
r
id
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f
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ctio
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n
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latio
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o
r
in
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d
em
with
th
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p
r
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ar
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s
y
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e
an
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s
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m
as
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s
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s
tain
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.
An
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tial
asp
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t
o
f
m
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[
1
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[
2
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PV
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d
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th
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lev
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[
3
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–
[
5
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Vo
ltag
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s
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v
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
r
ev
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o
f sta
b
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a
n
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lysi
s
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Ga
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n
V
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th
a
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1833
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m
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6
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r
o
b
lem
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
in
ce
it
h
as
n
o
m
ea
n
s
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
an
ex
ter
n
al
g
r
id
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
co
m
p
li
ca
te
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
y
ad
d
in
g
v
ar
i
ab
ilit
y
an
d
in
ter
m
itten
cy
to
its
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
p
ec
ial
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
ev
ie
w
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
asp
ec
t
wh
en
o
p
er
ati
n
g
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
in
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e
with
PV
-
in
ter
f
ac
ed
DG
u
n
its
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
,
th
e
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
id
en
tify
k
ey
s
tab
ilit
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
,
an
d
r
em
e
d
iatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
w
ith
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t
b
ased
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
at
is
wh
y
,
with
in
th
is
r
ev
iew,
th
e
au
th
o
r
p
lan
s
to
r
ev
ea
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
s
an
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
s
tu
d
y
an
d
,
th
u
s
,
h
elp
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
PV
-
in
teg
r
at
ed
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
co
n
tain
s
s
ev
e
n
m
a
jo
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
I
t
s
tar
ts
with
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
class
if
icatio
n
o
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
s
m
a
ll
s
ig
n
al
s
tab
il
ity
,
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
t
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Af
ter
th
is
,
a
b
r
ief
o
u
tlin
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
s
tab
ilit
y
an
al
y
s
is
is
g
iv
en
b
ased
o
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al,
in
telli
g
en
t,
a
n
d
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
an
aly
s
es.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
th
en
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
is
lan
d
e
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
is
s
u
es,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
en
it
m
o
v
es
to
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
wh
er
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
an
d
th
eir
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
to
g
eth
er
with
co
n
tr
o
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
lig
h
t
o
f
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
ar
r
iv
in
g
at
a
f
in
al
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
CL
AS
SI
F
I
CAT
I
O
N
O
F
M
I
CRO
G
RID S
T
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
2
.
1
.
S
m
a
ll
s
ig
na
l st
a
bil
it
y
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
u
n
d
er
s
m
all
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
r
s
ig
n
al
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Sm
all
s
ig
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
in
is
lan
d
e
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
PV
in
te
g
r
at
io
n
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
to
s
m
all
c
h
an
g
es
in
v
o
ltag
es,
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies,
o
r
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
r
i
n
g
s
s
tep
ch
an
g
es
in
p
o
wer
f
o
r
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
th
at
ca
u
s
e
s
m
all
im
p
er
f
ec
tio
n
s
in
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
An
a
b
ilit
y
to
n
av
ig
at
e
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
ass
is
t
s
in
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
ac
in
g
s
u
ch
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
g
u
ar
an
t
ee
s
s
tab
ilit
y
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
s
m
a
ll
s
ig
n
al
s
tab
ili
ty
is
h
elp
f
u
l
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
d
e
v
ices
u
s
ed
i
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
v
er
t
er
s
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
.
I
t
also
ass
is
ts
in
an
an
ticip
atio
n
o
f
p
o
ten
tia
l
o
s
cillatio
n
s
an
d
in
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
allo
ws f
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
to
b
e
ta
k
en
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
ient
s
t
a
bil
it
y
T
r
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
d
ef
in
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
t
o
r
e
m
ain
in
p
h
ase
with
o
th
er
s
an
d
r
eg
ain
a
s
tead
y
s
tate
af
ter
s
h
o
c
k
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
it,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
h
if
t
in
lo
a
d
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
i
n
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
b
ec
o
m
es
cr
itical
wh
en
ev
er
th
er
e
ar
e
s
u
d
d
en
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
r
ab
r
u
p
t
lo
ad
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
ese
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ca
u
s
in
g
lar
g
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
t
ea
d
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
cr
ea
te
tr
an
s
ien
t
in
s
tab
ilit
y
if
n
o
t
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
Mo
r
e
g
en
er
ally
,
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
d
eter
m
in
es
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
u
ch
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
e
f
f
ec
ts
an
d
r
eg
ai
n
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tate
in
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
p
er
i
o
d
.
T
o
t
h
is
en
d
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
u
s
tain
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
to
p
r
ev
en
t
a
ch
ain
o
f
f
ailu
r
es
as
we
ll
as
b
lack
o
u
ts
in
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
o
n
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
d
eter
m
in
e
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
’
s
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
d
esig
n
s
u
itab
le
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es f
o
r
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ag
ai
n
s
t
tr
an
s
ien
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
2
.
3
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
a
bil
it
y
I
n
s
im
p
le
ter
m
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
m
ain
tain
i
ts
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e,
at
allo
wab
le
le
v
els
with
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
b
ec
o
m
es
ch
allen
g
in
g
wh
e
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
f
lu
ctu
at
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
C
h
an
g
es
in
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
lev
els
ca
u
s
e
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e;
h
en
c
e,
th
e
q
u
ality
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
l
o
ad
s
also
ch
an
g
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
ex
am
in
es
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
to
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
wh
en
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
f
ile,
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
im
p
ed
an
ce
.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
p
r
ev
en
ts
th
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
as
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
832
-
1
8
4
0
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f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
ical
ap
p
lian
ce
s
an
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
I
t
a
ls
o
af
f
ec
ts
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
g
r
i
d
-
tie
in
v
er
ter
s
co
m
m
o
n
ly
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Vo
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
wh
en
ev
alu
ated
,
en
a
b
les
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
tim
u
m
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
an
d
d
e
v
ices to
u
s
e
wh
en
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
els r
u
n
h
ig
h
o
r
lo
w.
3.
O
VE
RVI
E
W
O
F
S
T
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
ANALY
SI
S
T
E
CH
NIQU
E
S
Stab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
cr
itical
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
(
MG
)
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
v
o
lv
e
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
to
th
e
in
t
ellig
en
t
an
d
th
e
b
len
d
e
d
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
b
r
ief
a
n
aly
s
is
co
n
ti
n
u
es
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
lis
ted
ca
teg
o
r
ies
to
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
tab
ilizatio
n
o
f
MG
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
Hy
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
with
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
an
d
ter
tiar
y
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
t
o
in
teg
r
ate
it
to
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
is
d
etailed
in
[
2
1
]
.
3
.
1
.
Co
nv
ent
i
o
na
l
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
Sta
n
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
s
ta
b
il
it
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l o
f
m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d
s
r
el
y
o
n
c
o
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
s
ta
b
il
it
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
te
ch
n
i
q
u
es
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
(
P)
,
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
i
n
t
eg
r
al
(
PI
)
,
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
t
eg
r
a
l
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
(
P
I
D
)
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
a
l
-
r
es
o
n
a
n
t
(
PR
)
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
s
.
T
h
ese
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
th
eir
r
elativ
ely
s
im
p
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
h
e
P
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
im
p
le
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
ac
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
m
ad
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al.
B
u
t
it
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
o
v
er
ly
lar
g
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
ts
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
p
er
io
d
s
a
n
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
co
m
p
licate
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
in
teg
r
al
ter
m
in
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
lo
wer
ed
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
s
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
p
r
esen
tin
g
en
h
a
n
c
ed
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
q
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
r
am
es.
T
h
e
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
[
2
2
]
wo
r
k
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al,
in
teg
r
al,
an
d
d
e
r
iv
ativ
e
ac
tio
n
an
d
as
s
u
ch
ca
u
s
es
b
etter
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
to
u
n
ce
r
tain
an
d
s
u
d
d
en
c
h
an
g
es,
th
o
u
g
h
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
o
m
p
licatio
n
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
PR
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
g
iv
es
less
r
is
e
tim
e
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
tu
n
in
g
an
d
is
v
er
y
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
o
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
g
iv
e
g
o
o
d
p
r
in
cip
les
f
o
r
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
r
em
ain
s
q
u
esti
o
n
a
b
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
3
]
.
3
.
2
.
I
nte
llig
ent
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
Sm
ar
t
s
tab
ilit
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
u
tili
ze
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
p
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
an
d
s
to
ch
asti
c
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
w
ith
P
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
t
h
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
atter
n
s
f
o
r
s
elf
-
tr
ain
in
g
,
wh
i
ch
m
ak
es
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
to
co
m
p
o
s
ite
an
d
ev
o
lv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
d
ea
d
b
ea
t
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t,
h
a
s
f
ast
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
s
,
b
u
t
h
as
a
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Mo
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MPC
)
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
id
en
tity
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t,
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
af
e
an
d
s
tab
le
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
in
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
b
y
th
e
latest
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
f
er
s
r
elativ
ely
f
a
s
t
an
d
v
ar
iab
le
r
ea
ctio
n
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
with
ea
s
y
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
em
b
ed
d
e
d
cu
r
r
en
t
lim
itatio
n
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e,
th
e
r
e
p
etitiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
elim
in
ates
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
H∞
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
tab
ilizes
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
r
em
o
v
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
b
u
t
it
co
m
es
u
p
with
to
wer
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
to
b
e
alter
ed
an
d
t
h
er
eb
y
ca
n
d
eliv
er
s
tab
ilit
y
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
MG
u
n
d
er
d
iv
er
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
L
in
g
u
is
tic
v
alu
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
o
o
d
s
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
MG
s
tab
ilit
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
n
lin
e
ar
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Sli
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
with
lo
w
s
en
s
it
iv
ity
to
ch
an
g
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
in
tellig
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
m
ee
t th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
PV in
teg
r
atio
n
.
3
.
3
.
H
y
brid
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
also
co
m
b
i
n
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
2
7
]
–
[
3
2
]
t
h
at
u
s
e
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ea
ch
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
PV
-
in
teg
r
ated
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
t
h
e
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
-
PI/PI
D
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
d
eliv
e
r
s
s
tr
o
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
an
d
b
etter
tu
n
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
d
u
e
to
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atin
g
n
ew
s
y
s
tem
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
ap
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
i
n
f
er
en
c
e
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S)
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
c
o
m
b
in
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
a
f
u
z
zy
s
y
s
tem
with
an
a
d
ap
tiv
e
le
ar
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
an
d
p
o
wer
f
u
l
in
f
e
r
en
tial
to
o
ls
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ain
tain
s
tab
ilit
y
in
h
ig
h
ly
v
o
latile
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
h
av
e
s
im
ilar
o
b
jectiv
es,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
ak
e
th
e
two
u
n
h
o
l
y
m
atr
im
o
n
ies
,
h
en
ce
m
ak
in
g
t
h
em
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
th
a
n
th
e
o
th
er
w
h
ile
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
a
d
ap
tiv
e
to
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
-
th
er
m
al
(
PVT)
in
teg
r
ate
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
s
in
ce
th
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
ail
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
s
et
g
o
als an
d
o
b
jectiv
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
r
ev
iew
o
f sta
b
ilit
y
a
n
a
lysi
s
i
n
is
la
n
d
ed
micro
g
r
id
s
w
ith
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
(
Ga
n
es
h
a
n
V
is
w
a
n
a
th
a
n
)
1835
4.
I
SL
AND
E
D
M
I
CRO
G
RID
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
two
p
r
im
ar
y
m
o
d
es
ex
is
t:
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
an
d
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e.
I
n
s
im
p
le
m
o
d
e,
a
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
wo
r
k
s
as
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
b
ased
o
n
g
en
er
ati
o
n
a
n
d
lo
ad
.
Su
c
h
o
p
er
atio
n
m
a
y
als
o
r
e
q
u
ir
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
m
a
r
k
et
r
u
les
o
n
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
[
3
3
]
.
B
u
t
wh
at
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
is
th
at
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
c
an
g
o
in
to
is
lan
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
e
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
au
lts
,
s
witch
in
g
ev
e
n
ts
,
o
r
ev
en
d
elib
er
ate
is
lan
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
.
I
n
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ass
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
b
alan
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
A
n
y
w
ay
,
if
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
in
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e,
th
en
th
er
e
i
s
a
q
u
esti
o
n
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
t
h
e
w
ay
in
wh
ich
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
s
titu
tin
g
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
lo
ad
-
s
h
a
r
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
i
s
to
d
iv
id
e
th
e
lo
ad
with
th
e
m
o
d
u
les
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
o
f
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
ef
f
icie
n
t
u
s
e
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
av
o
i
d
s
o
v
er
s
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
o
th
at
ea
ch
will
f
u
n
ctio
n
at
its
h
ig
h
est
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
with
o
u
t
o
v
er
wo
r
k
in
g
.
I
s
lan
d
e
d
o
p
er
atio
n
is
a
n
i
n
e
v
itab
le
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
th
at
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
g
r
id
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
(
m
aster
)
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
S
u
ch
co
n
v
er
ter
s
p
r
eser
v
e
a
v
o
l
tag
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
g
en
er
ate
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
s
ig
n
als
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
w
er
in
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
On
e
u
n
it
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
o
n
u
s
o
f
g
r
id
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
u
n
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
as
th
e
g
r
id
-
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ich
r
eg
u
late
th
eir
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
cu
r
r
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
aster
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
m
u
ltima
s
ter
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
its
th
at
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
g
r
id
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
d
/
o
r
g
r
id
-
f
e
ed
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
,
as a
r
e
b
ein
g
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
4
.
1
.
Cha
lleng
es in
is
la
nd
ed
o
pera
t
io
n
I
s
l
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
i
s
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
a
s
p
e
ct
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
e
r
l
o
o
k
e
d
w
h
e
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
m
a
j
o
r
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
p
a
r
t
l
y
s
p
e
ci
f
y
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
.
Ac
t
u
a
l
l
y
,
i
n
t
h
e
is
l
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
as
w
el
l
as
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
o
l
el
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
m
a
i
n
ta
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
l
e
v
e
ls
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
w
it
h
i
n
a
p
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
b
l
e
l
i
m
it
.
T
h
is
t
a
s
k
b
e
c
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
in
g
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
n
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
l
o
a
d
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
t
o
c
h
a
s
t
i
c
n
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
o
l
a
r
a
n
d
w
in
d
p
o
w
e
r
[
3
7
]
.
T
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
a
b
i
li
t
y
,
s
o
p
h
i
s
ti
c
a
t
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
es
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
r
e
d
i
c
ti
v
e
a
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
a
n
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
m
o
d
i
f
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
it
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
s
ca
r
c
i
t
y
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
el
e
c
t
r
ic
i
t
y
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
,
m
o
s
t
es
p
ec
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
o
r
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
as
.
R
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
f
r
o
m
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
s
o
r
d
i
e
s
el
g
en
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
h
a
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
a
v
i
n
g
t
o
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
o
p
t
i
m
a
ll
y
w
h
e
r
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
w
i
l
l
b
e
m
e
t
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
al
l
y
f
i
n
d
a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
i
s
o
p
t
i
m
al
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
w
a
s
t
a
g
e
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
b
a
tt
e
r
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
f
l
y
w
h
e
e
ls
,
w
i
ll
a
s
s
is
t
i
n
m
a
n
ag
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
g
a
p
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
b
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
i
t
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
r
e
x
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
d
em
a
n
d
[
3
8
]
.
A
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
v
o
l
t
ag
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
is
s
u
e
t
h
at
is
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
i
n
is
l
a
n
d
e
d
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
te
ch
n
i
q
u
e
s
is
f
a
u
lt
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
A
s
i
s
o
la
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
g
r
i
d
,
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
t
h
e
f
a
c
il
i
t
y
t
o
d
e
te
c
t
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
l
e
t
h
e
i
n
e
v
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
a
u
l
ts
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
.
D
i
a
g
n
o
s
ti
c
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
a
u
l
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
c
h
e
m
es
,
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
w
it
h
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
in
i
s
o
l
at
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
s
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
f
a
u
l
t
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
u
t
i
n
t
o
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
n
a
v
a
i
la
b
i
l
it
y
.
O
t
h
e
r
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
t
h
at
c
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
e
s
s
o
f
i
s
la
n
d
e
d
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
p
r
ev
e
n
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
v
e
m
a
i
n
te
n
a
n
c
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
s
y
s
te
m
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
m
i
n
i
m
iz
e
f
a
u
l
t
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
.
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
,
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
es
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
a
h
o
li
s
ti
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
h
a
t
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
s
s
e
s
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
r
es
o
u
r
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
a
u
lt
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
s
t
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
i
s
la
n
d
e
d
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
i
n
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
.
5.
P
H
O
T
O
VO
L
T
A
I
C
I
N
T
E
G
RATI
O
N
I
N
M
I
CRO
G
RI
D
S
5
.
1
.
Cha
lleng
es in
is
la
nd
ed
o
pera
t
io
n
Stan
d
alo
n
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
8
]
–
[
4
1
]
ar
e
in
s
talled
in
r
eg
io
n
s
with
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
m
ain
elec
t
r
icity
g
r
id
lim
ited
o
r
n
o
n
-
ex
is
ten
t.
Said
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ac
r
y
lic
p
a
n
els,
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
in
v
er
ter
s
,
an
d
a
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
.
I
n
s
u
n
s
h
in
e,
PV
p
an
els
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
tu
r
n
it
in
t
o
elec
tr
icity
th
at
is
s
to
r
ed
in
b
atter
ies
in
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
I
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
PV
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
r
el
iab
le
s
o
lar
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
f
o
r
p
e
o
p
le
liv
in
g
in
ar
ea
s
with
n
o
ac
ce
s
s
to
ce
n
t
r
al
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
s
an
d
f
o
r
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
th
at
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
in
r
em
o
te
zo
n
es.
Utilit
y
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
ain
u
tili
ty
p
o
wer
g
r
id
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
icity
is
in
b
o
t
h
way
s
.
O
v
er
g
en
e
r
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
b
y
th
e
PV
p
an
els
ca
n
b
e
f
e
d
b
ac
k
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
,
wh
ile
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ev
en
i
n
g
o
r
n
ig
h
t,
th
e
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
im
p
o
r
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
.
Net
m
eter
in
g
p
o
licies
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
e
cted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
al
lo
win
g
u
s
er
s
to
h
av
e
th
eir
elec
tr
icity
b
ills
co
v
er
ed
b
y
ex
ce
s
s
elec
tr
ici
ty
th
ey
f
ee
d
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Su
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
f
av
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
832
-
1
8
4
0
1836
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
,
m
i
n
im
ize
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
an
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
at
io
n
f
o
r
s
tead
y
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
PV
-
d
iesel
in
teg
r
ate
d
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
e
b
o
th
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
d
iesel
p
o
wer
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icity
b
ec
au
s
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
r
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
d
em
an
d
h
i
g
h
p
o
wer
d
u
r
in
g
s
o
m
e
tim
es
o
f
th
e
d
ay
.
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
wo
r
k
s
y
n
er
g
is
tically
with
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
elec
tr
icity
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
,
s
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
a
lo
t
o
f
f
u
el.
B
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
c
o
u
ld
also
b
e
b
u
ilt
t
o
s
to
r
e
r
eser
v
ed
PV
en
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
u
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
g
en
er
atio
n
o
r
h
ig
h
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Hy
b
r
i
d
PV
-
d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
s
er
ad
ica
te
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
cu
t
f
u
el
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
en
er
g
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
is
o
lated
o
r
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
en
g
ag
e
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ce
n
tr
alize
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
elec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
to
m
an
y
u
s
er
s
with
in
a
g
iv
en
r
e
g
io
n
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
r
elian
ce
,
l
o
ca
lized
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
u
ln
ess
,
an
d
s
h
ar
eh
o
ld
er
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
c
r
ea
tin
g
s
h
ar
e
d
g
r
o
u
p
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
an
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
ten
em
p
lo
y
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
tr
ad
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
u
s
er
s
to
b
u
y
,
s
ell
,
o
r
s
h
ar
e
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
am
o
n
g
th
em
s
elv
es.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
s
ter
s
o
cial
co
h
esio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lo
ca
l
ec
o
n
o
m
ies,
an
d
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
clea
n
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
wh
o
p
r
o
v
id
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
ass
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
wo
r
k
b
u
t
d
o
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
d
etailin
g
t
h
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
I
t
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
o
b
tain
co
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als lis
ted
in
th
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
ts
.
5
.
2
.
I
m
pa
c
t
s
o
f
P
V
inte
g
r
a
t
i
o
n o
n m
icro
g
rid st
a
bil
it
y
PV in
teg
r
atio
n
b
r
in
g
s
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
to
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
to
ch
asti
c
an
d
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
Var
i
atio
n
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
g
r
id
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
is
o
l
ated
o
n
es
o
r
th
o
s
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
wea
k
lin
k
s
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
T
o
co
u
n
ter
th
es
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
co
n
tr
o
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
an
d
e
f
f
icie
n
t
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
t
eg
r
ated
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
g
en
er
at
io
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
Utilit
y
-
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
u
ch
as
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
s
o
n
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
im
p
ac
tin
g
SLL
S.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
h
o
wev
er
,
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
co
r
r
ec
t
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
in
v
e
r
ter
s
an
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
f
ilter
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
en
s
at
io
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
g
r
id
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
m
ay
ar
is
e
i
n
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
if
th
ey
ar
e
d
en
s
ely
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tim
e
o
f
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
o
u
tp
u
t.
C
o
n
g
esti
o
n
,
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
[
4
5
]
.
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
af
f
ec
ts
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es
as
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
g
en
er
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
m
ay
o
b
s
cu
r
e
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
A
p
ac
k
ag
e
o
f
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
f
ast
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ch
em
es
is
c
r
u
cial
to
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
af
ety
o
f
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
in
PV o
p
e
r
atio
n
[
4
6
]
.
5.
3
.
Co
ntr
o
l a
nd
m
a
na
g
em
e
nt
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
s
in m
icro
g
ri
ds
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
tr
a
c
k
i
n
g
(
MPP
T
)
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
all
o
w
t
h
e
PV
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
o
w
o
r
k
a
t
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
h
a
n
g
es
o
f
ir
r
ad
iati
n
g
a
n
d
te
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
.
A
g
o
o
d
MPP
T
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
in
c
r
ea
s
es
t
h
e
ef
f
i
cie
n
cy
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
est
in
g
s
y
s
tem
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
ases
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
E
MS
)
is
s
tr
ate
g
i
c
i
n
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
o
f
i
n
te
r
a
cti
o
n
b
et
we
e
n
PV
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
d
e
v
ic
es
as
we
ll
as
o
t
h
e
r
m
y
r
i
a
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
i
n
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
e
k
i
n
d
o
f
o
p
er
ati
o
n
th
a
t
t
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
at
a
an
d
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
t
ics
t
o
m
a
n
a
g
e
t
h
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
s
a
n
d
ass
o
ci
ate
d
is
p
at
c
h
i
n
g
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
b
i
lli
n
g
,
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
s
t
o
ef
f
ic
ie
n
tl
y
m
e
et
t
h
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
cr
iti
ca
l
lo
ad
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
'
s
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
o
p
e
r
ati
o
n
.
S
o
m
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
PV
in
v
e
r
te
r
s
h
a
v
e
a
v
o
l
ta
g
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
th
at
c
an
b
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
s
ta
b
i
liz
e
g
r
id
s
if
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
,
in
v
e
r
t
er
s
m
o
d
u
l
ate
t
h
e
ir
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
t
o
m
e
et
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
s
t
an
d
ar
d
,
wh
ile
i
n
s
tan
d
al
o
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
in
v
e
r
t
er
s
au
th
o
r
iz
e
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
to
b
e
in
f
i
x
e
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
b
u
t
wit
h
i
n
t
h
e
l
im
its
s
o
as
to
c
o
n
f
o
r
m
t
o
t
h
e
lo
a
d
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
[
4
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
tio
n
,
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
e
cte
d
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
c
o
m
p
l
ex
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
o
o
p
s
t
o
co
n
t
r
o
l
th
e
p
o
we
r
f
l
o
w
i
n
b
o
t
h
d
i
r
ec
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
o
i
n
t
eg
r
a
te
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
c
lo
s
e
t
o
t
h
e
m
ai
n
g
r
i
d
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
g
r
id
in
t
er
ac
t
io
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
te
g
ies
a
r
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
,
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
t
r
o
l,
a
n
d
a
n
t
i
-
is
l
a
n
d
in
g
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
is
l
a
n
d
s
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
Da
ta
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
z
in
g
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ies
al
lo
w
a
n
a
l
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
s
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
y
ca
u
s
e
c
r
iti
ca
l
f
ail
u
r
es.
Ma
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
f
o
r
t
h
eir
p
a
r
t
est
ab
lis
h
m
at
h
e
m
a
tic
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e,
id
e
n
ti
f
y
t
r
e
n
d
s
t
h
a
t
s
i
g
n
al
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
m
ai
n
t
en
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
h
el
p
s
c
h
e
d
u
le
m
ai
n
t
en
an
ce
t
o
en
h
an
ce
s
y
s
te
m
a
v
ai
la
b
il
it
y
.
B
y
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
es
e
asp
ec
ts
f
u
r
t
h
er
,
t
h
e
s
t
ak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
b
ett
er
p
l
ac
ed
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
ex
is
ti
n
g
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
n
te
g
r
a
te
i
n
t
h
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
s
,
s
y
s
t
em
s
s
ta
b
i
lit
y
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
y
iel
d
s
f
r
o
m
r
e
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
6.
CH
AL
L
E
NG
E
S AN
D
F
U
T
URE DI
RE
C
T
I
O
N
S
I
s
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
P
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
ex
h
ib
it
co
m
p
l
ex
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
v
a
r
y
in
g
lo
ad
p
atte
r
n
s
.
Un
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
p
r
e
d
i
ctin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
r
ev
iew
o
f sta
b
ilit
y
a
n
a
lysi
s
i
n
is
la
n
d
ed
micro
g
r
id
s
w
ith
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
(
Ga
n
es
h
a
n
V
is
w
a
n
a
th
a
n
)
1837
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
p
o
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
an
al
y
s
is
.
Ma
in
tain
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
tab
ilit
y
in
is
lan
d
ed
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
with
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
Ho
wev
er
,
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
r
em
ain
a
p
r
o
b
lem
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
r
es
en
ce
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
p
at
ter
n
s
.
R
eq
u
esti
n
g
is
lan
d
in
g
ev
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
f
ast
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ar
e
t
h
e
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
in
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
’
s
af
ety
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
cr
e
ates
ch
allen
g
es
in
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
s
o
lar
g
en
er
a
tio
n
is
in
ter
m
itten
t,
wh
ich
m
an
d
ates
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
r
eliab
le
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es.
I
s
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
b
e
lo
w
in
r
eso
u
r
c
es
in
ar
ea
s
t
h
at
ar
e
r
em
o
te
o
r
o
f
f
-
Gr
i
d
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
to
g
eth
e
r
with
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
PV
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
atis
f
y
d
em
a
n
d
le
v
els
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
co
s
t
m
o
d
er
atio
n
.
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
in
v
er
te
r
s
,
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
em
an
d
s
c
o
m
p
lex
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
a
s
tab
le
way
s
o
th
ey
o
p
er
ate
as
well
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
at
th
eir
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
an
d
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
eq
u
atio
n
s
is
a
k
ey
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
.
A
n
o
v
el
s
ch
em
e
is
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
-
lev
el
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
at
eg
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
MPC
an
d
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
,
en
h
an
c
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
well
as
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
r
ef
lect
s
u
ch
m
e
ch
an
is
m
s
o
f
in
ter
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
cies
b
etwe
en
m
u
ltip
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wh
en
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ch
an
g
e.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
E
MS
with
co
m
p
lex
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
a
n
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Su
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
est
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
with
th
o
s
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
,
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e,
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
s
t
ab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
d
is
p
atch
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
s
tr
iv
e
to
id
en
tify
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
d
etec
tin
g
is
lan
d
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
eb
y
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
etwe
en
is
lan
d
ed
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
y
s
tem
s
with
h
ig
h
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
E
ar
l
ier
,
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
u
s
t
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
b
u
t
also
s
u
ch
p
ar
am
eter
s
as
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
in
d
i
ca
to
r
s
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
co
n
c
ep
ts
o
f
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
at
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
lev
el
an
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
au
lt
to
le
r
an
ce
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
u
ch
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
will
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t
to
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
I
s
lan
d
e
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
la
n
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
ased
o
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
r
esil
ien
t
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
i
a
f
o
r
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
ar
ts
an
d
d
ev
ices
an
d
th
e
r
u
les
f
o
r
th
eir
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
b
io
l
o
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
is
o
lated
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
co
m
m
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
e
,
th
e
way
d
ata
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
d
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Field
test
s
an
d
p
ilo
t
p
r
o
jects
in
ac
t
u
al
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
ca
n
o
f
f
er
g
r
ea
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
ac
ticality
as
well
as
ap
p
r
o
v
al
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
r
ec
asted
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
p
lay
er
s
,
a
ca
d
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
u
n
d
er
tak
e
f
ield
test
in
g
m
is
s
io
n
s
wh
o
s
e
ce
n
tr
al
aim
wo
u
ld
b
e
t
o
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
u
p
ta
k
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies as d
is
co
v
er
e
d
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
PV
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
is
a
v
ast
y
et
c
h
allen
g
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
cien
tific
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
f
ield
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
R
E
.
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
er
a,
as
th
e
wo
r
ld
s
h
if
ts
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
is
lan
d
ed
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
ar
e
e
f
f
icien
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
,
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lo
ca
l
e
n
er
g
y
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Pu
m
p
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
PV
-
in
teg
r
ated
is
lan
d
e
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
u
tili
ties
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ev
er
a
l
cr
u
cial
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
cr
ea
ted
b
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
etail
ed
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
s
tab
ilit
y
asp
ec
t
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al,
tr
an
s
ien
t,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
en
h
an
c
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
d
esig
n
e
x
ce
lle
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
eir
s
tead
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Als
o
,
g
iv
en
th
at
t
h
e
s
t
ab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
es
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al,
in
tellig
en
t,
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
o
f
is
lan
d
ed
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
s
’
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Fu
tu
r
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
tab
il
ity
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
aim
at
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
n
ew
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
f
in
e
-
tu
n
i
n
g
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
r
esil
ien
t
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
ats,
an
d
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
f
ield
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tatio
n
.
All
th
ese
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
o
lv
e
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
u
t
also
cr
ea
te
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
u
s
in
g
PV
-
in
teg
r
ated
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
at
lar
g
e
s
ca
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
1
832
-
1
8
4
0
1838
AUTHO
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o
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u
to
r
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(
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ra
y
a
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
(VTU)
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
Dr.
Am
b
e
d
k
a
r
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
His
su
b
jec
t
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
m
icro
g
ri
d
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
s,
a
n
d
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
s
y
ste
m
s,
Da
ta S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
AI.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
g
a
n
e
sh
a
n
v
isu
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
G
o
v
in
d
a
n
a
y
a
k
a
n
a
p
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l
y
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Ve
n
k
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t
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g
iri
y
a
p
p
a
J
a
y
a
r
a
m
a
ia
h
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
n
d
h
e
a
d
a
t
t
h
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
Dr
.
Am
b
e
d
k
a
r
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
In
d
ia
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
m
a
n
y
p
a
p
e
rs
a
n
d
writt
e
n
so
m
e
b
o
o
k
s.
His
a
re
a
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
is
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
sti
n
g
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
sy
ste
m
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
g
v
jay
a
ra
m
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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