I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
955
~
1
9
6
3
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
1
6
i
4
.
pp
1
9
5
5
-
1
9
6
3
1955
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
O
pen
da
ta for
cli
nica
l
AI:
a
co
mpr
ehensiv
e re
v
iew
of disea
se
prediction
data
se
ts
S
i
n
d
h
u
R
a
j
e
n
d
r
a
n
,
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
sh
e
k
a
r
B
.
S
.
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
En
g
i
n
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e
r
i
n
g
,
J
a
i
n
D
e
e
me
d
-
to
-
be
-
U
n
i
v
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r
s
i
t
y
,
B
e
n
g
a
l
u
r
u
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
1
7
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Ap
r
1
2
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
2
6
,
2
0
2
6
Wi
th
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts i
n
th
e
m
e
d
ica
l
se
c
to
r
wo
rld
-
wid
e
,
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
i
n
u
se
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
u
se
t
h
e
se
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
p
re
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
d
iag
n
o
sis
o
f
c
e
rtain
d
ise
a
se
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
in
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
is
d
a
tas
e
ts.
Th
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
a
li
ty
d
a
tas
e
ts
in
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
p
re
d
icti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls
is
c
rit
ica
l
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
d
a
ta
-
d
ri
v
e
n
n
a
tu
re
o
f
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
.
Th
e
s
e
m
o
d
e
ls
re
ly
o
n
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
,
a
c
c
u
ra
te,
a
n
d
re
p
re
se
n
tativ
e
d
a
tas
e
ts t
o
m
a
k
e
re
li
a
b
le
p
re
d
ictio
n
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
imp
a
c
t
re
a
l
-
wo
rld
p
a
ti
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
e
s.
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is
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
v
i
d
e
s
a
n
in
si
g
h
t
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
d
iffere
n
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
d
a
ta
se
ts
p
re
se
n
t
f
o
r
d
ise
a
se
s
su
c
h
a
s
o
ste
o
p
o
r
o
sis,
h
e
a
rt
d
ise
a
se
,
d
iab
e
tes
,
re
sp
irato
r
y
,
sy
n
c
y
ti
a
l
v
iru
s,
in
tera
c
ti
v
e
th
y
ro
i
d
,
P
a
rk
in
so
n
’s
a
n
d
se
p
sis.
Also
,
a
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
f
th
e
d
a
tas
e
ts
in
th
e
In
d
ia
n
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
g
lo
b
a
ll
y
a
re
a
lso
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lin
ical
d
ata
an
aly
tics
Data
s
et
q
u
ality
ass
es
s
m
en
t
Dis
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
Hea
lth
d
atasets
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sin
d
h
u
R
ajen
d
r
a
n
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
J
ain
Dee
m
ed
-
to
-
be
-
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
B
en
g
alu
r
u
,
I
n
d
ia
em
ail: sin
d
h
u
r
@
r
v
ce
.
ed
u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
An
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
ac
t
in
t
o
d
ay
'
s
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
ac
tice
is
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ac
h
i
n
e
-
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ase
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
h
elp
m
a
n
y
clin
ician
s
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
atien
t
o
u
tco
m
es,
an
d
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
u
ch
m
o
d
els
is
q
u
ite
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
av
aila
b
ilit
y
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
as
well
as
well
-
f
o
r
m
atted
d
atasets
th
at
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
p
u
t,
th
at
i
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
co
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
clin
ical
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
h
ea
lth
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
u
s
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
d
atasets
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ia
g
n
o
s
in
g
d
is
ea
s
es,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
p
atien
t
o
u
tco
m
es,
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t
p
lan
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ate
g
en
er
al
izab
ilit
y
is
en
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lar
g
e
,
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
d
atasets
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
d
el
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
th
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els
ac
r
o
s
s
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
an
d
clin
ical
co
n
te
x
ts
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
in
ten
s
e
v
alu
e
o
f
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
d
ata
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
n
eg
ativ
e
o
u
tco
m
es
in
p
atien
ts
s
u
ch
as
h
o
s
p
ital
r
ea
d
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
r
r
ec
o
v
er
y
af
ter
s
u
r
g
e
r
y
.
T
h
is
will
m
ain
ly
allo
w
t
h
e
cli
n
ician
s
to
in
ter
v
en
e
r
ig
h
t
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
h
ea
lth
o
u
tco
m
e
,
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
b
e
en
s
er
io
u
s
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
atic.
I
t
h
as
to
b
e
n
o
te
d
th
at
b
ey
o
n
d
th
eir
clin
ical
u
tili
ty
,
th
ese
d
atasets
also
h
ea
v
ily
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
r
eso
u
r
c
e
allo
ca
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
o
s
p
itals
th
e
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
to
s
m
o
o
th
e
n
an
d
r
ef
in
e
th
e
p
atien
t
f
lo
w
alo
n
g
with
s
taf
f
in
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
ed
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
As
o
u
r
v
ar
io
u
s
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
u
ll
d
ig
iti
za
tio
n
,
th
e
n
ee
d
an
d
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
r
ich
,
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
d
atasets
wil
l
lik
ely
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
is
wo
u
l
d
ev
e
n
tu
ally
r
en
d
er
th
e
m
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
to
o
l
o
r
elem
en
t
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
is
co
llectiv
e
in
q
u
ir
y
aim
s
to
f
u
r
n
is
h
a
co
m
p
a
r
a
tiv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
tw
en
ty
s
u
ch
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
is
ea
s
e
d
atasets
th
a
t
co
m
p
r
is
e
clin
ical,
im
ag
i
n
g
,
an
d
g
en
o
m
ic
d
ata
m
o
d
alities
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
:
i)
a
d
etailed
s
id
e
by
s
id
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
as
well
a
s
th
e
d
ata
co
v
er
ag
e;
ii)
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
9
5
5
-
1
963
1956
an
aly
s
is
in
to
th
e
g
eo
p
o
liti
ca
l
b
iases
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
d
is
p
ar
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
U.
S
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
atasets
an
d
th
e
I
n
d
ia
b
ased
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
ies
th
at
d
o
m
in
ate
v
ar
io
u
s
g
lo
b
al
co
llectio
n
s
;
iii)
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
o
m
e
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
d
is
ea
s
es
s
u
ch
as
ch
r
o
n
ic
life
s
ty
le
-
r
elate
d
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
p
ed
iatr
ic
d
is
ea
s
e,
an
d
th
eir
ass
o
ciate
d
co
h
o
r
ts
an
d
d
is
ea
s
ed
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
wh
er
e
ex
is
tin
g
,
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
ies
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
ar
e
m
in
im
al
;
an
d
iv
)
a
d
etailed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
h
o
w
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
u
c
h
as
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
s
am
p
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
,
an
d
h
is
to
r
ical
p
ath
wa
y
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
t
h
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
u
tili
ty
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
-
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
in
m
o
d
el
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
ac
tice.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
A
d
etailed
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
atasets
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
i
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
k
ey
b
o
n
e
h
ea
lth
an
d
m
etab
o
lic
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
b
y
Ost
eo
p
o
r
o
s
is
d
atasets
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
t
h
e
o
s
s
eo
u
s
o
s
teo
p
o
r
o
s
is
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
d
ataset
(
B
r
az
il)
r
ec
o
r
d
s
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
B
MI
,
ag
e,
b
o
n
e
m
in
er
al
d
en
s
ity
(
B
MD
)
,
an
d
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
v
itam
in
D
lev
els
an
d
ca
lciu
m
.
T
h
ese
alig
n
well
with
clin
ical
n
ee
d
s
,
s
in
ce
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
o
s
teo
p
o
r
o
s
is
an
d
f
r
ac
t
u
r
es
ar
e
lo
w
B
MD
an
d
d
e
f
icien
cies
in
ca
lciu
m
/v
i
tam
in
D.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
o
s
teo
p
o
r
o
s
is
d
atasets
v
ar
ies;
o
n
e
is
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ta
b
le
o
f
clin
ical
r
ea
d
in
g
s
an
d
p
atien
t
attr
ib
u
tes,
th
e
o
th
er
co
m
p
r
is
es
m
ed
ical
im
ag
es
p
lu
s
an
an
n
o
tatio
n
f
ile.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
wh
ile
o
n
e
d
atase
t
in
clu
d
es
DX
-
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
B
MD
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
f
r
ailty
in
d
icato
r
s
o
r
f
all
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
clin
icia
n
s
co
n
s
id
er
wh
en
ev
alu
atin
g
f
r
ac
tu
r
e
r
is
k
in
o
s
teo
p
o
r
o
tic
p
atien
ts
.
Pu
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
atasets
o
n
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e
g
en
er
ally
en
co
m
p
ass
th
e
co
r
e
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
r
is
k
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
in
ter
est.
E
x
am
p
les
in
clu
d
e
th
e
C
lev
elan
d
Hea
r
t
Dis
ea
s
e
d
ataset,
wh
ich
r
ep
o
r
ts
ag
e,
s
ex
,
s
y
s
to
lic
a
n
d
d
iast
o
lic
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
ch
o
l
ester
o
l
(
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
to
tal
a
m
o
u
n
t
a
n
d
as
h
ig
h
-
d
en
s
ity
lip
o
p
r
o
tein
s
)
an
d
an
y
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
test
s
o
f
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
lik
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
ca
r
d
io
g
r
am
(
E
C
G)
an
d
an
e
x
er
cise
s
tr
ess
test
.
On
e
m
o
r
e
s
im
ilar
d
ata
o
n
h
ea
r
t
-
f
ailu
r
es
th
at
ar
e
c
o
llected
in
Fais
alab
ad
r
ath
er
th
an
in
Pak
is
tan
is
s
h
o
win
g
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
p
ast
o
f
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
(
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
)
,
d
iab
etes
s
tate,
an
e
m
ia,
an
d
s
u
ch
clin
ical
in
d
ex
es
as
e
jectio
n
f
r
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
cr
ea
tin
in
e
in
s
er
u
m
.
T
h
ese
f
e
atu
r
es
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
th
o
s
e
clin
ical
ca
r
d
i
o
v
ascu
lar
ev
en
t
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
ich
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
as
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
,
d
iab
etes,
an
d
d
y
s
lip
id
em
ia
.
B
o
th
th
e
C
lev
elan
d
an
d
th
e
Fais
alab
ad
h
ea
r
t
-
f
ailu
r
e
d
atasets
s
u
p
p
ly
b
o
th
an
g
in
a
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
an
d
E
C
G
o
u
tco
m
es,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
co
r
o
n
a
r
y
a
r
t
er
y
d
is
ea
s
e;
m
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
Fai
s
alab
ad
-
h
ea
r
t
-
f
ailu
r
e
d
ataset
a
ls
o
h
as
an
o
u
tco
m
e
en
d
p
o
i
n
t
(
d
ea
th
with
in
a
p
r
e
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
p
er
io
d
)
b
u
t
lack
s
in
d
etails
o
f
th
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
ju
s
t
a
s
in
g
le
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
u
r
v
iv
al
tim
e
a
n
d
b
i
n
ar
y
ev
en
t
lab
el.
B
o
th
o
f
t
h
e
d
atas
ets
d
o
n
o
t
m
e
n
tio
n
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
,
d
ietar
y
h
a
b
i
ts
,
o
r
s
tr
ess
v
ar
iab
les,
wh
ich
ar
e
h
o
wev
er
a
n
aly
tically
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
r
is
k
ass
ess
m
en
t
wh
ich
is
q
u
ite
h
ar
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
ese
d
atasets
ca
p
tu
r
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
ch
as
lip
id
s
,
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
o
u
t
co
m
es,
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
co
m
p
lete
p
r
o
f
ile
th
at
ca
r
d
io
lo
g
is
ts
co
n
s
id
er
to
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
p
atien
t
ca
r
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
life
s
ty
le
f
ac
to
r
s
,
f
am
ilial ten
d
en
cies,
a
n
d
o
th
er
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
b
asic
clin
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
co
v
er
ed
b
y
th
e
d
iab
etes
d
atasets
wh
ich
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
av
ailab
le,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
g
ap
s
in
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
lly
d
e
p
ict
th
e
clin
ical
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
d
ia
b
etes.
Ag
e,
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
B
MI
,
p
lasma
g
lu
co
s
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
r
o
m
a
n
o
r
al
g
lu
co
s
e
to
ler
an
ce
test
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cies
(
f
o
r
f
em
ale
p
atien
ts
)
,
a
d
iab
etes
p
ed
ig
r
ee
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
a
o
n
e
-
tim
e
2
-
h
o
u
r
s
er
u
m
i
n
s
u
lin
t
est
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
t
h
at
ar
e
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
e
Pima
I
n
d
ian
s
Diab
etes
d
ataset.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
t
h
e
clin
ical
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
an
d
c
o
r
r
elate
to
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
o
r
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
t
y
p
e
2
d
iab
etes,
s
u
c
h
as
h
ig
h
b
lo
o
d
g
lu
c
o
s
e
an
d
in
s
u
lin
r
esis
tan
ce
,
o
b
esit
y
(
B
MI
)
,
an
d
g
en
etic
p
r
e
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
(
p
ed
i
g
r
ee
)
.
T
h
is
d
ataset,
h
o
wev
er
,
is
n
o
tab
le
f
o
r
o
n
l
y
in
clu
d
i
n
g
f
e
m
ale
p
ati
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
eth
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
(
Pima
Nativ
e
Am
er
ican
s
)
,
m
ea
n
in
g
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
g
en
etic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
o
r
s
ex
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
(
n
o
m
ales)
.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
“
Diab
etes1
3
0
-
US
d
ataset
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
m
o
r
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
clin
ical
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
d
ia
b
etic
p
atien
ts
ad
m
itted
to
h
o
s
p
itals
:
it
co
n
tain
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
(
ag
e,
g
en
d
e
r
,
r
ac
e)
,
h
o
s
p
ital
m
etr
ics
(
ad
m
is
s
io
n
ty
p
e,
len
g
th
o
f
s
tay
)
,
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
s
(
lik
e
g
lu
co
s
e
lev
els,
Hb
A1
c
r
esu
lts
)
,
an
d
d
etails
o
n
d
ia
g
n
o
s
es
an
d
m
ed
icatio
n
s
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
clin
ic
al
f
ac
ets
p
er
tin
en
t
to
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
d
iab
etes
in
p
atien
t
s
ar
e
co
v
er
ed
h
er
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
th
is
h
o
s
p
ital
d
ataset
i
s
o
n
in
-
h
o
s
p
ital
o
u
tco
m
es,
o
u
t
-
of
-
h
o
s
p
ital
f
ac
to
r
s
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
lly
r
ep
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
,
life
s
ty
le
f
ac
to
r
s
(
d
iet,
ex
er
cise)
,
ch
r
o
n
ic
c
o
m
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
,
an
d
wid
e
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
ar
e
u
n
d
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
cu
r
r
en
t
d
atasets
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
co
r
e
b
i
o
m
ed
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
d
iab
etes (
g
lu
co
s
e
a
n
d
B
MI
)
.
C
h
in
a’
s
n
atio
n
al
v
ir
u
s
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
d
ataset
is
th
e
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
s
y
n
cy
tial
v
ir
u
s
(
R
SV)
-
r
elat
ed
d
ataset
th
at
was
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ata
is
lim
ited
f
r
o
m
a
clin
ical
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t
,
it
is
v
er
y
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
tim
e,
lo
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
R
SV
ca
s
es
(
e.
g
.
,
clim
ate
f
ac
to
r
s
)
.
W
h
en
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
R
SV
in
a
p
atien
t,
d
o
cto
r
s
f
r
eq
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en
tly
tak
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to
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cc
o
u
n
t
th
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p
atien
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s
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
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ital
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ch
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s
b
o
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y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
r
esp
ir
atio
n
r
ate,
a
n
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
o
x
y
g
en
s
atu
r
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
ataset
s
at
is
f
ies
ep
id
em
io
lo
g
ical
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
it
f
alls
s
h
o
r
t
in
m
ee
tin
g
clin
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
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m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
en
d
a
t
a
fo
r
clin
ica
l A
I
:
a
c
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
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o
f d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
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d
a
t
a
s
ets
(
S
in
d
h
u
R
a
jen
d
r
a
n
)
1957
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
R
SV.
Alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
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tated
d
ir
ec
tly
in
th
e
d
ata
m
atr
ix
,
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ch
a
r
ac
te
r
is
tics
lik
e
f
ev
er
o
r
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
r
ate
ar
e
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
R
SV.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
m
an
y
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
lack
in
g
in
th
is
d
ata
s
et
th
at
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
p
atien
t
-
lev
el
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
b
u
t
it
is
r
elev
an
t
m
ed
ically
f
o
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
lev
el
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
T
h
e
UC
I
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
’
s
T
h
y
r
o
i
d
Dis
ea
s
e
d
ataset,
wh
ich
in
cl
u
d
es
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
atien
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
th
y
r
o
id
-
r
elate
d
lab
r
esu
lts
,
is
th
e
o
n
e
th
at
is
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
clu
d
e
ag
e,
s
ex
,
an
d
lev
els
o
f
s
ev
er
al
th
y
r
o
id
h
o
r
m
o
n
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
T
SH,
T
3
,
an
d
T
4
(
to
tal
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
f
r
ee
T
4
)
,
as
well
as
b
in
d
in
g
p
r
o
tein
s
lik
e
th
y
r
o
x
in
e
-
b
in
d
in
g
g
lo
b
u
lin
(
T
B
G
)
an
d
u
p
tak
e
v
alu
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
also
co
n
tain
s
th
y
r
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
d
icato
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
th
e
r
d
i
ag
n
o
s
tic
f
lag
s
a
n
d
a
p
o
ten
tia
l
g
o
iter
i
n
d
icato
r
.
T
h
ese
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
clo
s
ely
m
atch
th
e
cr
iter
ia
u
s
ed
b
y
m
ed
ical
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
to
id
e
n
tify
th
y
r
o
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
p
r
im
ar
y
h
y
p
o
th
y
r
o
i
d
is
m
is
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
a
h
ig
h
T
SH
an
d
lo
w
T
4
,
wh
ich
th
is
d
ataset
m
ay
b
e
ab
le
to
d
etec
t.
T
h
e
d
ataset,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
,
is
a
lit
tle
o
u
t
o
f
d
ate.
T
h
is
th
y
r
o
i
d
d
ata
s
et
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
o
n
e
r
ec
o
r
d
p
er
p
atien
t e
v
alu
ati
o
n
,
co
n
tain
in
g
t
h
at
p
atien
t’
s
la
b
r
esu
lts
an
d
s
o
m
e
ca
teg
o
r
ical
f
lag
s
.
T
wo
Par
k
in
s
o
n
’
s
d
is
ea
s
e
d
atasets
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
:
o
n
e
th
at
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
v
o
ice
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
th
at
was
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
(
PP
MI
)
.
Sp
ec
ialized
v
o
ice
f
ea
tu
r
es
—
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
d
y
s
p
h
o
n
ia
lik
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
v
ar
ia
tio
n
,
jitt
er
,
s
h
im
m
er
,
a
n
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
—
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
Par
k
in
s
o
n
’
s
tele
-
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
v
o
ice
d
ataset.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
ac
cu
r
ately
d
ep
ict
th
e
s
o
f
t,
m
o
n
o
to
n
e,
o
r
h
o
ar
s
e
v
o
ice
im
p
air
m
en
t
th
at
i
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
s
ee
n
in
Par
k
in
s
o
n
’
s
p
atien
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
v
o
ice
ch
an
g
e
is
a
clin
ically
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
s
y
m
p
to
m
o
f
Par
k
i
n
s
o
n
’
s
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e’
s
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
,
it
is
o
n
ly
o
n
e
f
ac
et
o
f
t
h
e
illn
ess
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
Par
k
in
s
o
n
’
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
m
ar
k
er
s
in
itiativ
e
(
PP
MI
)
d
ataset
is
m
u
ltimo
d
al
an
d
clin
ically
r
ich
,
c
o
n
tain
in
g
ce
r
eb
r
o
s
p
in
al
f
lu
id
b
io
m
ar
k
er
s
,
b
r
ain
im
a
g
in
g
r
esu
lts
(
MRI
an
d
d
o
p
a
m
in
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ter
SP
E
C
T
s
ca
n
s
)
,
a
g
e,
s
ex
,
an
d
clin
ical
s
co
r
es
(
UPDR
S),
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
e
tr
em
o
r
,
r
ig
id
ity
,
an
d
b
r
ad
y
k
in
esi
a
.
I
t
c
o
v
er
s
o
b
jectiv
e
im
ag
in
g
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiate
Par
k
in
s
o
n
’
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
s
,
th
e
g
o
ld
-
s
tan
d
a
r
d
clin
ical
r
atin
g
(
UPDR
S),
an
d
ev
en
b
io
ch
em
ical
m
ar
k
er
s
b
ei
n
g
s
tu
d
ie
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
,
all
o
f
wh
ic
h
ar
e
h
i
g
h
ly
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
m
ed
ical
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
Par
k
in
s
o
n
’
s
d
is
ea
s
e.
I
n
ess
en
ce
,
PP
MI
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
ata
th
at
a
n
eu
r
o
lo
g
is
t w
o
u
ld
co
llect
d
u
r
in
g
s
ev
er
al
v
is
its
.
O
n
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
PP
MI
,
a
r
esear
ch
co
h
o
r
t,
is
th
at
it
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
ac
cu
r
ately
r
e
f
lect
th
e
e
n
tire
Par
k
in
s
o
n
’
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
g
e
n
etic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
eith
er
PP
MI
o
r
th
e
v
o
ice
d
ata
s
et,
th
o
u
g
h
PP
MI
m
ay
co
n
tain
s
o
m
e
g
en
o
m
i
c
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
PP
MI
is
a
co
n
tr
o
l
led
r
esear
ch
d
ataset
th
at
is
m
ed
ically
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e,
wh
e
r
e
as th
e
v
o
ice
d
ataset
is
m
ed
ically
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
a
v
e
r
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
s
e
-
ca
s
e.
Par
k
in
s
o
n
'
s
d
ata
co
m
es
in
two
f
lav
o
r
s
–
o
n
e
is
a
s
im
p
le
tab
le
o
f
v
o
ice
f
ea
tu
r
es
p
e
r
r
ec
o
r
d
i
n
g
(
with
an
ass
o
ciate
d
p
atien
t
I
D
an
d
clin
ical
s
co
r
e)
,
th
e
o
th
er
is
a
co
m
p
lex
m
u
lti
-
m
o
d
al
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
s
ep
s
is
d
ataset,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
v
ital
s
ig
n
s
,
lab
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
is
a
s
y
n
th
etic
d
er
i
v
ativ
e
o
f
I
C
U
d
ata
(
MI
MI
C
-
I
I
I
)
.
I
t
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
lab
test
s
,
r
ec
o
r
d
s
o
f
f
l
u
id
o
r
v
aso
p
r
ess
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
v
ital
s
ig
n
s
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
ea
r
t
r
ate,
b
lo
o
d
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e,
an
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
s
atu
r
atio
n
(
Sp
O)
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
in
te
n
s
iv
is
ts
lo
o
k
f
o
r
i
n
p
atien
ts
with
s
ep
s
is
;
in
f
ac
t,
th
ey
m
atch
th
e
c
r
iter
ia
u
s
ed
to
d
ef
in
e
s
ep
s
is
.
T
h
ese
tim
e
-
s
er
ies d
ata
m
ak
e
th
e
d
ataset
id
ea
l
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
m
o
d
els
th
at
u
s
e
v
ital
s
ig
n
s
tr
en
d
s
to
p
r
ed
ict
s
ep
tic
s
h
o
ck
o
r
d
etec
t
ea
r
ly
s
ep
s
is
.
E
ar
ly
an
tib
io
tic
in
itiatio
n
is
cr
u
cial
in
r
ea
l
ca
r
e;
a
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
u
l
d
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
wh
eth
er
o
r
n
o
t
an
tib
io
tics
wer
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
co
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
u
tco
m
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
L
astl
y
,
s
in
ce
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
MI
MI
C
-
I
I
I
d
e
r
iv
ed
,
it
is
s
lan
ted
to
war
d
ad
u
lt
p
atien
ts
in
US
ter
tiar
y
h
o
s
p
itals
;
s
ep
s
i
s
o
r
p
ed
iatr
ic
s
ep
s
is
in
s
ettin
g
s
with
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
d
ataset
in
clu
d
es
b
asic
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
ep
s
is
th
at
is
m
ed
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
leav
es
o
u
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
h
ea
lth
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
o
m
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
d
etails th
at
wo
u
ld
also
b
e
h
el
p
f
u
l in
a
clin
ical
s
ettin
g
.
3.
CO
M
P
ARA
T
I
V
E
RE
SE
A
R
CH
AND
CO
NT
E
X
T
UA
L
B
E
NCH
M
ARK
I
NG
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
s
u
r
v
ey
in
g
th
e
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
atasets
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
p
o
i
n
t
th
is
wo
r
k
with
in
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
r
esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
.
I
t
h
as
to
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
s
ev
er
al
l
an
d
m
ar
k
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
an
d
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
d
ataset
ch
allen
g
es.
C
h
in
g
et
a
l.
[
1
]
o
u
tlin
ed
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es a
n
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
in
b
i
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
m
ed
icin
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
lim
itatio
n
s
i
n
in
ter
p
r
eta
b
ilit
y
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
an
d
d
ata
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
ar
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t,
es
p
ec
ially
f
o
r
th
e
d
atasets
r
el
ated
to
s
ep
s
is
an
d
Par
k
in
s
o
n
’
s
d
is
ea
s
e.
B
y
d
e
s
cr
ib
in
g
th
e
g
ap
s
in
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
-
lev
el
clin
ical
f
ea
t
u
r
es
an
d
th
e
lac
k
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
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r
o
s
s
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
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atasets
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t w
o
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k
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ts
th
is
.
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h
e
MI
MI
C
-
I
I
I
d
atab
ase,
wh
i
ch
was
f
ir
s
t
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
et
a
l.
[
2
]
,
h
as
g
r
o
wn
to
b
e
a
v
ital
to
o
l
in
ML
-
b
ased
in
ten
s
iv
e
c
ar
e
u
n
it
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
ep
s
is
-
r
elate
d
d
ata
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
m
ad
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
citatio
n
s
to
th
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
ataset.
T
h
eir
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
estab
lis
h
es
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
h
o
w
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
cr
itical
ca
r
e,
ca
n
b
e
g
r
ea
tly
aid
ed
b
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
h
i
g
h
-
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
tim
e
s
er
ies
d
ata.
Ou
r
s
y
n
th
esis
r
ea
f
f
ir
m
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
M
I
MI
C
-
I
I
I
d
atab
ase
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
es
it
to
o
th
er
d
atasets
th
at
lack
v
ar
io
u
s
a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
n
g
i
tu
d
in
al
o
r
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
tim
e
-
s
er
ies d
ata.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
9
5
5
-
1
963
1958
Als
o
,
Ko
n
o
n
en
k
o
[
3
]
g
av
e
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
m
e
d
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
d
etailin
g
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
p
r
esen
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
f
er
s
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
ataset
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
n
clin
ical
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
r
is
k
,
an
d
m
o
d
el
g
en
er
aliza
b
i
lity
.
T
h
e
d
is
ea
s
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
aly
s
is
an
d
d
ataset
tax
o
n
o
m
y
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
o
f
f
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
th
ese
th
e
o
r
etica
l
id
e
as
in
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
s
er
v
e
as
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
y
ex
ten
d
in
g
t
h
eir
w
o
r
k
with
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tax
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
d
ataset
an
aly
s
is
,
th
i
s
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
an
ap
p
lied
an
d
d
ata
-
ce
n
tr
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
to
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
o
m
ain
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
in
h
ea
lth
c
ar
e.
4.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
W
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
0
–
2
0
2
5
o
n
ML
in
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
I
E
E
E
,
E
ls
ev
ier
,
Sp
r
in
g
er
,
a
n
d
Natu
r
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
d
is
ea
s
e
d
o
m
ain
,
we
id
en
tifie
d
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
e
d
atasets
.
W
e
th
en
co
m
p
iled
a
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
tab
le
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
th
at
in
t
eg
r
ates
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
:
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
T
u
et
a
l.
[
4
]
o
s
teo
p
o
r
o
s
is
d
ataset
an
d
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
5
]
s
ep
s
is
d
at
a
.
T
ab
le
1
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
d
if
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er
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t
ty
p
es
o
f
d
is
ea
s
es
f
o
r
wh
ich
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
was
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as b
io
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
an
d
o
th
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ata
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ma
p
p
in
g
o
f
clin
ical/b
io
lo
g
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es to
d
is
ea
s
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
D
i
sea
s
e
O
st
e
o
p
o
r
o
s
i
s
H
e
a
r
t
d
i
s
e
a
se
D
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
R
e
s
p
i
r
a
t
o
r
y
sy
n
c
y
t
i
a
l
v
i
r
u
s
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
t
h
y
r
o
i
d
P
a
r
k
i
n
s
o
n
’
s
S
e
p
s
i
s
B
M
I
✓
✓
✓
✓
A
g
e
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
G
e
n
d
e
r
✓
✓
H
e
a
r
t
R
a
t
e
✓
✓
BP
✓
✓
C
h
o
l
e
st
e
r
o
l
✓
G
l
u
c
o
s
e
L
e
v
e
l
✓
H
y
p
e
r
t
e
n
si
o
n
✓
V
i
t
a
m
i
n
D
✓
B
M
D
✓
C
a
l
c
i
u
m
✓
S
t
r
o
k
e
✓
P
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
✓
D
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
✓
I
n
su
l
i
n
✓
F
a
mi
l
y
H
i
st
o
r
y
✓
✓
B
o
d
y
T
e
mp
.
✓
R
e
s
p
i
r
a
t
o
r
y
R
a
t
e
✓
Th
y
r
o
i
d
H
o
r
m
o
n
e
F
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a
t
u
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e
s
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s
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B
r
a
d
y
k
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s
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a
✓
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l
b
u
mi
n
✓
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
ab
le
2
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
all
th
e
em
in
en
t
d
is
ea
s
es
an
d
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
all
th
e
d
a
tasets
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el;
it
ev
en
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
d
atasets
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ataset
o
r
ig
in
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
wo
r
ld
wh
er
ein
th
e
r
e
v
iew
h
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
in
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
i
c
p
r
o
v
e
n
an
ce
o
f
p
u
b
licly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
d
ata
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
i
n
m
ac
h
i
n
e
le
ar
n
in
g
(
ML
)
-
d
r
iv
en
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
ia
n
d
ataset
o
n
ly
r
ep
r
esen
ted
less
th
an
5
p
er
ce
n
t,
as
o
n
ly
o
n
e
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
2
1
d
atasets
an
aly
ze
d
is
t
h
e
APTO
S
2
0
1
9
Diab
etic
R
etin
o
p
ath
y
d
ataset
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
llected
all
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
with
th
e
lar
g
est
p
r
esen
ce
h
eld
b
y
t
h
e
Un
ite
d
States
,
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
C
h
in
a,
B
r
az
il,
an
d
co
n
s
o
r
tiu
m
s
o
f
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Su
ch
an
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
s
itu
atio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
h
u
g
e
g
ap
in
r
eg
io
n
a
l
d
ata
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
I
n
d
i
a,
wh
o
s
e
ep
id
em
io
l
o
g
ical
p
att
er
n
s
an
d
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es
ar
e
u
n
i
q
u
e.
W
h
er
ea
s
it
is
u
n
d
en
ia
b
le
th
at
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
lo
b
al
d
atasets
will
p
r
o
v
e
to
b
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
,
it
ca
n
lim
it
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
M
L
m
o
d
els
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
in
th
e
I
n
d
ian
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
im
b
alan
ce
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
with
a
v
is
u
al
p
ie
ch
ar
t,
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
wh
ich
lies
in
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
d
ata
o
n
I
n
d
ian
-
o
r
i
g
in
d
atasets
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
etter
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
le
h
ea
lth
d
ata
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
en
d
a
t
a
fo
r
clin
ica
l A
I
:
a
c
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
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n
d
a
t
a
s
ets
(
S
in
d
h
u
R
a
jen
d
r
a
n
)
1959
T
ab
le
2
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
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s
p
ec
if
ic
d
atasets
u
s
ed
in
h
ea
lth
-
r
elate
d
ML
s
tu
d
ies
Dis
e
a
s
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Da
tas
e
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S
ize
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r
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ti
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nts
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Da
ta
T
ype
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e
og
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phic
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ove
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ge
Ac
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y
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pa
ti
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nts
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li
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r
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il
P
ubli
c
(
Z
e
nodo
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Age
,
B
M
I
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Os
s
e
us
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on,
a
nd
DX
A
-
de
r
ived
B
M
D
[
6]
Os
teopor
os
is
Ve
r
tebr
a
l
F
r
a
c
tur
e
C
T
(
Ve
r
S
e
2019)
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pa
ti
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nts
(
160
C
T
s
c
a
ns
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maging
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T
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M
ult
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int
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nnotations
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,
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bodies
[
7]
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be
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P
im
a
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ndia
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Dia
be
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(
UC
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M
L
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pos
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768
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C
li
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Age
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ma
glucos
e
,
B
P
,
ins
uli
n,
B
M
I
,
a
nd
pe
digr
e
e
[
8]
Dia
be
tes
Dia
be
tes
130
-
US
Hos
pit
a
ls
(
UC
I
M
L
R
e
pos
it
or
y)
101,
766
hos
pit
a
l
s
tays
C
li
nica
l
USA
(
130
hos
pit
a
ls
)
P
ubli
c
(
UC
I
)
Age
,
ge
nde
r
,
r
a
c
e
,
a
dmi
s
s
ion
type,
ti
me
in
hos
pit
a
l,
lab
tes
ts
(
glucos
e
,
A1c
)
,
diagnos
e
s
,
a
nd
medic
a
ti
ons
[
9]
,
[
10]
T
hyr
oid
dis
or
de
r
s
T
hyr
oid
Dis
e
a
s
e
Da
tas
e
t
(
UC
I
M
L
R
e
pos
it
or
y)
9,
172
r
e
c
or
ds
C
li
nica
l
Uns
pe
c
if
ied
(
mi
xe
d
)
P
ubli
c
(
UC
I
)
Age
,
ge
nde
r
,
thyr
oid
hor
mone
leve
ls
(
T
S
H,
T
4,
T
3)
,
T
B
G
,
T
B
G
uptake
,
a
nd
pos
s
ibl
e
goit
e
r
indi
c
a
tor
[
11]
He
a
r
t
dis
e
a
s
e
C
leve
land
He
a
r
t
Dis
e
a
s
e
(
UC
I
M
L
R
e
pos
it
or
y)
303
s
ubjec
ts
(
270
us
e
d)
C
li
nica
l
USA
(
C
leve
-
land)
USA
(
C
leve
-
lan
d)
Age
,
ge
nde
r
,
blood
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
,
c
holes
ter
ol,
a
nd
E
C
G
r
e
s
ult
s
[
12]
He
a
r
t
dis
e
a
s
e
He
a
r
t
F
a
il
ur
e
C
li
n
ica
l
R
e
c
or
ds
(
F
a
is
a
laba
d)
299
pa
ti
e
nts
C
li
nica
l
P
a
kis
tan
P
ubli
c
(
Ka
ggle/UC
I
)
Age
,
ge
nd
e
r
,
a
ne
mi
a
s
t
a
tu
s
,
high
B
P
,
di
a
b
e
te
s
,
e
je
c
ti
on
f
r
a
c
ti
on
,
pl
a
te
let
s
,
c
r
e
a
ti
ni
ne
,
a
nd
s
odium
[
13]
R
e
s
pir
a
tor
y
s
ync
yti
a
l
vir
u
s
(
R
S
V
)
C
hines
e
R
e
s
pir
a
tor
y
vir
us
s
ur
ve
il
lanc
e
(
R
e
n
e
t
al.
,
npj
C
li
m)
19,
161
labor
a
to
r
y
c
onf
ir
med
e
ntr
ies
(
2016
–
2
021)
C
li
nica
l
(
lab
tes
t
r
e
s
ult
s
+
e
nvir
on
ment)
C
hina
(
31
pr
ovi
nc
e
s
)
R
e
s
tr
icte
d
(
C
DC
da
ta)
P
a
t
i
e
n
t
a
g
e
,
g
e
n
d
e
r
;
v
ir
u
s
t
y
p
e
(
R
S
V
,
in
f
l
u
e
n
z
a
,
a
d
e
n
o
vi
r
u
s
)
;
t
im
e
,
r
e
gi
o
n;
m
e
t
e
or
ol
o
gi
c
a
l
f
a
c
t
or
s
[
14]
I
nf
luenz
a
S
a
me
C
hines
e
r
e
s
pir
a
to
r
y
vir
us
s
ur
ve
il
lanc
e
da
tas
e
t
19,
161
(
s
ubs
e
t)
C
li
nica
l
C
hina
R
e
s
tr
icte
d
(
S
e
e
R
S
V
da
tas
e
t
now)
[
14]
C
OV
I
D
-
19
R
I
C
OR
D
C
he
s
t
X
-
r
a
y
(
R
S
NA
C
OV
I
D
-
19
Ope
n
R
a
diol
ogy)
998
C
XR
e
xa
ms
(
361
pa
ti
e
nts
)
I
maging
(X
-
r
a
y
)
M
ult
inationa
l
(
4
c
e
nter
s
)
P
ubli
c
(
T
C
I
A
)
Annota
ti
ons
:
a
ge
,
s
e
x
(
de
mog
r
a
phic)
;
C
OV
I
D
-
19
diagnos
ti
c
labe
ls
;
opa
c
if
ica
ti
o
n
pa
tt
e
r
ns
a
nd
a
ir
s
pa
c
e
dis
e
a
s
e
gr
a
ding
[
15]
S
e
ps
is
He
a
lt
h
G
y
m
S
ynthetic
S
e
ps
is
(
M
I
M
I
C
-
I
I
I
-
de
r
ived)
2,
164
I
C
U
pa
ti
e
nt
r
e
c
or
ds
T
im
e
-
s
e
r
ies
(
vit
a
ls
,
labs
)
USA
(
M
I
M
I
C
-
I
I
I
)
P
ubli
c
(
P
hys
ioNe
t
)
L
ongi
tudi
na
l
vi
tals
(
HR
,
B
P
,
S
pO,
temp)
,
lab
tes
ts
,
f
lui
d/
va
s
opr
e
s
s
or
a
dmi
nis
tr
a
t
ion
(
s
ynthe
ti
c
)
[
16]
P
a
r
kins
on
’
s
dis
e
a
s
e
P
a
r
kins
on
’
s
tele
moni
t
or
ing
(
Oxf
o
r
d
voice
da
tas
e
t,
UC
I
)
195
voice
r
e
c
or
din
gs
(
31
s
ubjec
ts
)
C
li
nica
l/
S
ignal
(
a
udio
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
)
UK
(
Oxf
o
r
d)
P
ubli
c
(
UC
I
)
Dys
phonia
mea
s
ur
e
s
(
voc
a
l
f
unda
menta
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
ji
tt
e
r
,
s
him
mer
,
a
nd
HN
R
)
[
17]
P
a
r
kins
on
’
s
dis
e
a
s
e
P
P
M
I
P
a
r
kins
on
’
s
pr
ogr
e
s
s
ion
mar
ke
r
s
ini
ti
a
ti
ve
)
683
s
ubjec
ts
(
423
P
D,
196
HC
,
64
S
W
E
DD
)
M
ult
im
oda
l
(
im
a
gin
g,
c
li
nica
l,
f
lui
d)
I
nter
na
t
ional
(
AD
NI
-
li
ke
c
ons
or
ti
um
)
R
e
s
tr
icte
d
(
r
e
gis
tr
a
ti
on
)
Age
,
s
e
x,
c
li
nica
l
s
c
or
e
s
(
UPDR
S
)
,
M
R
I
a
nd
DA
T
S
P
E
C
T
im
a
gi
ng,
C
S
F
biom
a
r
ke
r
s
[
18]
Alz
he
im
e
r
’
s
dis
e
a
s
e
A
D
N
I
(
A
lz
h
e
im
e
r
’
s
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
n
e
ur
o
im
a
gi
n
g
i
n
i
ti
a
ti
v
e
)
821
(
AD
NI
-
1
pha
s
e
;
∼
2000
tot
a
l)
M
ult
im
oda
l
(
im
a
gin
g,
c
li
nica
l,
f
lui
d,
ge
nomi
c
)
I
nter
na
t
ional
(
US
-
led)
R
e
s
tr
icte
d
(
a
ppli
c
a
ti
o
n)
Age
,
s
e
x,
c
ognit
ive
s
c
or
e
s
,
M
R
I
,
P
E
T
,
a
myl
oid/
tau,
C
S
F
biom
a
r
ke
r
s
,
ge
ne
ti
c
s
[
19]
M
a
jor
de
pr
e
s
s
ive
dis
or
de
r
(
M
DD
)
R
E
S
T
-
me
ta
-
M
DD
(
DI
R
E
C
T
c
ons
or
ti
um,
R
-
f
M
R
I
)
1,
300
M
DD
+
1,
128
HC
(
tot
a
l
2,
428
R
-
f
M
R
I
s
c
a
ns
)
I
maging
(
r
e
s
ti
ng
-
s
tate
f
M
R
I
)
C
hina
(
25
s
it
e
s
)
P
ubli
c
(
a
f
ter
r
e
lea
s
e
)
Age
,
s
e
x;
f
M
R
I
-
de
r
ived
ne
twor
k
c
onne
c
ti
vit
y
metr
ics
(
DM
N)
[
20]
B
r
e
a
s
t
C
a
nc
e
r
C
a
nc
e
r
W
is
c
ons
in
diagnos
ti
c
br
e
a
s
t
c
a
nc
e
r
(
W
DB
C
,
UC
I
)
569
pa
ti
e
nts
C
li
nica
l
(
F
NA
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
)
USA
(
W
is
c
ons
in)
P
ubli
c
(
UC
I
)
C
e
ll
nuc
lei
f
e
a
tur
e
s
(
r
a
dius
,
textur
e
,
pe
r
im
e
te
r
,
a
r
e
a
,
a
nd
s
moot
hne
s
s
)
e
xtr
a
c
ted
f
r
o
m
F
NA
biops
y
[
21]
L
ung
c
a
nc
e
r
L
I
DC
-
I
DR
I
(
L
un
g
C
T
s
c
a
n
s
with
nodule
a
nnotation
)
1,
018
C
T
s
tudi
e
s
(
1,
010
s
ubjec
ts
)
I
maging
(
C
T
)
I
nter
na
t
ional
(
US
ins
ti
tu
ti
ons
)
P
ubli
c
(
T
C
I
A
)
C
T
im
a
ge
s
with
e
xpe
r
t
-
mar
ke
d
lung
nodu
le
bounda
r
ies
a
nd
diagnos
ti
c
r
a
ti
ngs
[
22]
R
he
umatoid
Ar
thr
it
is
I
mm
u
ne
AC
C
E
S
S
T
C
R
-
s
e
q
(
Ada
pti
ve
B
iot
e
c
h)
86
s
a
mpl
e
s
G
e
no
mi
c
(
T
C
R
s
e
que
nc
e
s
)
P
ubli
c
im
mune
ba
nk
P
ubli
c
(
im
m
une
AC
C
E
S
S
)
T
-
c
e
ll
r
e
c
e
ptor
be
ta
-
c
ha
in
C
DR
3s
e
que
nc
e
s
[
23]
Dia
be
ti
c
r
e
ti
nopa
t
hy
APT
OS
2019
bli
ndne
s
s
de
tec
ti
on
(
Ka
ggle)
3,
661
r
e
ti
na
l
im
a
ge
s
I
maging
(
F
und
us
)
As
ia
(
APT
OS
s
it
e
,
I
ndia)
P
ubli
c
(
Ka
gg
le)
DR
s
e
ve
r
it
y
gr
a
de
(0
–
4)
,
pa
ti
e
nt
I
D
[
24]
G
lauc
o
ma
R
E
F
U
GE
C
ha
ll
e
nge
(
opti
c
dis
c
/cup
s
e
gmenta
ti
on)
1,
200
f
undus
im
a
ge
s
(
800
a
nnotate
d
)
I
maging
(
F
und
us
)
C
hina
(
mul
t
i
-
de
vice
)
P
ubli
c
(
T
C
I
A
)
Optic
dis
c
/cup
s
e
gmenta
ti
on
mas
ks
,
glauc
oma
ye
s
/no
[
25]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
9
5
5
-
1
963
1960
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ataset
o
r
ig
in
s
: I
n
d
ia
n
v
s
g
lo
b
al
6.
DATAS
E
T
G
AP
ANALY
SI
S
Pu
b
lic
d
atasets
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
wid
ely
a
v
ailab
le,
b
u
t
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
estrictio
n
s
th
at
m
ay
p
r
e
v
en
t
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
r
e
liab
le
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
ly
ap
p
licab
le
ML
m
o
d
els.
Fo
u
r
m
ajo
r
g
ap
s
th
at
a
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
e
x
am
in
ed
d
atasets
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
6
.
1
.
L
a
c
k
o
f
env
iro
nm
ent
a
l
a
nd
s
o
cia
l det
er
m
ina
nts
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
u
b
licly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
d
atasets
ig
n
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
s
o
cial
d
eter
m
in
an
t
s
o
f
h
ea
lth
(
SDOH)
lik
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
h
o
u
s
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
air
q
u
ality
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
clin
ical,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic,
o
r
b
io
m
etr
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
b
eh
av
io
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial im
p
ac
t o
n
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
o
u
tco
m
es
—
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ess
,
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
it
y
,
an
d
s
m
o
k
in
g
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
—
ar
e
lef
t
o
u
t
o
f
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e
d
atasets
lik
e
C
lev
elan
d
o
r
Fais
alab
ad
.
T
h
e
ec
o
l
o
g
ic
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
ML
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
is
d
im
in
is
h
ed
wh
en
s
u
ch
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
e
x
clu
d
ed
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
e
n
it c
o
m
es to
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
lev
el
r
is
k
s
t
r
atif
icatio
n
.
6
.
2
.
Abs
ence
o
f
lo
ng
it
ud
ina
l pa
t
ient
f
o
llo
w
-
ups
T
h
e
PIM
A
Diab
etes
a
n
d
C
lev
elan
d
Hea
r
t
Dis
ea
s
e
d
ataset
s
ar
e
two
ex
am
p
les
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
atasets
th
at
o
n
ly
o
f
f
e
r
s
in
g
le
tim
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
n
ap
s
h
o
ts
.
T
h
is
lim
its
ML
m
o
d
els’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
lear
n
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
r
te
m
p
o
r
al
p
atter
n
s
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
r
elap
s
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
,
e
ar
ly
d
etec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t
p
la
n
n
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
ata
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
tim
e
-
s
er
ies
v
ital
s
i
g
n
s
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
MI
MI
C
-
I
I
I
d
er
iv
ativ
e
f
o
r
s
ep
s
is
,
m
o
s
t d
atasets
d
o
n
o
t h
a
v
e
th
is
lev
el
o
f
g
r
an
u
la
r
ity
.
6
.
3
.
Underre
presenta
t
io
n
o
f
pedia
t
ric
po
pu
la
t
io
ns
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
a
p
in
t
h
e
d
atasets
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
p
ed
iatr
ic
p
atien
ts
.
Mo
s
t
ML
m
o
d
els
u
s
e
ad
u
lt
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
d
atasets
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
with
an
ag
e
b
ias
to
war
d
m
id
d
le
-
ag
ed
o
r
o
ld
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
PIM
A
an
d
MI
MI
C
-
I
I
I
d
atasets
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ar
e
n
o
t a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
p
e
d
iatr
ic
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
p
r
im
ar
ily
r
ep
r
esen
t
ad
u
lt
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
R
esear
ch
in
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
ea
r
ly
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
ca
n
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t,
lik
e
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
o
b
esit
y
,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
o
r
co
n
g
en
ital
d
is
ea
s
es,
is
lim
ited
b
y
th
e
lack
o
f
p
ed
iatr
ic
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
atasets
6
.
4
.
Da
t
a
priv
a
c
y
a
nd
a
lg
o
rit
hm
ic
bia
s
is
s
ue
s
Data
r
ich
n
ess
m
ay
b
e
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
p
r
i
v
ac
y
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
d
e
-
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
r
d
ata
m
ask
in
g
th
at
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
in
clu
d
ed
in
p
u
b
lic
d
atasets
.
Dat
asets
m
ay
also
b
e
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
b
ias,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
th
e
p
atien
t c
o
h
o
r
t
with
r
eg
a
r
d
to
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
g
en
d
er
,
o
r
r
ac
e
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
o
n
ly
f
em
ale
N
ativ
e
Am
er
ican
s
u
b
jects
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
PIM
A
d
ataset,
an
d
m
an
y
o
th
er
d
atasets
ar
e
US
-
ce
n
tr
ic.
T
h
ese
r
estrictio
n
s
less
en
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
g
lo
b
al
h
ea
lth
c
o
n
tex
ts
an
d
lead
t
o
b
iased
m
o
d
el
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ML
p
ip
elin
es
m
ay
e
x
h
i
b
it
h
id
d
en
b
ias
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
o
p
aq
u
e
d
ataset
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
7.
E
VA
L
UA
T
I
O
N
M
E
T
RIC
S
R
o
b
u
s
t
ev
alu
atio
n
m
etr
ics
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ass
e
s
s
in
g
ML
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
clin
ical
s
ettin
g
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
co
m
p
leten
ess
o
f
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
d
ataset
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
ese
m
etr
ics.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
en
d
a
t
a
fo
r
clin
ica
l A
I
:
a
c
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
d
a
t
a
s
ets
(
S
in
d
h
u
R
a
jen
d
r
a
n
)
1961
7
.
1
.
M
o
del g
ener
a
liza
bil
it
y
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
m
o
d
el
t
o
f
u
n
c
tio
n
well
o
n
u
n
k
n
o
wn
d
ata
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
is
k
n
o
wn
as
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
f
itti
n
g
an
d
lim
ited
ex
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
ca
n
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
d
atasets
th
at
ar
e
to
o
s
m
all,
lack
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
o
r
m
is
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
n
tex
t
u
al
v
ar
ia
b
les.
W
h
en
ap
p
lied
to
lar
g
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
PIM
A
d
ataset,
wh
ich
is
s
o
lely
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
Nativ
e
Am
er
ican
wo
m
en
,
p
r
esen
ts
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
i
s
s
u
es.
I
n
test
s
ets,
m
o
d
els
tr
ain
ed
o
n
s
u
ch
d
atas
ets
m
ig
h
t
s
h
o
w
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
b
u
t
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
p
atien
t g
r
o
u
p
s
,
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
well.
7
.
2
.
P
re
cisi
o
n,
re
ca
ll
,
a
nd
F
1
-
s
co
re
B
o
th
class
im
b
alan
ce
an
d
lab
el
n
o
is
e,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
ev
alen
t
in
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
d
atasets
,
g
r
e
atly
af
f
ec
t
th
ese
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
class
if
icatio
n
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
tr
u
e
p
o
s
itiv
es
am
o
n
g
all
p
r
e
d
icted
p
o
s
itiv
es
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
u
e
p
o
s
itiv
es
th
at
wer
e
ac
cu
r
ately
id
en
tifie
d
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
r
ec
all.
T
h
e
two
ar
e
b
alan
ce
d
b
y
F1
-
s
co
r
e.
T
h
ese
s
co
r
es m
ay
b
e
m
is
lead
in
g
ly
in
f
lated
o
r
d
ef
lated
b
y
p
o
o
r
ly
an
n
o
tated
o
r
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
d
atasets
(
s
u
ch
as
d
atasets
with
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eg
ativ
e
ca
s
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
ew
s
ep
s
is
-
p
o
s
itiv
e
ca
s
es).
Un
b
alan
ce
d
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
task
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
r
esu
ltin
g
in
h
ig
h
r
ec
all
b
u
t
lo
w
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
wh
ich
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
n
ee
d
less
aler
ts
o
r
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
i
n
clin
ical
s
ettin
g
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
C
h
in
g
et
a
l.
[
1
]
.
7
.
3
.
M
o
del
drif
t
in pro
du
ct
io
n
No
n
-
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata,
a
lack
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
p
d
ate
s
,
o
r
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
all
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
m
o
d
el
d
r
if
t,
wh
ich
is
th
e
g
r
a
d
u
al
d
eter
io
r
a
tio
n
o
f
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
c
h
an
g
es
in
th
e
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
W
h
ile
m
an
y
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
atasets
d
o
n
o
t
allo
w
lim
ited
d
r
if
t
an
aly
s
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
tem
p
o
r
al
I
C
U
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
d
atasets
s
u
ch
as
MI
MI
C
-
I
I
I
d
o
.
Dr
if
t
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
m
ed
ica
l
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
p
ip
elin
es
a
r
e
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
r
ec
e
n
t
r
e
v
iew
b
y
Ko
n
o
n
en
k
o
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
d
ataset
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
r
ath
er
th
an
m
o
d
el
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e.
7
.
4
.
B
enchm
a
r
k
re
f
er
ence
s
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies u
s
e
th
e
s
am
e
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
atasets
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
tex
tu
alize
th
is
m
a
n
u
s
cr
i
p
t:
a.
MI
MI
C
-
I
I
I
:
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
d
at
a
win
d
o
w,
ea
r
ly
war
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
s
ep
s
is
attain
F1
-
s
co
r
es r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
5
to
0
.
8
2
.
b.
PIM
A
Diab
etes:
Dee
p
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
m
ar
g
i
n
ally
b
etter
b
u
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
o
v
er
f
it
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
d
ata
s
p
ar
s
ity
,
wh
er
ea
s
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
els ty
p
ically
p
r
o
d
u
ce
70
%
–
7
8
% a
cc
u
r
ac
y
.
T
h
ese
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
te
h
o
w
tem
p
o
r
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
f
ea
tu
r
e
r
ic
h
n
ess
,
an
d
d
ataset
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t im
p
ac
t o
n
clin
ical
ap
p
li
ca
b
ilit
y
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics.
8.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
p
r
esen
t
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
p
u
b
licly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
d
is
ea
s
e
d
ataset
s
an
d
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
p
ap
er
h
as
r
estru
ctu
r
e
d
an
d
ex
ten
d
e
d
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
d
is
ea
s
es
o
s
teo
p
o
r
o
s
is
,
h
ea
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etails
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atasets
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o
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is
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ased
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elate
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eir
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Ou
r
r
e
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a
f
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b
le
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in
d
in
g
s
:
i)
a
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
s
et
o
f
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
is
p
ar
ities
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes
t
h
e
d
ata
e
co
s
y
s
tem
,
esp
ec
ially
with
in
I
n
d
ian
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
wh
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c
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llectio
n
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
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ten
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eg
i
o
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alize
d
;
ii)
th
e
eth
n
ic,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic,
an
d
clin
ical
v
ar
ian
ce
is
less
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th
e
d
ataset
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
ca
s
es
o
f
p
ed
iatr
ics
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d
n
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-
W
ester
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p
o
p
u
latio
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s
ar
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u
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er
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e
p
r
esen
t
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;
iii)
a
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ataset
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u
itab
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in
clin
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ap
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licatio
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ased
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e,
its
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ich
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ess
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Data
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ain
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ip
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elate
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ef
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ica
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d
eth
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ep
lo
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m
e
n
t
o
f
clin
ical
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
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d
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[
1
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T.
C
h
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.
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2
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.
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.
J
o
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a
l
.
,
“
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3
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.
K
o
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k
o
,
“
M
a
c
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.
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.
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.
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,
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.
T.
Lö
f
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.
,
“
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v
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8
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.
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.
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.
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r
ma
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]
A
si
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.
[
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5
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J.
R
.
H
.
K
u
mar
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l
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4.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
in
d
h
u
Ra
je
n
d
r
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n
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a
n
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c
c
o
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p
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sh
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t
p
ro
fe
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r
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rre
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rv
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t
R.
V.
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(R
VCE),
wh
e
re
sh
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
d
e
d
ica
ted
fa
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
sin
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e
jo
in
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n
g
o
n
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
9
,
2
0
1
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.
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th
a
so
li
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
fo
u
n
d
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
a
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
to
tec
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ica
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e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
sh
e
b
r
in
g
s
a
we
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lt
h
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f
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
to
th
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fiel
d
s
o
f
tele
c
o
m
m
u
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ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
ig
it
a
l
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lec
tro
n
ics
.
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r
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ss
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r
Ra
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d
ra
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h
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ld
s
a
Ba
c
h
e
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En
g
in
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ri
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g
(B.
E
.
)
in
tele
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m
m
u
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ti
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g
a
n
d
a
M
a
ste
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f
Tec
h
n
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l
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g
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(M
.
Tec
h
.
)
i
n
d
ig
it
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l
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tro
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n
d
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m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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g
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g
.
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th
o
v
e
r
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y
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rs
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g
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r
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ss
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n
,
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e
is
d
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e
p
l
y
p
a
ss
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te
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b
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t
stu
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t
d
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p
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t
a
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d
a
c
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d
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m
ic
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
.
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h
e
h
a
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
v
e
rsa
ti
li
ty
b
y
h
a
n
d
li
n
g
a
d
iv
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rse
ra
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g
e
o
f
su
b
je
c
ts,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
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lem
e
n
ts
o
f
e
lec
tro
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ics
e
n
g
i
n
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rin
g
,
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
ircu
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ts,
i
n
t
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ll
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c
tu
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rty
rig
h
ts
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n
d
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n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
,
e
n
g
i
n
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g
m
a
teria
ls
,
a
n
d
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m
b
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d
d
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d
sy
ste
m
d
e
sig
n
.
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r
p
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re
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se
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s
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t
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p
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n
d
ima
g
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ro
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ss
in
g
.
S
h
e
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
s
to
e
x
p
lo
re
th
e
se
d
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m
a
in
s
t
o
f
o
ste
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v
a
ti
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n
d
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
t
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c
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d
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m
ic co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
si
n
d
h
u
r@r
v
c
e
.
e
d
u
.
i
n
.
Cha
n
d
r
a
shek
a
r
B.
S
.
is
t
h
e
re
n
o
w
n
e
d
d
e
a
n
f
o
r
P
o
st
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
o
n
S
t
u
d
ies
,
a
t
t
h
e
D
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
F
ET
a
t
JA
IN
(De
e
m
e
d
-
to
-
b
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
).
He
wa
s
b
o
r
n
i
n
1
9
6
5
a
n
d
h
o
ld
s
a
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r’s
a
n
d
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ic
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
o
m
a
in
.
He
h
a
s
a
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
‘
F
ib
e
r
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p
ti
c
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
’
fr
o
m
IIS
c
,
a
n
d
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r,
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ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r,
p
r
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fe
ss
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r
a
n
d
h
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
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d
e
p
a
rtme
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t
fo
r
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d
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y
a
n
d
e
v
e
n
in
g
c
o
ll
e
g
e
s
a
t
BM
S
CE.
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wa
s
a
lso
re
c
ru
it
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
Ch
a
i
rm
a
n
Bo
a
rd
o
f
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x
a
m
in
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ti
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n
s
a
s
we
ll
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s
stu
d
ies
a
t
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
Un
iv
e
rsity
a
n
d
VTU.
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th
e
n
tra
n
siti
o
n
e
d
t
o
c
o
rp
o
ra
te
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
0
0
a
n
d
wo
rk
e
d
a
t
In
fo
s
y
s
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
His
j
o
b
ro
le
in
c
l
u
d
e
d
so
ftwa
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
m
o
d
u
le l
e
a
d
e
r,
p
r
o
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
r,
a
n
d
se
n
io
r
p
ro
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
r,
a
n
d
th
e
n
b
e
c
o
m
in
g
th
e
He
a
d
fo
r
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
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c
o
m
S
o
ftwa
re
.
Th
e
c
li
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
a
n
ie
s
in
c
lu
d
e
d
Lu
c
e
n
t,
Cisc
o
,
a
n
d
No
rtel.
He
h
a
s
trav
e
ll
e
d
e
x
ten
siv
e
ly
to
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
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re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
h
a
s
1
2
0
+
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
1
4
p
a
ten
ts
a
n
d
h
a
s
g
u
i
d
e
d
1
5
P
h
D sc
h
o
lars
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
n
g
e
la@
u
u
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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