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d
d
u
e
t
o
th
ei
r
in
tr
in
s
ically
h
ig
h
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
w
ith
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
C
MO
S)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
ad
v
a
n
tag
es,
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
Ni
-
Z
n
f
er
r
ites
f
ac
e
s
ev
er
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
wh
en
s
ca
led
to
1
0
MH
z
I
VR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
b
ar
r
ier
is
th
e
Sn
o
e
k
lim
it;
as
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
d
o
m
ain
wall
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
th
e
i
n
itial
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
(
′
)
d
r
o
p
s
p
r
ec
ip
ito
u
s
ly
,
an
d
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t
s
p
ik
es,
lead
in
g
to
s
ev
er
e
ef
f
icien
cy
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
I
VR
m
o
d
u
les
in
2
.
5
-
D
an
d
3
-
D
in
teg
r
ated
ci
r
cu
its
o
p
er
at
e
in
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
th
er
m
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
with
lo
ca
lized
"
h
o
t
s
p
o
t"
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
ten
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
1
0
0
°C
[
1
7
]
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
Ni
-
Z
n
f
er
r
ites
ex
h
ib
it
m
o
n
o
to
n
ic
t
h
er
m
al
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
elev
ated
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
in
d
u
ce
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
(
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tially
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
r
e
lo
s
s
es)
an
d
d
estab
ilize
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
v
alu
e
,
jeo
p
ar
d
izin
g
th
e
s
tr
ict
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
s
u
b
-
1
V
lo
g
ic
g
ates
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
R
ec
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
h
as
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
ch
em
ical
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
b
y
p
ass
th
ese
m
ag
n
et
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
Gh
o
d
ak
e
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
an
d
r
ec
en
t
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
s
b
y
An
war
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
Z
in
c
o
r
Nick
el
with
C
o
b
alt
(
2
+
)
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
tailo
r
s
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al,
elec
tr
ical,
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
f
er
r
ite,
s
p
ec
if
ically
n
o
tin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t su
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
AC
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
r
elax
atio
n
.
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u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
is
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
els
b
y
Gen
g
et
a
l.
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
th
is
C
o
b
alt
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
a
g
n
et
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
co
n
s
tan
t
(
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>
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,
wh
ich
th
eo
r
etica
lly
s
tiff
en
s
d
o
m
ain
walls
an
d
s
h
if
ts
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
h
ig
h
er
[
2
2
]
.
Simi
lar
ly
,
Ad
r
ien
et
a
l
.
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
s
in
ter
in
g
o
f
Ni
-
Zn
-
Cu
-
C
o
f
er
r
ites
,
e
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
th
at
C
o
b
alt
io
n
s
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
in
d
o
m
ain
walls
to
r
e
d
u
ce
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
lo
s
s
es
[
2
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wo
r
k
b
y
L
ee
et
a
l.
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
(
)
p
lan
a
r
in
d
u
cto
r
s
u
tili
zin
g
C
o
-
d
o
p
e
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
s
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ile
Haja
lilo
u
et
a
l.
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ic
h
o
p
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
v
ia
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
o
p
in
g
[
2
5
]
.
C
r
u
cially
,
Z
asp
alis
et
a
l.
id
en
tifie
d
a
"th
er
m
al
v
alley
"
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
o
f
C
o
b
alt
co
u
n
ter
ac
ts
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
o
f
th
e
h
o
s
t
Ni
-
Z
n
lat
tice
(
1
<
0
)
,
m
in
im
izin
g
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
[
2
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
u
r
t
h
er
c
o
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
e
en
h
an
ce
d
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
q
u
ality
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
tailo
r
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es a
ch
iev
ab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
le
x
s
p
in
el
d
o
p
in
g
[
2
7
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
g
ap
an
d
o
b
jectiv
e
:
W
h
ile
th
ese
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
b
en
ef
its
o
f
C
o
b
alt
d
o
p
in
g
,
a
d
is
tin
ct
r
esear
ch
g
ap
e
x
is
ts
in
b
r
id
g
in
g
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
m
ater
ials
p
h
y
s
ics
d
ir
ec
tly
with
p
r
ac
tical
on
-
ch
ip
I
VR
cir
cu
it
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Mo
s
t
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
f
o
cu
s
es
eith
er
o
n
m
ater
ial
s
y
n
th
esis
o
r
s
tatic
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
test
in
g
,
o
f
ten
n
e
g
l
ec
tin
g
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
th
er
m
al
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
3
D
-
I
C
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
d
r
ess
e
s
th
is
g
ap
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
p
h
y
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ics
-
b
ased
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
to
id
en
tify
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
"sweet
s
p
o
t"
f
o
r
C
o
b
alt
d
o
p
in
g
.
T
a
b
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
r
elativ
e
to
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
ag
ain
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
A
n
w
a
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
Za
sp
a
l
i
s
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
Le
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
Th
i
s
W
o
r
k
(
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
)
P
r
i
mary
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
sy
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t
h
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d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
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z
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t
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l
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er
t
(
L
L
G
)
m
ag
n
etic
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
Ma
x
well
-
W
ag
n
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
with
a
T
R
F
n
u
m
er
ical
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
we
m
ath
em
atica
lly
id
en
tify
an
o
p
tim
al
C
o
b
alt
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
tr
ial
-
an
d
-
er
r
o
r
,
t
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
ed
icts
th
e
ex
ac
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
Q
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
s
tab
ilizi
n
g
th
e
co
r
e
ag
ain
s
t
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
u
n
d
er
a
2
.
0
A
lo
a
d
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
wo
r
k
d
eliv
e
r
s
a
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
e
n
er
atio
n
3
D
-
I
C
p
o
wer
d
eliv
e
r
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
y
v
er
if
y
in
g
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lev
el.
2.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
F
R
AM
E
WO
RK
AND
P
H
YSI
CS
M
O
D
E
L
I
NG
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
NZ
F
co
r
es,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
u
tili
zin
g
n
u
m
er
ical
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
cu
r
v
e
f
itti
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
o
lates
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
ag
n
etic
r
eso
n
an
ce
,
d
ielec
tr
ic
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
,
m
ath
em
atica
lly
lin
k
in
g
th
ese
m
ater
ial
-
lev
el
p
r
o
p
er
ties
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
cir
cu
it
-
lev
el
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
a
n
I
VR
.
2
.
1
.
Co
m
pu
t
a
t
io
na
l
pa
r
a
m
e
t
er
s
a
nd
m
a
t
er
ia
l set
up
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
ev
al
u
ated
f
iv
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
C
o
b
alt
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
:
=
0
.
0
(
b
asel
in
e
NZ
F),
=
0
.
02
,
=
0
.
04
,
=
0
.
05
,
an
d
=
0
.
08
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
o
m
ain
was
s
ca
led
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ically
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
k
Hz
to
3
0
0
MH
z,
ex
p
licitly
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
1
0
MH
z
VHF
s
witch
in
g
tar
g
et.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
in
itializatio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
d
in
T
ab
le
2
,
ar
e
n
o
t
m
er
ely
th
eo
r
etica
l;
th
ey
ar
e
s
tr
ictly
bound
b
y
th
e
m
ater
ial
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
r
ec
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
r
ef
lects r
ea
lis
tic
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
itializin
g
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
(
L
L
G
r
elax
atio
n
)
a
n
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
(
Ma
x
well
-
W
ag
n
er
)
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
els
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
V
a
r
i
a
n
t
C
o
D
o
p
i
n
g
(
)
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
F
r
e
q
.
(
M
H
z
)
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a
mp
i
n
g
F
a
c
t
o
r
(
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I
n
i
t
i
a
l
S
u
sc.
(
0
)
D
C
C
o
n
d
.
(
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(
S
/
m)
Emp
i
r
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l
Ju
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t
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A
n
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H
e
a
v
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p
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n
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g
l
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t
(
Le
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
)
E
x
p
an
d
e
d
p
h
y
s
ical
ju
s
tific
atio
n
o
f
p
a
r
am
eter
s
:
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
v
alu
es
is
r
o
o
t
ed
in
th
e
m
ag
n
eto
cr
y
s
tallin
e
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
c
h
an
g
es
in
d
u
ce
d
by
2
+
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
in
th
e
s
p
in
el
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Fo
r
th
e
b
aselin
e
a
n
d
l
o
w
d
o
p
i
n
g
lev
els
(
=
0
.
00
to
0
.
02
)
,
p
u
r
e
Ni
-
Z
n
f
er
r
ite
p
o
s
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ess
es
a
n
eg
ativ
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
co
n
s
tan
t
(
1
<
0
)
;
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
s
m
all
am
o
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n
ts
o
f
2
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eg
i
n
s
to
o
f
f
s
et
th
is
,
s
lig
h
tly
s
tiff
en
in
g
d
o
m
ai
n
walls
an
d
s
h
if
tin
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
(
)
u
p
war
d
f
r
o
m
1
5
-
2
5
MH
z.
As
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
to
war
d
th
e
h
ig
h
d
o
p
in
g
lev
el
o
f
=
0
.
05
,
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
er
v
e
as
a
cr
itical
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
-
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ated
"th
er
m
al
v
alley
.
"
At
th
is
lev
el,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
o
f
th
e
C
o
b
alt
io
n
s
b
eg
in
s
to
p
er
f
ec
tly
co
u
n
ter
ac
t
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
o
f
th
e
h
o
s
t
lattice
at
elev
ated
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
wh
ich
s
tab
ilizes
th
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
d
en
s
ity
n
ea
r
8
0
°C
.
Fo
r
th
e
e
x
tr
em
e
p
in
n
in
g
lim
i
t
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
=
0
.
08
,
th
e
v
alu
es
r
ef
lect
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
u
p
p
er
b
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
C
o
b
alt
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
as
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
ed
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
L
ee
e
t
a
l
.
At
th
is
le
v
el,
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
m
ag
n
et
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
ca
u
s
es
ex
tr
em
e
d
o
m
ain
wall
p
in
n
in
g
wh
ich
,
wh
ile
p
u
s
h
in
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
to
its
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
8
5
MH
z,
ca
u
s
es
th
e
in
itial
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
(
0
)
to
co
llap
s
e
to
2
0
.
0
,
s
ev
er
ely
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
c
o
r
e'
s
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
DC
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
(
)
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
o
p
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v
ar
ian
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ju
s
tifie
d
b
y
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o
b
alt
ac
tin
g
as
a
g
r
ain
g
r
o
wth
in
h
ib
ito
r
,
wh
ich
in
cr
e
ases
in
ter
-
g
r
an
u
lar
r
esis
tiv
ity
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
lly
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es th
e
2
+
↔
3
+
Ver
wey
elec
tr
o
n
h
o
p
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
ca
u
s
es
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
.
2
.
2
.
E
lect
ro
m
a
g
net
ic
a
nd
dielect
ric
ph
y
s
ics m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
f
r
eq
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cy
-
d
ep
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t
co
m
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er
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∗
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.
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o
s
im
p
lify
th
e
L
an
d
au
–
L
if
s
h
itz
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Gilb
er
t
(
L
L
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eq
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atio
n
f
o
r
p
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ly
cr
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s
tallin
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wh
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e
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citatio
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r
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e
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cy
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e
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eso
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eq
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en
cy
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e
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am
p
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e
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d
0
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e
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itial
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u
s
ce
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r
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tly
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u
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tify
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h
e
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iv
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s
er
ies
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tan
ce
(
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an
d
p
ar
asit
ic
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ac
itan
ce
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th
e
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ielec
tr
ic
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
is
m
o
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eled
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tili
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g
a
m
o
d
i
f
ied
Ma
x
well
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W
ag
n
er
in
ter
f
ac
ia
l
p
o
lar
izatio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ity
(
∗
=
′
−
″
)
ex
p
licitly
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
g
r
ain
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Ver
wey
h
o
p
p
in
g
:
′
=
∞
+
−
∞
1
+
(
)
2
(
3
)
″
=
(
−
∞
)
1
+
(
)
2
+
0
(
4
)
wh
er
e
=
2
is
th
e
an
g
u
lar
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
is
th
e
DC
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
an
d
is
th
e
Deb
y
e
r
elax
atio
n
tim
e.
2
.
3
.
T
herm
a
l
po
wer
lo
s
s
dens
it
y
a
nd
co
ns
t
ra
ined nu
m
er
i
ca
l c
urv
e
f
it
t
ing
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
d
en
s
ity
(
)
was
m
o
d
eled
o
v
er
a
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
th
er
m
al
g
r
ad
ien
t
f
r
o
m
2
0
°C
to
1
3
0
°C
to
in
v
est
ig
ate
th
e
an
is
o
t
r
o
p
y
-
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ated
"th
er
m
al
v
alley
".
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
d
y
n
am
ically
s
ca
les
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
)
u
s
in
g
a
th
e
r
m
al
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
)
b
ased
o
n
a
C
u
r
ie
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
4
0
0
°
C
:
=
400
(
5
)
(
)
=
0
(
1
−
2
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
to
tal
th
er
m
al
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
d
en
s
ity
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
s
u
m
m
in
g
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
a
d
ju
s
ted
h
y
s
ter
esis
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
ed
d
y
c
u
r
r
en
t l
o
s
s
es a
t th
e
f
ix
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
):
(
)
=
ℎ
0
(
1
−
)
+
(
)
(
(
)
2
−
2
)
2
+
(
(
)
)
2
(
7
)
wh
er
e
ℎ
0
is
th
e
b
aselin
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
lo
s
s
,
is
th
e
th
er
m
al
d
eg
r
ad
a
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
a
n
d
is
th
e
s
ca
led
d
y
n
am
i
c
lo
s
s
am
p
litu
d
e.
T
o
ac
c
u
r
atel
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
is
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
f
it
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
R
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
m
in
im
izes
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
ar
e
d
r
esid
u
als
wh
ile
r
em
ain
in
g
with
in
p
h
y
s
ically
r
ea
lis
tic
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies:
(
)
=
∑
=
1
[
−
(
,
)
]
2
(
8
)
2
.
4
.
Co
m
po
nent
-
lev
el
m
et
ri
cs a
nd
co
nv
er
t
er
s
y
s
t
em
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
was
m
ap
p
ed
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
(
)
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
)
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
:
=
+
′
(
9
)
=
+
″
(
1
0
)
=
(
1
1
)
wh
er
e
an
d
ar
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
an
d
is
th
e
s
tatic
c
o
p
p
er
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
ese
m
etr
ic
s
wer
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
a
DC
-
DC
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
ized
f
o
r
a
3
.
5
V
in
p
u
t
(
)
an
d
1
.
0
V
o
u
tp
u
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
P
h
ysics
-
b
a
s
ed
mo
d
elin
g
o
f c
o
b
a
lt
-
d
o
p
ed
n
icke
l
-
z
in
c
o
n
-
c
h
ip
ferr
ite
in
d
u
cto
r
s
(
B
a
mb
a
n
g
M
u
lyo
R
a
h
a
r
jo
)
1809
(
)
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
in
d
u
ct
o
r
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
(
Δ
)
,
R
MS
AC
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
(
,
)
,
to
tal
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
(
,
)
,
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
i
cien
cy
(
)
wer
e
d
er
iv
e
d
as:
Δ
=
(
1
−
)
(
1
2
)
,
=
Δ
2
√
3
(
1
3
)
,
=
2
+
,
2
+
1
2
(
1
4
)
=
+
,
+
,
×
100%
(
1
5
)
2
.
5
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ed
s
im
ula
t
io
n f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
a
nd
m
e
t
ho
do
lo
g
y
f
lo
wcha
rt
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
lo
wch
ar
t
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
tr
ict
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
lo
g
ic
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
f
r
o
m
m
ater
ial
-
lev
el
in
itializatio
n
t
o
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
elec
tr
ical
v
al
id
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
g
ests
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
-
b
o
u
n
d
ed
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
f
ee
d
s
th
e
m
in
to
p
ar
allel
m
a
g
n
etic
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
k
er
n
els,
wh
ile
t
h
e
T
R
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
o
u
n
d
s
h
ig
h
-
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
lim
its
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
er
m
al
g
r
ad
ie
n
t.
T
h
ese
v
er
if
ied
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
m
ap
p
ed
to
p
r
ac
tical
in
d
u
cto
r
m
etr
ics
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
r
e'
s
m
ax
im
u
m
o
p
er
atio
n
al
Q.
Fin
ally
,
th
ese
lu
m
p
ed
p
a
r
am
eter
s
ar
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
to
th
e
DC
-
DC
B
u
ck
C
o
n
v
er
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
u
le,
wh
er
e
a
m
u
lti
-
o
b
ject
iv
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
ev
alu
a
tes
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
u
n
d
er
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
ex
p
licitly
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
f
in
al
id
e
n
tifie
d
=
0
.
04
C
o
b
alt
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
f
ir
m
ly
a
n
ch
o
r
ed
in
b
o
t
h
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
m
a
g
n
eto
cr
y
s
tallin
e
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
m
ac
r
o
s
co
p
ic
3
D
-
I
C
p
o
wer
d
eliv
e
r
y
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
lo
wch
ar
t f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
p
h
y
s
ics
-
b
ased
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ev
alu
ated
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ele
ctr
o
m
ag
n
etic,
t
h
er
m
al,
a
n
d
ci
r
cu
it
-
lev
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
NZ
F
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
a
s
wee
p
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
o
m
ain
u
p
to
3
0
0
MH
z.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
esu
lts
wer
e
s
y
s
te
m
atica
lly
v
alid
ated
ag
ain
s
t
r
e
ce
n
t
em
p
ir
ical
liter
atu
r
e
to
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
els b
ef
o
r
e
s
ca
lin
g
to
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
1
8
0
5
-
1
816
1810
3
.
1
.
E
lect
ro
m
a
g
net
ic
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n a
nd
dielect
ric
di
s
persio
n
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
b
ar
r
ier
to
u
tili
zin
g
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
Ni
-
Z
n
f
er
r
ites
at
1
0
MH
z
is
th
e
Sn
o
ek
lim
it,
wh
er
e
th
e
d
o
m
ain
wall
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
tr
ig
g
e
r
s
a
p
r
ec
ip
ito
u
s
d
r
o
p
i
n
r
ea
l
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
(
′
)
an
d
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
p
ik
e
in
m
ag
n
etic
lo
s
s
es
(
″
)
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
t
h
e
L
L
G
r
ela
x
atio
n
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ately
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
c
u
r
v
es
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
d
o
p
e
d
NZ
F
b
aselin
e
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
o
v
e
r
laid
with
r
ec
en
t
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
ca
tter
d
ata
f
r
o
m
An
war
et
a
l.
[
4
]
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
ex
ce
llen
t
q
u
an
titativ
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
1
5
MH
z
i
n
th
e
b
aselin
e
NZ
F
to
a
n
in
ter
m
ed
iate
s
tab
le
zo
n
e
in
th
e
d
o
p
e
d
v
ar
ian
ts
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
b
o
u
n
d
s
th
e
ex
tr
em
e
lim
it
o
f
C
o
b
alt
d
o
p
i
n
g
.
I
n
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
liter
atu
r
e,
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
in
ter
in
g
an
d
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
g
r
ai
n
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
ies ca
n
ca
u
s
e
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
o
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
r
ea
l
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
p
lo
ts
,
t
h
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
=
0
.
05
s
am
p
le
f
r
o
m
An
wa
r
et
a
l.
[
4
]
ex
h
ib
its
ex
tr
em
e
d
o
m
ain
wall
p
in
n
in
g
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
itial
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
to
co
llap
s
e
to
∼
25
.
T
h
is
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
p
er
f
ec
tly
v
alid
ates
o
u
r
s
im
u
lated
C
NZ
F0
8
(
=
0
.
08
)
th
eo
r
etic
al
lim
it,
m
ath
em
atica
lly
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
a
t
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ile
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ely
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eg
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o
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th
e
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r
e
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h
e
m
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n
etic
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r
e
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s
s
es
ar
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u
r
th
er
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y
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e
im
a
g
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ar
y
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er
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ea
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ilit
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Fig
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r
e
2
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.
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s
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ter
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lar
izatio
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el
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Fig
u
r
e
3
,
wh
ich
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em
o
n
s
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ates
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s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ic
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
ex
tr
em
e
lim
it
(
C
NZ
F0
8
)
p
er
f
ec
tly
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ac
k
s
th
e
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ic
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llap
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e
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th
e
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ea
v
ily
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in
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An
war
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am
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u
r
e
3
(
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an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
th
e
r
ea
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(
′
)
an
d
im
ag
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ar
y
(
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er
m
itti
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it
y
co
m
p
o
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ts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
At
th
e
1
0
MH
z
tar
g
et,
th
e
b
aselin
e
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F
co
r
e
ex
h
ib
its
a
d
ielec
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ic
lo
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s
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en
t
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ta
n
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ap
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r
o
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ately
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0
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n
tr
ast,
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ea
v
y
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o
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in
n
i
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g
r
ed
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ce
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th
is
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s
s
tan
g
en
t
b
y
o
v
er
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0
%.
T
h
is
m
ath
em
atica
l
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ctio
n
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
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o
b
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o
p
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g
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u
cc
ess
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lim
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n
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u
ctiv
ity
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d
s
u
p
p
r
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in
ter
-
g
r
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lar
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Ver
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h
o
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in
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th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t Q
-
f
ac
to
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t m
ag
n
etic
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
r
o
m
1
0
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k
Hz
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0
0
MH
z
s
h
o
win
g
(
a)
r
ea
l
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
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′
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an
d
(
b
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im
ag
in
ar
y
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er
m
ea
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ilit
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(
′′
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r
ep
r
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g
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ag
n
etic
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o
r
e
lo
s
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es
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
d
is
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er
s
io
n
s
h
o
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g
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th
e
r
ea
l (
ϵ
'
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p
er
m
itti
v
ity
co
m
p
o
n
en
t a
n
d
(
b
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th
e
im
ag
i
n
ar
y
(
ϵ
″
)
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ity
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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&
C
o
m
p
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g
I
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2088
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8
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P
h
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b
a
s
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d
elin
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icke
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ip
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ig
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atu
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e
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a
g
n
etic
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ilit
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ar
am
o
u
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
o
lu
m
etr
ic
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
d
en
s
ity
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m
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eled
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s
th
er
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al
g
r
ad
ien
t
f
r
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Util
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g
th
e
b
o
u
n
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ed
T
R
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u
m
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ical
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o
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ith
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e
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al
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eg
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atio
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ig
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ly
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itted
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ain
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t
h
ig
h
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e
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em
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ir
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ca
tter
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atr
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lis
h
ed
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y
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asp
alis
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a
l
.
[
6
]
,
wh
ich
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
clu
d
ed
an
=
0
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052
v
alid
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am
p
le.
T
h
e
ap
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licatio
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f
b
o
u
n
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e
d
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n
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ain
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h
at
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er
iv
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h
y
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ical
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ef
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icien
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r
em
ain
e
d
s
tr
ictly
with
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r
ea
lis
tic
m
ate
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ial
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its
.
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h
ile
th
e
b
aselin
e
NZ
F
co
r
e
ex
h
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its
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ev
er
e
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al
r
u
n
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tially
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ey
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d
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e
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n
s
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ain
ed
s
im
u
latio
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ath
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atica
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ates
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e
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al
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alley
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h
en
o
m
en
o
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in
th
e
C
o
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alt
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d
o
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e
d
v
ar
ia
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ts
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h
e
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tim
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n
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ir
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s
t
h
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o
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m
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en
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ates
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o
r
th
e
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ativ
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is
o
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o
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en
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r
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s
t
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h
er
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al
eq
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ilib
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i
u
m
zo
n
e
n
ea
r
8
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.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Vo
l
u
m
etr
ic
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o
wer
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en
s
ity
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r
o
s
s
a
co
n
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o
u
s
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er
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al
g
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d
ien
t
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.
3
.
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ua
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y
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a
c
t
o
r
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ba
lt
o
ptim
iza
t
i
o
n
(
"Sweet
Sp
o
t
")
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o
tr
an
s
late
th
e
d
e
r
iv
ed
m
at
er
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
to
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r
ac
tical
o
n
-
c
h
ip
in
d
u
ct
o
r
m
etr
ics,
th
e
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m
p
le
x
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
was
m
a
p
p
ed
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
(
)
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
r
esis
tan
ce
(
)
,
in
clu
s
i
v
e
o
f
DC
win
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
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as
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lo
tted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
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h
ese
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tally
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e
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in
e
th
e
,
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ep
r
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g
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e
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atio
o
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r
ea
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e
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er
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y
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to
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ag
e
to
ac
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
r
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
.
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tab
ly
,
th
e
u
n
d
o
p
ed
NZ
F
b
aselin
e
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
e
AC
r
esis
tan
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
as it a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
e
1
0
M
Hz
o
p
er
atio
n
al
tar
g
et
lin
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
d
u
ct
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
m
etr
ics m
ap
p
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
ep
r
ese
n
tin
g
(
a)
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
r
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t ser
ie
s
r
esis
tan
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
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8
0
5
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1
816
1812
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
p
lo
ts
th
e
f
r
eq
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e
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cy
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d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
Q
-
f
ac
to
r
,
o
v
er
l
aid
with
p
lan
ar
i
n
d
u
cto
r
v
ali
d
atio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
L
ee
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
im
u
lated
b
aselin
e
NZ
F
clo
s
ely
tr
ac
k
s
th
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
at
t
h
e
cr
itical
1
0
MH
z
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
(
≈
11
)
,
m
in
o
r
d
iv
e
r
g
en
c
es
at
lo
wer
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
ar
e
att
r
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
r
ea
liti
es
o
f
L
ee
'
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
lan
ar
g
eo
m
et
r
y
.
T
o
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
o
s
in
g
o
f
C
o
b
alt,
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
s
en
s
i
tiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
at
th
e
1
0
MH
z
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
u
al
-
ax
is
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
m
ap
p
lo
ttin
g
R
ea
l
Per
m
ea
b
ilit
y
(
′
)
an
d
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
s
im
u
lated
C
o
b
alt
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
r
e
v
ea
ls
a
m
ath
e
m
atica
lly
b
o
u
n
d
ed
"sweet
s
p
o
t"
p
ea
k
in
g
clea
r
l
y
at
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
=
0
.
04
(
C
NZ
F0
4
)
.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
d
e
r
iv
ed
m
et
r
ics,
th
e
C
NZ
F0
4
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
p
in
s
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
to
a
h
ig
h
ly
s
tab
le
4
0
MH
z
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
s
a
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
ea
l p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
′
≈
42
.
9
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
C
NZ
F0
5
co
r
e.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
al
b
u
f
f
e
r
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
th
e
im
ag
in
a
r
y
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
(
″
≈
5
.
58
)
,
allo
win
g
th
e
C
NZ
F0
4
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
p
ea
k
Qu
ality
Facto
r
o
f
≈
35
.
5
,
a
n
ea
r
ly
f
o
u
r
f
o
l
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
v
er
th
e
u
n
d
o
p
ed
b
aselin
e.
T
o
co
n
te
x
tu
alize
th
is
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ater
ia
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ar
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m
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m
e
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Fer
r
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ater
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u
r
e
6
.
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lti
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tim
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o
f
th
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ates
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ter
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ates
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[
1
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M
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