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term
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iate
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o
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h
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n
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e
d
e
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a
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rica
l
d
iffere
n
c
e
s:
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c
c
e
ss
in
d
e
o
x
y
ri
b
o
n
u
c
leic
a
c
id
(
DNA
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se
q
u
e
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
si
s
re
a
c
h
e
d
9
1
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9
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2
2
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6
%
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²
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0
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1
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n
d
s
u
c
c
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l
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n
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o
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ra
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m
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g
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a
c
h
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5
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5
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s
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e
lf
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e
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y
sc
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re
s
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se
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y
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6
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9
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m
2
2
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1
±
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7
to
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1
.
3
± 5
.
1
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c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
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4
%
in
c
re
a
se
in
t
h
e
CG
.
K
ey
w
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d
s
:
C
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p
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tatio
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b
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Dig
ital liter
ac
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E
d
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ca
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f
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I
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ar
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d
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ca
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Ped
ag
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g
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in
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o
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T
ea
ch
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tr
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in
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T
h
is i
s
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
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d
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r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
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se
.
C
o
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s
p
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A
uth
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:
Kala
m
p
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r
Z
h
u
m
ag
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lo
v
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Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
B
io
lo
g
y
,
Ab
ai
Kaz
ak
h
Natio
n
al
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Alm
aty
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
E
m
ail: k
alaz
h
u
m
ag
u
lo
v
a@
alib
ag
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mo
d
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b
io
lo
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s
cien
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s
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t
tr
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s
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m
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with
g
en
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p
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lo
m
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in
cr
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tr
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d
itio
n
al
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
1
]
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
p
o
in
t
to
a
g
lo
b
al
d
ec
lin
e
in
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
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.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
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,
PISA
2
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5
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p
h
asizes
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ter
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c
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m
p
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ely
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f
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cu
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r
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t
teac
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ca
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cu
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la
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
em
er
g
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n
c
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o
f
in
d
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s
tr
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f
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-
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tem
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ca
n
ef
f
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tiv
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y
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e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
with
b
io
lo
g
ical
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
3
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
u
n
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e
r
s
ities
co
n
tin
u
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
n
ten
t
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
p
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ialis
ts
wh
o
lack
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
[
4
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
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tatio
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al
to
o
ls
(
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th
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n
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Ar
d
u
in
o
,
an
d
v
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r
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lity
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VR
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in
to
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r
ed
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ca
tio
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r
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s
ca
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ce
in
th
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p
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s
t
-
So
v
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co
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tex
t.
E
x
is
tin
g
tech
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lo
g
ical
p
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d
ag
o
g
ical
co
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ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
PAC
K)
m
o
d
els
in
s
u
f
f
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ac
co
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t
f
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f
r
a
m
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tailo
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C
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tr
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Asi
a
h
av
e
n
o
t y
et
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
R
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d
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N:
2252
-
8
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2
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F
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f fu
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(
S
ymb
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b
a
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)
3543
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
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e
Dep
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t
o
f
B
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p
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ts
o
f
te
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ail
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s
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ce
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
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ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
els
[
6
]
.
W
h
ile
Scien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
o
ld
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
y
n
th
esis
,
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
r
em
ain
s
s
u
p
er
f
icial,
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
r
o
b
o
tics
an
d
co
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
lack
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
b
io
lo
g
ical
co
n
tex
t
[
7
]
.
E
d
u
c
ato
r
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
a
v
o
id
tr
an
s
d
i
s
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
o
jects,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
is
o
latio
n
o
f
b
io
lo
g
ical
co
n
te
n
t
f
r
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m
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
d
esig
n
[
8
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ar
e
av
ailab
le,
th
eir
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
h
in
d
er
ed
b
y
lim
ited
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
[
9
]
.
B
io
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
liter
ac
y
r
em
ai
n
s
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
wo
r
ld
wid
e,
with
ed
u
c
ato
r
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
g
ap
s
in
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
co
r
e
g
en
et
ic
p
r
in
cip
les
th
at
u
n
d
er
p
i
n
b
io
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
C
en
tr
al
Asi
a,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
ex
h
ib
it
f
r
ag
m
e
n
ted
tr
ajec
to
r
ies.
T
ea
c
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
co
n
tin
u
es
to
f
o
cu
s
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
o
n
co
n
t
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
wh
ile
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
r
ec
eiv
e
m
in
im
al
at
ten
tio
n
.
T
ea
c
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
g
r
a
d
u
ate
b
io
lo
g
y
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
w
h
o
lack
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
liter
ac
y
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ai
n
in
g
e
m
p
h
asizes
co
n
ten
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
s
k
ill
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
wh
o
ar
e
u
n
f
am
iliar
with
Py
th
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
,
Ar
d
u
in
o
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
VR
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
[
1
4
]
.
R
esear
ch
an
d
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ase
d
co
m
p
eten
cies
ar
e
also
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
:
o
n
ly
1
0
%
o
f
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
lea
d
in
g
p
r
o
j
ec
t
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ile
8
2
% we
r
e
u
n
awa
r
e
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
STE
M
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
1
5
]
.
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
i
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
r
ep
r
esen
t
illu
s
tr
ativ
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
g
lo
b
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
d
ig
ital
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
f
ten
e
n
c
o
u
n
ter
r
esis
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
en
t
r
e
n
ch
ed
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
tr
ad
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
itiativ
es
o
f
th
e
Dig
ital
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
n
f
lict
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
cr
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ic
ten
s
io
n
with
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
Attem
p
ts
to
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
f
ac
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
lim
ited
f
am
iliar
ity
with
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
with
b
i
o
in
f
o
r
m
atics to
o
ls
,
an
d
a
lack
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
tr
ain
in
g
in
v
o
lv
in
g
m
o
d
elin
g
s
o
f
twar
e
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
cu
r
r
icu
l
a,
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
te
n
t
co
n
tin
u
e
s
to
b
e
p
r
io
r
itized
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
cies,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
g
r
a
d
u
ates
wh
o
lac
k
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
v
alu
es
cr
itical
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
non
-
s
p
ec
ialis
t
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
ex
ac
er
b
ate
th
e
is
s
u
e
—
b
io
lo
g
y
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
wh
o
ar
e
task
ed
with
teac
h
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics an
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
lack
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
atio
n
ale
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
in
ter
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
:
th
e
r
ap
id
a
d
v
an
c
em
en
ts
in
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
i
o
lo
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
a
p
ar
allel
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tices.
Fu
tu
r
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
o
f
ten
lack
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
l
im
itin
g
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
en
g
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
.
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
e
r
s
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
en
h
an
ce
d
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
s
k
ills
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
b
io
lo
g
ical
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
’
s
u
n
iq
u
e
b
ilin
g
u
al
co
n
tex
t,
p
o
s
t
-
So
v
iet
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
leg
ac
y
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
d
is
p
ar
ities
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
em
p
ir
ica
l
r
esear
ch
tailo
r
ed
to
lo
ca
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
u
n
d
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
s
c
ien
tific
n
o
v
elty
lies
in
it
s
r
eg
io
n
al
s
p
ec
if
icity
—
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
with
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
’
s
b
io
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
is
v
ir
tu
ally
n
o
n
ex
is
ten
t.
I
ts
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
estru
ctu
r
in
g
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tar
g
eted
m
o
d
u
les
(
e.
g
.
,
d
ig
ital
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
AR
/
VR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
b
io
in
f
o
r
m
atics
p
latf
o
r
m
s
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
en
a
b
les
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical,
cu
r
r
icu
lar
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ch
a
llen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els [
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
aim
ed
at:
i
)
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
em
p
ir
ic
al
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
an
in
te
g
r
ate
d
Py
th
o
n
–
Ar
d
u
in
o
–
VR
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
b
i
o
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
;
ii
)
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
p
eten
c
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
o
s
ite
in
d
icato
r
s
;
iii
)
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
s
h
if
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
id
en
tity
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
;
an
d
iv
)
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
STE
M
p
r
ac
tices
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lies
in
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
T
PAC
K
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
b
io
lo
g
ical
d
is
cip
lin
es,
wh
ile
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
r
e
p
licab
le
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
.
Statis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
ig
ita
l
en
g
ag
em
en
t
o
n
co
r
e
T
PAC
K
d
o
m
ain
s
:
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
C
K)
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
PK)
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
K)
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
CK
ex
er
ts
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
te
g
r
atio
n
(
β=0
.
6
2
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ex
p
er
tis
e
en
h
a
n
ce
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
'
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
a
p
tatio
n
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Stru
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
i
tiativ
es
y
ield
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es;
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
r
ep
o
r
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
(
p
=.
0
0
1
,
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize=
0
.
9
5
)
,
wh
ile
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
is
cip
lin
es d
o
n
o
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
eq
u
iv
alen
t g
ain
s
[
2
4
]
.
B
io
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
as
g
lo
b
al
d
e
f
icits
in
b
io
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
liter
ac
y
p
er
s
is
t.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t e
v
en
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
in
co
u
n
tr
ies with
ad
v
an
ce
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as Swed
en
an
d
Sp
ain
,
o
f
te
n
lack
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
g
en
etic
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
m
o
d
er
n
b
io
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
1
]
.
B
io
lo
g
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
f
r
ag
m
en
ted
in
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
alities
:
v
ir
tu
al
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
ar
e
r
ep
lacin
g
h
a
n
d
s
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
5
4
2
-
3
5
5
6
3544
o
n
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
s
,
b
io
in
f
o
r
m
atics
d
atab
ases
ar
e
s
u
p
p
lan
tin
g
tex
tb
o
o
k
-
b
ased
s
eq
u
en
ce
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
au
g
m
en
ted
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
to
r
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
o
lecu
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
No
tab
ly
,
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
ec
ts
f
r
o
m
s
im
u
lated
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
—
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
E
G)
ex
h
ib
it g
r
ea
ter
ti
m
e
-
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
[
2
5
]
.
B
io
lo
g
ical
STE
M
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
esis
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
p
er
atio
n
ali
za
tio
n
with
in
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cy
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
Stu
d
ies
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
b
io
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
o
f
ten
lack
well
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
h
o
w
to
o
r
g
a
n
ize
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
in
in
te
r
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
STE
M
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
-
t
h
eo
r
ized
an
d
u
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
;
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
e
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
ten
d
to
r
ely
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al,
teac
h
e
r
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
m
eth
o
d
s
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
v
alid
ated
alter
n
ativ
es
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
ated
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
iSTE
M
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
2
7
]
,
y
et
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
S
T
E
M
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
teac
h
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
E
x
is
tin
g
ev
a
lu
atio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
p
r
im
ar
ily
ca
p
tu
r
e
g
en
er
al
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
f
ail
to
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
th
e
i
n
ter
d
is
cip
lin
a
r
y
s
y
n
th
esis
ess
en
tial to
b
io
lo
g
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
d
e
f
icien
cies
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
is
o
latio
n
.
E
x
is
tin
g
STE
M
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
o
v
er
lo
o
k
th
e
d
u
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
b
io
lo
g
y
as
b
o
th
an
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
an
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
ci
en
ce
.
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ten
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
g
en
er
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
r
ath
e
r
th
an
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
et
en
cies.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
f
ten
lac
k
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
lin
k
in
g
s
u
b
ject
-
m
atter
ex
p
er
tis
e
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
;
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
ten
d
s
to
f
r
ag
m
e
n
t
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
ath
er
th
an
s
y
n
th
esize
th
em
.
C
o
m
p
eten
cy
m
o
d
els
tailo
r
ed
to
b
io
l
o
g
y
r
em
ai
n
ab
s
en
t,
with
e
x
is
tin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
ch
em
is
tr
y
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
b
io
lo
g
y
teac
h
er
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
n
o
lo
n
g
er
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ap
id
p
r
o
g
r
es
s
in
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
io
lo
g
y
n
ec
ess
itate
s
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ev
o
lu
tio
n
.
Pro
s
p
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
o
f
ten
lac
k
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
in
ter
d
is
cip
li
n
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
lim
itin
g
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
to
en
g
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
wh
o
m
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
n
s
titu
te
a
n
atu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
av
en
u
e
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
,
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
o
te
n
tial r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
b
io
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
d
ev
alu
ate
an
in
teg
r
ated
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
o
d
el
aim
ed
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
b
io
l
o
g
y
teac
h
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
STE
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
R
esear
ch
task
s
:
i)
to
d
esig
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
m
er
g
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
to
o
ls
(
Py
th
o
n
/Ar
d
u
in
o
)
with
b
io
l
o
g
i
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lev
el
;
ii)
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
VR
/AR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
-
b
ased
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
b
i
o
in
f
o
r
m
atics
p
latf
o
r
m
s
in
b
io
l
o
g
y
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
;
iii)
to
q
u
a
n
titativ
ely
ev
alu
ate
ch
an
g
es
in
CK
,
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
liter
ac
y
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
;
an
d
iv
)
to
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
s
h
if
ts
in
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
e
r
s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
v
iews,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
ic
a
l
f
ra
m
ew
o
rk
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
m
i
x
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
,
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
with
q
u
alitativ
e
ex
p
lo
r
ati
o
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
.
Pre
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
test
in
g
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ev
alu
ate
g
ain
s
in
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Sem
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews
ca
p
tu
r
ed
s
h
if
ts
in
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
STE
M
-
r
elate
d
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
atic
an
aly
s
is
was a
p
p
lied
to
n
ar
r
ati
v
e
d
ata
to
id
e
n
tify
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
p
atter
n
s
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
th
em
e
s
.
T
h
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
with
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
aim
s
.
Ob
jectiv
e
1
r
elies
o
n
q
u
alitativ
e
ex
p
er
t
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
;
s
u
ch
a
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
,
as
n
u
m
er
ical
in
d
icato
r
s
alo
n
e
ca
n
n
o
t
ad
e
q
u
ately
ca
p
t
u
r
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
h
e
r
en
ce
.
Ob
jectiv
es
2
an
d
3
ar
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
en
ab
lin
g
s
tatis
tica
l
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ob
jectiv
e
4
co
m
b
in
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
ca
les
with
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews;
th
is
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
c
h
an
g
es
in
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
alo
n
g
s
id
e
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Alig
n
m
e
n
t b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es a
n
d
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
I
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
D
a
t
a
t
y
p
e
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
1
(
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s)
Ex
p
e
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f fu
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3545
Ob
s
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v
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to
c
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ed
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m
en
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e
h
av
io
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tr
a
n
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f
o
r
m
atio
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s
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lab
o
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at
o
r
y
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ess
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s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
e
co
r
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
te
r
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iews
was
d
r
i
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en
b
y
th
e
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ee
d
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ca
p
t
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p
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ticip
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ts
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s
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b
jectiv
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
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atio
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al
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
;
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
o
b
ject
iv
e
4
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
e
n
ab
led
o
b
jectiv
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ts
:
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
ac
tu
al
b
eh
av
io
r
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ed
as
an
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
ev
i
d
en
ce
.
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
ch
ec
k
lis
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t o
f
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
ten
d
is
tin
ct
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
d
icato
r
s
.
2
.
2
.
Study
des
ig
n
2
.
2
.
1
.
B
a
s
eline
a
s
s
es
s
m
ent
(
wee
k
s
1
–
2)
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
a
2
0
-
wee
k
p
er
io
d
,
f
r
o
m
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
4
to
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
5
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
a
s
s
ig
n
ed
to
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
(
n
=
6
2
)
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
n
=
6
2
)
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
itial
b
aselin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
h
ase
(
week
s
1
–
2
)
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
co
lle
ctio
n
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata.
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
b
aselin
e
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
estab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
test
s
,
s
elf
-
as
s
ess
m
en
t
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
I
nte
rv
ent
io
n
ph
a
s
e
(
wee
k
s
3
–
1
4
)
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
(
we
e
k
s
3
–
1
4
)
,
d
i
f
f
er
en
tiated
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
EG
en
g
ag
ed
in
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
Py
th
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
,
Ar
d
u
in
o
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
an
d
VR
/AR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
EG
atten
d
ed
wee
k
ly
th
r
ee
-
h
o
u
r
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ess
io
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
C
G)
r
ec
eiv
ed
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
lectu
r
e
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
d
d
id
ac
tic
Po
wer
Po
in
t
lectu
r
es
(
1
0
8
m
in
u
tes/
6
0
%
o
f
class
tim
e)
,
th
e
o
r
etica
l
s
em
in
ar
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
(
4
5
m
in
u
tes/
2
5
%),
an
d
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ess
io
n
s
u
tili
zin
g
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
an
d
p
r
e
-
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
s
am
p
les
(
2
7
m
in
u
tes/
1
5
%).
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
in
th
e
CG
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
ad
h
er
ed
to
ex
p
l
an
ato
r
y
-
illu
s
tr
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
4
7
%),
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
3
1
%),
a
n
d
p
ar
tially
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
(
2
2
%).
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
was
lim
ited
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
jecto
r
s
,
d
ig
ital
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
with
m
in
im
al
d
ir
ec
t
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
o
r
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
m
an
i
p
u
latio
n
.
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
p
r
im
ar
il
y
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
wr
itten
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
(
6
5
%)
an
d
o
r
al
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
(
3
5
%),
with
n
o
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ci
es.
2
.
2
.
3
.
P
ro
j
ec
t
wo
r
k
(
1
5
–
1
6
w
ee
k
s
)
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
p
h
ase
(
wee
k
s
1
5
–
1
6
)
,
b
o
th
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
CG
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
o
jects
in
teg
r
atin
g
b
io
lo
g
ica
l
co
n
ce
p
ts
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
i
n
clu
d
ed
d
eo
x
y
r
ib
o
n
u
clei
c
ac
id
(
DNA)
b
ar
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
n
e
two
r
k
s
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
elin
g
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es.
Par
ticip
an
ts
also
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
c
es
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
A
R
m
o
d
els
o
f
ce
llu
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
Py
th
o
n
-
b
ased
p
h
y
l
o
g
en
etic
an
aly
s
is
to
o
ls
,
an
d
Ar
d
u
in
o
-
p
o
wer
e
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
2.
2
.
4
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
a
f
t
er
t
he
inte
rv
ent
io
n (
1
7
t
h we
e
k
)
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
h
ase
(
wee
k
1
7
)
in
v
o
lv
e
d
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
id
en
tical
to
th
e
in
itial
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
r
ee
tr
ain
ed
ex
p
er
ts
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
ev
al
u
ated
s
u
b
ject
k
n
o
wled
g
e
test
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
,
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
d
esig
n
ar
tifa
cts.
I
n
t
er
-
r
ater
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
h
ig
h
(
κ=
0
.
8
9
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
ex
p
er
t e
v
alu
atio
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
5
.
Co
llect
io
n o
f
qu
a
lita
t
iv
e
da
t
a
(
wee
k
s
1
8
–
19)
I
n
th
e
f
if
th
p
h
ase
(w
ee
k
s
1
8
–
1
9
)
,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
in
ter
v
iews
(
las
tin
g
4
5
–
6
0
m
in
u
tes)
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
am
in
e
ch
an
g
es
in
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
’
ex
p
er
ien
tial
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
ject
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
4
0
item
s
,
wh
ich
h
a
d
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ilo
t te
s
tin
g
in
v
o
lv
in
g
4
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
wer
e
n
o
t p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le.
2
.
2
.
6
.
O
bs
er
v
a
t
io
n sta
g
e
(
2
0
t
h we
ek
)
T
h
e
s
ix
th
p
h
ase
(
wee
k
2
0
)
in
v
o
lv
ed
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
E
ig
h
t
tr
ain
ed
o
b
s
er
v
er
s
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
a
to
tal
o
f
2
4
8
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
less
o
n
s
(
f
o
u
r
p
er
p
a
r
ticip
an
t)
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ch
ec
k
lis
ts
.
Ob
s
er
v
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
en
s
u
r
e
d
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
in
t
er
-
co
d
er
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t,
ac
h
iev
in
g
9
2
% c
o
n
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
a
cr
o
s
s
co
d
in
g
ca
teg
o
r
ies p
r
io
r
t
o
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
2
.
3
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
ajo
r
in
g
in
b
io
lo
g
y
at
th
r
ee
r
eg
io
n
al
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2
0
2
4
–
2
0
2
5
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
:
Ab
ai
Kaz
ak
h
N
atio
n
al
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Pav
lo
d
ar
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
So
u
th
Ka
za
k
h
s
tan
State
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
U
n
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l
a
r
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t
r
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c
t
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r
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u
si
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g
V
R
.
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
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W
h
i
c
h
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n
st
i
t
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t
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p
p
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w
o
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b
l
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i
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d
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M
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g
r
a
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r
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S
y
n
t
h
e
si
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o
f
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e
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l
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c
t
i
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r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
e
a
si
g
n
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f
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c
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c
o
n
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p
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l
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i
f
t
t
h
a
t
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
u
r
se
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Su
b
ject
-
m
atter
k
n
o
wled
g
e
wa
s
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
a
4
0
-
item
test
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
tea
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
iter
ativ
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Pi
lo
t
test
in
g
in
v
o
lv
in
g
4
5
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
o
t
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
t
h
e
m
a
in
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
y
i
eld
in
g
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
o
f
0
.
8
7
.
R
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
ev
alu
ated
b
y
th
r
ee
ex
p
e
r
ts
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
iz
ed
r
u
b
r
ics.
Dis
cr
ep
an
cies
am
o
n
g
ev
alu
at
o
r
s
wer
e
r
eso
lv
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
-
b
ased
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
f
in
al
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
r
ate
o
f
9
4
%.
T
h
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
th
r
ee
s
u
b
s
ca
les.
T
h
e
Mo
lecu
lar
b
io
lo
g
y
s
u
b
s
ca
le
(
1
5
item
s
)
ev
alu
ated
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
g
en
eti
c
an
d
b
io
ch
em
ical
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
ec
o
lo
g
y
s
u
b
s
ca
le
(
1
2
item
s
)
ass
es
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
in
k
in
g
co
m
p
ete
n
cies,
wh
ile
th
e
p
h
y
s
i
o
lo
g
y
s
u
b
s
ca
le
(
1
3
item
s
)
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
o
r
g
an
is
m
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
L
ess
o
n
ev
alu
atio
n
r
u
b
r
ics
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
o
u
r
p
r
im
ar
y
asp
ec
ts
:
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
STE
M,
wh
ic
h
r
ef
lecte
d
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
e;
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
,
wh
ich
ca
p
tu
r
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es;
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
,
w
h
ich
ad
d
r
ess
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les
an
d
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
;
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asized
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
au
th
en
tic
task
s
an
d
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
m
atr
ices
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
o
class
if
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
co
m
p
eten
cies
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
lev
els
f
o
r
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
o
f
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
o
jects
was
ev
alu
ated
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
t
p
an
el
b
ased
o
n
a
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
o
r
ig
i
n
ality
,
tech
n
ic
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
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2252
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8
8
2
2
F
o
r
ma
tio
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r
o
fess
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a
l c
o
mp
eten
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f fu
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io
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tea
ch
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b
a
s
ed
o
n
S
TEM
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(
S
ymb
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t I
b
a
d
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lla
)
3547
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
id
en
tifie
d
f
o
u
r
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
th
at
ex
p
lain
ed
6
7
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
:
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
o
r
i
en
tatio
n
(
2
4
.
1
%),
tech
n
ical
s
e
lf
-
ef
f
icac
y
(
1
9
.
7
%),
i
n
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
1
4
.
2
%),
a
n
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
(
9
.
3
%).
R
esp
o
n
s
e
m
o
d
elin
g
en
ab
le
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
u
s
in
g
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
y
ield
in
g
a
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lt
(
W
ilk
s
’
λ
=0
.
3
1
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
CG
r
esp
o
n
s
es
clu
s
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
t
r
a
d
itio
n
al
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
,
wh
ile
EG
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ef
lecte
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
i
n
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
aw
ar
en
ess
.
2
.
5
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Par
am
etr
ic
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
ass
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
wh
ich
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
Sh
ap
i
r
o
–
W
ilk
test
s
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
.
I
n
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
t
-
test
s
wer
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
b
e
twee
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wh
ile
p
air
e
d
t
-
t
ests
as
s
ess
ed
with
in
-
g
r
o
u
p
c
h
an
g
es.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
)
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
to
q
u
an
tify
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
.
No
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
alter
n
ati
v
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
Ma
n
n
–
W
h
itn
ey
U
test
an
d
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
s
ig
n
ed
-
r
an
k
test
,
wer
e
ap
p
lied
t
o
o
r
d
in
al
d
ata
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
s
ca
led
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
test
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
e
x
am
in
e
ca
teg
o
r
ical
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
task
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
icato
r
s
.
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
wer
e
c
o
m
p
u
ted
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
d
o
m
ain
s
.
M
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
els
wer
e
ap
p
lie
d
to
p
r
ed
ict
p
r
o
ject
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
s
co
r
es
b
ased
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
r
elate
d
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
d
in
g
,
with
in
ter
-
r
ater
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
κ=
0
.
8
3
)
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
em
atic
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
Statis
tical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
(
v
.
2
8
)
a
n
d
R
(
v
.
4
.
3
)
,
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
et
at
α
=0
.
0
5
f
o
r
all
in
f
er
en
tial c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
2
.
6
.
E
t
hica
l
is
s
ues
Prio
r
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
al
eth
ics
r
ev
iew
b
o
ar
d
.
As
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
a
d
etailed
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
th
e
r
ig
h
t
t
o
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
s
tag
e,
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
p
lace
.
I
d
e
n
tify
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
r
ep
lace
d
w
ith
an
o
n
y
m
ized
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t
co
d
es,
an
d
all
d
ig
ital
r
ec
o
r
d
s
wer
e
en
c
r
y
p
ted
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
R
is
k
m
itig
atio
n
was
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
g
r
a
d
u
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
k
ills
an
d
t
h
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Pu
b
licatio
n
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
s
p
ec
if
ied
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
ag
g
r
eg
ated
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
with
all
in
d
iv
id
u
al
o
u
tc
o
m
es a
n
o
n
y
m
ized
.
2
.
7
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
ic
a
l
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
d
id
n
o
t
allo
w
f
o
r
f
u
ll
r
an
d
o
m
izat
io
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
elf
-
s
elec
tio
n
b
ias
m
ay
h
a
v
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le’
s
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
—
r
estricte
d
to
a
s
in
g
l
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
eg
io
n
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
—
lim
it
s
th
e
g
en
er
aliz
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
1
2
-
w
ee
k
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
m
ay
b
e
i
n
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
eten
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Ob
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er
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u
r
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n
s
tr
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s
m
ay
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e
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tr
ib
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ted
to
in
f
la
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p
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o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
et
r
ics.
Self
-
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ted
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r
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o
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s
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f
icac
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tr
o
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ce
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
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o
f
s
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cial
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esira
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b
ias.
Un
eq
u
al
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s
to
tech
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o
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ts
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o
f
lab
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ato
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y
en
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m
e
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ts
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o
p
p
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t p
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t
h
e
b
r
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d
th
o
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ele
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t c
o
m
p
eten
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ies.
Desp
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ter
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ater
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s
s
u
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ter
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Ad
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ally
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th
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ten
s
ity
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r
ce
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tili
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eq
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ip
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en
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ts
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s
tr
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ct
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tr
ain
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g
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ch
allen
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es
to
s
ca
lab
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T
h
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lim
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tati
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n
s
p
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v
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tan
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r
ies
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o
r
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ter
p
r
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t
h
e
r
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t u
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er
m
i
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th
e
o
v
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o
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th
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p
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o
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ical
co
n
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s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
B
aselin
e
as
s
es
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m
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led
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n
if
o
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m
ly
lo
w
lev
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o
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h
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ac
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tio
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tio
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ir
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ical
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o
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0
0
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e
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ted
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ad
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x
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with
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t th
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ter
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in
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th
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in
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t
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ly
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th
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ased
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ase
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5
%
v
s
.
0
%)
r
ef
lect
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
EG
ca
lib
r
at
ed
p
H
s
en
s
o
r
s
with
a
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
u
p
to
0
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u
n
its
,
wh
ile
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
ain
tain
ed
an
ac
cu
r
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o
f
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1
°C
o
v
er
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
7
2
-
h
o
u
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
AR
ce
ll
m
o
d
els
(
7
7
.
4
%
v
s
.
0
%)
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
s
p
atial
-
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
y
n
th
esis
.
On
av
er
ag
e,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
g
e
n
er
ated
m
o
d
els
in
clu
d
ed
1
4
.
2
ce
llu
lar
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
with
8
7
%
a
n
ato
m
ical
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
an
im
atio
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
illu
s
tr
ated
9
.
3
d
is
tin
ct
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Pro
f
icien
cy
in
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
(
8
3
.
9
%
v
s
.
3
8
.
7
%)
was
ev
i
d
en
t
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
m
an
ip
u
late
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
atasets
;
EG
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
aly
ze
d
d
atasets
co
n
tain
in
g
o
v
er
1
0
,
0
0
0
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
m
o
d
els
with
a
m
ea
n
R
²
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
8
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
eten
cies
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
io
lo
g
ical
an
d
TK
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Sco
r
es
in
th
e
EG
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
4
2
.
2
%
(
f
r
o
m
2
2
.
3
to
3
1
.
7
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
CG
s
h
o
wed
a
1
4
.
9
% im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t (
f
r
o
m
2
2
.
1
to
2
5
.
4
)
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
u
b
ject
k
n
o
wled
g
e
test
in
g
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
EG
p
r
e
EG
p
o
st
C
G
pr
e
C
G
p
o
s
t
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
To
t
a
l
sc
o
r
e
(0
–
4
0
)
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2
.
3
±
4
.
1
3
1
.
7
±
3
.
2
2
2
.
1
±
3
.
9
2
5
.
4
±
3
.
7
<
0
.
0
0
1
1
.
8
9
M
o
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e
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l
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r
B
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8
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1
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2
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3
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1
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6
7
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7
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.
0
9
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1
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9
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0
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0
0
1
1
.
7
6
Ec
o
l
o
g
y
5
.
9
±
1
.
8
8
.
6
±
1
.
4
5
.
8
±
1
.
7
6
.
9
±
1
.
6
<
0
.
0
0
1
1
.
5
2
P
h
y
s
i
o
l
o
g
y
8
.
6
±
2
.
2
1
0
.
8
±
1
.
7
8
.
6
±
2
.
1
9
.
4
±
2
.
0
0
.
0
0
3
0
.
7
8
C
o
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
m
o
lecu
lar
b
io
lo
g
y
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
EG
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ad
v
an
ce
d
f
r
o
m
7
.
8
±
2
.
1
to
1
2
.
3
±
1
.
6
p
o
in
ts
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
5
7
.
7
%
in
cr
ea
s
e,
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
th
e
CG
’
s
p
r
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g
r
ess
f
r
o
m
7
.
7
±
2
.
0
to
9
.
1
±
1
.
9
p
o
in
ts
(
1
8
.
2
%
in
cr
ea
s
e)
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize,
as
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
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F
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f fu
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3549
C
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s
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,
in
d
icate
s
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lar
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e
p
ed
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g
o
g
ical
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
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o
f
a
b
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n
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m
atics
m
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le
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n
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ib
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ted
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o
ta
b
le
k
n
o
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led
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
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:
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
,
s
tu
d
e
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ts
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n
th
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co
r
r
ec
tly
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aly
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8
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%
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ter
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r
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E
c
o
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o
g
i
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a
l
c
o
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e
t
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n
c
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d
m
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o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
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s
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m
(
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I
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t
o
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l
s
.
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o
r
e
s
i
n
th
e
E
G
r
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
5
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9
±
1
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8
t
o
8
.
6
±
1
.
4
(
a
4
5
.
8
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
)
,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
C
G
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m
p
r
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e
d
f
r
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5
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8
±
1
.
7
t
o
6
.
9
±
1
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6
(
a
1
9
.
0
%
in
cr
ea
s
e)
.
Sp
atial
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a
ly
s
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
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em
er
g
ed
:
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2
%
o
f
E
G
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
cc
ess
f
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lly
cr
ea
ted
b
i
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d
iv
er
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ity
h
o
ts
p
o
t
m
ap
s
u
s
in
g
q
u
an
t
u
m
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
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in
f
o
r
m
atio
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tem
(
QGI
S)
,
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d
s
p
ec
ies
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
r
ea
ch
ed
7
1
%
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
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o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
a
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aselin
e
o
f
1
2
%.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
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h
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s
io
lo
g
y
s
h
o
wed
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o
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er
ate
im
p
r
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v
em
e
n
t.
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G
s
co
r
es
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
8
.
6
±
2
.
2
to
1
0
.
8
±
1
.
7
(
2
5
.
6
%),
wh
ile
th
e
C
G
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
8
.
6
±
2
.
1
to
9
.
4
±
2
.
0
(
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with
a
m
ed
iu
m
ef
f
ec
t size
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
=0
.
7
8
)
.
Factu
al
r
ec
all
g
a
v
e
way
to
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y
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tem
ic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
Gen
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
s
in
th
e
EG
in
clu
d
ed
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
to
tr
a
n
s
cr
ip
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
ep
ig
e
n
etic
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
s
in
9
4
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
is
o
lated
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
en
zy
m
es
in
7
8
%
o
f
th
e
CG
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
was
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
:
6
7
%
o
f
EG
s
tu
d
en
ts
ap
p
lied
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
to
ec
o
lo
g
ical
d
atasets
,
an
d
7
3
%
i
n
teg
r
ated
m
o
lecu
lar
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
to
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
task
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ac
h
iev
ed
s
tatis
t
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
f
o
r
m
o
lecu
lar
b
io
lo
g
y
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
y
;
p
=0
.
0
0
3
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
y
)
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
STE
M
-
b
a
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
8
t
o
1
.
8
9
f
u
r
th
er
em
p
h
asize
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
v
er
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
S
T
E
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
co
r
es
(
8
.
7
±
1
.
2
in
th
e
EG
v
s
.
3
.
2
±
1
.
8
in
th
e
CG
)
in
d
icate
a
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
s
h
if
t
in
less
o
n
d
esig
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
6
.
Dis
co
u
r
s
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
in
g
:
less
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
EG
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
4
.
3
±
0
.
8
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
es p
er
to
p
ic,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
1
.
7
±
0
.
5
in
th
e
CG
.
T
ab
le
6
.
C
r
iter
io
n
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
d
esig
n
ed
less
o
n
s
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
EG
(
n
=
6
2
)
C
G
(
n
=
6
2
)
M
a
n
n
-
W
h
i
t
n
e
y
U
-
t
e
st
r
S
TEM
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
0
–
1
0
)
8
.
7
±
1
.
2
3
.
2
±
1
.
8
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
8
4
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
0
–
1
0
)
9
.
1
±
0
.
9
5
.
8
±
1
.
6
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
7
2
D
i
f
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e
r
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n
t
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
0
–
1
0
)
7
.
9
±
1
.
4
6
.
2
±
1
.
5
p
=
0
.
0
1
2
0
.
3
1
A
ssessme
n
t
(
0
–
1
0
)
8
.
3
±
1
.
1
6
.
7
±
1
.
3
p
=
0
.
0
0
8
0
.
3
6
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
f
lip
p
ed
class
r
o
o
m
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
VR
co
n
ten
t
(
ad
o
p
te
d
b
y
8
7
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
)
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
t
h
e
te
m
p
o
r
al
a
n
d
s
p
atial
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ie
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
Prio
r
to
in
-
clas
s
s
ess
io
n
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
ed
in
VR
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
s
a
v
er
ag
in
g
4
7
m
in
u
tes
p
er
lear
n
er
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
tim
e
allo
ca
ted
to
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
class
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
1
2
%,
in
d
icatin
g
h
eig
h
ten
ed
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t in
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Me
taco
g
n
itiv
e
r
ef
lectio
n
was
ev
id
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
lear
n
in
g
a
n
aly
tics
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
9
1
%
tr
ac
k
ed
th
eir
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
r
o
g
r
ess
u
s
in
g
d
ig
i
tal
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
s
,
an
d
7
8
%
r
ep
o
r
ted
ad
a
p
tin
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
b
ased
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
ata.
I
n
te
r
ac
tiv
ity
in
d
icato
r
s
(
9
.
1
±
0
.
9
v
s
.
5
.
8
±
1
.
6
)
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
a
s
h
if
t
in
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
.
C
lick
er
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
en
g
ag
ed
9
1
%
o
f
EG
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
ev
er
y
8
.
4
m
in
u
tes,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
2
3
.
7
m
i
n
u
tes
in
th
e
CG
.
Gam
if
ied
b
io
lo
g
y
task
s
,
co
m
p
leted
at
a
r
ate
o
f
7
6
%,
r
esu
lted
in
a
1
5
6
%
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
v
o
lu
n
ta
r
y
task
co
m
p
letio
n
.
Stu
d
en
t
-
g
en
er
ated
n
ar
r
ativ
es
lin
k
e
d
a
n
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
3
.
7
b
io
lo
g
ical
co
n
ce
p
ts
p
e
r
ass
ig
n
m
en
t.
Pro
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
r
ea
ch
ed
f
u
ll p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
EG
,
with
p
r
o
jects sco
r
in
g
an
av
er
ag
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
r
ati
n
g
o
f
8
.
2
/1
0
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
5
.
1
STE
M
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
CG
p
r
o
jects
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
3
/1
0
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
ly
2
.
2
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
Dif
f
er
en
tiatio
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
(
7
.
9
±
1
.
4
v
s
.
6
.
2
±
1
.
5
)
wer
e
en
ab
led
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
ath
way
s
:
7
3
%
o
f
EG
less
o
n
s
o
f
f
er
ed
th
r
ee
le
v
els
o
f
task
d
if
f
icu
lty
,
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
4
.
2
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
p
er
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
less
o
n
.
As
s
ess
m
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
(
8
.
3
±
1
.
1
v
s
.
6
.
7
±
1
.
3
)
e
x
ten
d
ed
b
ey
o
n
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
test
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
A
u
th
en
tic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
b
ased
ta
s
k
s
r
ep
lace
d
6
8
%
o
f
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
an
d
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
ca
p
tu
r
ed
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
an
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
7
.
3
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
m
etr
ics
r
ev
ea
led
s
tatis
tica
ll
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etw
ee
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
(
U=
4
1
2
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
,
r
=0
.
8
4
)
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
(
U=
5
7
3
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
r
=0
.
7
2
)
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiatio
n
(
U=
1
,
2
4
7
,
p
=0
.
0
1
2
,
r
=0
.
3
1
)
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
(
U=
1
,
0
8
9
,
p
=0
.
0
0
8
,
r
=0
.
3
6
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ically
e
n
r
ich
ed
,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
jects
b
y
ca
teg
o
r
y
r
e
v
ea
ls
a
g
r
a
d
ien
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
en
ess
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
ject
class
if
icatio
n
cr
iter
ia:
th
e
“
h
i
g
h
ly
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
”
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
p
r
esu
p
p
o
s
es
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
≥
5
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es,
an
o
r
ig
i
n
al
tech
n
ic
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
an
d
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
n
tex
t;
th
e
“
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
d
is
cip
lin
e
s
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
;
th
e
“
s
tan
d
ar
d
”
ca
te
g
o
r
y
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
≤
3
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
th
e
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
o
f
estab
lis
h
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
5
4
2
-
3
5
5
6
3550
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
EG
,
3
0
.
6
%
o
f
p
r
o
jects
wer
e
class
if
ied
as
h
ig
h
l
y
in
n
o
v
ativ
e,
4
5
.
2
%
as
in
n
o
v
ativ
e,
an
d
2
4
.
2
%
as
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
I
n
co
n
tr
a
s
t,
th
e
CG
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
0
%
h
ig
h
ly
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects,
1
1
.
3
%
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
,
an
d
8
8
.
7
%
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
jects.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
co
r
es
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Hig
h
ly
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
5
.
7
±
0
.
8
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects in
teg
r
ated
4
.
2
±
0
.
6
d
i
s
cip
lin
es,
wh
ile
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
je
cts in
clu
d
ed
o
n
l
y
2
.
9
±
0
.
5
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
ject
ca
te
g
o
r
ies an
d
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
Sh
if
ts
in
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
attitu
d
e
s
wer
e
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
7
.
An
8
6
.
9
%
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
s
co
r
es
(
f
r
o
m
2
2
.
1
to
4
1
.
3
p
o
in
ts
)
r
ef
lecte
d
a
r
estru
ctu
r
in
g
o
f
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
as
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
v
er
ca
m
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Attitu
d
es
to
war
d
STE
M
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
4
6
.
9
%
(
f
r
o
m
2
4
.
3
to
3
5
.
7
p
o
in
ts
)
,
a
ch
an
g
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
r
ates
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
p
r
o
jects
(
r
=
0
.
7
4
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
B
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
5
4
.
5
%
(
f
r
o
m
2
8
.
6
t
o
4
4
.
2
p
o
in
ts
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
f
u
tu
r
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
STE
M.
No
tab
ly
,
7
8
%
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
c
o
n
cr
ete
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
lan
s
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ju
s
t
1
2
%
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
g
ain
s
in
th
e
CG
(
+2
.
1
/+3
.
4
/+2
.
8
)
wer
e
m
ar
g
in
al,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
ailed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
s
h
if
ts
.
T
ab
le
7
.
I
n
ter
v
iew
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
STE
M
r
ea
d
in
ess
S
c
a
l
e
EG
p
r
e
EG
p
o
st
Δ
C
G
Δ
p
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
S
TE
M
(
0
–
4
0
)
2
4
.
3
±
5
.
2
3
5
.
7
±
3
.
8
+
1
1
.
4
+
2
.
1
<
0
.
0
0
1
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
(
0
–
5
0
)
2
2
.
1
±
6
.
7
4
1
.
3
±
5
.
1
+
1
9
.
2
+
3
.
4
<
0
.
0
0
1
I
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
(
0
–
5
0
)
2
8
.
6
±
5
.
9
4
4
.
2
±
4
.
3
+
1
5
.
6
+
2
.
8
<
0
.
0
0
1
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
1
8
6
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
tatem
en
ts
r
ev
ea
led
p
atter
n
s
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
ed
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
r
ee
c
o
n
c
ep
tu
al
co
r
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t,
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
th
in
k
in
g
(
4
3
%),
was
ev
id
en
t
in
ep
is
tem
o
lo
g
ical
s
h
if
ts
f
r
o
m
f
ac
t
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
to
s
y
s
tem
s
th
in
k
in
g
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
as
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
etwo
r
k
s
r
ath
e
r
th
an
is
o
lated
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
C
r
ea
tio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
em
er
g
ed
,
with
6
7
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
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o
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tr
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DIS
CU
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h
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ts
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r
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e
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r
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lem
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s
o
lv
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g
an
d
cr
e
ativ
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co
m
p
eten
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[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
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r
p
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ep
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r
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ea
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s
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tex
t
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en
t.
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ter
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al
liter
at
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r
e
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at
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ess
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ite
f
o
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[
3
0
]
.
Ho
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r
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th
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tes
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Py
th
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f
icien
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:
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T
h
e
ef
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ec
t
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ize
(
d
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8
9
)
e
x
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o
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e
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le
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al
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A
1
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g
1
4
8
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ig
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f
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ld
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[
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1
]
.
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m
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ch
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ar
k
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r
in
d
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tu
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ies
[
3
2
]
.
“Res
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E
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T
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[
3
3
]
.
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ter
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Sp
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ier
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tco
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es
[
3
4
]
.
A
s
y
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tem
atic
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n
th
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o
f
5
1
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u
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ac
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s
s
2
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e
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iews
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1
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2
4
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in
d
icate
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at
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ize
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ter
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ee
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h
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o
f
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n
ten
t a
n
d
p
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5
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
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th
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PAC
K
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k
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o
r
b
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lo
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ical
STE
M
ed
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ess
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m
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g
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n
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tr
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o
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ain
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ter
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n
s
.
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h
e
p
r
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t
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
in
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r
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n
o
f
s
o
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ltu
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k
n
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at
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d
s
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d
th
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ter
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te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
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p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
,
an
d
co
n
ten
t
[
3
5
]
.
B
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d
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o
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tex
t,
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ig
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T
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in
o
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
b
io
in
f
o
r
m
atics
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
VR
-
b
a
s
ed
m
o
lecu
lar
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
d
em
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
eten
cies th
at
ar
e
in
ad
eq
u
ately
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
g
en
er
alize
d
STE
M
-
T
PAC
K
m
o
d
els [
3
6
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
an
d
co
n
te
n
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
DPAC
K
)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
in
wh
ich
d
ig
ital
cu
ltu
r
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
co
m
p
lem
en
t
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
T
PAC
K.
B
io
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
aster
s
u
b
ject
co
n
ten
t b
u
t
also
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
d
ig
i
talizatio
n
o
f
s
o
ciety
[
3
5
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
a
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
u
tu
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
al
teac
h
er
s
’
T
PAC
K
an
d
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
en
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Pro
ject
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
—
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
1
0
0
%
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
—
ex
em
p
lify
th
is
co
llectiv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
tis
e
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
AI
-
T
PAC
K
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
licates
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
Var
io
u
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
o
m
ain
s
ex
h
ib
it
d
if
f
er
in
g
le
v
els
o
f
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
we
r
,
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
r
elate
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ex
er
tin
g
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
tr
o
n
g
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
.
B
io
lo
g
ical
STE
M
co
m
p
eten
ci
es,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
m
an
if
est
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
ath
er
th
a
n
th
e
ad
d
it
iv
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
d
is
cr
ete
s
k
ills
.
No
tab
ly
,
8
9
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ac
h
ie
v
ed
in
te
r
m
ed
iate
to
ex
p
er
t
-
lev
el
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
Py
th
o
n
as
a
r
esu
l
t
o
f
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
t
o
au
th
e
n
tic
b
io
lo
g
ic
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
f
u
ll
r
an
d
o
m
iz
atio
n
lim
its
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
esta
b
lis
h
a
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ch
an
g
es.
Self
-
s
elec
tio
n
b
ias
m
ay
h
av
e
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
h
ig
h
ly
m
o
tiv
ated
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
EG
;
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
esti
m
ates
o
f
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
m
ay
b
e
in
f
lated
.
T
h
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
(
th
r
ee
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
r
eg
io
n
)
co
n
s
tr
ain
s
th
e
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
o
th
er
C
en
tr
al
Asi
an
co
u
n
t
r
ies
with
d
if
f
er
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ad
itio
n
s
an
d
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
es.
R
ep
licatio
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
Uzb
ek
is
tan
,
Ky
r
g
y
zstan
,
an
d
T
ajik
is
tan
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
lt
u
r
al
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
1
2
-
wee
k
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
te
r
v
en
t
io
n
m
a
y
b
e
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
m
ed
,
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
d
elay
e
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
(
6
–
1
2
m
o
n
th
s
)
,
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
k
ill
r
eten
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ev
alu
ated
.
T
h
e
Haw
th
o
r
n
e
ef
f
ec
t
(
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
e
r
p
r
esen
ce
)
m
ay
h
a
v
e
led
to
in
f
lated
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
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