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Dig
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iate
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K
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w
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s
:
An
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Dig
ital a
d
d
ictio
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Flo
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is
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in
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Ser
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State
hope
T
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C
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Dem
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Dep
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1.
I
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RO
D
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N
I
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to
d
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’
s
d
ig
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ag
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d
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p
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lo
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co
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s
t
an
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in
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.
Dig
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d
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(
DA)
lead
s
to
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u
p
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s
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in
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’
p
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p
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an
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co
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tr
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lled
u
s
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o
f
d
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d
ev
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[
1
]
.
I
n
th
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co
n
t
ex
t,
th
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ad
v
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s
e
ef
f
ec
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o
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DA
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in
d
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’
well
-
b
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av
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b
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wid
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tu
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[
2
]
.
On
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f
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s
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if
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p
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ch
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‘
f
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[
3
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I
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f
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tiM)
h
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m
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R
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f
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An
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[
4
]
.
T
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s
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m
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An
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a
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15
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4
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Au
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20
26
:
289
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m
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ex
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[
5
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.
T
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o
u
r
liv
es
b
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
h
o
w
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ac
ce
s
s
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
s
h
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
o
f
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
co
m
m
o
n
i
n
alm
o
s
t
all
n
atio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
a
d
ee
p
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
ag
e
an
d
o
n
lin
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
et
an
d
o
th
er
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
wid
esp
r
ea
d
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
t
h
an
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
d
u
e
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
[
8
]
.
W
h
en
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
ab
u
s
ed
,
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
m
ea
n
t
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
em
,
b
u
t
in
s
tead
,
th
e
m
ac
h
in
es
s
tar
t
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
p
eo
p
le.
C
er
tain
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
s
o
u
n
d
s
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
p
eo
p
le
to
g
et
d
is
tr
ac
te
d
wh
en
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
an
y
en
d
ea
v
o
r
[
9
]
.
DA
is
s
ee
n
as
a
b
eh
av
io
r
al
is
s
u
e
in
wh
ich
p
eo
p
le
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
eir
im
p
u
ls
es
an
d
p
er
s
is
t
in
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
in
s
p
ite
o
f
an
y
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
r
e
alm
s
o
f
DA
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t
ar
e
th
e
in
ter
n
et
,
o
n
li
n
e
g
am
in
g
,
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices,
d
ig
ital
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
o
ci
al
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
DA
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
f
o
r
ce
th
at
h
as
a
d
ee
p
er
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
o
th
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
civ
i
lizatio
n
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as
a
n
o
tio
n
th
at
is
o
la
tes
p
eo
p
le
a
n
d
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t o
n
m
an
y
f
ac
ets o
f
life
[
1
2
]
.
DA
is
a
b
r
o
ad
co
n
ce
p
t
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
in
ter
n
et,
co
m
p
u
ter
,
g
am
i
n
g
,
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e,
s
o
c
ial
n
etwo
r
k
a
d
d
ictio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
i
m
ilar
d
ep
en
d
en
cies
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
[
1
3
]
.
A
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
an
d
d
r
iv
e
t
o
war
d
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
k
n
o
wn
as
s
tate
h
o
p
e
[
1
4
]
.
W
h
ile
p
eo
p
le
with
lo
w
lev
els o
f
h
o
p
e
m
ay
f
in
d
it h
ar
d
e
r
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
th
o
s
e
with
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
h
o
p
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
t
o
o
b
s
tacle
s
[
1
5
]
.
Hig
h
lev
els
o
f
DA
h
av
e
b
ee
n
lin
k
e
d
to
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
lik
e
s
ad
n
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
h
o
p
eless
n
ess
in
p
eo
p
le,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
[
2
]
.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
u
s
e
lo
wer
s
p
eo
p
le
’
s
h
o
p
es
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tate
h
o
p
e
a
n
d
DA
[
1
6
]
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ad
d
ictio
n
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
i
n
s
tan
t
g
r
atif
icatio
n
wh
ile
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
t
o
war
d
s
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
g
o
als.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
c
o
n
s
cio
u
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
’
h
o
p
e
lev
els
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
eir
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
r
am
i
n
g
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H1
)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es th
at
DA
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
an
d
n
eg
ativ
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
s
tate
h
o
p
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
in
g
—
a
co
n
d
itio
n
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
a
d
is
tin
ct
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
—
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
[
1
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
i
s
th
eo
r
y
,
h
o
p
e
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
as
Sn
y
d
er
d
ef
in
ed
it
—
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
wellb
ein
g
in
a
v
ar
i
ety
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Hig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
h
o
p
e,
as
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
Sn
y
d
er
’
s
p
ar
ad
ig
m
,
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
lin
k
ed
to
b
etter
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
,
s
o
cial,
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
Sn
y
d
er
’
s
h
o
p
e
th
e
o
r
y
s
tates
th
at
p
eo
p
le
with
elev
ate
d
h
o
p
e
tak
e
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e,
g
o
al
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
ev
er
al
way
s
to
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
th
eir
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
s
etb
ac
k
s
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
p
r
e
d
icts
f
av
o
r
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es
lik
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
h
ea
lth
an
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
s
ettin
g
s
,
th
is
u
n
wav
er
in
g
attitu
d
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
n
d
m
ain
tain
s
o
p
tim
is
tic
th
in
k
in
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
clo
s
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
o
p
e
lev
els
[
2
3
]
.
Hig
h
er
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
a
d
ee
p
er
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
ar
e
ty
p
ically
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
ex
p
r
ess
m
o
r
e
h
o
p
e
[
2
4
]
.
Aljaier
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
h
o
p
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
h
ar
d
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
eir
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
Alto
g
e
th
er
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
v
iew
th
at
h
o
p
e
ac
ts
as a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
t
ec
tiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
en
h
an
c
es p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
s
o
cial
asp
ec
ts
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
o
v
er
tim
e
[
1
8
]
–
[
20
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
(
H2
)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es th
at
s
tate
h
o
p
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
.
Valu
in
g
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
as a
n
o
p
tim
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
tate
t
h
at
em
er
g
es f
r
o
m
th
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
two
in
ter
r
elate
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
:
p
er
c
eiv
in
g
o
n
eself
as
v
alu
e
d
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
v
alu
e.
I
n
d
iv
i
d
u
als
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
ein
g
v
alu
ed
b
y
th
e
m
s
elv
es,
b
y
o
t
h
er
s
,
o
r
b
y
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
o
ciety
,
w
h
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
h
a
v
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
cr
ea
te
o
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
v
alu
e
with
in
t
h
ese
ex
ac
t
d
o
m
ain
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
v
alu
in
g
is
m
et,
a
b
alan
ce
m
u
s
t b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
f
ee
lin
g
v
alu
ed
a
n
d
ad
d
in
g
v
al
u
e
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Feelin
g
v
alu
ab
le
(
m
atter
in
g
)
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
d
r
aws
o
n
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
liter
atu
r
e
[
2
8
]
.
B
ein
g
v
alu
ab
le
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
b
ein
g
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
r
m
ak
in
g
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
s
.
Feelin
g
v
alu
ab
le
is
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
ei
n
g
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
th
er
s
a
n
d
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
th
at
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
ca
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
em
.
T
h
e
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
b
ein
g
u
n
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
o
th
er
s
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
as
“
An
tiM
”
[
2
8
]
.
An
tiM
r
ef
er
s
to
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
in
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
,
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
b
y
o
th
er
s
,
a
n
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
n
o
t
b
ein
g
im
p
o
r
tan
t
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
n
o
t
b
ein
g
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
th
er
s
is
a
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
f
o
r
a
n
y
o
n
e
w
h
o
ch
r
o
n
ically
f
ee
ls
u
n
s
ee
n
,
u
n
h
ea
r
d
,
o
r
u
n
ap
p
r
ec
iated
.
Flett
[
3
]
also
ar
g
u
es
th
at
th
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
b
ein
g
u
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
is
q
u
alitativ
ely
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
th
er
s
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
u
n
iq
u
e
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
u
n
lik
e
a
n
y
o
th
er
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
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&
R
es E
d
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I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l a
d
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
a
n
ti
-
ma
t
teri
n
g
:
th
e
s
eria
l m
ed
ia
tio
n
r
o
le
o
f sit
u
a
tio
n
a
l h
o
p
e
a
n
d
…
(
Zeyn
ep
Dem
ir
ta
ş
)
2893
T
h
is
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
b
ei
n
g
wo
r
th
le
s
s
an
d
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
eo
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
lead
in
g
t
o
s
elf
-
h
ar
m
an
d
a
lack
o
f
s
elf
-
ca
r
e,
o
r
a
r
elu
cta
n
ce
to
e
n
g
ag
e
i
n
s
elf
-
ca
r
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
Mo
s
t
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
u
n
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
as
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
s
to
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
[
2
9
]
.
W
h
en
p
eo
p
le
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
em
s
elv
es
as
wo
r
th
less
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
e
v
o
k
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
atten
tio
n
an
d
af
f
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
,
th
ey
ar
e
lik
ely
to
in
ter
n
alize
th
ese
m
ess
ag
es a
n
d
attr
ib
u
te
th
eir
lack
o
f
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
to
a
f
lawe
d
s
elf
-
im
a
g
e
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
ee
lin
g
v
alu
ab
le
r
ef
lects
a
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
war
d
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
wh
er
ea
s
An
tiM
r
ef
lects
a
d
e
f
en
s
iv
e
ten
d
en
cy
a
n
d
a
d
esire
to
p
r
o
tect
o
n
eself
f
r
o
m
n
eg
ativ
e
i
n
ter
ac
t
io
n
s
[
4
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
etr
im
en
tal
s
o
cial
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
A
n
tiM
is
em
o
tio
n
al
n
eg
lect
.
E
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
n
eg
lect
ar
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
f
ee
li
n
g
v
alu
e
d
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t,
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
al
ca
r
e.
E
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
a
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
n
e
g
lect
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
r
ep
o
r
t
d
im
in
is
h
ed
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
a
n
d
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
[
4
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
’
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
An
ti
M
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
f
l
o
u
r
i
s
h
i
n
g
.
Feelin
g
s
o
f
An
tiM
ar
e
o
f
ten
ass
o
ciate
d
with
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
s
u
ch
as
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
,
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
in
a
d
eq
u
ac
y
,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
r
ejec
tio
n
.
Flo
u
r
is
h
in
g
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
is
a
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
co
n
ce
p
t
th
at
e
n
co
m
p
a
s
s
es
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
af
f
ec
t,
an
d
o
v
er
all
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
h
ea
lth
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
An
tiM
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
lev
els
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
an
x
iety
,
a
n
d
s
tr
es
s
,
an
d
n
eg
ativ
ely
a
f
f
ec
t
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
o
v
er
all
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
els
o
f
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
[
2
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
f
ee
lin
g
An
tiM
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lo
n
elin
ess
,
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
,
an
d
lo
w
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
ca
n
p
r
ev
en
t
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
b
e
n
e
f
itin
g
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
lo
w
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
ca
n
lead
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
th
eir
s
o
cial
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
r
ec
eiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
(
H3
)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
at
An
tiM
i
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
an
d
n
eg
ativ
ely
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
f
l
o
u
r
i
s
h
i
n
g
.
Peo
p
le
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
f
am
il
iar
with
b
o
th
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
ien
c
e
o
f
f
ee
lin
g
d
im
in
is
h
e
d
,
ig
n
o
r
ed
,
o
r
em
o
tio
n
ally
n
eg
lecte
d
an
d
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
o
f
b
ein
g
m
a
d
e
t
o
f
ee
l
im
p
o
r
tan
t
a
n
d
ch
er
is
h
e
d
b
y
o
th
er
s
.
Ma
n
y
p
eo
p
le
’
s
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
an
d
s
o
cial
b
elo
n
g
in
g
is
s
h
ap
e
d
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
p
e
r
v
a
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
f
ee
lin
g
u
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
th
er
s
.
“
An
tiM
”
is
th
e
ter
m
u
s
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
s
en
s
e
th
at
o
n
e
is
n
o
t
b
ein
g
tak
en
ca
r
e
o
f
b
y
o
th
er
s
[
2
8
]
.
Peo
p
le
m
ay
in
ter
n
alize
th
ese
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
th
eir
ap
p
ar
en
t
la
ck
o
f
r
elev
an
ce
as
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
h
o
r
tc
o
m
in
g
s
wh
en
th
e
y
b
eliev
e
t
h
ey
ar
e
u
n
wo
r
th
y
a
n
d
r
ec
ei
v
e
litt
le
atten
tio
n
o
r
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H4
)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
DA
an
d
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
in
g
is
s
er
ially
m
ed
iated
b
y
An
tiM
an
d
s
tate
h
o
p
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
e
x
am
in
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DA
o
n
An
tiM
an
d
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
s
er
ial
m
ed
iat
in
g
r
o
le
o
f
s
tate
h
o
p
e
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
i
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
DA
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ca
n
lea
d
to
n
eg
ativ
e
c
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
in
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
d
aily
liv
es
[
1
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
DA
ca
n
d
im
in
is
h
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
s
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
t
t
h
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
An
ti
M
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
h
ea
lth
h
av
e
b
ee
n
em
p
h
asized
[
4
]
.
I
n
p
ar
tic
u
lar
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
ee
lin
g
wo
r
t
h
less
an
d
u
n
n
o
tice
d
in
th
eir
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
[
3
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
at
DA
ca
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
An
tiM
b
y
wea
k
en
in
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
’
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
em
er
g
es
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
s
tate
h
o
p
e
an
d
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
m
a
y
p
lay
a
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
DA
an
d
An
tiM
.
State
h
o
p
e
r
ef
er
s
to
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
p
o
s
itiv
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
an
d
f
ee
lin
g
co
m
p
eten
t
in
a
ch
iev
in
g
th
eir
g
o
als.
H
o
p
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
t
o
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
s
tr
ess
-
co
p
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
5
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
well
-
b
ei
n
g
is
a
b
r
o
ad
co
n
ce
p
t
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
b
o
th
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
s
o
cial
h
ea
lth
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
e
m
o
tio
n
s
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
.
T
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
DA
,
An
tiM
,
s
tate
h
o
p
e,
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
will
b
e
test
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DA
on
An
tiM
is
m
ed
iated
b
y
s
tate
h
o
p
e
an
d
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
to
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
ca
n
h
elp
d
ev
elo
p
a
d
e
ep
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
DA
,
as
well
as
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als to
co
p
e
with
DA
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
co
r
r
elat
io
n
al
d
esig
n
a
n
d
u
tili
ze
d
p
a
r
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
v
a
r
iab
les.
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nt
a
nd
pro
c
edure
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
ed
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
y
u
s
ed
Go
o
g
l
e
Fo
r
m
s
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
At
t
h
e
v
e
r
y
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
th
at
th
ey
co
u
ld
with
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
at
an
y
tim
e.
Sin
ce
th
e
f
o
r
m
d
i
d
n
o
t
allo
w
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata,
4
6
1
v
o
lu
n
te
er
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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Vo
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15
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Au
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20
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v
ar
io
u
s
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
in
T
u
r
k
ey
co
m
p
leted
it.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
wer
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
ter
tiar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
9
9
m
ales
an
d
3
6
2
f
em
ales,
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
.
Du
r
in
g
s
am
p
le
s
elec
tio
n
,
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
v
er
th
e
ag
e
o
f
4
0
an
d
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
in
ce
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
im
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
m
ay
d
if
f
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
b
etwe
en
y
o
u
n
g
er
ad
u
lts
a
n
d
o
ld
er
in
d
i
v
id
u
als.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
f
o
r
t
h
eir
ag
e
was
2
1
.
0
0
(
SD:
2
.
5
5
;
r
an
g
e
1
7
-
4
0
)
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
ad
e
r
s
(
n
=1
7
9
;
3
8
.
8
%
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
ir
d
g
r
ad
er
s
(
n
=1
3
3
;
2
8
.
9
%),
f
o
u
r
th
g
r
ad
er
s
(
n
=
9
5
;
2
0
.
6
%),
an
d
f
ir
s
t
g
r
ad
er
s
(
n
=5
4
;
1
1
.
7
%).
T
h
e
to
p
th
r
e
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
s
tu
d
ied
at
ar
e
class
r
o
o
m
teac
h
in
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
(
n
=
1
1
6
)
,
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
n
=7
5
)
,
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
ellin
g
(
n
=5
7
)
.
Sam
p
le
s
ize
ad
eq
u
ac
y
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
G*
Po
wer
3
.
1
[
3
1
]
.
An
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
o
f
f
2
=0
.
0
3
,
α
=
0
.
0
5
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el,
a
n
d
0
.
8
0
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
6
8
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
An
tiM
; 3
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
6
1
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ex
ce
ed
s
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
an
d
is
d
ee
m
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
t
[
3
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
M
ea
s
ures
2
.
2
.
1
.
Dig
it
a
l
a
dd
ict
io
n sca
le
(
DAS)
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
a
d
d
ictio
n
s
ca
le
(
D
AS)
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
0
item
s
,
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Seem
a
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
an
d
ad
ap
ted
i
n
to
T
u
r
k
is
h
b
y
Ar
s
la
n
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
7
-
p
o
in
t
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
t
o
r
L
ik
e
r
t
-
ty
p
e
s
ca
le
h
as
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
“n
ev
e
r
”
to
“a
lway
s
”
an
d
h
as
n
o
r
ev
er
s
e
-
co
d
e
d
item
s
.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
th
at
item
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
0
.
4
5
an
d
0
.
7
1
,
an
d
th
e
s
ca
le
ex
p
lain
ed
7
0
.
9
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
.
I
t
is
also
h
ig
h
ly
r
eliab
le,
with
an
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
8
7
.
Fit
v
alu
es
(
n
o
r
m
ed
f
it
in
d
ex
(
NFI
)
=0
.
8
7
;
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
ed
f
it
in
d
ex
(
NNFI
)
=0
.
8
4
;
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
C
FI
)
=0
.
8
8
;
in
cr
e
m
en
t
al
f
it
in
d
ex
(
I
FI
)
=0
.
8
8
;
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR
)
=0
.
0
9
;
r
elativ
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
R
FI
)
=0
.
8
3
)
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
a
d
ap
ted
v
er
s
io
n
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
s
am
p
le.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Ant
i
-
m
a
t
t
er
ing
s
ca
le
(
Ant
iM
s
)
T
h
e
an
ti
-
m
atter
in
g
s
ca
le
(
An
ti
Ms)
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Flett
e
t
a
l.
[
2
8
]
.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
r
eliab
i
lity
o
f
th
e
An
tiMs,
Flett
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
u
s
ed
m
u
ltip
le
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
(
α
=0
.
8
6
,
0
.
9
1
,
0
.
9
2
,
0
.
8
5
,
0
.
7
7
)
.
Uy
la
s
[
3
5
]
ad
ap
ted
th
e
s
ca
le
in
to
T
u
r
k
is
h
,
an
d
th
e
f
i
v
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
-
ty
p
e
ad
a
p
ted
v
er
s
io
n
h
as
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
“
n
ev
er
”
to
“a
lw
ay
s
”.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
ca
le,
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
f
iv
e
item
s
in
a
s
in
g
le
f
ac
t
o
r
,
is
h
ig
h
ly
r
eliab
le
(
α
=
0
.
8
9
)
a
n
d
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
7
0
%
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
v
ar
ian
ce
.
Fi
t
v
alu
es
(
NFI
=
1
.
0
0
;
NNFI
=
0
.
9
9
;
C
FI=
1
.
0
0
;
I
FI=
1
.
0
0
;
SR
MR=
0
.
0
1
3
;
R
FI=
0
.
9
9
)
also
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
ad
ap
ted
s
ca
le
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
s
am
p
le.
2
.
2
.
3
.
Sta
t
e
ho
pe
s
ca
le
(
SH
S)
T
h
e
s
tate
h
o
p
e
s
ca
le
(
SHS)
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Ak
ı
n
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ix
item
s
in
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
8
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
-
ty
p
e
SHS
h
as
n
o
r
ev
e
r
s
e
-
co
d
e
d
item
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
“to
tally
wr
o
n
g
”
to
“
to
tally
tr
u
e”
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
a
l
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
ca
le
is
0
.
7
4
,
a
n
d
f
it
v
al
u
es
a
r
e:
χ²=
1
3
.
4
4
;
d
f
=9
;
p
=0
.
1
4
3
7
8
;
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
=0
.
0
3
5
;
NFI
=
0
.
9
8
;
C
FI=
0
.
9
9
;
I
FI=
0
.
9
9
;
R
FI=
0
.
9
6
;
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it in
d
ex
(
GFI
)
=0
.
9
9
; a
n
d
SR
MR=0
.
0
2
7
)
.
2
.
2
.
4
.
F
lo
uris
hin
g
s
ca
le
(
F
S
)
T
h
e
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
s
ca
le
(
FS
)
b
y
Ak
ın
an
d
Fid
an
[
3
7
]
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
8
item
s
,
all
lo
ad
in
g
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
7
-
p
o
in
t L
ik
er
t
-
ty
p
e
FS
h
as n
o
r
ev
er
s
e
-
co
d
ed
item
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
“stro
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
”
t
o
“stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
ca
le
is
0
.
8
3
,
an
d
f
it
v
al
u
es
ar
e
χ²=
4
8
.
8
0
,
d
f
=1
8
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
,
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
6
,
NFI
=
0
.
9
7
,
C
FI=
0
.
9
8
,
I
FI=
0
.
9
8
,
R
FI=
0
.
9
6
,
GFI
=
0
.
9
7
,
an
d
SR
MR=
0
.
0
3
8
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Du
r
in
g
th
e
an
aly
s
es,
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
em
p
lo
y
e
d
I
B
M
SP
SS
S
tatis
tic
s
2
3
[
3
8
]
f
o
r
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
d
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
Sm
ar
tPLS
3
[
3
9
]
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
SEM
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
test
ed
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
PL
S
-
SEM
,
wh
ich
is
a
v
ar
ian
ce
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
,
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
m
o
d
els
h
a
v
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
is
also
s
u
itab
le
ev
en
f
o
r
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
izes
an
d
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
all
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ata
[
4
0
]
.
Un
lik
e
co
v
ar
ian
ce
-
b
ased
SEM
,
PLS
-
SEM
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
is
well
-
s
u
ited
to
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
Sm
ar
tPLS
3
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
f
o
llo
wed
a
two
-
s
tep
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
to
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
An
d
er
s
o
n
an
d
Ger
b
in
g
[
4
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
is
p
ap
er
s
tu
d
ie
d
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
DA,
An
tiM,
s
tate
h
o
p
e
(
SH)
,
an
d
f
l
o
u
r
i
s
h
i
n
g
.
I
t
h
as
also
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
“
s
tate
h
o
p
e
”
an
d
“
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
”
b
etwe
en
“
d
ig
ital
ad
d
ictio
n
”
an
d
“
an
ti
-
m
att
er
in
g
”.
Ser
ial
m
ed
iatio
n
is
s
im
p
ly
a
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
o
r
a
ca
u
s
al
ch
ain
li
n
k
in
g
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
s
,
in
w
h
ich
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
e
d
iato
r
s
[
4
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l a
d
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
a
n
ti
-
ma
t
teri
n
g
:
th
e
s
eria
l m
ed
ia
tio
n
r
o
le
o
f sit
u
a
tio
n
a
l h
o
p
e
a
n
d
…
(
Zeyn
ep
Dem
ir
ta
ş
)
2895
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
P
re
li
m
ina
ry
a
na
l
y
s
is
a
nd
m
ea
s
urem
ent
mo
del
T
h
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
an
al
y
s
is
o
u
tp
u
ts
in
d
icate
th
at
DA
h
as
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
0
9
(
±
1
.
1
2
)
,
An
tiM
h
as
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
of
2
.
4
7
(
±
0
.
8
8
)
,
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
h
as
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
.
0
6
(
±
1
.
0
2
)
,
an
d
SH
h
as
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
.
4
6
(
±
1
.
2
9
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
h
a
v
e
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
with
s
k
ewn
ess
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
-
0
.
3
8
to
0
.
5
2
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
-
0
.
3
1
to
0
.
0
0
,
wh
ich
ar
e
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
a
n
g
e
(
-
2
,
+
2
)
[
4
4
]
.
T
a
b
le
1
h
as th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
m
ea
n
s
(
M)
,
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
(
SD)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
an
d
d
esc
r
ip
tiv
es
N
o
.
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
1
2
3
4
M
SD
1
DA
-
4
.
0
9
1
.
1
2
2
A
n
t
i
M
0
.
2
5
*
-
2
.
4
7
0
.
8
8
3
F
l
o
u
r
i
s
h
i
n
g
-
0
.
1
2
*
-
0
.
4
4
*
-
5
.
0
6
1
.
0
2
4
SH
-
0
.
1
2
*
-
0
.
4
0
*
0
.
7
8
*
-
5
.
4
6
1
.
2
9
*
p
<
0
.
0
1
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
co
r
r
elatio
n
is
b
etwe
en
SH
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
(
r
=0
.
7
8
)
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
wea
k
est
co
r
r
elatio
n
is
b
etw
ee
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
a
n
d
An
tiM
(
r
=
-
0
.
4
4
)
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
cr
ea
ted
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
test
ed
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
in
an
y
r
esear
ch
m
u
s
t
b
e
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le.
T
h
ey
m
u
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
esu
lts
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
w
h
at
th
ey
a
r
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
o
f
th
e
s
ca
les
h
av
e
alr
ea
d
y
c
h
ec
k
ed
th
e
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
ales,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
d
id
a
f
in
al
ch
e
ck
u
s
in
g
Sm
ar
tPLS
3
[
4
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
t
en
cy
(
α
)
,
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F),
a
n
d
h
et
er
o
tr
ait
–
m
o
n
o
tr
ait
(
HT
MT
)
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
av
ailab
le
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Valid
ity
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
Th
e
me
a
su
r
e
H
TM
T
V
I
F
α
A
n
t
i
M
DA
F
SH
1
.
9
0
-
2
.
5
1
0
.
8
7
A
n
t
i
M
1
.
3
7
-
2
.
5
1
0
.
8
7
DA
0
.
2
9
1
.
4
7
-
2
.
2
9
0
.
8
8
F
0
.
5
0
0
.
1
7
1
.
8
8
-
2
.
7
6
0
.
8
9
SH
0
.
4
5
0
.
1
5
0
.
8
8
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
is
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
in
d
icate
s
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
an
d
ev
alu
ates
wh
eth
er
th
e
item
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
am
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
5
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
s
tr
ict
r
u
les
o
n
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
alp
h
a
v
alu
es,
b
y
co
n
v
en
tio
n
,
v
al
u
es
ab
o
v
e
0
.
6
5
ar
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
Mu
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
r
ef
er
s
to
h
ig
h
co
r
r
elatio
n
am
o
n
g
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
VI
F
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
d
to
test
co
llin
ea
r
ity
[
4
8
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
,
v
alu
es b
elo
w
5
ar
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[4
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
is
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
m
o
d
el
in
r
esear
ch
with
u
n
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
le
v
ar
iab
les
[
4
3
]
.
T
o
test
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
ed
th
e
HT
MT
r
atio
.
Sm
aller
v
alu
es
ar
e
b
etter
;
h
o
wev
er
,
v
alu
es
b
elo
w
0
.
9
0
ar
e
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
[
3
9
]
–
[
50
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia,
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
to
o
ls
ar
e
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le.
3
.
2
.
T
he
s
t
ruct
ura
l m
o
del
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
d
ata
u
s
in
g
Sm
ar
tPLS3
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
ey
h
y
p
o
th
esize
th
at
“
s
tate
h
o
p
e
”
an
d
“
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
”
s
er
ially
m
e
d
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
“
d
i
g
ital
ad
d
ictio
n
”
an
d
“
an
ti
-
m
a
tter
in
g
”.
T
h
e
y
also
h
y
p
o
th
esize
th
at
DA
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
An
tiM.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
les;
SH
a
n
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
DA
an
d
An
tiM.
Usi
n
g
th
e
5
0
0
0
-
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als
(
C
I
s
)
,
R
2
,
Q
2
,
an
d
β
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
test
ed
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
u
s
i
n
g
a
9
5
%
CI
.
Path
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
β)
in
d
icate
s
“t
h
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
al
v
a
r
iab
l
e
o
n
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le”
[5
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
(
R
2
)
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
m
u
ch
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
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p
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ed
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e
p
er
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p
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[5
2
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Q
2
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icate
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ed
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elev
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ce
o
f
th
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o
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el
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d
s
h
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e
a
b
o
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0
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3
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I
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2
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icatin
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th
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m
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ig
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es
m
ay
b
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
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o
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e
ca
s
es
[5
5
]
.
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lim
it
to
5
0
0
0
s
u
b
s
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p
le
s
,
th
e
m
o
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el
’
s
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ig
n
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ce
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es
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ed
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s
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ap
p
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T
ab
le
3
in
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icate
s
th
e
d
ir
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t,
in
d
ir
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t,
an
d
to
ta
l e
f
f
ec
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
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C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DA
o
n
An
tiM
is
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
(
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.
2
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
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t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DA
o
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
i
n
g
is
in
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
(
β=
-
0
.
0
4
,
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
DA
o
n
SH i
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t (
β
=
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0
.
1
4
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
th
e
ef
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ec
t o
f
f
lo
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r
is
h
in
g
o
n
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tiM
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
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0
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3
2
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p
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0
.
0
5
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th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
SH
o
n
An
ti
M
is
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
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β
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0
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1
2
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p
>0
.
0
5
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,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
SH
o
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
is
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
(
β
=
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0
.
7
7
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
SH
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
DA
an
d
An
tiM
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
β=0
.
0
3
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
a
cc
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
2
1
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
(
in
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t/
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
)
.
T
h
e
p
ath
m
o
d
el
i
s
av
ailab
le
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
m
e
d
iatio
n
Ty
p
e
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
t
P
a
t
h
β
SD
t
p
CI
D
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
DA
-
>
A
n
t
i
M
0
.
2
2
0
.
0
4
4
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5
3
0
.
0
0
0
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1
2
/
0
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3
1
S
p
e
c
i
f
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c
i
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r
e
c
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M
0
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0
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0
1
1
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3
8
0
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1
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0
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0
0
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3
DA
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>
S
H
-
>F
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>
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n
t
i
M
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
1
2
.
1
2
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
0
/
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0
7
DA
-
>
S
H
-
>
A
n
t
i
M
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
1
.
3
1
0
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1
9
-
0
.
0
0
/
0
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0
4
To
t
a
l
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
DA
-
>
A
n
t
i
M
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
2
2
.
6
4
0
.
0
0
0
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0
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1
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0
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1
1
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0
4
2
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6
9
0
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0
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1
8
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1
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-
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n
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M
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2
5
0
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5
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.
8
2
0
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0
0
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0
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3
5
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0
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1
5
To
t
a
l
e
f
f
e
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t
DA
-
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n
t
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M
0
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2
8
0
.
0
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6
.
7
5
0
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0
0
0
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1
9
–
0
.
3
6
R²
Q²
A
n
t
i
M
0
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2
6
0
.
1
7
SH
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
1
F
0
.
6
1
0
.
3
3
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
ath
m
o
d
el
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
DA
a
n
d
An
tiM
a
n
d
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
er
SH
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
p
la
y
a
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
in
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
clea
r
ly
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
c
h
o
b
jectiv
es.
First,
DA
wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
An
tiM
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
DA
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
SH
a
n
d
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
s
er
ial
m
ed
iato
r
s
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
DA
an
d
An
tiM
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
DA
wer
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
SH
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
n
eg
ativ
el
y
af
f
ec
ted
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
,
u
ltima
tely
lead
in
g
t
o
h
ig
h
er
lev
els o
f
A
n
tiM
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H1
)
p
o
s
ited
th
at
DA
p
r
ed
icted
s
tate
h
o
p
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
ad
d
ic
tio
n
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
p
o
s
it
iv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
.
Hastü
r
k
an
d
Ak
y
ıld
ız
-
Mu
n
u
s
tu
r
lar
[5
6
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
ex
h
i
b
itin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
els
o
f
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
ad
d
ictio
n
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
lo
we
r
lev
els
o
f
h
o
p
e.
Similar
ly
,
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
a
d
o
lescen
ts
h
av
e
r
ev
ea
led
in
v
er
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
ad
d
ictio
n
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
Sta
te
hope
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l a
d
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
a
n
ti
-
ma
t
teri
n
g
:
th
e
s
eria
l m
ed
ia
tio
n
r
o
le
o
f sit
u
a
tio
n
a
l h
o
p
e
a
n
d
…
(
Zeyn
ep
Dem
ir
ta
ş
)
2897
s
u
ch
as
h
ap
p
in
ess
an
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
in
life
[5
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Yıld
ır
ım
an
d
Z
er
en
[5
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
s
e
b
asic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
wer
e
u
n
m
et
an
d
wh
o
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er
ce
iv
ed
lim
ited
s
o
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u
p
p
o
r
t
wer
e
m
o
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e
lik
ely
to
d
is
p
lay
elev
ate
d
lev
els o
f
g
a
m
e
ad
d
ictio
n
.
E
v
id
en
ce
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
h
o
p
e
ar
e
ass
o
ci
ated
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
in
t
er
n
et
u
s
e.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
a
m
o
d
est
n
eg
ativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
al
h
o
p
e
a
n
d
ad
v
er
s
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
in
ter
n
et
u
s
e
[5
9
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
B
łach
n
io
et
a
l.
[
60
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
Face
b
o
o
k
u
s
e
was
n
eg
ativ
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
o
p
e.
C
u
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
in
ter
n
et
u
s
e
a
n
d
s
leep
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
ca
n
also
n
e
g
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
t
h
o
p
e
lev
els
[6
1
]
,
[6
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
it
ca
n
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
a
n
eg
ativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
i
n
ter
n
et
u
s
e
an
d
h
o
p
e.
I
n
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
h
o
p
e
is
v
iewe
d
as
a
f
ac
to
r
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
a
p
er
s
o
n
to
th
eir
g
o
als
an
d
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
th
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
th
ese
g
o
als
wh
ile
b
eliev
in
g
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le
p
ath
way
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
em
.
I
n
th
e
ad
d
ictio
n
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
c
ess
,
h
o
p
e
s
er
v
es
a
d
u
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e:
f
ir
s
t,
it
f
o
s
ter
s
a
n
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
th
at
r
ec
o
v
er
y
is
p
er
s
o
n
-
ce
n
ter
ed
an
d
ac
h
iev
a
b
le,
a
d
u
al
p
r
in
ci
p
le
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
r
e
co
v
er
y
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
ca
r
e
in
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
;
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
g
r
o
wth
-
o
r
ien
ted
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
t
h
at
b
etter
alig
n
f
u
tu
r
e
o
u
tco
m
es with
p
er
s
o
n
al
asp
ir
atio
n
s
[6
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Ç
içek
[6
4
]
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
n
eg
at
iv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
i
g
ital
g
am
e
ad
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
d
ig
ital
g
am
e
ad
d
ictio
n
h
as
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
-
r
ed
u
cin
g
ef
f
ec
t.
Gez
er
’
s
s
tu
d
y
[6
5
]
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
in
g
an
d
DA
lev
els,
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
n
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
v
ar
iab
les.
Kay
a
et
a
l.
[6
6
]
in
d
icate
d
t
h
a
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
lev
els
wer
e
m
o
d
er
ate
an
d
th
eir
DA
lev
els
wer
e
lo
w,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
eir
g
r
a
d
e
p
o
i
n
t
av
er
a
g
es.
Der
in
an
d
B
ilg
e
[6
7
]
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
ter
n
et
ad
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
s
u
b
jectiv
e
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
in
a
d
o
lescen
ts
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
as
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
,
in
ter
n
et
ad
d
ictio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
as
s
u
b
jectiv
e
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
DA
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
Paş
[6
8
]
s
tated
in
h
is
s
tu
d
y
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
DA
lev
els
an
d
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
eir
s
elf
-
esteem
lev
els.
W
o
n
g
et
a
l.
[6
9
]
em
p
h
asized
th
at
in
ter
n
et
ad
d
ictio
n
in
d
ir
ec
tly
h
u
r
ts
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
b
y
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
s
elf
-
esteem
lev
els.
Nin
g
et
a
l.
[
70
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
I
n
ter
n
et
ad
d
ictio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es in
d
iv
id
u
als’
SH
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es th
eir
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
tr
ess
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
h
as si
g
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
b
u
r
n
o
u
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
d
icate
d
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
lev
els
o
f
SH
ar
e
n
e
g
ativ
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
eir
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
s
tr
ess
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
C
h
en
an
d
Sh
i
[7
1
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
in
ter
n
et
a
d
d
ict
io
n
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
n
eg
ativ
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
b
o
th
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
h
o
p
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
e
s
ilien
ce
p
ar
tially
m
ed
iated
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
n
te
r
n
et
ad
d
ictio
n
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
an
d
r
esi
lien
ce
an
d
h
o
p
e
to
g
eth
er
c
o
n
s
titu
ted
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
h
ain
m
ed
i
atio
n
p
ath
way
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H2
)
s
tated
th
at
SH
p
r
ed
icted
f
lo
u
r
i
s
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
W
it
h
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
h
o
p
e
th
eo
r
y
,
h
o
p
e
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
s
tate
b
ased
o
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als’
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
g
en
er
ate
p
ath
way
s
to
war
d
g
o
als
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ag
en
cy
in
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
th
em
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
p
e
s
er
v
es
as
a
d
y
n
am
ic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
th
at
f
o
s
ter
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
r
e
ce
n
t stu
d
y
[
7
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws th
at
h
o
p
e
a
n
d
th
r
i
v
in
g
a
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
er
lev
els
o
f
h
o
p
e
also
r
ep
o
r
t
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
lif
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
7
3
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
eo
p
le'
s
d
r
ea
d
o
f
h
ap
p
in
ess
o
n
th
eir
lev
els
o
f
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
an
d
h
o
p
e
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
b
y
C
h
ak
r
ab
o
r
t
y
an
d
Pan
d
ey
[
7
4
]
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ex
h
ib
ited
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
els
o
f
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
an
d
h
o
p
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
eir
f
ea
r
o
f
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
f
ea
r
o
f
h
a
p
p
in
ess
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
f
ea
r
o
f
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
an
d
h
o
p
e
s
h
o
we
d
m
o
d
e
r
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
in
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
in
Sp
ea
r
m
an
r
h
o
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
f
ea
r
o
f
h
ap
p
in
ess
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
lev
els
o
f
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
an
d
h
o
p
e.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
B
elen
et
a
l.
[
7
5
]
,
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
itial
e
v
id
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
f
ea
r
o
f
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
,
h
o
p
e,
an
d
f
lo
u
r
i
s
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
h
o
p
e
is
lin
k
ed
to
f
ea
r
o
f
h
a
p
p
in
ess
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
less
f
ea
r
o
f
en
g
a
g
in
g
i
n
h
ap
p
in
ess
-
r
elate
d
b
elief
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
g
o
al
s
(
ag
en
cy
)
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ca
p
ac
ity
to
g
en
er
ate
p
ath
way
s
to
war
d
life
g
o
als
(
p
ath
way
s
)
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
in
d
i
r
ec
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
lev
els
o
f
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ay
d
ın
[
7
6
]
,
it
was
s
h
o
wn
th
at
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
al
h
o
p
e
h
ad
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
b
o
t
h
ca
r
ee
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t
o
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
was
also
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
t
o
tal
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
al
h
o
p
e
o
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
we
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
as
well.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
SH
m
ay
en
h
an
ce
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
in
g
b
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
co
p
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
with
c
h
allen
g
es.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
wi
th
th
is
liter
at
u
r
e,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
r
e
v
e
aled
th
at
SH
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
e
ct
o
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H3
)
s
ta
ted
th
at
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
p
r
ed
icted
An
tiM
.
T
h
is
n
o
tio
n
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Flo
u
r
is
h
in
g
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
r
ec
en
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
ies.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
289
1
-
2
9
0
3
2898
th
at
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
is
lin
k
ed
to
m
o
r
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
g
o
o
d
a
f
f
ec
t,
an
d
a
d
ee
p
e
r
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
life
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
s
tr
en
g
th
en
o
n
e
’
s
s
en
s
e
o
f
v
al
u
e
an
d
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
a
n
d
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
less
en
f
ee
li
n
g
s
o
f
An
tiM
o
r
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
[
7
7
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
is
,
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[7
8
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wit
h
h
ig
h
er
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
in
g
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
r
ea
te
r
m
ea
n
in
g
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
ts
alo
n
g
s
id
e
lo
wer
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
lo
n
elin
ess
,
an
d
less
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
tu
d
ies
wi
th
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elat
ed
to
o
p
tim
is
m
,
h
o
p
e
,
an
d
l
o
v
e
o
f
life
-
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
en
g
th
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
elf
-
v
iews
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
[7
3
]
.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
n
etwo
r
k
an
aly
s
es
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
is
n
e
g
ativ
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
all
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
h
ig
h
er
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
lo
w
er
d
is
tr
ess
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
[7
9
]
.
Flo
u
r
is
h
in
g
,
as a
n
in
teg
r
ativ
e
in
d
icato
r
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
,
r
ef
lects
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
in
v
er
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
An
tiM
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
we
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
s
tate
h
o
p
e
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
p
lay
a
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
DA
an
d
An
tiM
(
H4
)
.
Var
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
at
t
h
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DA
on
A
n
tiM
is
in
d
ir
ec
tly
tr
an
s
m
itted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tate
h
o
p
e
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
.
DA
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
th
at
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ts
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
an
d
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
[
1
]
.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
ig
ital
u
s
e,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le,
wea
k
en
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
,
an
d
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
th
at
f
ee
d
s
An
tiM
[
1
6
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
tate
h
o
p
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
le.
R
ec
en
t
r
es
ea
r
ch
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
h
o
p
e
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
ca
n
m
itig
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
DA
.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
h
o
p
e
ac
ts
as a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
co
p
in
g
ab
ilit
ies an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
d
ig
ital
u
s
e
o
n
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
a
n
d
well
-
b
ei
n
g
[7
3
]
.
Flo
u
r
is
h
in
g
also
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
,
en
h
an
cin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
af
f
ec
t,
s
o
ci
al
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
,
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
er
eb
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
An
tiM
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ev
en
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
ig
ital
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
80
]
,
[8
1
]
.
T
a
k
en
to
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
tate
h
o
p
e
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ti
ally
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
DA
an
d
An
tiM
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
eir
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
as b
u
f
f
er
s
ag
ain
s
t th
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital o
v
er
u
s
e.
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
.
First,
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
lle
cted
u
s
in
g
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
wh
ich
m
ay
b
e
s
u
b
ject
t
o
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
i
ases
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
o
b
tain
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
g
e
n
er
al
DA
,
with
o
u
t
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
s
p
ec
if
i
c
ty
p
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
o
r
o
n
lin
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
lth
o
u
g
h
DA
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
An
tiM
,
th
is
ef
f
ec
t
is
in
d
ir
ec
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
tate
h
o
p
e
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
,
as
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
er
v
e
a
s
d
ef
en
s
es
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
o
n
lin
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
Fro
m
a
p
r
a
g
m
atic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
tr
ea
t
m
en
ts
to
less
en
DA
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
h
asize
s
tate
h
o
p
e
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l.
C
o
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
r
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
g
o
al
-
s
ettin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
h
o
p
e
-
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
ac
tiv
ities
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
d
etr
im
en
tal
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
co
m
p
u
ter
u
s
e.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
e
m
p
lo
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
d
esig
n
s
to
b
etter
estab
lis
h
c
au
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
d
ig
ital
ad
d
ictio
n
,
s
tate
h
o
p
e,
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
,
a
n
d
an
ti
-
m
atter
in
g
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
er
ial
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
te
x
ts
m
ay
a
ls
o
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
with
t
h
e
ai
d
o
f
c
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
r
esear
ch
.
Oth
er
m
ed
iatin
g
o
r
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
esil
ien
ce
,
s
elf
-
co
m
p
ass
io
n
,
o
r
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t sh
o
u
ld
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
ei
v
ed
n
o
s
p
e
cif
ic
g
r
an
t
f
r
o
m
an
y
f
u
n
d
in
g
a
g
en
cy
i
n
th
e
p
u
b
lic,
co
m
m
er
ci
al,
o
r
n
o
t
-
f
o
r
-
p
r
o
f
it secto
r
s
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l a
d
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
a
n
ti
-
ma
t
teri
n
g
:
th
e
s
eria
l m
ed
ia
tio
n
r
o
le
o
f sit
u
a
tio
n
a
l h
o
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Date
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1
Feb
r
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2
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.
DATA AV
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1
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.
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[
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[
9
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.
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[
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.
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[
1
2
]
A
.
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.
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p
.
1
2
9
,
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0
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5
,
d
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i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
b
s
1
5
0
2
0
1
2
9
.
[
2
6
]
I
.
P
r
i
l
l
e
l
t
e
n
s
k
y
,
“
M
a
t
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e
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i
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g
a
t
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e
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n
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e
r
sec
t
i
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f
P
s
y
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h
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g
y
,
P
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
,
a
n
d
P
o
l
i
t
i
c
s,
”
Am
e
r
i
c
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
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f
C
o
m
m
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n
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t
y
Psy
c
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y
,
v
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l
.
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5
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n
o
.
1
–
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
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3
4
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2
0
2
0
,
d
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i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
a
j
c
p
.
1
2
3
6
8
.
[
2
7
]
M
.
P
.
S
c
a
r
p
a
,
S
.
D
i
M
a
r
t
i
n
o
,
a
n
d
I
.
P
r
i
l
l
e
l
t
e
n
s
k
y
,
“
M
a
t
t
e
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i
n
g
M
e
d
i
a
t
e
s
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
F
a
i
r
n
e
ss
a
n
d
W
e
l
l
-
B
e
i
n
g
,
”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
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o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
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3
3
8
9
/
f
p
s
y
g
.
2
0
2
1
.
7
4
4
2
0
1
.
[
2
8
]
G
.
L
.
F
l
e
t
t
,
T.
N
e
p
o
n
,
J
.
O
.
G
o
l
d
b
e
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g
,
A
.
L.
R
o
s
e
,
S
.
K
.
A
t
k
e
y
,
a
n
d
J.
Za
k
i
-
A
z
a
t
,
“
Th
e
A
n
t
i
-
M
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
S
c
a
l
e
:
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
,
P
sy
c
h
o
met
r
i
c
P
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o
p
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t
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e
s
a
n
d
A
ss
o
c
i
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t
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o
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s
w
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t
h
W
e
l
l
-
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e
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n
g
a
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d
D
i
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e
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c
e
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t
s
a
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d
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g
i
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g
A
d
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l
t
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
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d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Assessm
e
n
t
,
v
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l
.
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0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
–
5
9
,
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e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
7
3
4
2
8
2
9
2
1
1
0
5
0
5
4
4
.
[
2
9
]
M
.
E.
Et
h
e
r
s
o
n
,
M
.
M
.
S
mi
t
h
,
A
.
P
.
H
i
l
l
,
a
n
d
G
.
L.
F
l
e
t
t
,
“
F
e
e
l
i
n
g
s o
f
N
o
t
M
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
D
e
p
r
e
ssi
v
e
S
y
m
p
t
o
ms
F
r
o
m
a
Te
m
p
o
r
a
l
P
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
:
A
C
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
r
o
ss
-
La
g
g
e
d
P
a
n
e
l
M
o
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d
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a
n
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m
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-
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g
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e
d
P
a
n
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l
M
o
d
e
l
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
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d
u
c
a
t
i
o
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l
Ass
e
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e
n
t
,
v
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l
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0
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
0
–
7
6
,
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2
0
2
2
,
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o
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:
1
0
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1
1
7
7
/
0
7
3
4
2
8
2
9
2
1
1
0
4
9
6
8
6
.
[
3
0
]
K
.
N
e
f
f
a
n
d
C
.
G
e
r
mer,
T
h
e
m
i
n
d
f
u
l
s
e
l
f
-
c
o
m
p
a
s
si
o
n
w
o
rk
b
o
o
k
:
a
p
r
o
v
e
n
w
a
y
t
o
a
c
c
e
p
t
y
o
u
r
sel
f
,
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
n
e
r
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
,
a
n
d
t
h
ri
v
e
.
Th
e
G
u
i
l
f
o
r
d
P
r
e
ss,
2
0
1
8
.
[
3
1
]
F
.
F
a
u
l
,
E.
Er
d
f
e
l
d
e
r
,
A
.
G
.
La
n
g
,
a
n
d
A
.
B
u
c
h
n
e
r
,
“
G
*
P
o
w
e
r
3
:
A
F
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
P
r
o
g
r
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m
f
o
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h
e
S
o
c
i
a
l
,
B
e
h
a
v
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o
r
a
l
,
a
n
d
B
i
o
me
d
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
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n
c
e
s,
”
Be
h
a
v
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o
r
Re
s
e
a
r
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h
Me
t
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o
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s
,
v
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l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
–
1
9
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
7
5
8
/
B
F
0
3
1
9
3
1
4
6
.
[
3
2
]
J.
C
o
h
e
n
,
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
f
o
r t
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
1
9
8
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
0
2
0
3
7
7
1
5
8
7
.
[
3
3
]
R
.
S
e
e
ma,
M
.
H
e
i
d
met
s
,
K
.
K
o
n
st
a
b
e
l
,
a
n
d
E.
V
a
r
i
k
-
M
a
a
si
k
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
V
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
A
d
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
S
c
a
l
e
f
o
r
Te
e
n
a
g
e
r
s
(
D
A
S
T)
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ass
e
ssm
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
–
3
0
4
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
7
3
4
2
8
2
9
2
1
1
0
5
6
3
9
4
.
[
3
4
]
N
.
A
r
sl
a
n
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
A
d
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
S
c
a
l
e
f
o
r
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
:
A
n
A
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
y
,
”
i
n
E
ğ
i
t
i
m
Ar
a
şt
ı
rm
a
l
a
rı
2
0
2
3
,
H
.
G
ü
mü
ş
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
K
ü
ç
ü
k
a
y
d
i
n
,
E
d
s.,
T
ü
r
k
i
y
e
,
K
o
n
y
a
:
N
EÜ
Y
a
y
ı
n
l
a
r
ı
(
i
n
T
u
r
k
i
sh
)
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
3
5
]
S
.
U
y
l
a
s
a
n
d
Ü
.
S
.
D
.
U
y
l
a
s,
“
D
e
ğ
e
r
si
z
l
i
k
Ö
l
ç
e
ğ
i
n
i
n
P
si
k
o
m
e
t
r
i
k
Ö
z
e
l
l
i
k
l
e
r
i
n
i
n
İ
n
c
e
l
e
n
m
e
si
,
”
(
i
n
T
u
r
k
i
sh
)
,
i
n
I
X.
U
l
u
s
l
a
ra
r
a
sı
T
U
RK
C
E
S
S
E
ğ
i
t
i
m
v
e
S
o
s
y
a
l
Bi
l
i
m
l
e
r
K
o
n
g
re
si
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
t
u
r
k
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n
e
t
/
w
p
-
c
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n
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t
/
u
p
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a
d
s/
2
0
2
3
/
0
5
/
TU
R
K
C
ESS
-
2
0
2
3
-
B
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l
d
i
r
i
-
O
z
e
t
i
-
K
i
t
a
p
c
i
g
i
-
1
.
p
d
f
[
3
6
]
A
.
A
k
i
n
,
S
.
A
.
S
a
t
i
c
i
,
A
.
R
.
K
a
y
i
ş
,
a
n
d
N
.
Ç
i
t
e
me
l
,
“
T
h
e
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
Tu
r
k
i
s
h
V
e
r
si
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
S
t
a
t
e
H
o
p
e
S
c
a
l
e
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
3
rd
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
N
e
w
T
re
n
d
s i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
I
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s (I
C
O
N
T
E
-
2
0
1
2
)
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
3
7
]
A
.
A
k
ı
n
a
n
d
M
.
F
i
d
a
n
,
“
Th
e
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
T
u
r
k
i
s
h
V
e
r
si
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
F
l
o
u
r
i
s
h
i
n
g
S
c
a
l
e
,
”
i
n
3
rd
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
N
e
w
T
r
e
n
d
s
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r Im
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s (I
C
O
N
T
E
-
2
0
1
2
)
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
–
2
8
.
[
3
8
]
I
BM
C
o
r
p
,
“
I
B
M
S
P
S
S
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s f
o
r
W
i
n
d
o
w
s.”
2
0
1
5
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
w
w
w
.
i
b
m
.
c
o
m/
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s/
s
p
ss
-
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
[
3
9
]
S
.
M
.
R
a
so
o
l
i
ma
n
e
sh
,
“
D
i
scr
i
mi
n
a
n
t
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
A
ssessm
e
n
t
i
n
P
LS
-
S
EM
:
A
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
C
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
-
B
a
se
d
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
D
a
t
a
An
a
l
y
si
s
Pe
rs
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
4
0
]
J.
F
.
H
a
i
r
,
G
.
T.
M
.
H
u
l
t
,
C
.
M
.
R
i
n
g
l
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
r
s
t
e
d
t
,
A
p
ri
m
e
r
o
n
p
a
rt
i
a
l
l
e
a
st
sq
u
a
res
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
(
PL
S
-
S
EM
)
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
O
a
k
s
,
C
A
:
S
a
g
e
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