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p
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K
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s
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tific
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in
tellig
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f
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CC B
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C
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A
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Ho
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Sch
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s
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s
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C
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Me
tr
o
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1
3
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p
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I
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D
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N
Scien
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m
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tatio
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wid
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tr
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s
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u
ca
tio
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ess
en
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k
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e
p
is
tem
ic
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
cien
ce
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
E
n
g
ag
in
g
in
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
en
ab
les s
tu
d
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ter
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tan
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claim
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
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tin
g
d
ata
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
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p
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s
is
ten
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d
if
f
icu
lties
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n
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d
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tim
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p
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tr
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s
,
p
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ly
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e
class
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[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
C
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k
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ten
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to
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f
o
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v
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t.
Fro
m
a
f
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ativ
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ass
es
s
m
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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15
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4
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Au
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s
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20
26
:
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1
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4
9
2742
s
h
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s
u
p
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iter
ativ
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d
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s
tan
d
in
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AI
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p
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s
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g
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C
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R
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m
o
d
el
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
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Un
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States
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d
E
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r
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p
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in
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th
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h
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ac
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r
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r
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m
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ea
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tio
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f
f
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At
th
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tim
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s
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h
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t th
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p
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tan
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f
p
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s
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f
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af
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s
u
r
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r
esp
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im
p
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[
5
]
.
W
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lab
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cy
,
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
ity
,
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
ts
m
a
y
o
cc
asio
n
ally
in
clu
d
e
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
ies,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
h
u
m
an
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t a
n
d
e
x
p
licit in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
g
u
id
an
ce
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
o
u
n
d
n
ess
.
Desp
ite
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
in
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
lear
n
in
g
,
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
its
r
o
le
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
an
d
p
o
s
ts
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
n
tex
ts
—
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
r
elativ
ely
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
ad
o
p
t
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ex
am
in
e
b
o
t
h
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
with
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
a
n
d
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
its
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
v
an
ce
s
th
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
e
x
p
licitly
in
teg
r
atin
g
an
d
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
r
ee
c
o
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
:
T
AP,
th
e
C
E
R
m
o
d
el,
an
d
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
th
eo
r
y
[
1
1
]
.
R
ath
er
th
an
tr
ea
tin
g
th
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
as
d
is
cr
ete,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
AI
-
m
e
d
iated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
as
a
m
ed
iatio
n
al
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
th
at
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
in
cip
les
with
in
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
m
o
d
el,
AI
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
n
o
t
m
er
e
ly
as
a
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
eliv
er
y
to
o
l
b
u
t
as
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
iter
ativ
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
ev
alu
ati
o
n
,
an
d
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t o
f
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
[
1
2
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
e
f
in
es
ex
is
tin
g
th
eo
r
y
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
th
at
AI
-
g
en
er
ate
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ar
g
u
m
en
tativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
(
T
AP/C
E
R
)
an
d
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
(
e.
g
.
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
,
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
an
d
r
ev
is
io
n
cy
cles)
.
I
t
f
u
r
th
er
ex
ten
d
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
th
eo
r
y
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
AI
as
a
s
ca
lab
le
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
d
eliv
er
in
g
co
n
tin
g
en
t,
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
(
i.e
.
,
claim
s
,
ev
id
en
ce
,
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
)
,
th
e
r
eb
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
lo
n
g
-
s
tan
d
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
r
elate
d
to
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
tim
elin
ess
an
d
g
r
an
u
lar
ity
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
cr
itically
en
g
ag
es
with
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
AI
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
h
u
m
an
–
AI
co
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
er
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
in
m
itig
atin
g
p
o
ten
tial
in
ac
cu
r
ac
ies.
I
n
d
o
i
n
g
s
o
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
th
e
em
er
g
in
g
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
h
u
m
an
–
AI
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
AI
as
a
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
,
r
ath
er
th
an
s
u
b
s
titu
tiv
e,
ag
en
t
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
as
i
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal,
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
co
m
p
ar
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
in
g
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
with
th
o
s
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
te
ac
h
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
ed
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
d
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
AI
-
g
e
n
er
a
ted
g
u
id
a
n
ce
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
s
itu
ated
with
in
b
r
o
ad
er
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
ac
tio
n
ab
le,
eth
ical,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
AI
u
s
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
with
e
x
p
licit
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
p
o
te
n
tial
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
ies.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e:
−
I
s
th
er
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
o
s
e
wh
o
r
ec
eiv
e
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
r
ec
ei
v
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
teac
h
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
?
−
W
h
ich
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
s
cien
tif
ic
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
(
C
E
R
)
ar
e
m
o
s
t in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
eir
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
q
u
a
s
i
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal,
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
[
6
]
.
Qu
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
f
ir
s
t
to
ex
am
in
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
to
co
n
tex
tu
alize
an
d
ex
p
lain
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
atter
n
s
.
A
two
-
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
etest
–
p
o
s
ttes
t
d
esig
n
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
two
in
tact
class
es
ass
ig
n
ed
v
ia
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
to
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
r
an
d
o
m
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
was
n
o
t
f
ea
s
ib
le
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
tex
t.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
ec
ei
v
ed
id
en
tica
l
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
c
o
n
ten
t,
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
task
s
,
an
d
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
tim
e
an
d
wer
e
tau
g
h
t
b
y
th
e
s
am
e
tea
ch
er
to
m
in
im
ize
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
(
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
v
s
.
teac
h
er
-
p
r
o
v
id
ed
)
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tifi
c
a
r
g
u
men
ta
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
A
I
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
feed
b
a
ck
(
Jo
ela
s
h
R
.
H
o
n
r
a
)
2743
d
u
e
to
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
o
s
ag
e,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
cy
cl
es,
tim
in
g
,
an
d
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
w
er
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
in
tact
clas
s
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
,
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
c
e
is
lim
ited
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
as
ass
o
ciativ
e
esti
m
ates.
T
o
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
,
p
r
ete
s
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
s
tatis
tical
ad
ju
s
t
m
en
t,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ch
ec
k
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
.
P
o
ten
tial
th
r
ea
ts
—
in
clu
d
in
g
s
elec
tio
n
b
ias,
clu
s
ter
in
g
b
y
class
r
o
o
m
,
teac
h
er
ex
p
ec
tan
cy
ef
f
ec
ts
,
a
n
d
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
f
id
elity
—
ar
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
.
Giv
e
n
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
ested
with
in
class
es),
p
r
im
ar
y
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
p
r
etest
-
ad
ju
s
ted
ANCOVA,
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
es
u
s
in
g
:
i
)
m
ix
ed
-
ef
f
ec
ts
m
o
d
els
with
a
r
an
d
o
m
in
ter
ce
p
t
f
o
r
class
an
d
ii
)
cl
u
s
ter
-
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
.
I
n
t
r
ac
lass
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
I
C
C
)
f
o
r
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
s
co
r
es
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
ju
s
tify
th
e
u
n
it
o
f
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
d
p
er
m
u
tatio
n
-
b
ased
test
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
f
o
r
two
clu
s
ter
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
ess
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
co
nte
x
t
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
6
9
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
a
s
cien
ce
co
u
r
s
e
wh
er
e
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
m
ed
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
T
wo
in
tact
class
es
wer
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
)
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
teac
h
er
-
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
)
.
B
aselin
e
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
as
s
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ized
e
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
with
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als
(
C
I
)
.
Po
s
ttes
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANCOVA)
m
o
d
els
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
f
o
r
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es.
Giv
en
t
h
e
m
o
d
est
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
clu
s
ter
ed
d
esig
n
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
a
n
aly
s
es
in
clu
d
ed
clu
s
ter
-
ad
j
u
s
ted
m
o
d
els
an
d
n
o
n
p
a
r
am
etr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
e.
g
.
,
r
an
k
-
b
ased
ANCOVA)
.
T
h
e
I
C
C
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
e
was
co
m
p
u
ted
t
o
q
u
an
tify
class
r
o
o
m
-
lev
el
d
e
p
e
n
d
en
ce
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
e
f
lects
au
th
en
tic
class
r
o
o
m
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
lim
itatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
elec
tio
n
b
ia
s
,
m
o
d
est
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
,
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
;
th
ese
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
es.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
ruct
io
na
l
inte
rv
ent
io
n
T
h
e
s
ix
-
wee
k
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
s
cien
ce
less
o
n
s
in
teg
r
atin
g
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
task
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
wr
itten
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
-
b
ased
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
r
ev
is
ed
th
eir
wo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
E
x
p
er
i
ment
a
l
g
r
o
up
S
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
ed
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
a
cu
s
to
m
-
b
u
ilt,
r
u
le
-
b
ase
d
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
NL
P)
s
y
s
tem
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
C
E
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ed
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
r
u
les
(
k
ey
wo
r
d
m
atc
h
in
g
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
ar
s
in
g
,
an
d
tem
p
late
-
d
r
i
v
en
lo
g
ic)
t
o
g
en
er
ate
tar
g
e
ted
p
r
o
m
p
ts
.
R
u
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
was
ca
lib
r
ated
ag
ain
s
t
ex
p
er
t
-
c
o
d
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
es
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
κ>
0
.
8
0
)
.
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o
en
h
an
ce
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
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d
escr
ip
tiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
en
g
in
e
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
h
eld
-
o
u
t
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
r
ec
all
f
o
r
C
E
R
p
r
o
m
p
ts
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
f
ailu
r
e
m
o
d
es
in
clu
d
ed
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
im
p
licit
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
a
n
d
o
v
er
-
tr
i
g
g
er
in
g
o
f
ev
i
d
en
ce
p
r
o
m
p
ts
in
am
b
i
g
u
o
u
s
ca
s
es.
I
n
s
u
c
h
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
teac
h
er
o
v
e
r
s
ig
h
t
an
d
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t m
itig
ated
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Co
ntr
o
l g
r
o
up
Stu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
teac
h
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
wr
itten
c
o
m
m
en
ts
an
d
r
u
b
r
ic
-
b
ased
s
co
r
es
alig
n
ed
with
C
E
R
cr
ite
r
ia.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
en
g
a
g
ed
in
c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
cy
cles;
h
o
wev
er
,
laten
cy
d
if
f
er
ed
,
with
AI
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
eliv
er
ed
im
m
e
d
iately
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d
teac
h
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
af
ter
a
d
elay
.
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h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cy
cles,
av
er
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g
e
f
e
ed
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ac
k
tim
e,
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d
to
tal
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
er
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
clar
if
y
p
o
te
n
tial
d
o
s
ag
e
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
AP
p
r
o
v
id
ed
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e
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
asis
f
o
r
ar
g
u
m
en
t
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tr
u
ctu
r
e,
wh
ile
C
E
R
g
u
id
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
ass
es
s
m
en
t [
1
4
]
–
[2
0
].
2
.
4
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
Scien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
r
u
b
r
ic
(
C
E
R
-
b
ased
)
:
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
wr
itten
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
wer
e
ass
ess
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
C
E
R
-
alig
n
ed
r
u
b
r
ic
v
alid
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b
y
th
r
ee
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p
er
ts
.
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-
r
ater
r
eliab
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was
ac
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tab
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(
Fleis
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[
2
1
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,
with
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el
r
eliab
i
lity
also
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o
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co
r
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o
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n
h
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ce
r
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p
r
o
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,
a
d
etailed
s
co
r
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g
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i
d
e
with
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n
o
tated
ex
em
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lar
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
lev
el
is
p
r
o
v
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ater
s
wer
e
b
lin
d
ed
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
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e
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p
r
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p
o
s
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Dis
ag
r
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en
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r
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r
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h
c
o
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an
d
p
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c
r
ec
alib
r
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n
s
ess
io
n
s
wer
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c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
to
m
i
n
im
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r
ater
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r
if
t
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s
h
o
wn
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n
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
ter
v
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r
o
to
co
l:
a
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
clar
i
ty
,
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
an
d
im
p
ac
t o
n
r
e
v
is
io
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es [
2
2
]
–
[2
4
].
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o
n
a
l
l
y
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
D
e
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
e
l
s
i
n
k
i
a
n
d
i
n
s
ti
t
u
t
i
o
n
al
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
r
es
e
ar
c
h
e
t
h
i
cs
.
E
t
h
ic
a
l
c
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
w
a
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
r
e
v
i
e
w
p
r
o
c
es
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
e
v
a
l
u
at
i
o
n
b
y
t
h
e
d
is
s
e
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
n
el
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
l
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
s
D
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
O
f
f
i
c
e
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
,
c
o
v
e
r
i
n
g
a
l
l
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
ct
i
o
n
,
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
at
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
[
2
5
].
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
an
d
ass
en
t
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
eth
ical
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
with
m
in
o
r
s
.
W
r
itten
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
was
s
ec
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
l
au
th
o
r
ities
an
d
p
a
r
en
t
s
/g
u
ar
d
ian
s
,
wh
ile
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
ass
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Al
l
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
e
x
p
licitly
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
AI
in
g
en
er
atin
g
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
,
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
,
an
d
th
eir
r
ig
h
t to
with
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
at
an
y
p
o
i
n
t b
ef
o
r
e
d
ata
a
n
o
n
y
m
izatio
n
with
o
u
t p
e
n
alty
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
all
d
ata
wer
e
d
e
-
id
en
tifie
d
u
s
in
g
co
d
ed
i
d
en
tifie
r
s
p
r
io
r
to
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
AI
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
o
n
ly
an
o
n
y
m
ized
tex
tu
al
d
ata
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
ac
ce
s
s
p
er
s
o
n
ally
id
en
tifia
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
at
a
n
y
s
tag
e.
Data
wer
e
s
to
r
ed
in
s
ec
u
r
e,
p
ass
wo
r
d
-
p
r
o
tecte
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
o
n
ly
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
,
an
d
n
o
id
en
tifia
b
le
d
ata
wer
e
s
h
ar
e
d
with
ex
ter
n
al
p
ar
ties
[
2
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
n
o
t
p
r
er
e
g
is
ter
ed
;
th
is
is
a
ck
n
o
wled
g
e
d
as
a
lim
itatio
n
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
p
o
ten
tial
b
ias,
all
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
an
d
an
aly
tic
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
tly
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t r
ig
o
r
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
.
2.
6
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
pro
ce
du
re
s
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
m
p
leted
p
r
e
test
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
v
alid
ated
C
E
R
r
u
b
r
ic.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
q
u
asi
-
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
with
in
tact
class
es
an
d
n
o
r
an
d
o
m
ass
ig
n
m
en
t;
th
u
s
,
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
ca
u
tio
u
s
ly
,
an
d
s
tatis
tical
co
n
tr
o
ls
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
m
itig
ate
b
a
s
elin
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
T
o
co
m
p
lem
e
n
t
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata,
ten
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
h
ig
h
,
m
e
d
iu
m
,
an
d
lo
w
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
wer
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews [
2
7
].
Qu
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
es
in
clu
d
ed
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
an
d
A
NC
OVA
with
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es
a
s
co
v
ar
iates,
with
ad
ju
s
ted
m
ea
n
s
,
s
tan
d
a
r
d
er
r
o
r
s
,
an
d
9
5
%
CI
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
Mo
d
el
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
(
n
o
r
m
alit
y
,
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
,
a
n
d
lin
ea
r
ity
)
we
r
e
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
p
l
o
ts
an
d
s
tatis
tical
test
s
.
T
o
s
tr
en
g
th
en
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
m
u
ltip
le
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
m
ix
ed
-
ef
f
ec
ts
m
o
d
els
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
class
-
lev
el
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
clu
s
ter
-
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
r
an
k
-
b
ased
A
NC
OVA
f
o
r
n
o
n
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
,
an
d
p
er
m
u
tatio
n
test
s
.
Fu
ll st
atis
tic
al
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
[
2
8
].
Giv
en
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
p
r
io
r
i
p
o
wer
an
aly
s
is
,
a
p
o
s
t
h
o
c
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
i
s
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
d
ete
ctab
le
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
d
esig
n
,
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el,
th
er
eb
y
c
o
n
tex
t
u
alizin
g
th
e
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
an
d
i
n
ter
p
r
etat
io
n
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
AI
-
m
ed
iate
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
y
s
tem
,
a
d
e
d
icate
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
etails
t
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
NL
P
en
g
in
e
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
r
u
le
-
b
ased
an
d
p
atter
n
-
m
atch
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
alig
n
ed
with
C
E
R
an
d
T
AP
,
en
ab
lin
g
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
C
E
R
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
C
alib
r
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
ed
iter
ativ
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
e
x
p
er
t
-
c
o
d
e
d
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata,
with
in
ter
-
r
ater
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
m
etr
ics
u
s
ed
to
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ag
ain
s
t
h
u
m
an
ev
alu
ato
r
s
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
au
to
m
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
b
ef
o
r
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
,
f
o
llo
win
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
co
d
in
g
,
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
em
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Fin
d
in
g
s
we
r
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
el
u
cid
ate
p
atter
n
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t a
n
d
th
eir
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
29
].
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
O
v
er
a
ll
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
AI
-
s
up
po
rt
ed
f
ee
db
a
ck
o
n scient
if
ic
a
rg
um
ent
a
t
i
o
n
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
1
,
o
v
er
all
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
ta
tio
n
s
co
r
es (
m
ax
im
u
m
=9
)
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
etest
–
p
o
s
ttes
t
d
esig
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
in
tact,
n
o
n
r
an
d
o
m
ized
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
,
p
o
s
tte
s
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tifi
c
a
r
g
u
men
ta
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
A
I
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
feed
b
a
ck
(
Jo
ela
s
h
R
.
H
o
n
r
a
)
2745
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
ANCOVA
with
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es
as
a
co
v
a
r
iate,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ad
ju
s
ted
esti
m
ates
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
ef
f
ec
ts
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Pre
test
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
s
m
all
(
d
≈
0
.
0
3
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
m
in
im
al
b
aselin
e
im
b
alan
ce
;
h
o
wev
er
,
eq
u
iv
ale
n
ce
was
n
o
t
f
o
r
m
ally
test
ed
.
Af
ter
ad
ju
s
tin
g
f
o
r
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es,
th
e
ANCOVA
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
r
o
u
p
ef
f
ec
t
f
av
o
r
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
ad
ju
s
ted
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
was
1
.
3
1
p
o
in
ts
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
4
2
,
2
.
2
0
]
)
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
d
=1
.
1
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)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
a
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
tr
ea
tin
g
to
tal
r
u
b
r
ic
s
co
r
es
as
o
r
d
in
al
(
n
o
n
p
a
r
am
etr
ic
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
g
ain
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
)
y
ield
ed
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ef
f
ec
t,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
was
ass
o
ciate
d
with
g
r
ea
ter
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
o
v
er
all
s
cie
n
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
te
ac
h
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
,
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
as a
s
s
o
ciativ
e
r
ath
er
th
a
n
s
tr
ictly
ca
u
s
al.
T
ab
le
2
.
Pre
test
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
co
r
es
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
G
r
o
u
p
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
mea
n
(SD)
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
mea
n
(SD)
M
e
a
n
g
a
i
n
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
p
o
s
t
t
e
st
me
a
n
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
me
a
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
9
5
%
C
I
Ef
f
e
c
t
si
z
e
(
d
)
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
A
I
-
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
)
5
.
4
2
(
1
.
2
1
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8
.
8
5
(
1
.
3
4
)
3
.
0
9
8
.
7
2
1
.
3
1
[
0
.
4
2
,
2
.
2
0
]
1
.
1
8
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
)
5
.
3
8
(
1
.
1
8
)
7
.
2
1
(
1
.
4
7
)
1
.
8
3
7
.
4
1
-
-
-
N
o
t
e
:
M
a
x
.
sc
o
r
e
=
9
.
A
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
m
e
a
n
s
f
r
o
m A
N
C
O
V
A
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
r
e
t
e
st
s
c
o
r
e
s.
3
.
2
.
Co
m
po
nent
-
lev
el
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
AI
-
s
up
po
rt
ed
f
ee
db
a
ck
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
2
,
s
ep
ar
ate
ANCOVA
m
o
d
els
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
e
ac
h
C
E
R
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
(
claim
,
ev
id
e
n
ce
,
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
)
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es
;
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Af
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
b
aselin
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ac
r
o
s
s
all
C
E
R
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
with
th
e
lar
g
est
ef
f
ec
ts
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
(
d
=
0
.
7
1
)
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
(
d
=
0
.
6
5
)
,
an
d
a
m
o
d
er
ate
ef
f
ec
t
f
o
r
claim
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
(
d
=
0
.
4
2
)
,
with
C
I
ex
clu
d
in
g
ze
r
o
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
was
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
o
s
ttes
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
in
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
d
ee
p
e
r
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
ju
s
tific
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
AI
p
r
o
m
p
ts
th
at
ask
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
clar
if
y
claim
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ata,
an
d
ex
p
lain
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g
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n
n
ec
tio
n
s
lik
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
ese
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
,
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
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aly
s
es
u
s
in
g
o
r
d
in
a
l
m
o
d
els
s
h
o
wed
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
ex
a
m
p
les
illu
s
tr
ate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
ev
is
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
clea
r
er
s
cien
tific
claim
s
,
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
ev
id
en
c
e,
a
n
d
ex
p
licit
ca
u
s
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
el
y
m
o
d
est an
d
o
f
ten
lim
ited
t
o
elab
o
r
atio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Ad
ju
s
ted
p
o
s
ttes
t sco
r
es
b
y
C
E
R
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
m
e
a
n
(
S
E)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
d
j
u
st
e
d
mea
n
(
S
E)
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
me
a
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
9
5
%
C
I
Ef
f
e
c
t
si
z
e
(
d
)
C
l
a
i
m
2
.
7
4
(
0
.
0
8
)
2
.
5
1
(
0
.
0
9
)
0
.
2
3
[
0
.
0
4
,
0
.
4
2
]
0
.
4
2
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
2
.
8
1
(
0
.
0
7
)
2
.
4
5
(
0
.
0
8
)
0
.
3
6
[
0
.
1
5
,
0
.
5
7
]
0
.
6
6
R
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
2
.
8
4
(
0
.
0
7
)
2
.
4
5
(
0
.
0
9
)
0
.
3
9
[
0
.
1
8
,
0
.
6
0
]
0
.
7
1
N
o
t
e
:
M
a
x
.
p
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
=
3
.
A
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
mea
n
s fr
o
m A
N
C
O
V
A
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
e
a
c
h
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
p
r
e
t
e
st
sc
o
r
e
s.
T
ab
le
4
.
E
x
em
p
lar
s
tu
d
e
n
t r
es
p
o
n
s
es
G
r
o
u
p
Te
st
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
Pre
-
t
e
st
C
l
a
i
m
:
“
Pl
a
n
t
s
n
e
e
d
w
a
t
e
r
”
;
E
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
:
“
I
w
a
t
e
r
e
d
m
y
p
l
a
n
t
”
;
R
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
:
“
P
l
a
n
t
s
d
r
i
n
k
w
a
t
e
r
”
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
C
l
a
i
m
:
“
Pl
a
n
t
s r
e
q
u
i
re
w
a
t
e
r
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
rm
p
h
o
t
o
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
”
;
E
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
:
“
Wa
t
e
red
p
l
a
n
t
s
g
rew
t
a
l
l
e
r
a
n
d
g
re
e
n
e
r
”
;
R
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
:
“
W
a
t
e
r s
u
p
p
o
rt
s p
h
o
t
o
sy
n
t
h
e
s
i
s,
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
i
n
g
g
r
o
w
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
”
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
Pre
-
t
e
st
C
l
a
i
m
:
“
Wa
t
e
r
h
e
l
p
s
p
l
a
n
t
s
”;
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
:
“
I
g
a
v
e
w
a
t
e
r
.
”
;
R
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
:
“
Pl
a
n
t
s n
e
e
d
i
t
.
”
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
C
l
a
i
m
:
“
Wa
t
e
r
h
e
l
p
s
p
l
a
n
t
s
g
r
o
w
”;
E
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
:
“
Pl
a
n
t
g
re
w
t
a
l
l
e
r
”
;
R
e
a
so
n
i
n
g
:
“
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
w
a
t
e
r
h
e
l
p
s
g
r
o
w
t
h
”
3
.
3
.
Q
ua
lit
a
t
iv
e
ins
ig
hts int
o
s
t
ud
ent
lea
rning
pro
ce
s
s
es
Qu
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
d
ep
t
h
to
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
3
.
T
h
r
ee
m
ajo
r
th
e
m
es
em
er
g
ed
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ef
lectiv
e
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
in
te
r
v
iews:
i
)
iter
ativ
e
r
ev
is
io
n
an
d
im
m
e
d
iate
g
u
id
a
n
ce
;
ii
)
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
ev
i
d
en
ce
–
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
lin
k
s
;
an
d
iii
)
en
h
an
ce
d
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
274
1
-
2
7
4
9
2746
3
.
3
.
1
.
T
hem
e
1
:
it
er
a
t
iv
e
re
v
is
io
n a
nd
im
m
edia
t
e
g
uid
a
nce
Stu
d
en
ts
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
en
ab
led
th
em
to
r
e
v
is
e
th
eir
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
m
u
ltip
le
tim
es b
ef
o
r
e
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
.
On
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t n
o
ted
:
“
E
ve
r
y
time
I
r
ev
is
ed
,
th
e
fee
d
b
a
ck
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
w
h
a
t
w
a
s
mis
s
in
g
.
I
t
h
elp
ed
me
imp
r
o
ve
s
tep
b
y
s
tep
in
s
tea
d
o
f g
u
ess
in
g
w
h
a
t t
h
e
tea
ch
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n
ted
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(
Stu
d
en
t
3
1
)
T
h
is
th
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e
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elp
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e
x
p
lain
th
e
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ig
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if
ican
tly
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ig
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o
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er
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th
e
e
x
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im
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tal
g
r
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u
p
.
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h
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
f
o
r
iter
ativ
e
r
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is
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n
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n
s
with
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o
r
m
ativ
e
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ess
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en
t
p
r
in
cip
les,
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tu
d
en
ts
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ea
t
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g
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m
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n
t
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ctio
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r
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o
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e
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3
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3
.
2
.
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hem
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2
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k
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en
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r
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t th
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p
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(
Stu
d
en
t 2
3
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alitativ
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ce
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u
p
p
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r
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est
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p
r
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v
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en
t.
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h
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AI
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ac
k
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u
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t
th
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d
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im
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ex
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licit.
3
.
3
.
3
.
T
hem
e
3
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met
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th
ir
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tu
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en
ts
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g
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m
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en
ts
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icate
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th
at
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ey
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n
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ter
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alize
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u
b
r
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n
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r
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t 5
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ab
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ts
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s
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tific
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m
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co
r
r
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r
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t
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[
14
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,
[
16
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[
20
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[
24
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ce
s
s
.
R
ath
er
th
a
n
g
en
er
ati
n
g
o
p
en
-
en
d
e
d
o
r
u
n
p
r
e
d
icta
b
le
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
p
r
o
m
p
ts
th
at
ex
p
licitly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
m
is
s
in
g
o
r
wea
k
ar
g
u
m
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
(
e.
g
.
,
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ev
id
en
ce
o
r
u
n
clea
r
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
)
.
Fro
m
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
ese
r
u
le
-
b
ased
p
r
o
m
p
ts
m
ay
r
ed
u
ce
e
x
tr
an
eo
u
s
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
b
y
d
ir
ec
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
atten
tio
n
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
eir
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
task
.
B
y
m
ak
in
g
ev
alu
atio
n
c
r
iter
ia
ex
p
licit
an
d
s
eg
m
en
tin
g
c
o
m
p
lex
ar
g
u
m
en
tativ
e
task
s
in
to
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lik
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
u
r
in
g
iter
ativ
e
r
ev
is
io
n
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
r
ef
lectio
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
ese
p
r
o
m
p
ts
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
as
s
ca
f
f
o
l
d
s
th
at
g
u
id
ed
th
e
m
to
r
ec
o
n
s
id
er
h
o
w
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
claim
s
an
d
h
o
w
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
lain
s
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
th
er
eb
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
r
ev
is
io
n
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
e
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
AI
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ay
h
a
v
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
o
th
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
)
a
n
d
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
(
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
r
e
v
is
io
n
)
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
ck
n
o
wled
g
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
s
am
p
le,
a
s
h
o
r
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
e
r
io
d
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
AI
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
y
s
tem
with
in
o
n
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
wh
ich
m
ay
co
n
s
tr
ain
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
r
elied
o
n
in
tact
clas
s
es
with
in
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
,
ca
u
s
al
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e
ca
u
tio
u
s
ly
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
b
o
th
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
th
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
an
d
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
lated
lear
n
in
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
b
y
illu
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
AI
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
r
ef
lectio
n
,
cr
iter
io
n
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
iter
ativ
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
ca
lab
le
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
d
iv
id
u
ali
ze
d
g
u
i
d
an
ce
with
o
u
t
s
u
b
s
t
an
tially
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
a
m
in
e
lo
n
g
er
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
,
cr
o
s
s
-
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
o
d
els
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
AI
-
g
en
e
r
ated
g
u
id
an
ce
with
teac
h
er
f
a
cilitatio
n
,
as
well
as
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
d
y
n
am
ically
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ev
o
lv
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
k
ill
lev
els.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
A
I
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
e
n
h
an
ce
b
o
th
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
lear
n
er
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
tr
an
s
f
er
a
b
le
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
s
k
ills
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
claim
s
,
e
v
id
en
ce
,
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
tim
ely
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
an
d
iter
a
tiv
e
g
u
id
a
n
ce
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tes
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
ef
le
ctio
n
.
W
h
ile
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
lim
ited
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
d
esig
n
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
ca
u
tio
u
s
ly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
AI
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
i
s
b
est
u
s
ed
as
a
co
m
p
lem
en
t
ar
y
to
o
l
alo
n
g
s
id
e
teac
h
er
g
u
id
an
ce
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
l
o
y
r
an
d
o
m
i
ze
d
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
to
ex
am
in
e
ca
u
s
al
ef
f
ec
ts
,
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
ts
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atin
g
AI
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
with
class
r
o
o
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
e
x
te
r
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
J
o
elash
R.
Ho
n
r
a
✓
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✓
J
o
h
n
L
o
r
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ce
A.
Villam
in
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✓
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C
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C
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ter
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DATA AV
AI
L
AB
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L
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T
Y
Deid
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tifie
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
(
p
r
etest
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d
p
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s
ttes
t
C
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s
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q
u
alitativ
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ter
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ts
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d
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is
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ail
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le
f
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t
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RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
N
.
M
a
,
J.
H
.
G
u
o
,
a
n
d
Y
.
F
.
S
u
n
,
“
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
:
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
b
a
se
d
o
n
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
map
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
0
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
9
5
0
0
6
9
3
.
2
0
2
5
.
2
4
6
2
7
9
6
.
[
2
]
L.
L.
H
e
n
g
,
J.
S
u
r
i
f
,
a
n
d
C
.
H
.
S
e
n
g
,
“
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
d
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s?”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
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4
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20
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2749
[
24
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[
25
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A
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27
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[
28
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[
29
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V
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c
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b
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tac
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m
a
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:
jl
a
v
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lam
in
@n
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-
m
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d
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.
p
h
.
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