I
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ia
n J
o
urna
l o
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E
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rica
l En
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Co
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Science
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cs.ia
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Factors
t
ha
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l
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ence so
cia
l media
interaction
am
o
n
g
univers
ity
students
:
emo
tion
a
l and menta
l
wel
l
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being
Nur
Anis
M
o
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J
a
s
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i,
F
a
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ticle
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R
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ed
Dec
1
1
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2
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R
ev
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J
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n
2
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2
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u
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3
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2
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S
o
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g
p
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m
o
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g
st
u
d
e
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ts,
wh
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is
u
se
d
b
o
t
h
fo
r
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
n
d
e
n
terta
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m
e
n
t.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
t
h
e
e
x
c
e
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iv
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u
se
o
f
so
c
ial
m
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ia
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a
n
in
c
re
a
se
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e
lev
e
l
o
f
stre
ss
,
a
n
x
iety
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
re
ss
io
n
.
Th
e
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
c
a
n
a
ls
o
lea
d
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
t
o
c
o
m
p
a
re
t
h
e
m
se
lv
e
s
with
in
flu
e
n
c
e
rs.
Th
is
stu
d
y
a
ims
t
o
id
e
n
ti
fy
t
h
e
fa
c
to
rs
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
fa
c
to
rs
o
f
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
i
n
tera
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
we
ll
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b
e
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
u
se
d
a
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
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e
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
hyp
o
t
h
e
sis
-
d
riv
e
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
Th
e
e
x
isti
n
g
t
h
e
o
ries
,
su
c
h
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
a
p
it
a
l
th
e
o
ry
a
n
d
so
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
t
h
e
o
ry
we
re
a
d
a
p
ted
fo
r
th
e
o
n
li
n
e
su
r
v
e
y
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
.
Th
e
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
d
a
ta
we
re
a
n
a
ly
se
d
u
sin
g
p
a
r
ti
a
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
-
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
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e
ll
in
g
(
P
LS
-
SE
M
)
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
se
th
e
two
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
s
o
f
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
fi
n
d
i
n
g
s,
twe
l
v
e
(1
2
)
c
o
n
stru
c
ts
we
re
id
e
n
ti
fied
a
s
th
e
fa
c
to
rs
th
a
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
t
o
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
in
ter
a
c
ti
o
n
o
n
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
stu
d
e
n
ts'
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
b
y
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ss
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
v
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li
d
a
ti
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g
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e
c
o
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stru
c
ts
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sin
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LS
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EM
.
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e
n
,
t
h
e
re
a
re
th
irt
e
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n
(1
3
)
o
u
t
o
f
twe
n
t
y
-
t
h
re
e
(2
3
)
h
y
p
o
th
e
sis
we
re
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
fin
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
tes
ti
n
g
u
sin
g
P
LS
-
S
E
M
b
o
o
tstrap
p
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
.
Ten
(1
0
)
p
a
th
s
o
f
d
irec
t
e
ffe
c
t,
two
(2
)
p
a
t
h
s
o
f
m
e
d
iatin
g
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
a
n
d
o
n
e
(
1
)
p
a
th
o
f
m
o
d
e
ra
ti
n
g
a
n
a
ly
sis
we
re
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
n
d
su
p
p
o
rted
t
h
e
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
sis.
It
is
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
fo
r
fu
t
u
re
stu
d
ies
t
o
a
lso
e
x
p
l
o
re
o
th
e
r
a
n
a
ly
sis
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
th
e
o
ri
e
s,
o
r
m
o
d
e
ls,
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
to
o
th
e
r
g
ro
u
p
s
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c
h
a
s o
l
d
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
r
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
d
u
l
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
m
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
Par
tial le
ast s
q
u
ar
e
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
So
cial
ca
p
ital th
eo
r
y
So
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
th
e
o
r
y
So
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fau
ziah
R
ed
zu
an
Facu
lty
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
an
d
Ma
th
em
atica
l Scie
n
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A
(
UiT
M)
Sh
ah
Alam
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: f
au
ziah
r
@
tm
s
k
.
u
itm
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
No
wad
ay
s
,
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
u
s
ag
e
h
ad
b
ec
o
m
e
a
ce
n
tr
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
o
r
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
eir
d
aily
life
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
b
o
th
o
f
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
is
h
ig
h
l
y
b
en
ef
icial
in
ass
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
with
th
eir
cu
r
r
en
t p
ee
r
s
an
d
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
th
eir
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
y
ea
r
s
[
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
]
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
also
to
ex
p
an
d
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
ch
a
n
g
e
o
p
i
n
io
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
s
u
e
an
d
m
ak
e
it
as
a
p
ar
t
in
th
eir
d
aily
life
.
A
lo
t
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
wer
e
p
o
p
u
la
r
th
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
I
n
s
tag
r
am
,
T
ik
T
o
k
,
Face
b
o
o
k
,
T
witter
,
a
n
d
W
h
atsAp
p
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
ad
u
lt
th
at
is
ab
o
v
e
eig
h
teen
(
1
8
)
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
ten
d
to
u
s
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
th
eir
d
aily
r
o
u
tin
e
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
an
d
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
o
th
er
s
wh
ich
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
s
elf
-
esteem
,
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
an
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
607
-
6
1
7
608
th
ey
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
wh
en
i
n
ter
ac
t
with
s
o
cial
m
ed
i
a
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
eir
life
with
o
th
er
s
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
t
o
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
,
an
x
iety
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
a
n
d
l
o
n
elin
ess
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ten
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
em
s
elv
es
with
o
th
er
s
esp
ec
ially
watc
h
in
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
th
at
h
av
e
b
etter
life
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
is
in
g
tr
en
d
o
f
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
e
n
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
b
e
ca
u
s
e
th
ey
will
f
ee
l
p
r
ess
u
r
e
if
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
th
an
th
em
.
T
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e
will
lead
to
an
x
ie
ty
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
s
tr
ess
an
d
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
,
if
an
in
d
iv
id
u
als k
ee
p
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
t
h
em
s
elv
es to
o
th
er
s
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
ce
r
tain
n
eg
ati
v
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
s
u
ch
as
ad
d
ictio
n
,
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
tr
ess
th
at
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
p
en
d
th
eir
tim
e
b
etwe
en
two
(
2
)
to
twelv
e
(
1
2
)
h
o
u
r
s
a
s
s
es
s
in
g
th
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
wh
ich
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
f
o
cu
s
as
th
ey
wil
l
f
ee
l
tire
d
a
n
d
u
n
ab
le
to
f
o
c
u
s
d
u
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
it
is
ch
a
llen
g
in
g
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ca
n
b
e
a
s
af
e
p
lace
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ast
r
esear
ch
h
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
m
an
y
im
p
ac
ts
lin
k
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
e
in
g
o
f
a
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
t
h
er
e
is
s
till
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
h
o
w
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
en
t
al
well
-
b
ein
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
tly
.
W
h
ile
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
th
eir
well
-
b
ein
g
,
t
h
er
e
is
s
till
a
lack
o
f
r
esear
ch
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
lim
ited
f
o
cu
s
o
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
o
f
te
n
o
v
er
lo
o
k
th
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
m
ain
ly
u
s
es
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
f
o
r
en
ter
tai
n
m
en
t
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
as
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
m
o
s
tly
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
8
]
.
Prio
r
r
es
ea
r
ch
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
t
r
ad
i
ct
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
e
n
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
wh
ic
h
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ex
am
i
n
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
o
n
wh
at
ar
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
So
cial
m
ed
ia
h
as
g
r
o
wn
o
v
er
tim
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
as
m
an
y
u
s
es
s
u
ch
as
s
h
ar
in
g
id
ea
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
ts
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
it
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
an
y
wh
er
e
a
n
d
a
n
y
tim
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es.
So
cial
m
ed
ia
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
o
p
u
lar
m
ed
iu
m
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
in
ce
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
eir
a
ca
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
e
n
ef
it
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
o
u
t
t
o
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
p
ee
r
s
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
two
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
wer
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
ast r
esear
ch
.
−
T
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
th
at
ca
u
s
es
ad
d
ict
io
n
ca
n
lead
to
n
eg
ativ
e
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
th
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
o
f
life
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
s
tates
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
lev
els
o
f
s
tr
es
s
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
[
6
]
.
W
h
ile
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
r
o
v
id
es
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
b
en
e
f
its
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
ca
n
h
av
e
a
s
ev
er
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
m
en
tal
h
ea
lt
h
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
lik
e
f
ea
r
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
o
u
t
(
FOMO)
am
o
n
g
th
em
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
will a
lway
s
tr
y
t
o
ch
ec
k
o
n
th
e
u
p
d
ates f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
co
n
te
n
t th
at
th
ey
p
o
s
t
[
9
]
.
−
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
lack
o
f
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[
1
0
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
em
s
elv
es
with
o
th
er
s
esp
ec
ially
in
f
lu
en
c
er
w
h
en
th
ey
en
g
ag
e
in
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
aises
co
n
ce
r
n
wh
en
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
n
o
t
s
atis
f
ied
with
wh
at
th
ey
h
av
e
as
th
ey
will
f
ee
l
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
wh
en
th
ey
u
s
e
th
e
co
n
ten
t
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
s
.
Desp
ite
t
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
s
o
m
e
co
m
p
ar
e
th
em
s
elv
es
to
th
o
s
e
wh
o
a
r
e
wo
r
s
e
th
an
th
em
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
m
f
ee
l
r
elief
a
n
d
ca
n
b
o
o
s
t
th
eir
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
wh
ich
m
ak
es th
em
f
ee
l b
etter
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
will
im
p
ac
t
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
th
ey
ca
n
n
o
t
s
tay
f
o
cu
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
n
o
t
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ate
an
d
ab
s
o
r
b
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
ar
e
d
b
y
th
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
u
n
ab
le
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
t
well.
So
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
war
en
ess
to
war
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
wh
e
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
a
g
e
with
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
as th
ey
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
th
eir
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
CO
NC
E
P
T
UA
L
M
O
D
E
L
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ch
o
s
en
r
esea
r
ch
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
m
o
d
el
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
th
e
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
th
eo
r
y
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
t
h
eo
r
y
b
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
ies
s
er
v
e
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
i
n
g
th
e
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
So
cial
ca
p
ital
th
eo
r
y
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
as
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
ca
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
well
-
b
ein
g
[
6
]
.
So
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
t
h
eo
r
y
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
as
m
o
s
t
in
d
iv
id
u
als
co
m
p
ar
e
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
ies,
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
,
an
d
s
o
cial
s
tatu
s
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
t
o
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
n
eg
ati
v
e
h
ea
lth
o
u
tco
m
es
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
es
s
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
tr
iv
es
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
c
h
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
F
a
cto
r
s
th
a
t in
flu
en
ce
s
o
cia
l
med
ia
in
tera
ctio
n
a
mo
n
g
u
n
iv
ers
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
…
(
N
u
r
A
n
is
Mo
h
d
Ja
s
mi
)
609
aid
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
e
n
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
estab
lis
h
ed
th
eo
r
ies th
at
r
elate
to
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
s
o
cia
l c
ap
ital
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
th
eo
r
y
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts in
v
o
lv
ed
a
r
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
as th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
b
ased
o
n
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
:
a)
So
cial
m
ed
ia
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
:
T
h
is
r
ef
er
s
to
wh
e
n
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
ca
n
n
av
i
g
ate
u
s
in
g
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
co
n
f
id
en
tly
f
o
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
wit
h
o
th
er
s
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t sh
o
w
n
in
th
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
b)
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
:
T
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
t
h
at
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
es in
th
eir
d
aily
life
.
c)
Pre
s
en
ted
life
s
ty
le
:
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
r
ep
r
esen
t
wh
en
a
n
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
r
is
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
as
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
r
s
h
o
ws
th
eir
b
ea
u
ty
,
wea
lth
,
an
d
life
i
n
s
o
c
ial
m
ed
ia
aim
t
o
attr
ac
t
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
als
to
f
o
llo
w
th
em
.
d)
So
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
:
T
h
is
i
s
wh
er
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
en
g
a
g
e
in
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
u
ch
as
co
m
m
e
n
tin
g
,
li
k
i
n
g
,
p
o
s
tin
g
,
an
d
s
h
ar
in
g
p
o
s
ts
d
ir
e
ctly
to
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
o
r
in
f
l
u
en
ce
r
s
o
n
th
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
.
e)
Me
d
ia
s
k
ep
ticis
m
:
A
ten
d
en
cy
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
d
o
u
b
t
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
in
ten
tio
n
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
ey
e
n
co
u
n
ter
in
th
e
m
ed
ia,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
o
n
s
o
ci
al
m
ed
ia.
f)
Activ
e
u
s
ag
e
:
T
h
e
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
in
g
iv
in
g
t
h
eir
o
p
in
io
n
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
r
at
h
er
th
an
o
n
l
y
s
cr
o
llin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
t
o
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
well
-
b
ein
g
.
g)
Self
-
esteem
:
T
h
e
b
elief
in
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
co
p
in
g
wh
en
th
er
e
ar
e
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
th
er
s
wh
ich
c
an
lead
to
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
h)
I
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ju
s
tice
: T
h
e
u
n
f
air
tr
ea
tm
en
t f
r
o
m
u
s
er
s
in
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
clu
d
in
g
,
cy
b
e
r
b
u
l
ly
ca
n
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t su
ch
as p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
.
i)
E
m
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
: T
h
e
f
e
elin
g
o
f
lo
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
wh
en
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
j)
Fru
s
tr
atio
n
:
I
t
is
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
an
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
is
u
n
ab
le
to
m
ee
t
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
en
g
a
g
in
g
with
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia.
k)
E
n
v
y
:
I
t
is
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
f
ee
lin
g
wh
en
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
a
r
es
th
em
s
elv
es
with
o
th
er
s
in
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
u
ch
as e
m
o
tio
n
s
o
f
d
is
s
atis
f
a
ctio
n
,
r
esen
tm
en
t,
a
n
d
d
esire
to
h
av
e
p
eo
p
le
t
h
in
g
s
o
r
life
.
l)
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
: T
h
is
el
em
en
t h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ca
n
lead
to
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
s
u
ch
as
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
x
iety
,
an
d
s
tr
ess
d
u
e
to
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
is
s
u
es,
f
alse
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
n
s
iv
e
m
ater
ial
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
v
ar
i
ab
les
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
a
r
e
th
e
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t,
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t,
m
ed
iatin
g
an
d
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
v
a
r
iab
les
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
ar
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
a
t
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
ar
e
estab
lis
h
ed
u
p
o
n
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
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I
n
d
o
n
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J
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n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
607
-
6
1
7
610
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
a
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
p
h
ase
s
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
m
e
n
ce
d
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
an
y
r
esear
ch
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ai
m
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
attain
ed
b
y
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
esear
c
h
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
ities
em
b
ar
k
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
will
in
v
o
lv
e
f
o
u
r
p
h
ases
:
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
p
la
n
n
in
g
p
h
as
e,
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
h
ase,
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
an
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
s
tar
ts
b
y
f
in
d
in
g
t
h
e
is
s
u
e
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
.
An
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
e
v
iew
o
f
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
s
tu
d
y
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
an
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
wi
ll
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
g
ain
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
im
p
ac
t
a
n
d
co
n
ce
p
t
o
n
th
e
in
itial
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
en
tails
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ata
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
'
s
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
ich
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
an
d
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
th
eo
r
y
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
th
e
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
li
n
g
s
tr
ateg
y
will
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
,
wh
ich
will
en
co
m
p
ass
th
e
tar
g
e
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
a
co
llected
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
7
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
i
a
th
at
p
r
io
r
itize
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
t
u
d
en
ts
th
at
is
ab
o
v
e
eig
h
teen
(
1
8
)
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
f
r
o
m
UiT
M
Sh
ah
Alam
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
th
at
will b
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
R
u
le
o
f
th
u
m
b
s
1
:5
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
en
,
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
will
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
a
n
d
th
e
Go
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
will
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
th
i
r
d
p
h
ase
u
n
d
er
g
o
an
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
id
en
tify
p
atter
n
s
,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
t
h
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
will b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
will
b
e
d
er
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
an
d
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
will
b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
.
SP
SS
,
a
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
s
o
f
twar
e,
will
b
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
d
ata
clea
n
in
g
,
test
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ality
a
n
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
n
th
e
d
ata
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
An
o
th
er
s
o
f
twar
e
u
s
ed
to
a
n
aly
s
e
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
t
f
o
r
m
ed
iatio
n
an
d
m
o
d
er
atio
n
v
ar
iab
le
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
Sm
ar
tPLS.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
s
o
f
twar
e
will
f
ac
ilit
a
te
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
d
atasets
an
d
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
s
tatis
tical
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
c
h
as
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
e
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
at
io
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
will b
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
.
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
i
n
PLS
-
SEM
will
b
e
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
s
e
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
b
jectiv
e.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
p
at
h
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
wh
ich
ar
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
ed
iatin
g
an
aly
s
is
an
d
m
o
d
er
a
tin
g
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t,
t
-
v
alu
e
an
d
p
-
v
alu
e
wer
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
h
ase
will
r
esu
lt
in
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
two
p
r
im
ar
y
r
esea
r
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
will
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
will
b
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
to
o
f
f
er
a
v
alu
a
b
le
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
last
p
h
ase
is
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ar
e
co
m
p
iled
in
a
f
in
al
r
esear
ch
th
esis
d
o
cu
m
en
t.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
d
o
cu
m
en
t
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
as
it
will
b
ec
o
m
e
ev
id
en
t
as
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
A
well
-
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
r
esear
c
h
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
en
s
u
r
es
a
clea
r
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
tlin
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
.
E
th
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
ar
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
will
n
o
t
b
e
d
is
c
lo
s
ed
with
o
u
t
th
eir
p
e
r
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
e
c
o
r
d
ed
i
n
a
r
ep
o
r
t
ac
cu
r
ately
to
av
o
id
a
n
y
f
a
b
r
ic
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
4.
F
I
NDING
AN
D
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
r
esu
lt
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
th
at
is
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
g
o
o
g
le
f
r
o
m
o
n
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ab
o
v
e
e
ig
h
teen
(
1
8
)
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
at
UiT
M
Sh
ah
Alam
.
E
m
ail
was u
s
ed
as a
m
ain
p
latf
o
r
m
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
t
o
b
o
th
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
an
d
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
is
f
r
o
m
1
Ma
y
2
0
2
5
to
2
4
Ma
y
2
0
2
5
.
T
h
e
p
ast
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
u
le
o
f
th
u
m
b
s
o
f
r
atio
1
:5
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
am
p
le
s
ize
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
twelv
e
(
1
2
)
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
6
6
item
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
atio
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
t
h
e
6
6
item
s
to
f
i
v
e
(
5
)
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
as
f
iv
e
(
5
)
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
p
er
item
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
3
3
0
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
wer
e
3
7
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
g
o
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
wh
ich
h
ad
ex
ce
e
d
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
an
d
b
etter
f
o
r
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
to
u
tili
ze
a
to
tal
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
7
9
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
b
ias
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
a
f
ter
r
em
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
o
u
tlier
th
e
f
i
n
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
is
3
6
3
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
4
.
2
.
Relia
bil
it
y
t
est
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
will
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
o
n
its
r
elia
b
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
to
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
m
o
d
el
was f
it f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
tes
tin
g
.
All th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
7
b
ased
o
n
T
a
b
le
1
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
item
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ac
c
ess
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
twelv
e
(
1
2
)
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
h
ad
also
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
CR
)
an
d
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
ex
t
r
ac
ted
(
A
VE
)
v
alu
e
is
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
wh
ich
c
an
b
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
in
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
ce
p
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
F
a
cto
r
s
th
a
t in
flu
en
ce
s
o
cia
l
med
ia
in
tera
ctio
n
a
mo
n
g
u
n
iv
ers
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
…
(
N
u
r
A
n
is
Mo
h
d
Ja
s
mi
)
611
T
ab
le
1
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
's
a
l
p
h
a
A
c
t
i
v
e
U
sa
g
e
0
.
9
4
1
Emo
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
x
h
a
u
s
t
i
o
n
0
.
9
6
7
En
v
y
0
.
9
5
7
F
r
u
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
9
7
2
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
O
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
0
.
9
3
0
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
I
n
j
u
s
t
i
c
e
0
.
9
5
1
M
e
d
i
a
S
k
e
p
t
i
c
i
sm
0
.
9
6
3
P
r
e
sen
t
e
d
L
i
f
e
s
t
y
l
e
0
.
9
6
8
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
D
i
st
r
e
ss
0
.
8
8
5
S
e
l
f
-
e
st
e
e
m
0
.
9
2
1
S
o
c
i
a
l
M
e
d
i
a
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
0
.
9
5
2
S
o
c
i
a
l
M
e
d
i
a
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
0
.
9
4
1
4
.
3
.
I
nfe
re
ntia
l
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
a
n
d m
ultiv
a
ria
t
e
a
na
ly
s
is
:
P
a
rt
ia
l
lea
s
t
s
qu
a
re
-
s
t
ruct
ura
l e
qu
a
t
io
n m
o
dellin
g
T
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
in
f
e
r
en
tial
s
tatis
tics
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
p
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
t
will
g
iv
e
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
will
b
e
test
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
wh
eth
er
it
is
r
elate
d
o
r
n
o
t.
No
r
m
ality
test
is
a
s
tep
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
o
r
m
ally
an
d
to
d
ec
id
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
u
s
ag
e
o
f
p
ar
am
etr
ic
o
r
n
o
n
-
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
m
eth
o
d
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Sk
ewn
ess
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
th
e
d
ata
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
d
Ku
r
to
s
is
q
u
an
tifie
s
h
o
w
h
i
g
h
o
r
lo
w
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
in
r
elatio
n
to
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
1
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
test
r
esu
lt,
d
ata
o
n
th
e
h
is
to
g
r
am
s
k
ew
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
le
f
t,
th
e
p
o
in
t
in
t
h
e
P
-
P
p
lo
t
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
d
ev
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
lin
e
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
d
ata
is
n
o
t
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
a
s
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
Z
-
s
co
r
e
is
±
1
.
9
6
[
1
7
]
.
So
,
it
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
u
s
e
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
to
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
th
at
h
a
d
b
ee
n
co
llected
to
i
d
en
tify
lat
en
t
o
r
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
as
a
ca
te
g
o
r
y
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
f
er
en
tial
s
tatis
tics
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ass
es
s
es c
o
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
4
.
4
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
mo
del e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
f
o
r
identif
ica
t
io
n a
n
d v
a
lid
a
t
e
o
f
t
he
f
a
ct
o
rs
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
e
v
alu
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ass
es
s
th
e
o
u
ter
m
o
d
el,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
it
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
Fo
r
n
el
l
-
L
ar
ck
er
c
r
iter
i
o
n
an
d
Hete
r
o
tr
ait
-
Mo
n
o
tr
ait
r
atio
(
HT
MT
)
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
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s
tr
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b
ased
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C
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a,
C
R
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d
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.
T
h
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alu
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t
o
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s
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r
e
th
at
ea
c
h
o
f
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n
s
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tifie
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to
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s
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ased
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th
e
p
ast
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esear
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wer
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v
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ate
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ein
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s
ed
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y
p
o
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test
in
g
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h
e
o
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ter
m
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el
in
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icate
s
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ex
am
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wh
ich
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t
m
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u
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e
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ld
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e
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0
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7
0
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s
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it
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s
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tr
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g
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eliab
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i
n
d
icato
r
to
b
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e
in
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r
esear
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[
1
3
]
.
T
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e
item
th
at
is
in
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f
0
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4
to
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7
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r
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5
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R
is
also
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th
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esh
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f
0
.
7
0
.
T
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e
d
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cr
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m
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an
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ap
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tr
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is
u
n
iq
u
e
f
r
o
m
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n
e
a
n
o
th
er
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
is
e
n
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
ap
p
r
o
p
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iate
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ea
s
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ed
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o
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t
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av
in
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s
s
iv
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am
o
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n
t
o
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co
r
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elatio
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with
th
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co
n
s
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ct
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at
is
u
n
r
elate
d
with
it
wh
i
ch
will
h
elp
th
e
d
ata
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ca
p
tu
r
ed
ac
cu
r
ately
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
H
T
MT
wer
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ap
p
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f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
th
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d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
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.
T
h
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
lar
k
er
cr
iter
io
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s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
v
alu
e
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
e
ca
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s
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th
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s
q
u
ar
e
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o
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t
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th
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ch
o
f
t
h
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n
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tr
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c
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wh
ich
ca
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s
ee
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o
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ally
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lar
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er
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its
co
r
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with
an
o
th
e
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
HT
MT
cr
iter
io
n
is
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
h
ig
h
er
q
u
alit
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
to
o
l
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
m
is
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ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
ca
u
s
e
an
d
im
p
ac
t
in
th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
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n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
HT
M
T
r
atio
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
alu
e
is
less
th
an
0
.
9
an
d
it
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ac
ce
p
ta
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le
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au
s
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it
is
m
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r
e
s
en
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itiv
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an
d
r
el
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test
.
4
.
5
.
Str
uct
ura
l
m
o
del
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
f
o
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e
x
a
m
ini
ng
t
he
re
la
t
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hip
T
h
e
Stru
ctu
r
al
Mo
d
el
Ass
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m
en
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in
PLS
-
SEM
en
tails
as
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ess
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th
e
r
elatio
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s
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ip
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am
o
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to
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im
p
o
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tan
ce
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p
licab
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,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ass
ess
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us
in
g
th
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b
o
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ts
tr
ap
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Sm
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to
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th
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ath
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o
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ip
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L
ater
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ity
wh
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o
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p
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ed
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cr
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s
to
h
av
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tr
o
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g
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r
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[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
ass
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o
f
later
al
co
llin
ea
r
ity
is
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
r
o
m
m
is
lead
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ter
p
r
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o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
wh
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ca
n
lead
to
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o
n
g
co
n
clu
s
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.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
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VI
F
wh
ich
ar
e
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th
an
5
.
0
a
n
d
is
ac
ce
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tab
le
ac
co
r
d
i
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to
[
1
8
]
b
ec
au
s
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it
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
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m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
is
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
in
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d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
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r
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s
h
ip
o
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th
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ar
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b
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ev
alu
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its
s
tr
en
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th
,
m
o
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p
ac
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o
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T
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m
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ca
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ased
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ath
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icien
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R
²
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Acc
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[
2
2
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,
th
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p
ath
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t
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th
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r
an
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+1
wh
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n
ca
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s
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o
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ts
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ap
p
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test
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p
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co
r
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[
1
3
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,
it
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
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β
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≥
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5
is
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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.
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in
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1
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in
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ter
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an
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if
ican
t r
ela
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T
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ican
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H4
,
H8
a
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H8
c
b
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0
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t
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b
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1
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9
6
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4
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6
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Sig
nifica
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direct
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f
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s
H1
:
s
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s
elf
-
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f
icac
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h
as
a
s
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n
if
ican
t
r
ela
tio
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s
h
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s
o
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m
ed
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s
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e
f
in
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r
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ip
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(
t=4
0
.
0
0
8
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
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icien
t
is
0
.
8
2
0
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
s
tr
o
n
g
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s
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T
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d
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th
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itiv
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s
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o
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T
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is
d
if
f
er
s
in
t
h
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f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
[
6
]
wh
ich
o
n
ly
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
m
ed
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g
ef
f
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t
with
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t
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in
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
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ex
a
m
in
in
g
b
o
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ir
ec
t
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d
m
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t t
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ig
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t r
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s
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ip
f
o
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all
o
f
th
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ath
.
H1
(
a
)
:
So
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
iti
es
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
(
t=2
.
4
0
2
,
p
=0
.
0
1
6
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
c
o
ef
f
ici
en
t
is
-
0
.
1
4
0
wh
ich
in
d
icat
es
wea
k
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
i
g
h
er
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
lev
el
is
p
o
s
it
iv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
n
tr
ast
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
[
6
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
an
o
th
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
es
s.
H4
:
Act
iv
e
u
s
a
g
e
h
as
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
o
n
E
m
o
ti
o
n
al
e
x
h
a
u
s
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
in
d
ic
at
es
t
h
at
ac
t
iv
e
u
s
a
g
e
h
as
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
r
e
lati
o
n
s
h
i
p
o
n
E
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
e
x
h
a
u
s
ti
o
n
w
h
ic
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
is
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
.
6
3
1
wh
ic
h
is
les
s
t
h
a
n
1
.
9
6
,
an
d
t
h
e
p
-
v
a
lu
e
o
f
0
.
1
0
3
,
w
h
ic
h
is
g
r
ea
te
r
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
is
co
n
t
r
as
t
w
it
h
[
7
]
,
wh
ic
h
m
e
n
ti
o
n
e
d
t
h
at
a
cti
v
e
u
s
a
g
e
h
a
d
n
eg
ati
v
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
th
e
em
o
ti
o
n
al
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
io
n
.
H5
(
a
)
:
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
e
m
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
(
t
=1
6
.
5
5
7
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
6
6
1
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
a
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
le
v
e
l
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
.
I
t is co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
[
7
]
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
.
H5
(
b
)
:
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
(
t=1
0
.
9
4
2
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
5
3
8
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
a
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
[
7
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
h
a
d
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
n
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
.
H5
(
c
)
:
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
en
v
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
h
as
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
en
v
y
(
t=4
.
0
0
4
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
2
1
6
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
m
o
d
e
r
ate
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
lev
el
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
en
v
y
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
[
7
]
,
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
en
v
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
s
.
H6
(
a
)
:
P
r
ese
n
t
e
d
L
i
f
est
y
l
e
h
as
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
r
ela
ti
o
n
s
h
i
p
o
n
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
e
x
h
a
u
s
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
p
r
es
e
n
te
d
l
if
est
y
le
h
as
a
s
i
g
n
if
ic
an
t
r
ela
ti
o
n
s
h
i
p
o
n
em
o
t
i
o
n
al
ex
h
a
u
s
t
io
n
(
t
=3
.
3
2
3
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
p
at
h
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
is
0
.
1
5
0
w
h
ic
h
in
d
i
ca
t
es
we
ak
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
et
we
en
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
cts
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
ic
ates
t
h
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
li
f
est
y
le
le
v
el
is
p
o
s
iti
v
el
y
ass
o
ci
ate
d
wit
h
i
n
c
r
e
as
ed
i
n
em
o
ti
o
n
a
l
ex
h
a
u
s
t
io
n
.
T
h
es
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
al
ig
n
wit
h
[
7
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
t
h
a
t
p
r
e
s
en
t
e
d
l
if
est
y
le
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
te
t
o
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
e
x
h
a
u
s
ti
o
n
.
H6
(
b
)
:
Pre
s
en
ted
L
if
esty
le
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
(
t=2
.
9
4
5
,
p
=0
.
0
0
3
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
1
6
2
w
h
ich
i
n
d
icate
s
wea
k
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
er
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
lev
el
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
if
f
er
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
[
7
]
,
wh
o
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
th
at
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
d
o
es
n
o
t h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
ir
ec
tly
to
f
r
u
s
tr
at
io
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
F
a
cto
r
s
th
a
t in
flu
en
ce
s
o
cia
l
med
ia
in
tera
ctio
n
a
mo
n
g
u
n
iv
ers
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
…
(
N
u
r
A
n
is
Mo
h
d
Ja
s
mi
)
613
H6
(
c
)
:
Pre
s
en
ted
L
if
esty
le
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
en
v
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
e
n
v
y
(
t=7
.
4
2
1
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
at
h
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
3
8
4
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
er
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
lev
el
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
en
v
y
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
[
7
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
en
v
y
b
ec
au
s
e
ca
n
l
ea
d
to
n
e
g
ativ
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
s
.
H7
:
Self
-
esteem
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
elf
-
esteem
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
(
t=5
.
4
0
8
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
-
0
.
3
3
4
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
m
o
d
er
a
te
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
er
s
elf
-
esteem
lev
el
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
H8
(
a
)
:
E
m
o
tio
n
al
e
x
h
au
s
tio
n
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
e
m
o
tio
n
al
e
x
h
au
s
tio
n
h
as
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
4
0
1
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
1
.
9
6
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
1
6
1
,
wh
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
0
5
.
H8
(
b
)
:
Fru
s
tr
at
io
n
h
as
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
(
t=2
.
0
7
6
,
p
=0
.
0
3
8
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
at
h
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
1
5
1
w
h
ich
i
n
d
icate
s
wea
k
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
lev
el
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
H8
(
c
)
:
E
n
v
y
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
en
v
y
h
as
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
4
9
0
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
1
.
9
6
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
6
2
4
,
wh
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
.
4
.
7
.
I
nte
ra
ct
i
o
n e
f
f
ec
t
:
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
o
f
m
edia
t
ing
a
na
ly
s
is
H1
an
d
H1
(
a
)
:
So
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ic
al
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cia
l
m
ed
ia
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
(
t=2
.
3
6
7
,
p
=0
.
0
1
8
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
-
0
.
1
1
5
wh
ich
i
n
d
icate
s
wea
k
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
er
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
lev
el
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
[
6
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
a
ctiv
ities
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
H4
(
a
)
a
n
d
H8
(
a
)
:
E
m
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
ed
iate
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ac
tiv
e
u
s
ag
e
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
h
as
n
o
m
ed
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ac
tiv
e
u
s
ag
e
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
9
7
9
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
1
.
9
6
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
3
2
8
,
wh
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
asts
with
[
7
]
,
wh
ic
h
o
n
ly
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
to
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
an
d
ac
tiv
e
u
s
ag
e
to
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
H5
(
a
)
an
d
H8
(
a
)
:
E
m
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
,
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
ed
iat
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
a
n
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
h
as
n
o
m
ed
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
3
8
5
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
1
.
9
6
,
an
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
1
6
6
,
wh
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
asts
with
[
7
]
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
t
h
at
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
m
ed
iates th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
.
H5
(
b
)
an
d
H8
(
b
)
:
Fru
s
tr
atio
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ed
iates
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
(
t=1
.
9
9
5
,
p
=0
.
0
4
6
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
0
8
1
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
v
er
y
wea
k
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
e
r
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
le
v
el
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
H5
(
c
)
an
d
H8
(
c
)
:
E
n
v
y
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
ws th
at
en
v
y
h
as n
o
m
ed
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
4
6
6
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
1
.
9
6
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
4
2
,
wh
ic
h
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
is
co
n
t
r
ad
icts
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
[
7
]
,
wh
ich
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
at
en
v
y
m
ed
iates th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
a
n
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
H6
(
a
)
an
d
H8
(
a
)
:
E
m
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
e
d
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
i
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
em
o
tio
n
al
e
x
h
au
s
tio
n
h
as
n
o
m
ed
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
2
3
3
wh
ich
is
less
t
h
an
1
.
9
6
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
2
1
8
,
wh
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
.
H6
(
b
)
an
d
H8
(
b
)
:
Fr
u
s
tr
atio
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
h
as
n
o
m
ed
iate
r
e
la
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
5
4
9
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
1
.
9
6
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
1
2
1
,
wh
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
0
5
.
H6
(
c)
an
d
H8
(
c
)
:
E
n
v
y
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws th
at
en
v
y
h
as n
o
m
ed
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
esen
ted
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
607
-
6
1
7
614
life
s
ty
le
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
4
8
4
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
1
.
9
6
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
2
8
,
w
h
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
0
.
0
5
.
4
.
8
.
I
nte
ra
ct
i
o
n e
f
f
ec
t
:
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
o
f
m
o
dera
t
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
H2
:
Me
d
ia
Sk
ep
ticis
m
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
o
d
er
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
ti
v
ities
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
ed
ia
s
k
ep
ticis
m
h
as
n
o
m
o
d
er
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
ac
tiv
itie
s
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
e
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
1
7
3
wh
ich
is
less
th
an
1
.
9
6
,
an
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
8
6
3
,
wh
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
[
6
]
,
wh
ich
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
m
ed
ia
s
k
ep
ticis
m
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
a
te
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
H3
:
I
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ju
s
tice
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
o
d
er
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
t
iv
ities
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ju
s
tice
h
as
m
o
d
er
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
(
t=1
.
9
8
5
,
p
=
0
.
0
4
7
)
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
ath
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
is
0
.
0
9
9
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
v
er
y
wea
k
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
h
ig
h
er
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ju
s
tice
lev
el
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
o
d
e
r
a
tes
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
ast
r
esear
ch
o
f
[
2
3
]
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
th
at
th
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
t
o
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
esp
ec
ially
it
ca
n
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
a
n
x
iety
a
n
d
it
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
[
7
]
in
d
icate
s
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
f
r
o
m
[
2
4
]
wh
o
h
ad
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
th
at
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
s
er
v
e
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
es
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
[
7
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
m
ed
iates
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
an
d
wer
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
[
6
]
,
wh
i
ch
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
at
m
ed
ia
s
k
ep
ticis
m
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
alig
n
s
w
ith
[
6
]
,
wh
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ju
s
tice
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
wer
e
also
co
n
tr
ad
ict
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ast
au
th
o
r
wh
ich
o
n
ly
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
ef
f
ec
t
with
o
u
t
ass
ess
i
n
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
i
n
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
is
b
y
ex
am
in
i
n
g
b
o
th
its
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
m
ed
iatin
g
ef
f
e
ct
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
u
ll
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
f
o
r
all
th
e
p
at
h
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
co
n
tr
ast
with
[
7
]
,
wh
ich
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
ac
tiv
e
u
s
ag
e
h
ad
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
,
an
d
it
is
s
im
i
lar
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
[
2
5
]
,
as
th
e
au
th
o
r
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
[
7
]
,
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
en
v
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
co
n
s
t
r
u
ct
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
s
a
n
d
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
t
h
at
en
v
y
m
ed
iates
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
asts
with
p
ast
au
th
o
r
o
f
[
7
]
,
wh
ich
r
ep
o
r
te
d
an
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
m
e
d
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
also
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
e
n
v
y
ac
t
as
m
ed
iato
r
th
at
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
s
t
u
d
ies
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
was
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
in
th
is
ch
a
p
ter
o
n
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
e,
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
,
ch
allen
g
es,
lim
i
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
wer
e
s
y
n
th
esized
f
r
o
m
p
ast
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
it
is
clas
s
if
ied
as
b
eh
av
io
r
al,
co
n
tex
tu
al,
s
o
cial,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
en
,
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ac
tiv
ities
,
m
ed
i
a
s
k
ep
ticis
m
,
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
in
ju
s
tice,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital
th
eo
r
y
,
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
p
r
esen
ted
l
if
esty
le,
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
,
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
,
en
v
y
,
s
elf
-
esteem
,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
u
s
ag
e
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
th
e
o
r
y
.
All
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
wer
e
r
elate
d
to
b
o
th
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
e
n
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
all
th
e
item
s
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
an
aly
s
in
g
an
d
v
a
lid
atin
g
b
y
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
o
u
ter
lo
ad
i
n
g
in
PLS
-
SEM
,
an
d
it
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
item
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
an
d
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
ten
(
1
0
)
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
s
t
h
at
was
test
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
u
s
in
g
PLS
-
SEM
.
T
h
e
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4
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615
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th
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ca
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p
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life
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d
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n
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co
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ten
t.
T
h
e
r
e
is
v
e
r
y
s
tr
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g
s
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if
ican
t
r
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ip
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ir
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d
f
r
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ter
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p
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ca
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f
ati
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ir
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atig
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f
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RE
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S
[
1
]
L.
T
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d
F
.
K
e
r
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[
3
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G
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[
6
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W
.
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.
[
7
]
L.
R
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s,
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