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micro
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Adhi
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Re
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m
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rid
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v
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g
e
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a
tt
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c
u
larly
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n
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e
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v
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riab
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so
lar
irrad
ian
c
e
a
n
d
lo
a
d
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
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h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
p
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se
s
a
c
o
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d
in
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ted
m
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lt
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teg
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led
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ig
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ted
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ly
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imp
ro
v
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sy
ste
m
re
li
a
b
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li
ty
.
T
h
e
p
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p
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d
t
o
p
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lo
g
y
e
m
p
lo
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two
P
V
a
rra
y
s: o
n
e
d
irec
tl
y
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
a
b
a
tt
e
ry
in
v
e
rter t
o
su
p
p
ly
t
h
e
AC l
o
a
d
a
n
d
a
n
o
th
e
r
d
e
d
ica
ted
to
b
a
tt
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ry
c
h
a
rg
in
g
.
F
o
u
r
b
a
tt
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ry
u
n
it
s
a
re
c
o
o
rd
i
n
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ted
th
ro
u
g
h
a
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
(
F
LC),
w
h
ich
se
q
u
e
n
t
ially
re
g
u
late
s
b
a
tt
e
r
y
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
P
V g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
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imu
latio
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st
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d
ies
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c
o
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ted
u
n
d
e
r
tw
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o
p
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ra
ti
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g
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t
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1
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m
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n
su
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o
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s
p
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we
r
d
e
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v
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to
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l
o
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d
.
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h
e
sim
u
la
ti
o
n
re
su
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
ro
p
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se
d
c
o
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rd
i
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a
ted
c
o
n
tr
o
l
stra
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e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
ti
n
u
i
ty
,
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
sta
b
i
li
ty
,
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
sin
g
le
-
sta
g
e
isl
a
n
d
e
d
A
C
m
icro
g
rid
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
AC
co
u
p
lin
g
m
o
d
el
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
B
atter
y
-
in
v
er
ter
Mu
lti
-
b
atter
y
Sin
g
le
-
s
tag
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ad
h
i K
u
s
m
an
to
r
o
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
U
n
iv
er
s
itas
PGR
I
Se
m
ar
an
g
5
0
2
3
2
Sem
ar
an
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
ad
h
ik
u
s
m
an
to
r
o
@
u
p
g
r
is
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
el
ec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
g
r
o
wth
an
d
r
ap
i
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
h
as
ac
ce
ler
ated
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
-
b
ased
g
en
er
atio
n
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
av
ailab
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltai
c
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
ab
u
n
d
an
t
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
ec
lin
i
n
g
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
ts
.
S
in
ce
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
AC
)
lo
ad
s
d
o
m
in
ate
r
esid
en
tial,
co
m
m
er
cial,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
r
e
d
u
cin
g
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
i
o
n
s
,
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
in
cr
e
ase
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
e
d
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
g
r
id
r
esil
ien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
is
lan
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
u
tili
ty
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
o
r
o
u
t
ag
es
[
1
]
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
ch
em
es
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
u
b
g
r
id
s
to
co
o
p
er
ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
C
o
o
r
d
in
a
ted
mu
lti
-
b
a
tter
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
s
in
g
le
-
s
ta
g
e
is
la
n
d
ed
A
C
micro
g
r
id
s
(
A
d
h
i Ku
s
ma
n
to
r
o
)
385
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Hier
ar
ch
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
also
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
to
co
o
r
d
in
ate
m
u
ltip
le
AC
an
d
DC
s
u
b
g
r
id
s
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
is
lan
d
ed
an
d
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
p
e
r
atin
g
m
o
d
es,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
tem
p
o
r
al
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
AC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tic
s
,
an
d
tim
e
-
of
-
u
s
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
icin
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
s
ts
[
6
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
,
m
a
in
tain
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
u
n
d
er
f
l
u
ctu
atin
g
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
r
em
ain
s
a
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
i
n
is
lan
d
ed
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
s
.
Var
iatio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
d
i
r
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
PV
o
u
tp
u
t,
lead
in
g
to
p
o
wer
im
b
alan
ce
,
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
ia
tio
n
s
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
u
p
p
ly
r
eliab
ilit
y
if
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
atter
y
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
d
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
o
p
er
ati
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Hy
b
r
id
AC
/DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
p
er
io
r
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
u
s
in
g
h
ier
a
r
ch
ica
l
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
,
a
n
d
ter
tiar
y
co
n
tr
o
l
lev
els
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
lin
k
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
an
th
o
s
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
alle
n
g
es,
s
ev
er
al
in
tellig
en
t
an
d
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
I
n
tellig
e
n
t
ag
en
t
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
co
o
r
d
in
ate
AC
an
d
DC
s
u
b
g
r
id
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
o
p
tim
al
d
em
an
d
s
h
if
tin
g
,
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
,
an
d
p
o
wer
e
x
ch
an
g
e
w
h
ile
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
v
o
ltag
e
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
AC
an
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
is
lan
d
in
g
ev
e
n
ts
an
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
b
etwe
en
i
n
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
u
b
g
r
id
s
with
m
i
n
im
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
[
1
7
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
also
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
v
ir
tu
al
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
ased
o
n
b
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
,
clo
u
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
C
E
SS
)
,
in
tellig
en
t
ANFI
S
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
an
d
o
p
tim
al
PV
–
b
atter
y
s
izin
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
l
tag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
o
p
tim
ize
en
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
an
d
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
tim
e
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
ey
p
r
im
a
r
ily
e
m
p
h
asize
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
.
L
im
ited
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
t
o
co
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
l
e
b
atter
y
u
n
its
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
AC
-
co
u
p
led
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
u
n
in
te
r
r
u
p
ted
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
u
n
d
er
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
b
atte
r
y
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
Var
io
u
s
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
es
id
en
tial
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
with
s
u
r
p
lu
s
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
e
r
g
y
s
h
ar
in
g
,
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
E
MS)
th
at
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
an
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
r
eg
u
late
PV
-
b
atter
y
u
n
its
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
to
m
ain
tain
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
d
u
r
in
g
is
lan
d
ed
o
p
e
r
atio
n
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
tellig
en
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
i
c
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
atter
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
tim
e
b
y
ad
ap
tin
g
b
att
er
y
o
p
er
atio
n
to
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
ad
an
d
g
en
e
r
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
co
o
r
d
in
ate
PV
-
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
tab
ilit
y
in
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
[
2
6
]
.
R
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
al
s
o
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
atter
y
d
e
g
r
ad
a
tio
n
,
co
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
h
y
b
r
id
u
n
its
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es.
B
atter
y
wea
r
m
o
d
els
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
d
ay
-
ah
ea
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
b
a
tter
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
lo
n
g
s
er
v
ice
life
[
2
7
]
.
C
o
o
r
d
in
ated
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
PV
-
b
atter
y
h
y
b
r
id
u
n
its
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
,
b
atter
y
SOC
,
d
is
p
atch
ab
le
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
am
o
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
u
al
-
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
ep
ar
ate
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
f
r
o
m
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
t
h
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
4
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
a
d
v
an
ce
d
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
m
o
s
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
/
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
,
b
atter
y
life
tim
e,
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
.
L
im
ited
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
to
co
o
r
d
in
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
b
atter
y
u
n
its
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
AC
-
co
u
p
led
i
s
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
wh
er
e
b
att
er
ies
o
p
er
ate
s
eq
u
e
n
tially
to
m
ain
tain
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
u
r
in
g
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
o
r
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
lim
itatio
n
i
s
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
o
wer
co
n
tin
u
ity
,
s
im
p
lify
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
an
d
b
atter
y
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
.
E
x
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atter
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o
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izatio
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,
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d
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en
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y
s
h
ar
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Ho
wev
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lim
ited
att
en
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iv
e
n
to
t
h
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
b
atter
y
u
n
its
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I
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o
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J
E
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n
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
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386
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
AC
-
co
u
p
led
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
to
m
itig
ate
t
h
e
i
n
ter
m
itten
cy
o
f
PV
g
en
er
a
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
m
ay
s
till
r
esu
lt
in
p
o
wer
i
m
b
alan
ce
,
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
u
n
d
er
is
lan
d
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
co
o
r
d
in
ated
m
u
lti
-
b
atter
y
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
is
lan
d
ed
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
AC
-
co
u
p
led
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
em
p
lo
y
s
f
o
u
r
b
atter
y
u
n
its
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
b
at
ter
y
in
v
er
ter
,
wh
e
r
e
b
atter
y
o
p
er
atio
n
is
co
o
r
d
in
ated
s
eq
u
en
tially
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
t
r
o
ller
(
FLC).
Du
r
in
g
PV
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
o
r
co
m
p
lete
s
o
u
r
ce
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
B
atter
y
1
(
B
1
)
,
B
atter
y
2
(
B
2
)
,
B
atter
y
3
(
B
3
)
,
an
d
B
atter
y
4
(
B
4
)
to
m
ain
tain
a
s
tab
le
DC
/AC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
to
th
e
l
o
ad
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
B
1
is
c
h
ar
g
ed
u
s
in
g
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
PV
p
o
wer
av
ailab
le
o
n
th
e
AC
b
u
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
B
2
,
B
3
,
an
d
B
4
ar
e
ch
ar
g
ed
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
b
y
d
ed
icate
d
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
im
p
r
o
v
es
b
atter
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
wh
ile
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
r
a
ctica
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
c
o
n
tin
u
it
y
i
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
-
b
ased
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
B
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
AC
-
co
u
p
led
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
w
ith
in
tellig
en
t
m
u
lti
-
b
atter
y
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
m
p
en
s
ates
f
o
r
PV
in
ter
m
itten
cy
,
m
ain
tain
s
s
tab
le
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
i
s
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
s
h
ar
in
g
in
DC
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
s
im
p
le
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
o
p
er
atio
n
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
lin
ea
r
ly
as
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
lin
e
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
u
n
eq
u
al
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
an
d
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
T
o
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
t
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
FLC
to
co
o
r
d
in
ate
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
b
atter
y
u
n
its
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
o
wer
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
in
PV g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
a
d
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ix
s
tag
es.
First,
a
D
C
–
DC
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
DC
b
u
s
lev
el.
Seco
n
d
,
a
s
in
g
l
e
-
s
tag
e
AC
-
co
u
p
led
m
icr
o
g
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
u
ltip
le
b
atter
y
u
n
it
s
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
ir
d
,
an
FL
C
-
b
ased
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
d
esig
n
e
d
t
o
r
eg
u
late
th
e
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
att
er
y
u
n
its
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
av
ailab
le
PV
p
o
wer
a
n
d
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
Fifth
,
a
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
-
s
ca
le
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
tally
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
m
u
lti
-
b
atter
y
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
2
.
1
.
DC/DC
co
nv
er
t
er
des
ig
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
em
p
lo
y
s
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
s
an
d
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
b
ef
o
r
e
p
o
wer
is
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
b
att
er
y
in
v
er
ter
.
Pro
p
er
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
is
ess
en
ti
al
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
p
o
w
er
f
l
o
w,
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
a
co
n
s
tan
t
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
a
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
o
n
th
e
PV
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
r
an
ch
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
b
atter
y
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
wh
ile
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
b
r
an
ch
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
b
atter
y
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
DC
b
u
s
lev
el.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
ab
les
th
e
b
atter
ies
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
t
er
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
PV
g
en
er
a
tio
n
o
r
co
m
p
lete
PV
in
te
r
r
u
p
t
io
n
.
B
o
th
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
an
in
s
u
lated
-
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
,
an
i
n
d
u
cto
r
,
a
d
io
d
e,
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
ilter
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
d
es
ig
n
ed
to
a
ch
iev
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
,
th
er
eb
y
m
in
i
m
izin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
allo
wab
le
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le,
a
n
d
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
.
T
h
e
cir
c
u
it
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
is
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u
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ile
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d
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t
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s
u
b
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h
e
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t
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ca
n
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e
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e
f
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1
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Me
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ile,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
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th
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u
ck
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n
v
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ter
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e
s
h
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wn
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n
T
ab
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1
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1
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n
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ter
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u
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m
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a
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Fig
u
r
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2
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t c
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n
T
ab
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2
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t c
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H
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3
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F
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2
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r
o
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g
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o
d
el,
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e
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talled
PV se
r
v
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u
p
p
ly
p
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e
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ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
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h
en
th
e
r
e
is
ex
ce
s
s
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
AC
b
u
s
,
it
will
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e
s
to
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ed
in
th
e
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atter
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s
in
g
a
b
id
ir
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tio
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DC
co
n
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er
ter
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n
th
e
co
n
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en
tio
n
al
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n
f
ig
u
r
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th
e
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ailab
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f
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atter
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er
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e
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n
th
e
r
e
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n
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ce
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s
o
f
p
o
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n
t
h
e
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u
s
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n
t
h
e
n
ew
m
o
d
el
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C
o
u
p
lin
g
u
s
es
a
s
in
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le
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s
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n
f
ig
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r
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m
u
lti
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b
a
tter
y
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o
u
r
ce
.
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h
e
f
ir
s
t
b
atter
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ch
ar
g
in
g
f
r
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m
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,
th
e
s
ec
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n
d
b
atter
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ch
ar
g
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g
f
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m
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,
th
e
t
h
ir
d
b
a
tter
y
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
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r
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m
PV3
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n
d
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
b
atter
y
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
PV4
.
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h
en
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
c
u
t
o
f
f
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
f
o
u
r
th
b
at
ter
ies
co
o
r
d
in
ate
in
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
p
o
wer
to
th
e
AC
b
u
s
.
T
h
e
PV
u
s
ed
h
as
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
tio
n
s
in
T
ab
le
3
,
w
h
ile
th
e
b
atter
y
u
s
ed
h
as
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
PV
is
a
PV
ar
r
ay
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
2
PV
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
p
ar
allel,
s
o
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
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t
v
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is
1
8
V
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.
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h
e
f
ir
s
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PV
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p
ac
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2
0
W
.
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h
ile
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e
s
ec
o
n
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to
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u
r
th
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is
a
P
V
ar
r
ay
with
a
to
tal
o
f
6
PV
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
is
PV
ar
r
ay
h
as
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
p
ar
allel.
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h
e
PV
co
n
f
ig
u
r
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is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
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n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
ea
ch
PV
u
s
es
MPPT
to
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r
o
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u
ce
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
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r
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
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g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
E
ac
h
PV
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co
n
tr
o
lled
s
ep
ar
ately
u
s
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g
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h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
PV
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
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ter
,
PV1
u
s
in
g
a
b
atter
y
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
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ter
1
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B
C
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1
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b
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g
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e
d
u
c
ed
u
s
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a
b
atter
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b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
2
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B
C
B
2
)
,
PV
3
b
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g
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ed
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
a
b
atte
r
y
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
3
(
B
C
B
3
)
,
PV4
b
ein
g
r
e
d
u
ce
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
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2
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4
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d
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atter
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h
e
v
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c
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tr
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u
n
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l
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ig
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ig
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tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ig
n
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th
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
MPPT
s
et
p
o
i
n
t
an
d
th
e
PV c
u
r
r
en
t is u
s
ed
as in
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
ab
le
3
.
PV m
o
d
u
le
s
p
esifica
tio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
N
o
mi
n
a
l
v
o
l
a
t
g
e
1
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V
M
a
x
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m
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mb
e
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f
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l
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36
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t
a
n
d
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r
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l
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g
h
t
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W
/
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e
f
.
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
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e
f
)
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°
C
T
ab
le
4
.
L
ith
iu
m
io
n
b
atter
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s
p
ec
if
icatio
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s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
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l
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e
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n
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l
v
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h
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r
g
e
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u
r
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n
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A
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n
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e
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n
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l
r
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0
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h
m
D
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sch
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c
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t
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o
f
f
v
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t
a
g
e
2
.
5
V
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PV c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
T
h
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
is
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
a
PV
co
n
n
ec
ted
AC
b
u
s
v
ia
a
DC
-
lin
k
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
1
=
1
−
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
C
o
o
r
d
in
a
ted
mu
lti
-
b
a
tter
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
s
in
g
le
-
s
ta
g
e
is
la
n
d
ed
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C
micro
g
r
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s
(
A
d
h
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ma
n
to
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=
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1
1
(
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.
3
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a
t
t
er
y
co
ntr
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F
L
C
T
r
ad
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
t
wo
-
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
t
o
cr
ea
te
t
h
e
p
u
ls
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
/
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
DC
/AC
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
th
e
AC
b
u
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
v
er
ter
.
Sad
ly
,
it
will
lo
we
r
th
e
p
r
icele
s
s
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e'
s
ab
ili
ty
to
co
n
v
er
t
p
o
we
r
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
r
e
g
u
latio
n
,
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
r
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
e
two
-
s
tag
e
s
etu
p
an
d
th
e
p
r
icey
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
en
d
u
p
b
ein
g
th
e
m
ain
o
b
s
tacle
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e,
in
th
is
m
u
lti
-
b
atter
y
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
s
tu
d
y
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
u
s
e
a
b
atter
y
-
in
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
n
o
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
-
in
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
ca
n
r
eg
u
late
th
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
p
o
wer
to
th
e
AC
b
u
s
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
it
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
ea
c
h
b
atter
y
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
o
f
ea
c
h
b
atter
y
is
r
eg
u
lat
ed
alter
n
ately
u
s
in
g
a
FLC
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
AC
co
u
p
lin
g
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
a
co
o
r
d
in
at
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
to
t
h
e
AC
b
u
s
u
s
in
g
a
FLC.
B
a
tter
y
1
(
b
1
)
,
b
atter
y
2
(
b
2
)
,
b
atter
y
3
(
b
3
)
,
an
d
b
atter
y
4
(
b
4
)
wo
r
k
s
eq
u
en
tially
with
th
e
in
itial su
p
p
ly
o
f
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
u
s
in
g
b
atter
y
1
.
W
h
en
b
atter
y
1
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
b
atter
y
2
will
wo
r
k
to
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
we
r
to
th
e
b
atter
y
.
AC
b
u
s
,
an
d
s
o
o
n
u
n
til
b
atter
y
4
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ad
o
f
o
n
e
r
esid
en
tial
h
o
u
s
e
h
as
a
to
tal
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
f
o
r
o
n
e
d
ay
o
f
1
,
1
1
8
W
h
.
T
ak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
8
0
%
d
ep
th
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
DO
D
)
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
o
n
e
b
a
tter
y
u
n
it u
s
ed
is
2
6
0
Ah
.
E
ac
h
b
atter
y
u
n
it is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
6
0
b
atter
y
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
to
tal
lo
ad
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
with
a
b
atter
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
e
ac
h
b
atter
y
u
n
it,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
:
∑
(
)
=
4
=
1
=
1
(
)
+
2
(
)
+
3
(
)
+
4
(
)
(
4
)
T
h
e
b
atter
y
w
h
en
ch
a
r
g
in
g
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
(
5
)
a
n
d
wh
e
n
it i
s
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
it is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
(
6
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
384
-
3
9
9
390
∑
(
)
=
4
=
1
−
(
)
≥
∑
(
)
=
1
(
5
)
∑
(
)
=
4
=
1
−
(
)
≤
∑
(
)
=
1
(
6
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
o
r
d
in
ated
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
atter
y
with
FLC
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
b
ase
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
if
-
th
en
r
u
les
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
ta
b
le
s
h
o
ws
th
at
FLC
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
f
o
u
r
in
p
u
ts
an
d
ea
ch
in
p
u
t
u
s
es
s
ev
en
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
FLC
o
u
tp
u
t
is
th
e
b
atter
y
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
(
B
O
P
)
,
as
th
e
b
atter
y
-
in
v
er
ter
i
n
p
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
atter
y
co
o
r
d
i
n
at
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
f
lo
wch
ar
t.
T
ab
le
5
.
R
u
les o
f
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ated
co
n
tr
o
l b
atter
y
e
/
d
e
(
b
1
-
b
4
)
NB
NE
NS
ZE
PS
PE
PB
NB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PE
PS
ZE
NE
PB
PB
PB
PE
PS
ZE
NS
NS
PB
PB
PE
PS
ZE
NS
NE
ZE
PB
PE
PS
ZE
NS
NE
NB
PS
PE
PS
ZE
NS
NE
NB
NB
PE
PS
ZE
NS
NE
NB
NB
NB
PB
ZE
NS
NE
NB
NB
NB
NB
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
C
o
o
r
d
in
a
ted
mu
lti
-
b
a
tter
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
s
in
g
le
-
s
ta
g
e
is
la
n
d
ed
A
C
micro
g
r
id
s
(
A
d
h
i Ku
s
ma
n
to
r
o
)
391
FLC
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
u
s
e
f
o
u
r
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
n
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
FLC
in
p
u
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
f
ir
s
t
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
(
PB
1
)
,
s
ec
o
n
d
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
(
PB
2
)
,
th
ir
d
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
(
PB
3
)
,
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
(
PB
4
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
B
OP
th
at
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
is
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
Ma
tlab
,
with
th
e
s
im
u
lin
k
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
FLC
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
Ma
tlab
,
s
ee
n
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
d
o
n
e
s
eq
u
en
tially
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
Ma
tlab
'
s
Simu
lin
k
d
esig
n
,
f
o
u
r
b
atter
y
in
p
u
ts
an
d
an
i
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
is
a
f
lu
ctu
at
io
n
in
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
b
atter
y
1
will
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
W
h
en
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
b
atter
y
1
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
b
atter
y
2
will
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
An
d
s
o
o
n
b
atter
y
3
an
d
b
atter
y
4
will su
p
p
l
y
p
o
wer
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
eq
u
en
tially
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
n
b
atter
y
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
4
3
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
384
-
3
9
9
392
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Simu
lin
k
d
esig
n
f
o
r
b
atter
y
co
o
r
d
in
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
u
s
in
g
s
im
u
la
tio
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
c
o
o
r
d
in
ate
d
co
n
tr
o
l h
a
r
d
war
e
on
a
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
with
m
u
lti
-
b
atter
ies.
3
.
1
.
S
o
la
r
po
wer
(
P
V)
t
o
lo
a
d
(
ca
s
e
s
t
ud
y
1)
I
n
ca
s
e
1
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lies
to
th
e
l
o
ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e
PV1
th
r
o
u
g
h
PV4
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
to
th
e
b
at
ter
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
as a
PV in
p
u
t so
u
r
ce
.
I
n
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
is
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
with
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
I
n
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
C
o
o
r
d
in
a
ted
mu
lti
-
b
a
tter
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
s
in
g
le
-
s
ta
g
e
is
la
n
d
ed
A
C
micro
g
r
id
s
(
A
d
h
i Ku
s
ma
n
to
r
o
)
393
W
ith
a
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
i
n
ten
s
ity
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
a
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
1
2
0
0
watts
is
g
e
n
er
a
ted
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
W
h
il
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
.
I
n
a
s
tar
t
tim
e
o
f
u
p
to
0
.
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
an
d
t
h
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
in
c
r
ea
s
es
with
a
tim
e
o
f
0
.
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
to
1
s
ec
o
n
d
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
lo
a
d
p
o
wer
,
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
o
f
s
o
lar
PV w
ill d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
at
2
0
0
V.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
a
s
o
lar
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
atter
y
-
i
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
a
n
AC
lo
ad
.
W
h
en
c
o
n
n
e
cted
to
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
v
o
ltag
e
in
v
er
ter
,
th
e
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t
is
4
.
8
A.
I
n
ca
s
e
1
,
b
atter
y
1
,
b
atter
y
2
,
b
atter
y
3
,
an
d
b
atter
y
4
h
av
e
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
lied
p
o
wer
to
th
e
l
o
ad
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
s
o
lar
PV
is
s
till
ab
le
to
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
we
r
to
th
e
l
o
ad
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
1
,
PV1
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
to
b
atter
y
1
.
L
ik
ewise,
PV2
,
PV3
,
a
n
d
PV4
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
to
b
atte
r
y
2
,
b
atter
y
3
,
an
d
b
atter
y
4
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
So
lar
PV o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
L
o
ad
p
o
wer
with
s
o
lar
PV so
u
r
ce
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.