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l J
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ea
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J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
,
p
p
.
7
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~
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I
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cig
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mo
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in
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K
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w
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s
:
E
-
cig
ar
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u
s
e
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cig
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ettes
Kn
o
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an
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CC B
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:
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af
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ab
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Dep
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tm
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f
elec
tr
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ar
ett
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-
cig
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o
r
v
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h
as
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ap
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ly
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cr
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ld
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itially
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ct
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m
e
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ed
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,
esp
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am
o
n
g
y
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u
n
g
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p
o
p
u
latio
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s
.
T
h
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d
ev
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f
u
n
ctio
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b
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ea
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g
a
liq
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wh
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f
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r
o
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s
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h
an
d
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alatio
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[
1
]
.
Desp
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b
ein
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wid
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a
r
k
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as
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s
af
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alter
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[
2
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C
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t
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
:
7
1
7
-
725
718
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
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c
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ce
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s
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m
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4
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]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
p
r
o
h
ib
itio
n
s
,
a
n
ec
d
o
tal
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
r
ep
o
r
ts
in
d
icate
th
at
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e
co
n
tin
u
es to
r
is
e,
e
s
p
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
o
n
e
-
cig
ar
ett
e
u
s
e
an
d
u
s
ag
e
t
r
en
d
s
in
Om
a
n
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ettes
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
t
h
o
s
e
en
r
o
lled
in
h
ea
lt
h
-
r
elate
d
f
ield
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
B
ab
jak
o
v
á
et
a
l.
[
7
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
1
3
.
5
%
o
f
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Slo
v
ak
ia
u
s
ed
e
-
cig
ar
ettes
an
d
lack
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
th
eir
r
is
k
s
.
Similar
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
Gu
lf
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
n
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia,
Alm
u
th
a
m
,
Altam
i
[
8
]
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
th
at
1
0
.
6
%
o
f
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
a
d
tr
ied
e
-
cig
ar
ettes,
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
m
is
p
er
ce
iv
in
g
th
em
as
s
af
e
alter
n
at
iv
es
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
m
o
k
in
g
.
Aq
ee
li
et
a
l.
[
9
]
n
o
ted
th
at
2
1
%
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
J
az
an
u
s
ed
e
-
ci
g
ar
e
ttes
,
wh
ile
7
0
.
2
%
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
p
ass
iv
e
n
ico
tin
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
r
is
k
s
.
I
n
Qata
r
,
Ku
r
d
i
et
a
l.
[
10
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
7
8
.
6
%
o
f
u
s
er
s
b
eliev
ed
v
a
p
in
g
co
u
ld
r
e
d
u
ce
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e,
b
u
t
n
o
tab
le
g
a
p
s
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
er
s
is
ted
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
r
eg
io
n
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
p
ee
r
u
s
ag
e,
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
ap
p
r
o
v
al,
an
d
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
f
lav
o
r
ed
e
-
cig
ar
ettes,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
ed
1
8
–
2
4
y
ea
r
s
[
11
]
-
[
13
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
to
b
ac
co
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
licies
ex
is
t,
th
ey
ar
e
lar
g
ely
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
cig
ar
ettes
an
d
m
ay
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ately
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ettes,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
f
la
v
o
r
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
lim
ite
d
awa
r
en
ess
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
tar
g
etin
g
e
-
cig
ar
ette
h
ar
m
s
m
ay
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
to
b
ac
co
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies in
cu
r
b
in
g
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
.
W
ith
in
th
is
g
ap
,
n
o
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
tu
d
ies
to
d
ate
h
av
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
ass
es
s
ed
e
-
cig
ar
ette
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
am
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Om
an
.
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
g
r
o
u
p
d
u
e
to
th
eir
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
s
tag
e,
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
p
e
er
an
d
m
e
d
ia
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
,
an
d
h
ig
h
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
tar
g
eted
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
m
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
b
eh
av
io
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
cr
itical
p
er
io
d
o
f
h
ea
lth
b
e
h
av
io
r
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Giv
en
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
r
eg
u
l
ato
r
y
s
tan
ce
an
d
th
e
ap
p
a
r
en
t
r
is
e
in
in
f
o
r
m
al
u
s
e,
it
is
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
ess
en
tial
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
is
is
s
u
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ass
ess
th
e
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
Su
ltan
Q
ab
o
o
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
i
n
Om
an
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
p
atter
n
s
will
h
elp
in
f
o
r
m
p
u
b
l
ic
h
ea
lth
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
aim
e
d
at
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
h
ar
m
s
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lts
in
Om
an
.
−
T
h
eo
r
etica
l f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
So
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
(
SC
T
)
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
B
an
d
u
r
a
[
14
]
,
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
h
u
m
an
b
eh
av
io
r
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
a
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
wee
n
p
er
s
o
n
al,
b
eh
av
io
r
al,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
.
T
h
is
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
d
e
ter
m
in
is
m
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
h
a
p
ed
b
y
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
u
t
also
ac
tiv
ely
s
h
a
p
e
an
d
m
o
d
if
y
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
s
.
W
ith
in
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ele
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
b
elief
s
,
ex
p
ec
tati
o
n
s
,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
;
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
en
co
m
p
ass
ex
ter
n
al
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
p
e
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
f
am
ily
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
cu
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
,
m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
a
n
d
m
a
r
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies;
wh
ile
b
eh
av
io
r
al
f
a
cto
r
s
r
ef
er
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
ac
tu
al
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
h
ab
its
,
wh
ic
h
in
t
u
r
n
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
o
r
m
o
d
i
f
y
b
o
th
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
s
o
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
(
SC
T
)
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lain
s
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
Om
an
i
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
as
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
(
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
)
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
(
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
,
p
ee
r
,
an
d
f
a
m
ily
b
eh
av
io
r
s
)
.
Stu
d
en
ts
with
ac
cu
r
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ar
e
ex
p
e
cted
to
b
e
less
lik
ely
to
u
s
e
e
-
cig
ar
ettes,
wh
ile
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
cial
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
u
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
al
lear
n
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
s
ee
in
Ap
p
en
d
i
x
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
SC
T
t
h
eo
r
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
e
-
ci
g
ar
ettes
(
v
ap
in
g
)
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
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n
iv
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s
ity
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tu
d
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ts
in
Om
an
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
en
v
ir
o
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m
en
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,
s
am
p
le
s
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tio
n
,
to
o
ls
,
d
ata
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tin
g
m
eth
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,
d
at
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d
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ata
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i
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all
r
ev
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in
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I
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to
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r
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I
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8
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r
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−
W
h
at
is
th
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lev
el
o
f
k
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ab
o
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t e
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in
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−
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h
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n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
els a
n
d
th
eir
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
et
tes in
Om
an
?
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
a
s
s
es
s
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
e
-
ci
g
a
r
ette
u
s
ag
e
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
SQU
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
lleg
es
wh
et
h
er
th
e
y
u
s
e
e
-
cig
ar
ette
o
r
n
o
t.
Ab
o
u
t 4
4
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
co
m
p
leted
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
s
t
ud
y
s
et
t
ing
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
b
ein
g
co
n
d
u
cted
at
SQU
an
d
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
n
in
e
co
lleg
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
n
u
r
s
in
g
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
s
cien
ce
,
s
cien
ce
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
m
ed
icin
e
an
d
h
ea
lth
s
cien
ce
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ar
ts
an
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
an
d
m
ar
i
n
e
s
cien
ce
s
,
a
n
d
law
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
b
jects
ar
e
Om
an
i
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
i
n
th
e
f
all
2
0
2
4
s
em
ester
in
an
y
co
lleg
e
o
f
SQU
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
s
an
d
o
f
b
o
th
g
e
n
d
er
s
.
T
h
e
e
x
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
in
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
a
v
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
a
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ca
m
p
aig
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
is
k
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cig
ar
ettes,
an
d
n
o
n
-
Om
an
i stu
d
en
ts
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple,
s
a
m
pli
ng
t
ec
hn
iqu
e,
a
nd
s
a
m
ple size
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
d
b
o
th
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t a
ca
d
em
ic
y
ea
r
s
wh
o
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
r
o
m
all
co
lleg
es
with
in
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
s
am
p
lin
g
was
n
o
t a
p
p
lied
,
e
f
f
o
r
ts
wer
e
m
a
d
e
t
o
r
ec
r
u
it
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
a
ca
d
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
le
v
els.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
s
am
p
le
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
Sev
er
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
im
p
le
m
en
ted
to
m
in
im
ize
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
b
ias.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
s
el
ec
tio
n
b
ias,
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
was
co
n
d
u
cted
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
lleg
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
ad
em
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
u
s
in
g
a
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
m
in
im
ize
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
b
ias,
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
v
alid
a
ted
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
u
s
ed
to
r
e
d
u
ce
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
b
ias an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
ata
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
E
lig
ib
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
e
d
c
u
r
r
en
tly
e
n
r
o
lled
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
Su
ltan
Qab
o
o
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
wh
o
wer
e
willin
g
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t.
Stu
d
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
y
ea
r
o
f
2
0
2
3
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Statis
tics
at
Su
ltan
Qab
o
o
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ajo
r
s
.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
1
7
,
1
7
9
,
with
5
1
.
5
%
en
r
o
lled
in
h
u
m
an
ities
co
lleg
es
an
d
4
8
.
5
% in
s
cien
tific
co
lleg
es.
F
em
ales c
o
n
s
titu
ted
4
9
% o
f
th
e
to
tal
en
r
o
lled
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
Slo
v
in
’
s
f
o
r
m
u
la.
T
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
n
o
n
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
r
in
co
m
p
lete
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
1
0
% wa
s
ad
d
e
d
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
4
4
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
2
.
3
.
De
s
cr
iptio
n o
f
s
t
ud
y
ins
t
rum
ent
s
A
v
alid
ated
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
o
r
ig
in
ally
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Fra
n
k
s
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
Ar
ab
ic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
ad
ap
te
d
b
y
Aq
ee
li
et
a
l.
[
9
]
f
o
r
u
s
e
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
[
9
]
,
[
16
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
lated
v
er
s
io
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
e
Sau
d
i
p
o
p
u
latio
n
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
>
0
.
8
0
)
.
Per
m
is
s
io
n
to
u
s
e
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
au
t
h
o
r
.
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
Ar
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
was
ad
o
p
te
d
an
d
p
ilo
t
-
test
ed
am
o
n
g
2
0
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
y
ield
in
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
=
0
.
7
5
)
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
llected
d
ata
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
w
as
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ev
en
d
ich
o
to
m
o
u
s
(
Yes/No
)
item
s
,
with
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
ass
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
ea
c
h
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
to
tal
s
co
r
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
to
7
,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
r
ef
lecte
d
g
r
ea
te
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
e
-
cig
ar
ett
es.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
s
co
r
es
wer
e
class
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
s
:
p
o
o
r
(
<
5
0
%;
0
–
3
)
,
s
u
f
f
icien
t
(
5
0
–
7
4
%
;
4
–
5
)
,
an
d
g
o
o
d
(
≥
7
5
%;
6
–
7
)
.
T
h
ese
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
a
n
d
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
class
if
icatio
n
s
ap
p
lied
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
h
ea
lth
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Per
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
war
d
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
1
8
s
tatem
en
ts
r
ated
o
n
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
(
1
)
to
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
(
5
)
.
E
-
cig
a
r
ette
u
s
e
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
: e
v
er
u
s
e,
d
ef
i
n
ed
as h
av
in
g
u
s
ed
an
e
-
cig
ar
e
tte
at
lea
s
t o
n
ce
; c
u
r
r
en
t u
s
e,
d
ef
in
ed
as u
s
e
o
n
at
least
o
n
e
d
ay
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
3
0
d
ay
s
;
an
d
r
eg
u
la
r
u
s
e,
d
ef
in
ed
as
u
s
e
o
n
2
0
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
ay
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
3
0
d
a
y
s
.
2.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n pro
ce
du
re
I
n
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
4
,
we
u
s
e
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
W
h
atsAp
p
an
d
I
n
s
tag
r
am
to
d
is
s
em
in
ate
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
am
o
n
g
SQU
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
we
ask
ed
s
o
m
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
lleg
es
to
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
at
e
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
in
f
o
r
m
th
em
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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tem
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er
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ited
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em
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ticip
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ily
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r
o
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g
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a
Go
o
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le
s
u
r
v
ey
lin
k
.
T
o
s
p
ee
d
u
p
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
QR
b
ar
co
d
e
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cr
ea
te
d
f
o
r
th
e
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o
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r
v
e
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.
Facu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
wer
e
e
n
co
u
r
ag
ed
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
je
ct
an
d
d
is
p
lay
th
e
b
ar
co
d
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
eir
class
tim
e.
W
e
also
v
is
ited
th
e
SQU
li
b
r
ar
y
a
n
d
p
r
esen
te
d
th
e
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u
r
v
ey
to
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
th
e
two
m
eth
o
d
s
:
Go
o
g
le
s
u
r
v
e
y
lin
k
an
d
th
e
QR
b
ar
co
d
e
.
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h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
el
ab
o
u
t
e
-
cig
ar
ettes,
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ettes.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
cr
e
d
ib
i
lity
,
o
n
ly
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
SQU
em
ail
wer
e
allo
wed
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
n
o
p
r
iv
a
te
em
ail
was
allo
wed
.
T
h
e
to
t
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Go
o
g
le
s
u
r
v
ey
wer
e
ab
o
u
t
4
4
9
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
s
o
f
Octo
b
er
2
2
,
2
0
2
4
.
2.
5
.
Da
t
a
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
co
llected
v
ia
th
e
Go
o
g
l
e
Fo
r
m
s
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
wer
e
i
n
itially
ex
p
o
r
te
d
to
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
—
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
E
x
ce
l
an
d
I
B
M
SP
SS
Statis
tics
Ver
s
io
n
2
3
—
in
clu
d
ed
t
h
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
d
u
p
licate
en
tr
ies,
id
en
tific
atio
n
a
n
d
h
an
d
lin
g
o
f
o
u
tlier
v
alu
es,
ex
clu
s
io
n
o
f
i
n
co
m
p
l
ete
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
i
n
co
n
s
is
ten
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b
etwe
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q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
an
d
c
o
d
in
g
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
to
n
u
m
er
ical
v
alu
es
wh
er
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
.
Fo
llo
win
g
d
ata
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
I
B
M
SP
SS
Ve
r
s
io
n
2
3
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies,
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
m
ea
n
s
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
an
d
p
r
esen
t
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
f
e
r
en
tial
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
d
r
a
w
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
-
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
s
an
d
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n
e
-
way
ANOV
A
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
as
s
ess
d
if
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er
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ce
s
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etwe
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g
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o
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p
s
,
wh
ile
Pear
s
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n
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s
co
r
r
elatio
n
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o
ef
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icien
t
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s
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am
in
e
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o
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etwe
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tin
u
o
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s
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ar
iab
les.
Statis
tica
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
was d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
a
two
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tailed
test
with
a
p
-
v
alu
e
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et
at
<
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.
0
5
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
Cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
t
he
s
a
m
ple
An
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
u
r
v
ey
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
SQU,
4
4
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
leted
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
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h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
m
ale
(
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2
.
1
%),
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
em
wer
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
cien
tific
co
lleg
es
(
7
3
.
5
%).
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r
eo
v
er
,
a
b
o
u
t
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6
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
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ar
ticip
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
in
th
eir
f
if
th
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sam
p
le
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
N
u
mb
e
r
%
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
2
7
9
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1
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e
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e
1
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t
o
t
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l
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g
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c
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5
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u
ma
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l
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A
c
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y
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r
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r
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.
3
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e
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o
n
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r
67
15
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r
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r
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o
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r
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r
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7
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i
f
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r
2
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o
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l
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1
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.
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no
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e
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t
o
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4
4
9
p
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ticip
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ts
,
9
6
.
7
%
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av
e
h
ea
r
d
ab
o
u
t
e
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r
ettes,
in
wh
ich
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4
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o
f
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ticip
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ts
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r
ted
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at
th
ey
f
i
r
s
t
h
ea
r
d
ab
o
u
t
e
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cig
ar
ettes
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
f
r
ien
d
s
.
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s
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
g
av
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
s
wer
s
to
th
e
b
u
lk
o
f
th
e
e
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cig
ar
ette
k
n
o
wled
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e
q
u
esti
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n
s
.
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ec
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ically
,
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%
co
r
r
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tly
id
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tifie
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at
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s
ab
le,
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d
ab
o
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t
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%
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f
p
ar
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ts
d
is
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r
ee
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th
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r
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ef
f
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eth
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ig
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lth
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ile
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d
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r
ee
d
th
at
th
e
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lth
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o
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e
th
a
n
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On
th
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a
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t 3
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ts
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r
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r
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r
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ess
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.
No
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m
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ased
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3
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Uses
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les
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1
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9
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A
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iew
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
f
la
v
o
r
ed
e
-
cig
ar
ett
es
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
,
willin
g
n
ess
to
tr
y
,
an
d
in
itiatio
n
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
ted
th
at
b
r
an
d
ed
an
d
v
is
u
ally
ap
p
ea
lin
g
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
es
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
tr
y
e
-
cig
ar
ettes,
wh
ile
p
lain
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ap
p
ea
l
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Ov
er
all
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
c
r
itical
r
o
le
o
f
f
lav
o
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
in
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ettes
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
icter
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
n
tr
o
ls
o
n
f
la
v
o
r
i
n
g
s
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies tar
g
etin
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
4
4
.
3
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
eith
er
ag
r
ee
d
o
r
wer
e
a
m
b
iv
alen
t
ab
o
u
t
th
e
id
ea
t
h
at
e
-
cig
ar
ettes
h
elp
r
eliev
e
s
tr
ess
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
n
ico
tin
e
m
ay
o
f
f
e
r
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
s
t
r
ess
r
elief
,
ev
id
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
its
ch
r
o
n
ic
u
s
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
an
d
m
ay
wo
r
s
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
i
ety
in
t
h
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
.
Similar
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
s
tr
ess
r
elief
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
r
eg
io
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
b
e
h
in
d
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
,
1
2
.
7
%
o
f
SQU
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
te
d
cu
r
r
en
t
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
alig
n
s
clo
s
ely
with
r
ates
r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
Al
Fais
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
1
2
.
2
%
)
an
d
is
s
o
m
ewh
at
lo
wer
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
Qata
r
(
1
4
%)
an
d
J
az
an
(
2
1
%
)
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
r
e
g
u
lato
r
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
c
u
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
an
ti
-
s
m
o
k
in
g
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
s
m
ay
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
th
is
v
ar
ia
tio
n
.
I
n
Om
a
n
’
s
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
r
eg
u
l
ato
r
y
c
o
n
tex
t,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
r
ele
v
an
t.
Desp
ite
ex
is
tin
g
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
p
r
o
h
ib
itin
g
th
e
s
ale
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ett
es,
co
n
tin
u
ed
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
g
g
ests
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
o
licy
an
d
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t.
C
u
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
,
alo
n
g
with
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
p
ee
r
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
,
m
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
o
f
v
ap
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lts
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
er
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
tailo
r
e
d
h
ea
lth
ed
u
c
atio
n
f
o
r
Om
a
n
i
y
o
u
th
.
I
n
ter
es
tin
g
ly
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
d
a
n
eg
at
iv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
h
ig
h
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
le
v
els
wer
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
u
s
ag
e
r
ates.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
J
aa
f
ar
et
a
l.
[
26
]
,
a
n
d
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
it
is
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
p
r
ev
en
t
u
s
e.
Ps
y
ch
o
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
,
p
ee
r
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
m
ay
p
lay
m
ed
iati
n
g
r
o
les,
lim
itin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
alo
n
e
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
e
-
ci
g
ar
ette
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Om
an
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
ee
r
s
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
.
Desp
ite
g
en
er
ally
g
o
o
d
awa
r
en
ess
,
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
is
co
n
c
ep
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
e
n
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
an
d
m
u
lti
-
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
d
esig
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
ex
am
in
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
as
well
a
s
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
o
cial
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
ita
tio
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
en
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
lim
its
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
estab
lis
h
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
a
s
in
g
le
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
i
ch
m
ay
lim
it
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
all
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Om
an
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ata
m
ay
lead
to
u
n
d
e
r
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
o
r
o
v
er
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e
an
d
r
elate
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
,
in
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
with
h
ea
lth
au
th
o
r
ities
in
Om
an
,
s
h
o
u
l
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
tar
g
ete
d
awa
r
en
ess
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
o
n
th
e
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ette
u
s
e
an
d
a
d
d
r
ess
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
v
ap
in
g
as
a
s
af
e
alter
n
ativ
e
to
s
m
o
k
in
g
o
r
a
ce
s
s
atio
n
aid
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
n
atio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
p
r
o
h
ib
it
th
e
s
ale
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
e
-
cig
ar
ettes,
s
tr
o
n
g
er
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
r
e
d
u
ce
in
f
o
r
m
al
u
s
e
an
d
b
r
i
d
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
o
licy
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
.
Po
licy
in
itiativ
es
in
Om
an
s
h
o
u
ld
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
ex
is
tin
g
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
illi
cit
s
ales,
tig
h
ten
in
g
en
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
ag
e
r
estrictio
n
s
,
r
e
g
u
latin
g
d
ig
ital
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
r
estrictio
n
o
r
b
an
n
i
n
g
o
f
f
lav
o
r
ed
e
-
c
ig
ar
ettes,
g
iv
en
th
eir
s
tr
o
n
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
y
o
u
th
in
itiatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ap
p
ea
l.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
also
ad
o
p
t
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
to
b
ac
c
o
-
f
r
e
e
ca
m
p
u
s
p
o
licies
th
at
ex
p
licitly
in
clu
d
e
e
-
cig
ar
ettes.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
m
u
ltid
i
s
cip
lin
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
led
b
y
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
f
r
o
m
n
u
r
s
in
g
,
m
ed
icin
e,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
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o
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n
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n
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a
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a
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tr
ateg
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
awa
r
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e
s
s
o
f
n
ico
tin
e
ad
d
ictio
n
an
d
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
.
I
n
te
r
ac
tiv
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
ac
tiv
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
io
r
itized
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
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b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
ch
an
g
e
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
E
T
H
I
CAL
AP
P
RO
V
AL
E
th
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Nu
r
s
in
g
R
esear
ch
an
d
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
itt
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p
r
io
r
to
th
e
s
tu
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y
(
C
ON/GP/2
0
2
4
/6
)
.
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p
ar
ticip
an
ts
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g
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t
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ld
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ticip
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wh
ich
was
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tire
ly
v
o
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tar
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h
e
s
tu
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’
s
p
u
r
p
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e,
m
eth
o
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s
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n
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id
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tiality
o
f
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o
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s
e,
an
d
u
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estricte
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ticip
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f
u
lly
d
is
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s
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to
th
em
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
C
e
n
t
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s
f
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D
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se
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t
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l
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d
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E
-
c
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(
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,
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0
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5
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n
e
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.
A
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s
/
[
2
]
K
.
C
h
o
i
a
n
d
J.
F
o
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st
e
r
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
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ss
o
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w
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t
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o
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a
n
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se
o
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sy
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mo
n
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n
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U
S
M
i
d
w
e
st
e
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a
d
u
l
t
s,
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e
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c
a
n
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o
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/
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JP
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2
.
3
0
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7
.
[
3
]
S
.
A
.
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l
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.
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.
B
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n
n
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a
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Re
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[
4
]
R
.
D
.
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e
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A
.
A
w
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,
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D
e
Le
ó
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,
a
n
d
J
.
E.
C
o
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e
n
,
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l
o
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p
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c
c
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g
a
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t
t
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s,
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o
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l
.
2
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p
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4
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l
-
2
0
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6
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0
5
3
1
7
9
.
[
5
]
P
.
B
a
d
e
r
,
D
.
B
o
i
scl
a
i
r
,
a
n
d
R
.
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e
r
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n
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e
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f
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o
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t
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mo
k
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b
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a
v
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i
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h
i
g
h
r
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sk
p
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p
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l
a
t
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s
:
a
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
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s
y
n
t
h
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s
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s,”
I
n
t
e
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n
a
t
i
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n
a
l
J
o
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rn
a
l
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f
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Re
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j
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h
8
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.
[
6
]
C
o
n
s
u
mer
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
u
t
h
o
r
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t
y
,
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D
e
c
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s
i
o
n
N
o
.
7
5
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2
0
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b
a
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d
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r
a
c
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e
sso
r
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e
s,
”
O
m
a
n
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
7
]
J.
B
a
b
j
a
k
o
v
á
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
-
c
i
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a
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t
e
u
s
e
,
o
p
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n
i
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a
b
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t
h
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u
l
n
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n
d
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d
d
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c
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a
m
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g
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n
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B
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a
v
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,
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l
o
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k
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a
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e
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t
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E
u
ro
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e
a
n
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o
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rn
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p
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2
1
1
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/
c
e
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a
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0
.
[
8
]
A
.
A
l
mu
t
h
a
m,
M
.
A
l
t
a
mi
,
F
.
S
h
a
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f
,
a
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d
A
.
A
l
A
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j
,
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t
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a
m
o
n
g
me
d
i
c
a
l
st
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d
e
n
t
s
a
t
Q
a
ssi
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
:
K
n
o
w
l
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d
g
e
,
p
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c
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p
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
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v
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n
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e
,
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J
o
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rn
a
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o
f
Fa
m
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l
y
M
e
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e
a
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d
Pri
m
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ry
C
a
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e
,
v
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l
.
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
.
2
9
2
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
9
]
A
.
A
.
A
q
e
e
l
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
,
k
n
o
w
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d
g
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n
d
p
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n
Jaz
a
n
R
e
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i
o
n
,
S
a
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A
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b
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a
,
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e
a
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t
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a
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d
S
o
c
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a
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C
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,
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l
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3
0
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o
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2
,
p
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.
7
0
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1
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/
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sc
.
1
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4
.
[
1
0
]
R
.
K
u
r
d
i
,
G
.
F
.
A
l
-
Ja
y
y
o
u
si
,
M
.
Y
a
se
e
n
,
A
.
A
l
i
,
N
.
M
o
sl
e
h
,
a
n
d
H
.
F
.
A
b
d
u
l
R
a
h
i
m
,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
,
r
i
s
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
s,
h
a
r
m
p
e
r
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e
p
t
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o
n
,
a
n
d
a
t
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o
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a
r
d
e
-
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t
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se
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mo
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g
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n
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v
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t
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d
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n
t
s
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n
Q
a
t
a
r
:
a
c
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o
ss
-
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
,
”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
P
u
b
l
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c
H
e
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l
t
h
,
v
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l
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,
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g
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2
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:
1
0
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3
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p
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b
h
.
2
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1
.
6
8
2
3
5
5
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
A
.
A
l
d
u
r
a
y
w
i
s
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
t
t
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t
u
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e
t
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n
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h
,
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i
A
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b
i
a
,
”
H
e
a
l
t
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r
e
(
S
w
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t
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rl
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n
d
)
,
v
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l
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e
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0
5
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.
[
1
2
]
V
.
B
e
j
a
n
,
E.
-
N
.
D
r
a
g
o
i
,
S
.
C
u
r
t
e
a
n
u
,
V
.
S
c
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p
c
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r
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u
,
a
n
d
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.
F
i
l
i
p
,
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Th
e
p
r
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i
c
t
i
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t
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o
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u
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ma
c
h
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n
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e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
H
e
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l
t
h
c
a
re
,
v
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l
.
1
0
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n
o
.
8
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p
.
1
4
2
5
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:
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0
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3
3
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e
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c
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1
0
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4
2
5
.
[
1
3
]
N
.
A
.
A
l
-
S
a
w
a
l
h
a
,
B
.
A
.
A
l
m
o
m
a
n
i
,
E.
M
o
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e
mer,
S
.
F
.
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d
R
.
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d
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r
,
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E
-
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t
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d
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t
s
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n
Jo
r
d
a
n
:
P
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t
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a
n
d
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l
a
t
e
d
k
n
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w
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e
d
g
e
,
”
PLO
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O
N
E
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v
o
l
.
1
6
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n
o
.
1
2
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p
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e
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