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J
AP
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Vo
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.
3
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Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
,
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p
.
9
8
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~
9
9
4
I
SS
N:
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8
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9
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,
DOI
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1
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5
.
i
3
.
pp
985
-
994
985
J
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m
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:
h
ttp
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To
enhance e
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o
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ing
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ba
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2
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2
6
Acc
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2
0
2
6
Ba
tt
e
ry
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
s
(BM
S
)
h
a
v
e
u
n
d
e
rg
o
n
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
y
e
a
rs,
tra
n
siti
o
n
in
g
fr
o
m
b
a
sic
c
o
n
tr
o
l
str
a
teg
ies
to
so
p
h
ist
ica
ted
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s.
Histo
rica
ll
y
,
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
BM
S
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
we
re
li
m
it
e
d
in
t
h
e
ir
a
b
il
it
y
to
h
a
n
d
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
fficie
n
tl
y
,
o
ften
lea
d
in
g
t
o
su
b
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
o
we
r
u
ti
l
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
r
to
tal
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
d
isto
rti
o
n
(THD).
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
i
n
a
BM
S
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
m
o
d
e
rn
d
a
y
s.
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s,
su
c
h
a
s
fly
i
n
g
sq
u
irr
e
l
se
a
rc
h
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(
F
S
S
O),
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
u
si
n
g
g
re
y
wo
lf
o
p
ti
m
ize
r
(
G
WO),
a
n
d
a
rti
ficia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
(AN
N)
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
sy
st
e
m
.
Th
e
se
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
a
re
e
fficie
n
t
in
term
s
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
c
le,
wh
e
re
b
y
th
e
r
e
is
e
v
e
n
a
h
e
a
lt
h
y
e
n
e
rg
y
fl
o
w
b
e
twe
e
n
re
n
e
wa
b
le
lo
a
d
re
q
u
ire
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
se
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
a
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
ir
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
in
c
o
m
p
a
ri
n
g
th
e
ir
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
is
d
iffere
n
t
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
sc
e
n
a
ri
o
s.
G
WO
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
is
i
n
d
ica
ted
a
s h
a
v
in
g
t
h
e
b
e
st
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
THD
a
n
d
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
p
o
we
r
in
a
m
in
imiz
e
d
wa
y
re
li
a
b
il
i
ty
.
Th
e
AN
N
sh
o
ws
g
re
a
t
e
x
p
e
rti
se
in
v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
re
g
u
lati
n
g
,
lo
w
le
v
e
l
o
f
THD.
M
e
a
n
wh
il
e
,
th
e
F
S
S
O
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
sh
o
ws
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
p
o
ten
t
ial
i
n
imp
r
o
v
in
g
e
n
e
rg
y
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
sts,
d
e
sp
it
e
it
s
h
ig
h
e
r
TH
D
lev
e
ls
in
c
u
rre
n
t
p
h
a
se
s.
G
WO
h
a
s
a
m
i
n
ima
l
c
u
rre
n
t
THD
o
f
4
.
6
5
%
in
P
h
a
se
1
,
e
x
c
e
e
d
in
g
AN
N
a
n
d
F
S
S
O.
AN
N
h
a
s
a
v
o
l
tag
e
THD
o
f
1
0
.
6
1
%
.
F
S
S
O
h
a
s
g
re
a
ter
c
u
rre
n
t
THD
v
a
lu
e
s
o
v
e
r
1
5
%
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
in
g
d
e
c
isio
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
Op
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
Ph
o
to
v
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ltaic
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tem
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R
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y
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tem
s
T
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is i
s
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o
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n
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a
rticle
u
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d
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CC B
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SA
li
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.
C
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r
r
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s
p
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A
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Po
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Dep
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in
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u
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s
titu
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R
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Fo
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atio
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Dee
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s
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of
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esti
m
ate
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lith
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m
-
io
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b
atter
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en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
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o
p
tim
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in
m
icr
o
g
r
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an
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p
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co
n
v
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s
io
n
co
n
t
r
o
l
in
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
to
p
ics
o
f
t
h
is
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
wh
ich
lo
o
k
s
at
r
ec
en
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
s
to
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ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
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o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
,
elec
tr
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v
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h
icles
(
E
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,
an
d
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d
u
s
tr
ial
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
d
ee
p
lear
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in
g
,
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
an
aly
tics
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
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Dee
p
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d
d
if
f
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m
al
v
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etr
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(
DT
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ar
e
r
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en
t
d
ev
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p
m
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in
t
h
e
esti
m
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n
o
f
lith
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m
-
io
n
b
a
tter
y
SOH.
Peak
s
,
v
alley
s
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an
d
in
teg
r
al
v
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ar
e
u
s
ed
as
h
ea
lt
h
in
d
icato
r
s
(
HI
s
)
in
a
s
tu
d
y
[
1
]
th
at
e
x
tr
ac
t
s
DT
V
cu
r
v
es
to
ex
am
in
e
b
a
tter
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e
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.
T
h
ese
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s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
ca
p
a
city
v
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Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
,
an
d
an
L
STM
n
etwo
r
k
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
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o
f
SOH
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m
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y
1
1
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% M
AE
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1
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ea
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s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
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2
I
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E
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,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
9
8
5
-
994
986
E
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
o
p
tim
iz
ed
f
o
r
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
with
a
s
h
ar
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e
n
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r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
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s
y
s
tem
(
E
SS
)
v
ia
a
u
n
iq
u
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
I
t
b
alan
ce
s
lo
ad
,
lo
we
r
s
p
ea
k
d
e
m
an
d
,
an
d
b
o
o
s
ts
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata,
w
h
ich
r
esu
lts
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
[
2
]
.
Qu
ad
r
atic
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
is
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
E
SS
in
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
m
in
im
izin
g
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
an
d
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
p
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k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
im
p
r
o
v
es
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
in
cr
ea
s
es
E
SS
life
s
p
an
,
an
d
f
o
r
ec
asts
life
cy
cle
co
s
ts
[
3
]
.
I
n
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
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f
o
r
DC
-
DC
co
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ter
s
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ased
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n
s
u
p
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p
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r
s
im
p
r
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v
e
s
s
tab
ili
ty
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
B
E
SS
s
ize
f
o
r
win
d
p
o
wer
d
is
p
atch
ab
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is
f
o
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n
d
v
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an
iter
ativ
e
h
e
u
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
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za
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
I
t
im
p
r
o
v
es e
co
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
in
ter
m
itten
cy
[
5
]
.
E
v
en
with
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
in
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
B
MS
)
,
m
in
im
i
z
in
g
to
ta
l
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD
)
wh
ile
m
ax
im
is
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
is
s
till
d
if
f
icu
lt.
Fo
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
to
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tech
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lo
g
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to
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e
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ep
e
n
d
ab
le
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f
ec
ti
v
e,
B
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ch
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o
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t
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d
te
n
d
t
o
r
esu
lt
in
h
ig
h
T
HD.
Ser
i
o
u
s
T
HD
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
B
MS
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ANN
,
g
r
e
y
wo
l
f
o
p
tim
izer
(
GW
O
)
,
an
d
f
ly
in
g
s
q
u
ir
r
el
s
ea
r
ch
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
FSSO
)
ar
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
o
p
tim
i
z
atio
n
th
at
ar
e
ex
am
in
ed
in
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
T
HD
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
tim
i
z
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
is
b
etter
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
a
ca
r
e
f
u
l
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
No
n
-
ex
is
ten
t,
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
eith
er
o
n
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
r
lim
ited
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ANN,
GW
O,
an
d
FS
SO
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
T
HD
in
B
MS,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
n
u
m
er
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
n
d
f
in
d
in
g
o
u
t
wh
ic
h
s
tr
ateg
y
wo
u
ld
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
th
is
p
ap
er
s
atis
f
ies
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
g
ap
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
is
a
n
o
v
el
m
eth
o
d
as
it
test
s
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
o
p
tim
i
z
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
b
o
d
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
o
n
h
o
w
t
h
e
B
MS
is
to
wo
r
k
an
d
b
e
d
esig
n
e
d
.
2.
M
I
CRO
G
R
I
D
P
V
AND
E
N
E
RG
Y
S
T
O
RAG
E
D
E
VI
CE
T
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
is
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
an
d
a
B
MS
th
at
m
an
ag
es
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
tly
[
6
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
el
em
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
th
e
d
iag
r
am
a
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
(
VSC
)
,
lo
ad
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t u
n
its
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asize
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
tap
s
s
u
n
en
er
g
y
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
it
in
to
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
m
eth
o
d
s
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
s
o
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
8
]
.
Dir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
g
en
er
ated
is
th
e
n
c
h
an
g
e
d
to
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
p
o
wer
b
y
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
[
9
]
.
B
MS
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
in
s
to
r
in
g
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
e
r
g
y
th
at
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
to
p
o
wer
it
wh
en
th
e
s
o
lar
g
en
er
atio
n
is
lo
w
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
B
MS
lo
o
k
s
af
ter
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
b
atter
ies
ar
e
wo
r
k
in
g
with
in
s
af
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
t
en
ter
tain
s
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
lo
n
g
s
th
e
b
atter
y
life
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
i
lity
.
I
t
also
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
ch
a
r
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cle
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
d
em
an
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
[
1
1
]
.
VSC
co
n
tr
o
l
is
u
s
u
al
with
th
in
g
s
,
u
n
it
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
tab
i
lity
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
[
1
2
]
.
I
t
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
o
p
e
r
atin
g
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
with
th
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
an
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
th
em
with
th
e
g
r
id
p
ar
am
eter
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
u
n
it
is
also
u
s
ef
u
l
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
p
o
we
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
,
an
d
t
h
e
g
r
id
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lo
ad
s
(
L
o
ad
1
,
L
o
a
d
2
,
L
o
ad
3
)
w
h
ich
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
[
1
5
]
.
Ma
n
ag
in
g
e
v
er
y
lo
a
d
is
d
o
n
e
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
ain
tain
a
b
alan
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
s
m
ay
b
e
r
an
k
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
e,
w
h
ich
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
E
Vs
p
o
i
n
ts
o
u
t
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tals
o
f
a
p
lan
n
ed
ef
f
icien
tly
ch
ar
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
7
]
.
E
n
d
u
s
ag
e
lo
ad
s
h
ap
es
d
escr
ib
e
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
en
er
atin
g
co
r
r
ec
t
elec
tr
icity
d
ata
o
f
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
city
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
m
b
in
in
g
PV
an
d
B
MS
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
o
n
g
o
n
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
te
m
is
in
teg
r
ated
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
wh
er
eb
y
an
E
SS
co
n
t
r
o
lled
an
d
B
MS
was in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
l
o
ad
s
s
tab
le,
ef
f
icien
t,
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
wh
ic
h
wo
u
ld
b
e
s
u
itab
le
in
th
e
h
o
m
e
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
u
s
e.
Fu
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
c
an
b
e
m
a
d
e
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
it
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
.
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
ca
s
e
o
f
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
1
9
]
.
B
ef
o
r
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
PV
ar
r
ay
an
d
a
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
b
atter
y
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
an
d
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
r
id
h
av
in
g
m
u
lti
-
lo
a
d
s
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
PV
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
is
m
ax
im
u
m
v
ar
ie
s
with
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lev
els
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
with
th
e
B
MS
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
d
y
n
am
ically
h
a
v
e
th
e
b
est en
e
r
g
y
s
av
in
g
.
B
MS
is
a
v
er
y
ef
f
icien
t
to
o
l
th
at
will
b
e
ab
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
t
m
an
a
g
es
en
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
d
allo
ca
tio
n
,
is
ab
le
to
h
o
ld
co
n
s
tan
t
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
is
ab
l
e
to
ad
ju
s
t
to
v
ar
iab
le
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
a
n
d
lo
a
d
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
b
r
in
g
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
4
]
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
5
]
b
u
t a
ls
o
m
a
k
in
g
s
u
r
e
to
d
esig
n
an
ef
f
icien
t o
n
e
s
tab
le
g
r
id
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
To
en
h
a
n
ce
efficien
cy
in
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystems
u
s
in
g
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
meth
o
d
s
in
…
(
P
en
u
ma
l
a
P
o
o
r
n
ima
)
987
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
PV sy
s
tem
with
E
SS
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PV o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
3.
F
SS
O
E
N
E
RG
Y
M
ANAG
E
M
E
N
T
SY
ST
E
M
S
T
h
e
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
is
cr
u
cial
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
with
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
a
g
o
o
d
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
p
o
wer
.
I
n
th
is
r
ep
o
r
t,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
FS
SO
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
ex
am
in
ed
with
r
eg
ar
d
s
to
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
PV
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
B
MS
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
FS
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
lid
in
g
f
lig
h
t
as
well
as
th
e
f
o
r
ag
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
f
ly
in
g
s
q
u
ir
r
els.
I
t
is
a
b
len
d
o
f
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
with
th
e
aim
o
f
s
o
lv
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Dif
f
icu
lt o
p
tim
izatio
n
task
s
,
an
d
t
h
u
s
it
i
s
esp
ec
ially
ap
p
licab
le
in
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t.
I
n
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
PV
an
d
B
MS
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
g
o
als
will
b
e
en
er
g
y
m
a
x
i
m
izatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
will
en
tail
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
PV
p
an
els,
b
atter
ies,
g
r
id
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
th
e
F
SS
O
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
an
d
test
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
s
y
s
tem
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
ati
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
m
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
FS
SO
ar
e
t
h
at
it
alwa
y
s
h
as
an
ad
a
p
tiv
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
p
h
ase,
wh
er
e
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
tr
ies
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
a
b
r
o
a
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e,
as
well
as
its
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
s
tag
e,
wh
ich
n
a
r
r
o
ws
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
to
o
b
tain
th
e
m
o
s
t su
p
er
io
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
FS
SO
-
f
o
u
n
d
ed
B
MS
is
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
wit
h
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
T
HD
an
aly
s
is
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
FS
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
also
m
ax
im
izes
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
to
eq
u
alize
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
i
n
p
u
ts
a
n
d
l
o
ad
d
em
an
d
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
w
h
ich
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
9
8
5
-
994
988
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
(
R
P)
an
d
lo
ad
ar
e
f
ed
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
v
ar
ies
p
o
wer
(
L
P)
as
in
p
u
ts
to
g
et
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
b
y
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
FS
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ele
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
B
MS
co
n
s
titu
te
a
b
atter
y
,
L
C
f
ilter
,
an
d
in
v
er
ter
th
at
m
ak
e
it
s
tab
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
FS
SO
-
b
ased
B
MS
an
d
r
elea
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
h
ase
ch
ar
t
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
T
HD
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
a
n
d
th
e
T
HD
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
FS
SO
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
FSSO
-
b
ased
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
FS
SO
-
b
ased
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
FS
SO
–
T
HD
v
o
ltag
e
P
h
ase
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
FS
SO
–
T
HD
cu
r
r
e
n
t
P
h
ase
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
To
en
h
a
n
ce
efficien
cy
in
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystems
u
s
in
g
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
meth
o
d
s
in
…
(
P
en
u
ma
l
a
P
o
o
r
n
ima
)
989
4.
G
WO
-
B
ASE
D
E
N
E
RG
Y
M
ANAG
E
M
E
N
T
SY
ST
E
M
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
PV
s
y
s
t
em
s
an
d
B
MS
is
ess
en
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
s
an
d
g
u
ar
an
tee
a
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
I
n
th
is
r
ep
o
r
t,
th
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
e
n
it
co
m
es
to
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
B
MS.
T
h
e
G
W
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
u
lf
ils
th
ese
g
o
als
b
y
m
a
x
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
g
ath
er
in
g
o
f
PV
p
an
els,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
g
r
id
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
i
d
en
tify
o
p
tim
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
two
k
ey
s
tep
s
in
th
e
m
ain
lo
o
p
,
wh
er
e
ev
er
y
iter
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
s
tep
s
:
i)
Fit
n
ess
e
v
alu
atio
n
:
Fit
n
ess
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
w
o
lv
es
is
co
m
p
u
t
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
itn
es
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ass
es
s
es
th
e
s
u
itab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
o
ten
tial
d
u
ty
c
y
c
les
to
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
b
ject
iv
e.
I
n
ca
s
e
th
e
f
itn
ess
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
wo
l
f
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
alp
h
a
w
o
lf
,
th
e
alp
h
a
wo
lf
is
co
r
r
ec
ted
to
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wo
lf
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
th
e
alp
h
a
s
co
r
e
i
s
u
p
d
ated
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t w
o
lf
f
itn
ess
s
co
r
e.
ii)
Po
s
itio
n
u
p
d
ate:
T
h
e
wo
lv
es
u
p
d
ate
th
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
eir
r
elativ
e
p
o
s
itio
n
t
o
th
e
alp
h
a
wo
lf
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
a
lin
ea
r
f
ash
io
n
b
etwe
en
2
to
0
as
a
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
iter
atio
n
s
,
an
d
th
is
i
s
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
s
o
ci
al
h
ier
ar
ch
y
a
n
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
alp
h
a
wo
lf
is
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
A
an
d
C
.
T
h
e
n
ew
lo
ca
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
wo
lv
es
is
th
en
co
m
p
u
ted
an
d
k
e
p
t
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
[
0
,
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
GW
O
-
b
a
s
ed
B
MS
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
is
th
e
s
y
s
tem
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
i
n
p
u
ts
o
f
R
P
an
d
L
P
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
u
ty
cy
cle
t
o
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
b
atter
y
,
L
C
f
ilter
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
,
ar
e
m
ad
e
s
u
ch
th
at
th
er
e
is
co
n
s
tan
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
with
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
b
ei
n
g
ch
an
g
ed
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
G
W
O
-
b
ased
B
MS
in
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
lo
ts
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
PV,
lo
a
d
p
o
wer
,
p
o
wer
d
if
f
er
en
ce
(
PD)
,
an
d
b
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
(
So
C
)
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
GW
O
is
also
ef
f
icien
t
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
with
in
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
S
o
C
r
an
g
e
as
well
as
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
ed
.
Fo
r
a
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
wav
ef
o
r
m
with
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
am
p
litu
d
e
Vn
an
d
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
am
p
litu
d
e
V1
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
1
)
.
Her
e,
V1
is
th
e
R
M
S
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e’
s
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
,
V
n
i
s
th
e
R
MS
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e’
s
n
th
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
an
d
N
is
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est o
r
d
e
r
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic.
T
H
D
an
aly
s
is
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
in
th
e
B
MS.
=
√
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2
=
2
1
×
100%
(
1
)
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
a
GW
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-
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ased
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is
p
r
esen
ted
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e
m
p
h
asis
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n
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y
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tem
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e
r
f
o
r
m
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ce
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d
T
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aly
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is
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h
e
GW
O
alg
o
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ith
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o
p
tim
izes
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e
d
u
ty
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y
cle
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o
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
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en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
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etwe
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le
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we
r
s
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u
r
ce
s
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d
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ad
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
Ph
ase
1
v
o
ltag
e
s
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o
ws
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
o
f
5
0
Hz
with
a
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ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
3
5
3
.
8
an
d
a
T
HD
o
f
1
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.
6
1
%.
Fo
r
cu
r
r
en
t
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h
ases
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
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ase
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with
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n
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r
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en
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d
a
T
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o
f
4
.
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Fin
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th
e
B
MS
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ased
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n
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e
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y
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en
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an
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m
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izatio
n
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d
if
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t
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m
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.
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h
e
T
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aly
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is
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ws
th
e
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y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
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etain
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wer
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ality
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a
v
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g
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if
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er
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d
eg
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e
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f
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ar
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o
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ic
d
is
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n
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i
f
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er
en
t p
h
ases
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
GW
O
-
b
ased
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
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n
g
,
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l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
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8
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Fig
u
r
e
8
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ased
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atter
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GW
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o
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ase
1
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
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GW
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–
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cu
r
r
e
n
t Ph
ase
1
5.
ANN
B
A
SE
D
E
NE
RG
Y
M
A
NAG
E
M
E
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ST
E
M
T
h
e
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m
b
in
atio
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f
PV
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y
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tem
s
an
d
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MS
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u
cial
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en
h
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ce
th
e
s
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ilit
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o
f
th
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g
r
id
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n
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p
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ly
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s
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is
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s
e
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ANN
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s
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g
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f
ee
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n
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r
k
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u
ctu
r
e
,
m
ax
im
izin
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th
e
g
r
id
ass
im
ilatio
n
o
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PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
B
MS.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
ANN
is
a
p
o
ten
t
o
n
e.
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ch
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n
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g
m
o
d
el
th
at
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n
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r
o
ce
s
s
n
o
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lin
ea
r
r
ela
tio
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s
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ip
s
in
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ata
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ich
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m
p
lex
an
d
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
b
est
s
u
ited
to
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
PV
an
d
B
MS
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
th
e
m
ajo
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o
b
jectiv
es
ar
e
o
p
tim
izin
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y
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n
s
u
m
p
tio
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im
p
r
o
v
in
g
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y
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tem
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eliab
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d
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n
g
th
e
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s
ts
o
f
o
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er
atio
n
.
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h
e
ANN
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
n
etwo
r
k
attain
s
th
ese
aim
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
lear
n
in
g
p
ast
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d
r
ea
l
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tim
e
d
ata
to
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o
r
e
ca
s
t
o
p
tim
al
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n
tr
o
l
p
ar
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eter
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o
f
p
o
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o
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er
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io
n
,
s
to
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ag
e
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d
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
is
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
ANN
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
B
MS
an
d
G
W
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
B
MS
is
ess
en
tial
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t o
f
en
e
r
g
y
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
c
o
m
p
u
te
AN
N
-
b
ased
an
d
GW
O
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
en
er
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
B
MS.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
lay
er
s
wh
er
eb
y
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
in
p
u
t,
h
i
d
d
en
,
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
l
ay
er
s
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
is
f
ed
b
y
two
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
,
an
d
th
e
h
id
d
e
n
lay
er
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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s
in
g
weig
h
ts
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d
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iases
to
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d
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ce
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u
t
p
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t
wh
ich
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th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
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h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
esu
lts
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e
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r
esen
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Fig
u
r
es
1
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d
1
3
,
illu
s
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atin
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e
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er
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m
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ce
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th
e
ANN
m
o
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el
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h
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tr
ain
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g
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alid
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test
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d
o
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er
all
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atasets
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T
h
e
co
r
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co
e
f
f
icien
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R
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v
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es)
ar
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e
ap
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r
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est
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e
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ce
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etwe
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d
th
e
p
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ed
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alu
es.
T
h
is
is
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ANN
to
b
eh
av
e
o
n
th
e
B
MS
it
s
elf
with
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
To
en
h
a
n
ce
efficien
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in
p
h
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991
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h
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GW
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ased
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MS
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er
f
o
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m
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ce
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ar
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o
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s
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n
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itio
n
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f
o
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e
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atio
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in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
An
aly
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is
o
f
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in
ANN
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ased
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MS
in
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icate
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th
at
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ig
n
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ican
t
in
f
o
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atio
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e
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ality
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f
p
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wer
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th
e
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te
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n
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e
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e
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e
d
.
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h
e
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n
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l
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s
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e
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e
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t
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y
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a
r
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n
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ases
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u
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ase
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icate
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r
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r
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ases
,
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u
r
e
1
6
s
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ase
1
with
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f
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n
d
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r
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e
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f
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m
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T
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u
r
e
1
2
.
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ain
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d
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n
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lts
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
ANN
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
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atter
y
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an
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em
en
t sy
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
ANN
alg
o
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ith
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tes
t a
n
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eg
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r
e
1
4
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ased
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atter
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n
d
er
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s
o
p
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atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
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,
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l.
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5
,
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,
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b
er
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2
6
:
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-
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u
r
e
1
5
.
ANN
–
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o
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g
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Ph
ase
1
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
ANN
–
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r
r
e
n
t Ph
ase
1
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h
is
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h
ase
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h
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its
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ig
n
if
ican
t
h
ar
m
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tio
n
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in
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h
ig
h
er
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HD
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m
p
a
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e
v
o
ltag
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p
h
ases
.
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n
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n
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u
s
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,
th
e
T
HD
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aly
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is
o
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e
A
NN
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ased
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MS
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ig
h
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ar
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d
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ases
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f
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H
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e
Ph
ase
1
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b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
FS
SO,
GW
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an
d
ANN
m
eth
o
d
s
was
1
0
.
6
6
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.
6
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%,
a
n
d
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.
6
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r
esp
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tiv
ely
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a
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p
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ased
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M
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to
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ee
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v
o
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e
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HD
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o
u
n
d
1
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in
Ph
ase
1
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
,
wh
ich
is
in
lin
e
wit
h
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
es th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
o
cu
m
en
te
d
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
.
As
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
s
h
o
wn
b
y
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
GW
O
m
eth
o
d
's
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
was
v
alid
ated
w
h
e
n
it
s
h
o
wed
th
e
l
o
west
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD
(
4
.
6
5
%
in
Ph
ase
1
)
.
T
h
e
FS
SO
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
g
o
o
d
en
er
g
y
b
alan
cin
g
,
alth
o
u
g
h
it
was
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
v
alu
es
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD
(
>1
5
%),
wh
ich
v
alid
ated
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
to
en
er
g
y
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
to
th
e
alr
ea
d
y
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
atif
ies
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ap
p
lie
d
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
a
r
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
tr
u
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
u
n
ct
io
n
ality
in
r
ea
l
life
.
A
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
wo
r
ld
wid
e
s
ea
r
ch
a
n
d
a
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
ar
e
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
FS
SO
.
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
,
it
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
with
tr
an
s
itio
n
r
u
les.
I
t
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
o
f
f
lin
e
o
p
tim
i
z
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
GW
O
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
B
MS
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
in
ce
it
ca
n
co
n
v
er
g
e
f
aster
an
d
with
less
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
t,
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
m
ak
es
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ANN
-
b
ased
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
r
ea
l
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ANNs
g
iv
e
f
ast
r
esu
lts
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
v
er
y
f
as
t
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
tr
ain
ed
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
T
HD
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
r
ee
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
FS
SO,
GW
O
,
an
d
ANN
in
d
icate
th
at
th
ey
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
T
HD
ANN
is
alwa
y
s
a
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
er
in
Ph
ase
1
lo
w
T
HD
1
0
.
6
1
,
an
d
FS
SO
an
d
GW
O
also
h
av
e
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
in
Ph
ase
1
,
al
b
eit
s
lig
h
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
GW
O.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD,
GW
O
is
alwa
y
s
th
e
b
est
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
FS
SO
an
d
ANN
p
h
ase,
an
d
a
r
ath
er
lo
w
T
HD
o
f
Ph
ase
1
(
4
.
6
5
%)
ANN,
co
m
p
etitiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
T
HD,
is
lag
g
in
g
b
e
h
in
d
GW
O
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t
T
HD
,
esp
ec
ially
in
Ph
ase
1
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
T
HD,
FS
SO
i
s
th
e
b
est
cu
r
r
en
t
in
all
s
tag
es,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
it
is
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
o
f
cu
r
r
en
ts
th
an
GW
O
an
d
ANN.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
T
H
D
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
GW
O
tech
n
i
q
u
e
ten
d
s
to
g
iv
e
a
b
etter
r
esu
lt
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
is
ev
en
b
etter
th
an
FS
SO
an
d
ANN
.
GW
O
h
as
a
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
T
HD
in
all
th
e
p
h
ases
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
b
est
Ph
ase
1
with
th
e
lo
west
T
HD
v
alu
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ANN
s
h
o
ws
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
v
o
lta
g
e
T
HD,
an
d
it
is
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
lo
w
in
Ph
ases
1
,
it
co
m
p
etes
with
G
W
O
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
FS
SO
ex
h
ib
i
ts
f
air
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
T
HD,
esp
ec
ial
ly
in
Ph
ase
1
,
it
is
n
o
t
as
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
T
HD.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
GW
O
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
m
in
im
izin
g
T
HD
in
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
p
r
e
f
er
ab
le
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
lo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ANN,
GW
O,
an
d
FS
SO
r
ed
u
ce
T
HD,
ce
r
tain
a
r
ea
s
n
ee
d
a
d
d
itio
n
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
Simu
l
atio
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
g
i
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
b
u
t
h
a
r
d
w
ar
e
ju
s
tific
atio
n
in
r
ea
l
-
life
B
MS
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ay
ex
p
a
n
d
t
h
is
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
b
u
t
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ig
h
t
in
clu
d
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
co
n
d
itio
n
,
a
n
d
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
ce
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
B
MS
in
r
elatio
n
to
T
HD
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
r
ee
co
m
p
licated
o
p
tim
i
z
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
:
FS
SO,
GW
O,
an
d
ANN.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
G
W
O
k
ee
p
s
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD
b
elo
w
5
%,
ass
u
r
in
g
en
h
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
wh
ile
ANN
h
an
d
les
v
o
ltag
e
T
HD
up
to
1
0
%
ac
r
o
s
s
p
h
ases
.
Desp
ite
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
v
o
ltag
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
FS
SO
h
as
a
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD
o
f
1
5
%,
lim
itin
g
its
p
r
ac
ticality
.
W
h
ile
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
To
en
h
a
n
ce
efficien
cy
in
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystems
u
s
in
g
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
meth
o
d
s
in
…
(
P
en
u
ma
l
a
P
o
o
r
n
ima
)
993
FS
SO
ac
h
iev
es
r
esp
ec
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
T
HD
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
s
h
o
ws
th
e
h
ig
h
est
cu
r
r
en
t
T
HD
o
v
er
all
p
h
ases
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
it
is
n
o
t
v
er
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
m
in
im
izin
g
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics.
I
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
GW
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
an
ce
s
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
T
HD
in
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
ANN
is
s
till
a
s
tr
o
n
g
o
p
tio
n
,
wh
ile
FS
SO
s
h
o
ws
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
g
ain
s
b
u
t
n
ee
d
s
wo
r
k
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
r
ed
u
ctio
n
to
b
e
f
u
lly
r
ea
lis
ed
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
an
ce
c
o
s
t,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
will
ex
am
in
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
i
z
a
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
s
y
n
d
icate
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
v
alid
ate
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
,
a
n
d
esti
m
ate
th
eir
ef
f
icac
y
in
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
B
MS
in
s
tal
latio
n
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
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in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
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NS ST
A
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M
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h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
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o
les
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ax
o
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o
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y
(
C
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ed
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ec
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g
n
ize
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iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
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ip
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u
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an
d
f
ac
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co
llab
o
r
atio
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.
Na
m
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o
f
Aut
ho
r
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So
Va
Fo
I
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
Pen
u
m
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Po
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a
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Kan
n
an
B
o
o
p
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h
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C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
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a
l
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M
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M
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