I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
,
p
p
.
4
0
2
6
~
4
0
3
7
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
15
i
5
.
3
8
7
4
4
4026
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Unco
v
ering
hidde
n predic
tors
of
te
a
cher knowledg
e
a
nd
a
tt
itudes
in
c
hild
sexual a
buse
prev
ention
T
et
t
i So
leha
t
i
1
,
H
elm
y
H
a
zmi
2
,
Ra
chely
a
Nurf
irda
us
i I
s
la
m
a
h
3
,
Ya
nti
H
er
m
a
y
a
nti
1
,
Cec
ep
E
li K
o
s
a
s
i
h
4
,
M
ira
T
r
is
y
a
ni K
o
er
y
a
ma
n
1
,
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Yus
uf
5
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
a
t
e
r
n
i
t
y
N
u
r
si
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
N
u
r
s
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s P
a
d
j
a
d
j
a
r
a
n
,
S
u
m
e
d
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
S
a
r
a
w
a
k
,
S
a
mara
h
a
n
C
i
t
y
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
3
R
u
m
a
h
S
a
k
i
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
(
R
S
U
I
)
,
D
e
p
o
k
C
i
t
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
4
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
N
u
r
s
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
N
u
r
s
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s P
a
d
j
a
d
j
a
r
a
n
,
S
u
me
d
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
5
H
e
r
mi
n
a
H
o
sp
i
t
a
l
K
e
ma
y
o
r
a
n
,
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
J
a
k
a
r
t
a
C
i
t
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
17
,
2
0
2
6
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
15
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
5
,
2
0
2
6
Tea
c
h
e
rs
p
lay
a
c
rit
ica
l
r
o
le
i
n
p
re
v
e
n
ti
n
g
c
h
i
ld
se
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se
(CS
A)
in
sc
h
o
o
l
se
tt
in
g
s.
H
o
we
v
e
r,
e
m
p
i
rica
l
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
o
n
h
o
w
so
c
io
d
e
m
o
g
ra
p
h
ic
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
e
x
p
o
s
u
re
sh
a
p
e
tea
c
h
e
rs’
k
n
o
wl
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
re
m
a
in
s
li
m
it
e
d
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
i
n
l
o
w
-
a
n
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
c
o
m
e
c
o
n
tex
ts.
Th
is
stu
d
y
a
ime
d
to
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
th
e
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s
b
e
twe
e
n
tea
c
h
e
rs’
so
c
io
d
e
m
o
g
ra
p
h
ic
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
e
x
p
o
su
re
t
o
CS
A
-
re
late
d
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
with
th
e
ir
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
tt
i
tu
d
e
s
t
o
wa
rd
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
.
A
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
y
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
fro
m
M
a
rc
h
t
o
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
2
4
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
5
6
tea
c
h
e
rs
fro
m
two
d
istri
c
ts
in
Wes
t
Ja
v
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
u
sin
g
t
o
tal
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
sa
m
p
li
n
g
.
Da
ta
we
re
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
u
sin
g
str
u
c
tu
re
d
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
si
n
g
d
e
sc
rip
t
iv
e
sta
ti
stics
a
n
d
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
a
re
tes
ts,
wit
h
P
h
i
(φ
)
a
n
d
Cra
m
é
r’s
V
u
se
d
to
a
ss
e
ss
th
e
stre
n
g
t
h
o
f
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s.
Tea
c
h
e
rs’
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
wa
s
si
g
n
i
fica
n
tl
y
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
with
g
e
n
d
e
r
a
n
d
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
so
u
rc
e
s,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
n
e
ws
p
a
p
e
rs,
In
sta
g
ra
m
,
a
n
d
h
e
a
d
m
a
ste
rs
(p
<
0
.
0
5
).
Atti
tu
d
e
s
we
re
sig
n
i
fica
n
tl
y
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
with
e
t
h
n
icit
y
,
h
e
a
d
m
a
ste
rs,
a
n
d
Ti
k
T
o
k
(p
<
0
.
0
5
).
Th
e
se
fi
n
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
n
o
v
e
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ro
le
o
f
i
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
a
l
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
,
a
n
d
d
i
g
it
a
l
m
e
d
ia
i
n
sh
a
p
in
g
tea
c
h
e
rs’
p
re
p
a
re
d
n
e
ss
f
o
r
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
.
S
tren
g
th
e
n
in
g
sc
h
o
o
l
-
b
a
se
d
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
re
q
u
ires
in
te
g
ra
ted
stra
teg
ies
th
a
t
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
c
u
lt
u
ra
ll
y
se
n
siti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
u
se
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
p
latfo
rm
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Attitu
d
es
C
h
ild
s
ex
u
al
ab
u
s
e
Kn
o
wled
g
e
Pre
v
en
tio
n
T
ea
ch
er
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
etti So
leh
ati
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ma
ter
n
ity
Nu
r
s
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Nu
r
s
in
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
s
itas
Pad
jad
jar
an
I
r
.
So
ek
ar
n
o
Stre
et,
KM
2
1
,
H
eg
ar
m
an
ah
,
J
atin
an
g
o
r
,
Su
m
e
d
an
g
,
W
est J
av
a
4
5
3
6
3
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: te
tti.s
o
leh
ati@
u
n
p
ad
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
h
ild
s
ex
u
al
ab
u
s
e
(
C
SA)
i
s
a
s
er
io
u
s
g
lo
b
al
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
[
1
]
,
with
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
h
y
s
ical,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
W
o
r
l
d
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
d
ef
in
es
C
SA
a
s
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
s
ex
u
al
ac
tiv
ities
t
h
ey
ca
n
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
co
n
s
e
n
t
to
,
o
r
th
at
v
io
late
n
o
r
m
s
[
7
]
.
Glo
b
al
esti
m
ates
in
d
icate
th
at
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
ex
u
al
ab
u
s
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
8
[
8
]
,
with
g
ir
ls
d
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
af
f
ec
ted
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
C
h
ild
r
e
n
’
s
Fu
n
d
(
UNI
C
E
F)
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
o
v
er
3
7
0
m
illi
o
n
g
ir
ls
an
d
wo
m
en
h
a
v
e
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
d
s
ex
u
al
v
i
o
len
ce
i
n
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
[
1
1
]
.
Desp
ite
g
r
o
win
g
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
atten
tio
n
,
C
SA r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
r
ep
o
r
te
d
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
m
an
y
co
n
tex
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
co
ve
r
in
g
h
id
d
en
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f te
a
ch
er k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
a
tti
tu
d
es in
ch
ild
s
ex
u
a
l
a
b
u
s
e
…
(
Tetti S
o
leh
a
ti
)
4027
C
SA
is
a
s
er
io
u
s
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
1
2
]
,
with
ca
s
es
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
an
n
u
ally
.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
L
in
ad
i
an
d
Ay
u
b
i
[
1
3
]
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
is
in
g
tr
en
d
in
ch
ild
ab
u
s
e
ca
s
es
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
with
s
ex
u
al
ab
u
s
e
em
er
g
in
g
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
alen
t
f
o
r
m
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
’
s
2
0
2
1
n
atio
n
al
ch
ild
r
e
n
an
d
y
o
u
t
h
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
8
.
4
%
o
f
g
ir
ls
an
d
3
.
7
%
o
f
b
o
y
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
s
ex
u
al
ab
u
s
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
eir
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
[
1
4
]
.
Natio
n
al
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
Gen
d
e
r
an
d
C
h
ild
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Sy
s
tem
o
f
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
W
o
m
en
’
s
E
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t
an
d
C
h
ild
Pro
tectio
n
(
Kem
en
PP
PA)
r
e
co
r
d
ed
2
5
,
5
5
9
ca
s
es
o
f
c
h
ild
ab
u
s
e
in
2
0
2
4
,
o
f
wh
ich
4
6
%
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
ex
u
al
ab
u
s
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
C
h
ild
Pro
tectio
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
i
o
n
(
KPAI
)
r
ep
o
r
ted
2
,
0
5
7
ca
s
es
f
r
o
m
1
,
6
0
4
co
m
p
lain
ts
in
2
0
2
4
.
A
t
o
tal
6
7
%
o
f
th
ese
ca
s
es
wer
e
ab
o
u
t
ab
u
s
e
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
r
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wer
e
b
ad
p
ar
en
tin
g
(
1
4
.
9
%)
an
d
s
ex
u
al
ab
u
s
e
(
7
.
8
%)
[
1
6
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
s
af
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
a
b
u
s
e
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
v
ital
r
o
le
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
te
ac
h
er
s
as
f
r
o
n
tlin
e
ag
en
ts
in
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
a
n
d
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
elie
s
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
SA
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
h
a
p
e
th
eir
willin
g
n
ess
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
to
en
g
ag
e
i
n
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
s
u
b
s
t
an
tial
v
ar
iatio
n
in
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
;
b
etwe
en
3
8
%
an
d
6
2
%
r
ep
o
r
t
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
n
eg
ati
v
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
wh
ile
in
o
th
er
c
o
n
tex
ts
attitu
d
es a
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
u
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
em
ain
s
s
u
p
er
f
icial
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
cu
ltu
r
al
tab
o
o
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
ex
u
al
h
ea
lth
an
d
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
f
o
r
m
al
tr
ain
in
g
[
2
0
]
lim
it
teac
h
er
s
’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
er
v
e
as
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
a
g
en
ts
ag
ain
s
t
C
S
A.
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
ies
in
h
ig
h
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
e
x
am
in
ed
ch
il
d
r
en
o
r
p
a
r
en
ts
,
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
teac
h
er
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
lo
w
an
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
co
n
tex
ts
,
r
em
ain
s
s
ca
r
ce
[
2
0
]
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
g
e
n
d
er
,
ag
e,
in
co
m
e
,
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
as
well
as
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ed
ia,
an
d
d
ig
ital p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
t
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
C
SA
,
ass
e
s
s
its
s
er
io
u
s
n
ess
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
ese
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
ca
n
b
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
in
ter
ac
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
b
o
th
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
th
eo
r
etica
l f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
teac
h
er
s
as
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
ag
en
ts
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
lo
w
-
an
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
h
as
lar
g
el
y
em
p
h
asized
ca
s
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
m
ed
ia
r
o
les,
o
r
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
,
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ex
am
in
in
g
h
o
w
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
s
h
ap
e
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ar
e
lack
in
g
,
leav
in
g
an
ev
id
en
ce
g
ap
th
at
co
n
s
t
r
ain
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
p
o
licies.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
n
o
t
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
ex
a
m
in
ed
h
o
w
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
d
iv
er
s
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
b
o
th
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
wa
r
d
C
SA
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
an
aly
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
lim
ited
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
i
g
ital
m
ed
ia
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
i
n
s
h
ap
in
g
th
ese
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
f
o
r
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
n
o
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
im
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
ly
e
x
am
in
ed
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
u
lti
-
p
latf
o
r
m
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
an
aly
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
tin
g
a
cr
itical
g
a
p
in
th
e
ex
i
s
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
in
d
iv
id
u
al,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
in
t
er
ac
t
to
s
h
ap
e
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
lies
Gr
ee
n
’
s
PR
E
C
E
DE
–
PR
OC
E
E
D
m
o
d
el
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
)
,
en
ab
lin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
)
,
a
n
d
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
in
f
lu
en
ce
h
ea
lth
-
r
elate
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
.
Gu
id
e
d
b
y
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
in
es
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etw
ee
n
teac
h
er
s
’
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
SA
–
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
th
es
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
n
ess
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
aim
s
to
:
i
)
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
w
ar
d
C
SA
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
,
a
n
d
ii)
ass
ess
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
th
ese
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
d
d
r
ess
es th
e
se
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
Ar
e
teac
h
er
s
’
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
a
ttit
u
d
es
to
war
d
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
?
−
I
s
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
C
SA
–
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
at
titu
d
es
to
war
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
?
Desp
ite
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
esear
c
h
atten
tio
n
,
n
o
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
u
lti
-
p
latf
o
r
m
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
an
aly
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
o
v
el
em
p
i
r
ical
ev
id
en
ce
b
y
ex
a
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
u
lti
-
p
latf
o
r
m
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
0
2
6
-
4037
4028
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
an
aly
tical
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
th
r
ee
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
First,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
as
f
r
o
n
tlin
e
ag
e
n
ts
in
th
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
C
SA
in
a
lo
w
-
an
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
y
co
n
tex
t.
Seco
n
d
,
it
ex
am
i
n
es
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
an
d
th
eir
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
it a
p
p
lies
th
e
PR
E
C
E
DE
–
P
R
O
C
E
E
D
m
o
d
el
as a
th
eo
r
etica
l f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
ex
p
lain
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
f
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
p
r
a
ctice
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
al
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
C
S
A
p
r
e
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
G
r
e
e
n
’
s
P
R
E
C
E
D
E
–
P
R
O
C
E
E
D
m
o
d
e
l
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
An
an
aly
tical
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
as
s
ess
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
e
n
teac
h
er
s
’
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
SA
–
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
th
eir
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Set
t
ing
a
nd
pa
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
etwe
en
Ma
r
ch
an
d
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
4
in
s
elec
ted
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
B
an
d
u
n
g
a
n
d
Su
m
e
d
an
g
R
eg
en
cies,
W
est
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a.
Sch
o
o
ls
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
i
n
g
s
im
p
le
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
o
m
a
lis
t
o
f
elig
ib
le
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
ea
ch
d
is
tr
ict.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
all
teac
h
er
s
with
in
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
u
s
in
g
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
am
p
lin
g
.
A
to
tal
o
f
5
6
teac
h
er
s
p
ar
ticip
ated
,
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
en
tire
teac
h
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
with
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
(
n
=
5
6
)
,
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
am
p
lin
g
with
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
f
u
ll
co
v
er
ag
e
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
it
y
.
All
elig
ib
le
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
in
v
ited
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
I
n
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
we
r
e
teac
h
er
s
cu
r
r
en
tly
teac
h
in
g
at
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
o
wn
in
g
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e,
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
r
e
ad
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
I
n
d
o
n
esian
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
o
n
ex
ten
d
ed
leav
e
o
r
th
o
s
e
s
u
b
m
itti
n
g
in
co
m
p
lete
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
.
I
n
t
o
tal,
5
6
teac
h
er
s
m
et
t
h
e
elig
i
b
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia
an
d
co
m
p
leted
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
l selec
tio
n
to
f
in
al
in
clu
s
io
n
is
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
2
.
3
.
Va
ri
a
bles
a
nd
I
n
s
t
rum
ent
s
Data
we
r
e
co
lle
ct
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
d
,
s
el
f
-
a
d
m
i
n
is
te
r
e
d
o
n
l
in
e
q
u
es
ti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
.
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
ab
les
in
c
lu
d
ed
s
o
c
io
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
(
a
g
e,
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
m
a
r
i
tal
s
ta
tu
s
,
i
n
c
o
m
e
,
a
n
d
et
h
n
ici
t
y
)
an
d
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
SA
–
r
ela
te
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
r
o
m
m
u
lti
p
l
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
(
m
ass
m
e
d
i
a
,
d
ig
ita
l
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
,
i
n
te
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al,
an
d
i
n
s
t
it
u
ti
o
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
)
,
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
as
d
ich
o
to
m
o
u
s
r
esp
o
n
s
es
(
y
es/n
o
)
.
De
p
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les
wer
e
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
v
alid
ated
b
y
So
l
eh
ati
[
2
5
]
an
d
was
b
ased
o
n
estab
lis
h
ed
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
[
2
6
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
e
x
(
C
VI
)
s
h
o
wed
v
alu
es
o
f
1
.
0
0
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
test
in
g
in
p
r
io
r
r
esear
c
h
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a=
0
.
7
7
6
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
0
.
8
3
7
f
o
r
attitu
d
es)
[
2
5
]
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
3
0
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
item
s
co
v
er
in
g
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
,
r
is
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
co
ve
r
in
g
h
id
d
en
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f te
a
ch
er k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
a
tti
tu
d
es in
ch
ild
s
ex
u
a
l
a
b
u
s
e
…
(
Tetti S
o
leh
a
ti
)
4029
f
ac
to
r
s
,
p
e
r
p
etr
ato
r
s
,
s
ig
n
s
,
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
,
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
.
Sco
r
es
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
to
3
0
,
with
≥
8
0
%
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
lev
els
wer
e
class
i
f
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
d
escr
ib
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Att
itu
d
es
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
1
3
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
item
s
(
4
=stro
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
to
1
=stro
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ev
er
s
e
-
s
co
r
ed
item
s
.
T
o
tal
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
3
to
5
2
,
with
s
co
r
es ≥
4
1
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
f
av
o
r
a
b
le.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
af
ter
o
b
tain
i
n
g
eth
ical
a
p
p
r
o
v
al
an
d
p
e
r
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
r
elev
an
t
au
th
o
r
ities
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
a
n
d
wr
itten
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
o
n
lin
e
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
F
o
r
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
s
ess
io
n
s
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
was v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
was e
n
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
o
n
y
m
ized
d
ata
c
o
d
in
g
.
2
.
5
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
Giv
en
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
iab
les,
b
iv
ar
iat
e
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
in
itial
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
e
twee
n
v
ar
iab
les.
Mu
ltiv
ar
iab
le
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
in
itially
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
;
h
o
wev
e
r
,
th
e
lim
ited
s
am
p
le
s
ize
r
esu
lted
in
u
n
s
tab
le
esti
m
ates a
n
d
p
o
ten
tial o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
b
iv
a
r
iate
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
r
etain
ed
.
Data
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
s
tu
d
y
v
a
r
iab
les.
Ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
e
x
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
test
s
,
with
Ph
i
(
φ)
co
ef
f
icien
ts
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
2
×
2
tab
les
an
d
C
r
am
ér
’
s
V
f
o
r
lar
g
er
tab
les.
Statis
tic
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
was
s
et
at
p
<0
.
0
5
.
Giv
en
th
e
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
m
u
ltiv
ar
iab
le
l
o
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
was
in
itially
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
u
t
n
o
t
r
etain
ed
d
u
e
to
u
n
s
tab
le
esti
m
ates
an
d
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
iv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
was c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
is
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
6
.
E
t
hics
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
Pad
jad
jar
an
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
ith
th
e
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
th
e
Dec
lar
atio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
0
2
6
-
4037
4030
Helsin
k
i.
E
th
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
g
r
an
ted
u
n
d
er
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
2
4
0
4
0
7
0
5
5
5
(
eth
ical
c
lear
an
ce
ce
r
tific
ate
No
.
7
8
3
/UN6
.
KE
P/EC
/2
0
2
4
)
.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
c
o
n
f
id
en
tiality
,
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ass
ig
n
e
d
a
u
n
iq
u
e
n
u
m
er
ic
co
d
e,
an
d
all
d
ata
wer
e
s
ec
u
r
ely
s
to
r
ed
with
ac
ce
s
s
lim
ited
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
team
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
ta
in
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
io
r
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
m
in
im
al
r
is
k
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
tak
en
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
f
o
r
t t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
So
cio
dem
o
g
ra
ph
ic
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
5
6
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
lar
g
est
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
was
ag
ed
2
6
–
3
5
y
ea
r
s
(
2
8
.
6
%),
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
th
o
s
e
ag
e
d
3
6
–
4
5
y
e
ar
s
(
2
6
.
8
%).
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
f
em
ale
(
6
7
.
9
%)
an
d
m
ar
r
ied
(
8
2
.
1
%).
Mo
r
e
th
an
h
alf
r
ep
o
r
ted
an
in
co
m
e
ab
o
v
e
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
m
in
im
u
m
wag
e
(
5
3
.
6
%),
an
d
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
o
f
Su
n
d
an
ese
E
th
n
icity
(
9
4
.
6
%).
All
teac
h
er
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
SA
–
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
1
0
0
%).
Sch
o
o
l
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
o
u
r
ce
(
8
2
.
1
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
telev
is
i
o
n
(
5
8
.
9
%),
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
(
3
9
.
3
%),
I
n
s
tag
r
am
(
3
7
.
5
%),
a
n
d
T
ik
T
o
k
(
3
7
.
5
%).
Oth
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
W
h
atsAp
p
,
n
ewsp
ap
er
s
,
an
d
Face
b
o
o
k
,
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
o
n
e
-
q
u
ar
ter
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
wh
ile
r
em
ai
n
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
less
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
wid
ely
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
em
er
g
in
g
a
s
d
o
m
in
an
t
ch
a
n
n
els.
T
h
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
o
f
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
telev
is
io
n
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
r
e
f
lects
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
d
ig
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
ce
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ap
p
ea
r
e
d
lim
ited
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
p
o
ten
tial g
a
p
s
in
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
lev
el
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
.
3
.
2
.
T
ea
cher
s
’
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
a
t
t
it
ud
e
Mo
s
t
teac
h
er
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
C
SA
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
(
6
4
.
3
%),
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
s
h
o
wed
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
attitu
d
es
(
8
5
.
7
%)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
SA
–
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
alo
n
e
m
ay
b
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
ad
eq
u
ate
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
ay
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
its
q
u
ality
,
r
elev
an
ce
,
m
o
d
e
o
f
d
eliv
er
y
,
an
d
co
n
tex
t
u
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
o
f
ten
h
av
e
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
d
esp
ite
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
[
3
6
]
.
L
im
ited
tr
ain
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
an
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
m
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
is
g
ap
.
I
n
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
co
n
tex
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
Su
n
d
an
ese
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
c
u
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
th
at
d
is
co
u
r
a
g
e
o
p
en
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
s
ex
u
al
to
p
ics
m
ay
h
in
d
er
teac
h
er
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
lim
it
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
Desp
ite
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
m
o
s
t
teac
h
er
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
av
o
r
ab
le
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
attitu
d
es
m
ay
b
e
in
f
lu
en
c
ed
b
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
il
ity
,
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
ev
e
n
in
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
.
Similar
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
,
wh
er
e
teac
h
er
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
d
esp
ite
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
1
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
c
u
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e,
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
-
o
r
ien
ted
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
f
o
r
C
SA
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
.
3
.
3
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
bet
wee
n
s
o
cio
dem
o
g
ra
ph
ic
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics,
info
rm
a
t
io
n
ex
po
s
ure,
a
nd
t
ea
cher
s
’
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
a
t
t
it
ud
es t
o
w
a
rd
CSA
prev
ent
io
n
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
g
en
d
er
(
χ²=
6
.
9
9
4
,
φ=
−0
.
3
5
3
,
p
=0
.
0
0
8
)
,
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
n
ewsp
ap
er
s
(
χ²=
3
.
3
7
3
,
φ=
0
.
2
5
8
,
p
=0
.
0
5
0
)
,
I
n
s
tag
r
am
(
χ²=
4
.
0
6
5
,
φ=
−0
.
2
6
9
,
p
=0
.
0
4
4
)
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
(
χ²=
6
.
2
3
3
,
φ=
0
.
3
3
4
,
p
=
0
.
0
1
3
)
.
T
h
e
n
e
g
a
tiv
e
φ
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
g
en
d
er
an
d
I
n
s
tag
r
am
i
n
d
icate
in
v
er
s
e
as
s
o
ciatio
n
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
φ
v
alu
es
f
o
r
n
ew
s
p
ap
er
s
an
d
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
in
d
i
ca
te
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
els.
No
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
o
th
er
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
a
r
iab
les
o
r
m
o
s
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
wer
e
also
i
d
en
tifie
d
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
an
d
eth
n
icity
(
χ²=
6
.
3
8
4
,
C
r
am
ér
’
s
V=
0
.
3
3
8
,
p
=0
.
0
4
1
)
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
(
χ²=
7
.
5
2
7
,
φ=
−
0
.
3
6
7
,
p
=0
.
0
4
4
)
,
an
d
T
ik
T
o
k
(
χ²=
5
.
6
0
0
,
φ=
−0
.
3
1
6
,
p
=0
.
0
1
8
)
.
No
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
.
Deta
iled
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ettin
g
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
C
h
in
a
an
d
o
th
er
r
eg
io
n
s
,
wh
er
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
in
f
o
r
m
al
c
h
an
n
els
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
C
SA
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
au
th
o
r
ity
,
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
n
atu
r
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
eliv
e
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
m
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
g
en
d
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
o
cial
r
o
les,
cu
ltu
r
al
ex
p
ec
tati
o
n
s
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
co
ve
r
in
g
h
id
d
en
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f te
a
ch
er k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
a
tti
tu
d
es in
ch
ild
s
ex
u
a
l
a
b
u
s
e
…
(
Tetti S
o
leh
a
ti
)
4031
tr
ain
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
els,
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
2
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
n
ewsp
ap
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ch
an
n
els
m
ay
p
la
y
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
I
n
s
tag
r
am
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
i
s
p
latf
o
r
m
m
ay
b
e
lin
k
e
d
t
o
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
to
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
.
T
ab
le
1
.
So
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
teac
h
er
s
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
C
SA
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
n
=5
6
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
n
%
1
.
A
g
e
(
y
e
a
r
)
17
-
25
8
1
4
.
3
26
-
35
16
2
8
.
6
36
-
45
15
2
6
.
8
46
-
55
11
1
9
.
6
>
5
5
6
1
0
.
7
2
.
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
38
6
7
.
9
M
a
l
e
18
3
2
.
1
3
.
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
s
t
a
t
u
s
M
a
r
r
i
e
d
46
8
2
.
1
N
o
t
m
a
r
r
i
e
d
10
1
7
.
9
4
.
I
n
c
o
me
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
mi
n
i
mu
m
w
a
g
e
(
R
M
W
)
≤
R
M
W
26
4
6
.
4
>
R
M
W
30
5
3
.
6
5
.
Et
h
n
i
c
g
r
o
u
p
S
u
n
d
a
53
9
4
.
6
Jawa
2
3
.
6
P
a
d
a
n
g
1
1
.
8
6
.
Ex
p
o
su
r
e
t
o
C
S
A
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
No
0
0
Y
e
s
56
1
0
0
a.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
n
e
w
s
p
a
p
e
r
s
No
42
75
Y
e
s
14
25
b
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
a
g
a
z
i
n
e
No
48
8
5
.
7
Y
e
s
8
1
4
.
3
c.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m TV
No
23
4
1
.
1
Y
e
s
33
5
8
.
9
d
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m ra
d
i
o
No
51
9
1
.
1
Y
e
s
5
8
.
9
e.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
No
34
6
0
.
7
Y
e
s
22
3
9
.
3
f
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
d
r
e
s
No
50
8
9
.
3
Y
e
s
6
1
0
.
7
g
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
a
f
r
i
e
n
d
No
49
8
7
.
5
Y
e
s
7
1
2
.
5
h
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m re
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
No
49
8
7
.
5
Y
e
s
7
1
2
.
5
i
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m fam
i
l
i
e
s
No
46
8
2
.
1
Y
e
s
10
1
7
.
9
j
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
e
a
d
m
a
s
t
e
r
No
10
1
7
.
9
Y
e
s
46
8
2
.
1
k
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
Y
a
h
o
o
No
53
9
4
.
6
Y
e
s
3
5
.
4
l
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
No
41
7
3
.
2
Y
e
s
15
2
6
.
8
m.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
Tw
i
t
t
e
r
No
49
8
7
.
5
Y
e
s
7
1
2
.
5
n
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
No
46
8
2
.
1
Y
e
s
10
1
7
.
9
o
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
I
n
st
a
g
r
a
m
No
35
6
2
.
5
Y
e
s
21
3
7
.
5
p
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
W
h
a
t
sA
p
p
No
40
7
1
.
4
Y
e
s
16
2
8
.
6
q
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
Li
n
e
No
56
1
0
0
.
0
Y
e
s
0
0
.
0
r
.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
Ti
k
T
o
k
No
35
6
2
.
5
Y
e
s
21
3
7
.
5
s.
C
S
A
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
s
No
56
1
0
0
Y
e
s
0
0
.
0
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es to
war
d
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
(
n
=5
6
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
n
%
1
.
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
G
o
o
d
20
3
5
.
7
P
o
o
r
36
6
4
.
3
2
.
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
F
a
v
o
r
a
b
l
e
48
8
5
.
7
U
n
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
l
e
8
1
4
.
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
0
2
6
-
4037
4032
T
ab
le
3
.
Ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es to
war
d
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
(
n
=5
6
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
χ²
df
p
;
φ
/
V
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
χ²
df
p
;
φ
/
V
G
o
o
d
P
o
o
r
F
a
v
o
r
a
b
l
e
U
n
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
l
e
1
.
A
g
e
(
y
e
a
r
s)
17
–
25
5
3
7
.
7
0
6
4
p
=
0
.
0
8
8
;
V
=
0
.
3
8
1
8
0
2
.
7
9
5
4
p
=
0
.
5
7
0
;
V
=
0
.
2
2
9
26
–
35
6
10
14
2
36
–
45
3
12
13
2
46
–
55
2
9
8
3
>
5
5
4
2
5
1
2
.
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
18
20
6
.
9
9
4
1
p
=
0
.
0
0
8
*
;
φ=
-
0
.
3
5
3
34
4
1
.
3
6
5
1
p
=
0
.
2
4
3
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
5
6
M
a
l
e
2
16
14
4
3
.
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
st
a
t
u
s
M
a
r
r
i
e
d
16
30
0
.
0
9
7
1
p
=
0
.
7
5
5
;
φ=
-
0
.
0
4
2
38
8
2
.
0
2
9
1
p
=
0
.
1
5
4
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
9
0
N
o
t
m
a
r
r
i
e
d
4
6
10
0
4
.
I
n
c
o
me
≤
R
M
W
7
19
1
.
6
3
4
1
p
=
0
.
2
0
1
;
φ
=
0
.
1
7
1
22
4
0
.
4
8
1
p
=
0
.
8
2
7
;
φ=
-
0
.
0
2
9
>
R
M
W
13
17
26
4
5
.
Et
h
n
i
c
g
r
o
u
p
S
u
n
d
a
n
e
s
e
19
34
0
.
7
3
4
2
p
=
0
.
1
1
4
;
V
=
0
.
6
9
3
46
7
6
.
3
8
4
2
p
=
0
.
0
4
1
*
;
V
=
0
.
3
3
8
Jav
a
n
e
se
1
1
2
0
P
a
d
a
n
g
n
e
se
0
1
0
1
6
.
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
C
S
A
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
w
sp
a
p
e
r
s
No
18
24
3
.
3
7
3
1
p
=
0
.
0
5
0
*
;
φ
=
0
.
2
5
8
34
8
3
.
1
1
1
1
p
=
0
.
0
7
8
;
φ=
-
0
.
2
3
6
Y
e
s
2
12
14
0
M
a
g
a
z
i
n
e
No
18
30
0
.
4
6
7
1
p
=
0
.
4
9
5
;
φ
=
0
.
0
9
1
40
8
1
.
5
5
6
1
p
=
0
.
2
1
2
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
6
7
Y
e
s
2
6
8
0
Te
l
e
v
i
si
o
n
No
5
18
3
.
3
2
0
1
p
=
0
.
0
6
8
;
φ=
-
0
.
2
4
3
18
5
1
.
7
7
1
1
p
=
0
.
1
8
3
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
7
8
Y
e
s
15
18
30
3
R
a
d
i
o
No
18
33
0
.
0
4
4
1
p
=
0
.
8
3
4
;
φ=
-
0
.
0
2
8
43
8
0
.
9
1
5
1
p
=
0
.
3
3
9
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
2
8
Y
e
s
2
3
5
0
H
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
No
11
23
0
.
4
2
6
1
p
=
0
.
5
1
4
;
φ=
-
0
.
0
8
7
27
7
2
.
8
0
7
1
p
=
0
.
0
9
4
;
φ
=
-
0
.
2
2
4
Y
e
s
9
13
21
1
H
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
d
r
e
s
No
16
34
2
.
8
0
4
1
p
=
0
.
0
9
4
;
φ=
-
0
.
2
2
4
42
8
1
.
1
2
0
1
p
=
0
.
2
9
0
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
4
1
Y
e
s
4
2
6
0
F
r
i
e
n
d
s
No
19
30
1
.
6
0
0
1
p
=
0
.
2
0
6
;
φ
=
0
.
1
6
9
41
8
1
.
3
3
3
1
p
=
0
.
2
4
8
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
5
4
Y
e
s
1
6
7
0
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
No
18
31
0
.
1
7
8
1
p
=
0
.
6
7
3
;
φ
=
0
.
0
5
6
41
8
1
.
3
3
3
1
p
=
0
.
2
4
8
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
5
4
Y
e
s
2
5
7
0
F
a
mi
l
i
e
s
No
17
29
0
.
1
7
3
1
p
=
0
.
6
7
7
;
φ
=
0
.
0
5
6
38
8
2
.
0
2
9
1
p
=
0
.
1
5
4
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
9
0
Y
e
s
3
7
10
0
H
e
a
d
m
a
st
e
r
No
7
3
6
.
2
3
3
1
p
=
0
.
0
1
3
*
;
φ
=
0
.
3
3
4
9
1
7
.
5
2
7
1
p
=
0
.
0
4
4
*
;
φ=
-
0
.
3
6
7
Y
e
s
13
33
39
7
Y
a
h
o
o
No
19
34
0
.
0
0
8
1
p
=
0
.
9
3
0
;
φ
=
0
.
0
1
2
45
8
0
.
5
2
8
1
p
=
0
.
4
6
7
;
φ=
-
0
.
0
9
7
Y
e
s
1
2
3
0
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
No
14
27
0
.
1
6
4
1
p
=
0
.
6
8
6
;
φ=
-
0
.
0
5
4
33
8
3
.
4
1
5
1
p
=
0
.
0
6
5
;
φ=
-
0
.
2
4
7
Y
e
s
6
9
15
0
Tw
i
t
t
e
r
No
17
32
0
.
1
7
8
1
p
=
0
.
6
7
3
;
φ=
-
0
.
0
0
5
41
8
1
.
3
3
3
1
p
=
0
.
2
4
8
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
5
4
Y
e
s
3
4
7
0
P
a
r
e
n
t
s
No
14
32
3
.
1
2
7
1
p
=
0
.
0
7
7
;
φ=
-
0
.
2
3
6
38
8
2
.
0
2
9
1
p
=
0
.
1
5
4
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
9
0
Y
e
s
6
4
10
0
I
n
st
a
g
r
a
m
No
9
26
4
.
0
6
5
1
p
=
0
.
0
4
4
*
;
φ=
-
0
.
2
6
9
29
6
0
.
6
2
2
1
p
=
0
.
4
3
0
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
0
5
Y
e
s
11
10
19
2
W
h
a
t
sA
p
p
No
16
24
1
.
1
2
0
1
p
=
0
.
2
9
0
;
φ
=
0
.
1
4
1
35
5
0
.
3
6
5
1
p
=
0
.
5
4
6
;
φ
=
0
.
0
8
1
Y
e
s
4
12
13
3
Ti
k
To
k
No
10
25
2
.
0
7
4
1
p
=
0
.
1
5
0
;
φ=
-
0
.
1
9
2
27
8
5
.
6
0
0
1
p
=
0
.
0
1
8
*
;
φ=
-
0
.
3
1
6
Y
e
s
10
11
21
0
N
o
t
e
s
:
χ
²=
C
h
i
-
sq
u
a
r
e
;
d
f
=
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
;
φ
=
P
h
i
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
;
V
=
C
r
a
m
é
r
’
s V;
*
p
<
0
.
0
5
;
R
M
W
=
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
mi
n
i
m
u
m w
a
g
e
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
attitu
d
es,
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
eth
n
icity
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
cu
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
m
ay
s
h
ap
e
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
d
en
g
ag
e
with
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
t
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
c
o
n
tex
ts
wh
er
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
ex
u
ality
r
em
ain
s
en
s
itiv
e.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
i
th
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies in
d
icatin
g
th
at
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
C
SA
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
l
h
e
ad
m
aster
s
was
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ti
n
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
in
s
h
ap
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
As
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
au
t
h
o
r
ities
,
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
m
ay
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
r
ed
ib
le
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
T
ik
T
o
k
was
also
ass
o
ciate
d
with
teac
h
er
s
’
attitu
d
es,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
m
ay
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
ally
e
n
g
ag
in
g
co
n
ten
t.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
ca
u
tio
u
s
ly
,
as
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
s
u
ch
p
latf
o
r
m
s
m
ay
v
ar
y
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
m
ed
ia
liter
ac
y
to
cr
itically
ev
alu
ate
d
ig
ital c
o
n
t
en
t r
elate
d
to
C
SA p
r
ev
en
tio
n
[
4
1
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
P
R
E
C
E
DE
–
P
R
O
C
E
E
D
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
h
ea
d
m
ast
er
s
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
o
r
s
u
s
tain
p
o
s
itiv
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es,
wh
ile
d
ig
ital
p
la
tf
o
r
m
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
co
ve
r
in
g
h
id
d
en
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f te
a
ch
er k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
a
tti
tu
d
es in
ch
ild
s
ex
u
a
l
a
b
u
s
e
…
(
Tetti S
o
leh
a
ti
)
4033
en
ab
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
h
o
w
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
ac
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
in
ter
p
r
eted
.
B
y
co
n
tr
ast,
m
o
s
t
o
th
er
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
al
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
a
s
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
attitu
d
es.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
wi
th
ca
u
tio
n
,
as
s
m
all
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
izes m
ay
af
f
ec
t t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
esti
m
ates.
3
.
4
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n wit
h t
he
P
RE
CE
DE
–
P
RO
CE
E
D
m
o
del
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
alig
n
with
th
e
PR
E
C
E
DE
–
PR
O
C
E
E
D
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
ich
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
b
eh
av
io
r
as
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
p
r
e
d
is
p
o
s
in
g
,
en
ab
lin
g
,
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
a
s
g
en
d
er
an
d
eth
n
icity
,
wh
ich
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es.
E
n
ab
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
r
ef
er
to
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
n
ewsp
ap
er
s
,
I
n
s
tag
r
am
,
an
d
T
ik
T
o
k
,
wh
ich
f
ac
i
litate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
R
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
r
ep
r
es
en
ted
b
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
b
o
th
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
e
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
f
o
r
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
th
e
in
ter
ac
t
io
n
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
al,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
a
l
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
in
teg
r
ate
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
ath
er
th
a
n
r
ely
s
o
lely
o
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
.
3
.
5
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
f
o
r
po
licy
a
nd
pra
ct
ice
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
em
b
ed
d
i
n
g
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
with
in
s
ch
o
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
o
f
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
,
wh
o
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
atek
ee
p
er
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
leg
itima
cy
.
T
r
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
o
p
t
g
e
n
d
er
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ad
d
r
ess
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
b
e
tailo
r
ed
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
c
u
l
tu
r
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
attitu
d
es.
Pr
ev
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
m
ay
also
lev
er
ag
e
d
ig
ital
p
l
atf
o
r
m
s
in
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
w
ay
s
,
u
s
in
g
I
n
s
tag
r
am
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
an
d
T
ik
T
o
k
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
attitu
d
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
w
h
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
all
co
n
ten
t
r
em
ain
s
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
an
d
alig
n
ed
with
n
atio
n
al
ch
ild
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ee
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
b
o
th
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
f
o
r
m
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
e
n
d
esig
n
in
g
p
o
licies
an
d
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
g
en
d
er
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
g
en
d
er
-
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
ca
p
ac
ity
-
b
u
ild
in
g
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
o
le
o
f
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
in
d
is
s
em
in
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
le
g
itimiz
in
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
in
itiativ
es.
T
ak
en
t
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
im
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
in
d
icate
t
h
at
cu
ltu
r
a
lly
s
en
s
itiv
e,
lead
er
s
h
ip
-
d
r
iv
en
,
an
d
d
ig
itally
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
teac
h
e
r
s
’
ca
p
ac
ity
as
f
r
o
n
tlin
e
p
r
o
tecto
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
h
er
en
t
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
ch
o
o
l
au
th
o
r
ities
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
ta
r
g
eted
,
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
o
n
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
f
o
r
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
wid
ely
u
s
ed
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
I
n
s
tag
r
am
an
d
T
ik
T
o
k
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
h
e
ad
m
aster
s
ca
n
p
lay
an
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
u
c
h
co
n
ten
t
in
to
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es to
war
d
ch
ild
s
af
ety
.
3
.
6
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
f
uture
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itat
io
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
wh
en
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
First,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
lim
its
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
,
as
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
allo
w
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
ality
o
f
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
attitu
d
es.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
s
elec
t
ed
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
i
n
two
d
is
tr
icts
,
m
ay
r
estrict
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
to
o
th
er
r
eg
i
o
n
s
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
am
p
lin
g
with
o
u
t
r
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
m
ay
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
elec
tio
n
b
ias
an
d
af
f
ec
t
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ata
m
a
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
ec
al
l
b
ias,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
g
iv
en
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
C
SA
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
alth
o
u
g
h
m
u
lt
ip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
ass
ess
th
e
q
u
ality
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
o
r
d
ep
th
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
wh
ich
m
ay
lim
it
t
h
e
ab
il
ity
to
f
u
lly
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
alth
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltiv
ar
iab
le
an
aly
s
is
was
in
it
ially
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
r
esu
lted
in
u
n
s
tab
le
esti
m
ates
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
was
lim
ited
to
b
iv
ar
iate
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
ass
o
ciativ
e
r
ath
er
th
a
n
ca
u
s
al.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
m
u
ltip
le
s
tatis
tical
test
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
with
o
u
t
f
o
r
m
al
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
wh
ich
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
ty
p
e
I
er
r
o
r
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ly
o
n
teac
h
er
s
an
d
d
i
d
n
o
t i
n
clu
d
e
o
th
er
k
ey
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
s
u
c
h
as p
ar
en
ts
,
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
u
n
s
elo
r
s
,
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
C
S
A
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
o
lv
e
lar
g
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
les
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
an
d
em
p
lo
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
o
r
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
d
esig
n
s
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ca
u
s
al
p
ath
way
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies m
ay
also
ex
p
lo
r
e
p
s
y
ch
o
s
o
cial
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l le
ad
er
s
h
ip
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
d
ig
ital
m
ed
ia
li
ter
ac
y
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
c
h
o
o
l
au
th
o
r
ities
ar
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
tar
g
et
ed
,
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
o
n
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
f
o
r
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
0
2
6
-
4037
4034
th
r
o
u
g
h
wid
ely
u
s
ed
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
I
n
s
tag
r
a
m
a
n
d
T
ik
T
o
k
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
ca
n
p
lay
an
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
t
r
ain
in
g
an
d
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
s
u
ch
co
n
ten
t
in
to
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
e
n
h
an
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es to
war
d
ch
ild
s
af
ety
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ic
al
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
to
w
ar
d
C
SA
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
ar
e
s
h
a
p
ed
b
y
a
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
h
ar
a
cter
is
tics
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
g
e
n
d
er
an
d
s
elec
ted
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
s
c
h
o
o
l
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
,
n
ewsp
ap
er
s
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
wer
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
wh
ile
attitu
d
es
wer
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
eth
n
icity
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
T
ik
T
o
k
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
PR
E
C
E
DE
–
PR
O
C
E
E
D
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes
to
a
clea
r
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
p
r
e
d
is
p
o
s
in
g
,
e
n
ab
li
n
g
,
a
n
d
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
ter
ac
t
to
s
h
a
p
e
te
ac
h
er
s
’
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l m
o
d
els in
to
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
r
esear
ch
.
Fro
m
a
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
p
o
licy
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
h
ea
d
m
aster
s
as
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
g
en
d
er
-
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
u
s
e
o
f
cr
ed
ib
le
d
i
g
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
t
ea
ch
er
s
’
ca
p
ac
ity
as
f
r
o
n
tlin
e
a
g
en
ts
in
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
C
SA
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
l
o
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
an
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
s
to
estab
lis
h
ca
u
s
al
p
ath
way
s
an
d
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
-
d
r
iv
e
n
,
a
n
d
d
ig
itally
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
t
h
an
k
th
e
Dir
ec
to
r
o
f
R
esear
ch
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
Ser
v
ices
at
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Pad
jad
jar
an
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
an
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
R
is
et
Ko
m
p
et
en
s
i D
o
s
en
Un
p
ad
(
R
KDU)
Gr
an
t 2
0
2
4
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
R
is
et
Ko
m
p
eten
s
i
Do
s
en
UNPAD
(
R
KDU)
g
r
an
t
2
0
2
4
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
in
a
n
cial
ass
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
T
etti So
leh
ati
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Helm
y
Haz
m
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
ac
h
ely
a
Nu
r
f
ir
d
a
u
s
i
I
s
lam
ah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Yan
ti He
r
m
ay
an
ti
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
ec
ep
E
li Ko
s
asih
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mir
a
T
r
is
y
an
i
Ko
er
y
am
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Y
u
s
u
f
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als in
c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
co
ve
r
in
g
h
id
d
en
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f te
a
ch
er k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
a
tti
tu
d
es in
ch
ild
s
ex
u
a
l
a
b
u
s
e
…
(
Tetti S
o
leh
a
ti
)
4035
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
in
g
h
u
m
a
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ad
h
er
e
d
to
th
e
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
th
e
Dec
l
ar
atio
n
o
f
Helsin
k
i
an
d
c
o
m
p
lied
with
a
p
p
licab
le
n
atio
n
al
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es.
E
t
h
ical
clea
r
an
ce
was
g
r
an
ted
b
y
th
e
Pad
jad
jar
an
Un
iv
er
s
ity
R
esear
ch
E
th
ic
s
C
o
m
m
ittee,
B
an
d
u
n
g
(
r
e
g
is
tr
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
2
4
0
4
0
7
0
5
5
5
,
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
ce
r
tific
ate
7
8
3
/UN6
.
KE
P/EC
/2
0
2
4
)
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ataset
g
en
er
ated
a
n
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
is
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
T
S],
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
P
r
a
b
h
u
,
S
.
P
r
a
b
h
u
,
a
n
d
F
.
N
o
r
o
n
h
a
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
s
e
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
s
e
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
i
t
a
m
o
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
st
u
d
y
i
n
g
i
n
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
p
r
i
mar
y
sc
h
o
o
l
s
o
f
U
d
u
p
i
Ta
l
u
k
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
E
g
y
p
t
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
F
o
re
n
s
i
c
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
4
6
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
4
1
9
3
5
-
0
2
3
-
0
0
3
6
5
-
y.
[
2
]
E.
R
.
D
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
n
d
T.
L.
W
e
a
v
e
r
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
s
o
c
i
o
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
se
x
u
a
l
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
:
a
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
mo
d
e
l
,”
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
V
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
7
6
–
4
8
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
v
i
o
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
.
[
3
]
P
.
Th
a
y
i
,
S
.
S
a
t
w
i
k
a
,
S
.
B
e
g
u
m,
a
n
d
B
.
J
a
h
n
a
v
i
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
se
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se:
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
e
a
t
men
t
,
”
i
n
C
h
i
l
d
S
e
x
u
a
l
A
b
u
s
e
:
A
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
Pr
o
b
l
e
m
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
A
.
S
h
a
i
k
,
S
.
L
.
T
h
o
t
a
,
a
n
d
L.
R
.
A
t
ma
k
u
r
i
,
E
d
s.
,
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
N
a
t
u
r
e
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
,
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
–
1
7
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
99
-
8
7
4
5
-
0
_
1
6
.
[
4
]
T.
H
.
Å
k
e
r
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
a
l
l
e
g
e
d
v
i
c
t
i
ms
w
i
t
h
mi
l
d
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
d
i
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
a
u
t
i
sm
:
a
f
i
e
l
d
st
u
d
y
o
f
p
o
l
i
c
e
-
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
c
a
ses
o
f
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
s
e
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se
i
n
a
N
o
r
w
e
g
i
a
n
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
sam
p
l
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
D
i
sa
b
i
l
i
t
y
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
7
8
2
–
7
9
2
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
j
i
r
.
1
2
7
7
1
.
[
5
]
C
.
B
o
u
r
g
e
o
i
s
,
T.
Le
c
o
mt
e
,
P
.
M
c
D
u
f
f
,
a
n
d
I
.
D
a
i
g
n
e
a
u
l
t
,
“
C
h
i
l
d
se
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se
a
n
d
a
g
e
a
t
o
n
se
t
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
t
i
c
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
s:
a
m
a
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
o
h
o
r
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
T
h
e
C
a
n
a
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
i
a
t
ry
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
6
9
–
5
7
6
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
7
0
6
7
4
3
7
2
0
9
7
0
8
5
3
.
[
6
]
I
.
D
a
i
g
n
e
a
u
l
t
,
G
.
P
a
q
u
e
t
t
e
,
M
.
D
e
La
S
a
b
l
o
n
n
i
è
r
e
-
G
r
i
f
f
i
n
,
a
n
d
J
.
D
i
o
n
,
“
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
se
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se,
i
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
d
i
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
su
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s:
a
m
a
t
c
h
e
d
c
o
h
o
r
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
Am
e
r
i
c
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
I
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
D
i
sa
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
–
1
4
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
5
2
/
1
9
4
4
-
7
5
5
8
-
1
2
8
.
2
.
1
3
4
.
[
7
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
G
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
c
o
-
l
e
g
a
l
c
a
r
e
o
f
v
i
c
t
i
m
s
o
f
sex
u
a
l
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
.
G
e
n
e
v
a
:
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
0
3
.
[
8
]
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
f
o
r
H
e
a
l
t
h
M
e
t
r
i
c
s a
n
d
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
H
M
E)
,
“
N
e
a
r
l
y
H
a
l
f
o
f
S
e
x
u
a
l
A
b
u
s
e
F
i
r
s
t
H
a
p
p
e
n
s
a
t
A
g
e
1
5
o
r
Y
o
u
n
g
e
r
,
a
G
l
o
b
a
l
S
t
u
d
y
R
e
v
e
a
l
s
,
”
M
a
y
2
0
2
5
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
2
,
2
0
2
6
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
h
e
a
l
t
h
d
a
t
a
.
o
r
g
/
n
e
w
s
-
e
v
e
n
t
s/
n
e
w
sr
o
o
m
/
n
e
w
s
-
r
e
l
e
a
s
e
s/
n
e
a
r
l
y
-
h
a
l
f
-
se
x
u
a
l
-
a
b
u
se
-
f
i
r
s
t
-
h
a
p
p
e
n
s
-
a
g
e
-
15
-
or
-
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
-
g
l
o
b
a
l
.
[
9
]
A
.
P
i
o
l
a
n
t
i
,
I
.
E.
S
c
h
m
i
d
,
F
.
J
.
F
i
d
e
r
e
r
,
C
.
L
.
W
a
r
d
,
H
.
S
t
ö
c
k
l
,
a
n
d
H
.
M
.
F
o
r
a
n
,
“
G
l
o
b
a
l
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
se
x
u
a
l
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
:
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,
”
J
A
MA
P
e
d
i
a
t
r
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
4
–
2
7
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
1
/
j
a
m
a
p
e
d
i
a
t
r
i
c
s.
2
0
2
4
.
5
3
2
6
.
[
1
0
]
J.
C
a
g
n
e
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
se
x
u
a
l
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
a
g
e
a
t
f
i
r
s
t
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
:
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
b
y
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
sex
(
1
9
9
0
–
2
0
2
3
)
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
4
9
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
7
–
1
8
3
6
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
4
0
-
6
7
3
6
(
2
5
)
0
0
3
1
1
-
3.
[
1
1
]
U
N
I
C
EF,
“
O
v
e
r
3
7
0
mi
l
l
i
o
n
g
i
r
l
s a
n
d
w
o
me
n
g
l
o
b
a
l
l
y
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
r
a
p
e
o
r
sex
u
a
l
a
ss
a
u
l
t
a
s
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
U
N
I
C
EF
U
S
A
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
4
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
2
,
2
0
2
6
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
u
n
i
c
e
f
u
sa.
o
r
g
/
p
r
e
ss/
o
v
e
r
-
3
7
0
-
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
-
g
i
r
l
s
-
a
n
d
-
w
o
me
n
-
g
l
o
b
a
l
l
y
-
su
b
j
e
c
t
e
d
-
r
a
p
e
-
or
-
sex
u
a
l
-
a
ss
a
u
l
t
-
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
-
u
n
i
c
e
f
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
M
a
r
d
l
i
y
a
h
,
E.
R
o
e
smi
n
i
n
g
si
h
,
R
.
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
,
M
.
W
i
d
y
a
sw
a
r
i
,
A
.
A
f
a
n
d
i
,
a
n
d
T.
S
a
n
t
o
so
,
“
Tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
sex
u
a
l
a
b
u
s
e
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
:
f
r
o
m
r
e
sea
r
c
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
t
o
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
E
d
e
l
w
e
i
ss
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
2
7
–
6
5
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
2
1
4
/
2
5
7
6
8
4
8
4
.
v
9
i
2
.
4
5
4
3
.
[
1
3
]
K
.
E.
L
i
n
a
d
i
a
n
d
D
.
A
y
u
b
i
,
“
C
h
i
l
d
a
b
u
s
e
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
:
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
r
e
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
p
r
o
mo
t
i
o
n
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
(
2
0
1
6
-
2
0
2
4
)
,
”
in
BI
O
W
e
b
o
f
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
5
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
3
,
p
.
0
0
0
8
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
1
/
b
i
o
c
o
n
f
/
2
0
2
5
1
9
3
0
0
0
8
0
.
[
1
4
]
S
a
f
e
g
u
a
r
d
i
n
g
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
,
“
A
n
a
ssess
men
t
o
f
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
r
a
n
sp
a
r
e
n
c
y
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
t
o
c
h
i
l
d
se
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se
,”
A
c
c
e
s
se
d
:
Jan
u
a
r
y
3
,
2
0
2
6
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
safe
g
u
a
r
d
i
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
.
c
o
m
/
sa
f
e
-
g
u
a
r
d
i
n
g
-
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
/
i
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
.
[
1
5
]
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
W
o
me
n
’
s
Em
p
o
w
e
r
me
n
t
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
K
e
m
e
n
P
P
P
A
)
,
“
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
a
ses
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
a
b
u
s
e
b
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
a
b
u
se
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
,
”
(
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
)
,
A
c
c
e
sse
d
:
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
3
,
2
0
2
6
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
si
g
a
.
k
e
me
n
p
p
p
a
.
g
o
.
i
d
/
d
a
t
a
se
t
?
i
d
s=
M
TE
5
M
w
=
=
&e
n
t
i
t
y
=
c
H
Jv
d
ml
u
Y
2
U
=
[
1
6
]
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
C
h
i
l
d
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
C
o
mm
i
ssi
o
n
(
K
P
A
I
)
,
“
2
0
2
4
y
e
a
r
-
e
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
c
h
i
l
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
mm
i
ssi
o
n
,
”
(
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
)
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
3
,
2
0
2
6
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
k
p
a
i
.
g
o
.
i
d
/
p
u
b
l
i
k
a
si
/
h
a
r
d
i
k
n
a
s
b
e
r
g
e
r
a
k
-
ser
e
n
t
a
k
-
w
u
j
u
d
k
a
n
-
p
e
r
l
i
n
d
u
n
g
a
n
-
a
n
a
k
-
p
a
d
a
-
sa
t
u
a
n
-
p
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
[
1
7
]
Y
.
W
u
,
J
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
G
u
o
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
se
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
p
r
i
mar
y
sch
o
o
l
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
:
a
st
u
d
y
i
n
a
C
i
t
y
o
f
G
u
a
n
g
d
o
n
g
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
o
f
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
h
i
l
d
S
e
x
u
a
l
A
b
u
s
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
9
9
4
–
1
0
0
5
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
0
5
3
8
7
1
2
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
9
8
5
6
7
5
.
[
1
8
]
S
.
R
a
n
i
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
a
b
u
se
,
”
I
n
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Y
o
u
t
h
&
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
–
2
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
3
2
1
/
2
3
4
9
.
2
8
8
0
.
2
0
1
9
0
4
.
[
1
9
]
S
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
F
.
W
.
K
h
u
d
a
i
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
“
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
c
h
i
l
d
a
b
u
se
o
f
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sch
o
o
l
i
n
N
a
j
a
f
C
i
t
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
a
rm
a
c
e
u
t
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
0
–
1
5
1
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
2
0
]
L.
R
u
m
b
l
e
,
R
.
F
.
F
e
b
r
i
a
n
t
o
,
M
.
N
.
La
r
a
sa
t
i
,
C
.
H
a
mi
l
t
o
n
,
B
.
M
a
t
h
e
w
s,
a
n
d
M
.
P
.
D
u
n
n
e
,
“
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
se
x
u
a
l
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
:
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
T
r
a
u
m
a
,
V
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
,
& A
b
u
se
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
4
–
2
9
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
5
2
4
8
3
8
0
1
8
7
6
7
9
3
2
.
[
2
1
]
E.
F
.
N
e
sf
e
c
h
i
,
M
.
P
o
u
r
a
l
i
z
a
d
e
h
,
Z
.
B
.
K
h
a
l
e
si
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
a
r
o
u
f
i
z
a
d
e
h
,
“
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
s
t
y
l
e
s
o
f
mo
t
h
e
r
s i
n
se
x
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
”
B
MC
N
u
rsi
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
5
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s1
2
9
1
2
-
0
2
3
-
0
1
4
1
0
-
w.
[
2
2
]
V
.
N
.
L.
D
e
w
i
,
M
.
N
.
S
i
t
a
r
e
sm
i
,
a
n
d
F
.
S
.
T.
D
e
w
i
,
“
W
h
a
t
f
o
r
ms
o
f
m
e
d
i
a
d
o
w
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
se
x
u
a
l
a
b
u
se?
A
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
i
n
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
R
e
g
i
o
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
h
i
l
d
S
e
x
u
a
l
Ab
u
se
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
1
1
–
5
2
3
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
0
5
3
8
7
1
2
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
8
9
8
5
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.