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pp.
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I
S
S
N:
2252
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8776
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DO
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14]
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2252
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8776
I
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:
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s
e
d
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n
s
ur
v
e
y
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n
d
s
y
s
t
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m
s
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n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
udy
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
[
15]
–
[
18]
,
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
s
c
a
l
a
bil
i
t
y
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n
d
ho
l
i
s
t
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c
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y
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m
s
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l
l
n
o
t
m
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t
.
T
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng
t
h
r
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e
l
i
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
m
a
y
a
pp
ly
c
o
m
m
o
nly
:
Abs
e
n
c
e
o
f
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
:
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h
e
i
s
s
ue
i
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
s
p
i
t
e
t
h
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p
r
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s
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n
c
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o
f
s
uc
h
a
s
pe
c
t
s
a
s
c
r
o
p
y
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e
l
d
[
7]
,
i
r
r
i
ga
t
i
o
n
wa
t
e
r
s
upp
l
y
[
12]
a
n
d
f
e
r
t
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
[
17
]
i
n
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
de
c
i
s
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o
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-
m
a
k
i
ng
a
s
pe
c
t
i
s
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
e
d
[
19]
.
S
t
a
t
i
c
i
n
pu
t
:
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
l
da
t
a
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
us
e
s
t
h
e
i
nput
to
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
t
a
t
i
c
a
n
d
i
nf
l
e
xi
b
l
e
[
14]
,
[
16]
,
[
2
0]
.
H
i
g
h
c
o
s
t
s
:
I
n
c
or
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
I
o
T
de
vi
c
e
s
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
ML
t
e
c
hni
que
s
mi
g
h
t
pr
o
v
e
to
b
e
e
x
pe
n
s
i
ve
[
21]
.
T
h
e
d
i
s
c
us
s
e
d
pr
o
bl
e
m
s
c
a
n
b
e
s
o
l
v
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d
t
h
r
o
ugh
t
h
e
us
e
o
f
s
m
a
r
t
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
o
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t
i
m
a
l
r
e
s
o
ur
c
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u
t
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
I
S
OR
U
)
.
S
I
S
OR
U
r
e
f
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r
s
to
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de
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s
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-
m
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k
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ng
p
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t
f
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m
s
uppo
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t
e
d
by
I
C
T
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
[
22]
.
T
h
e
pr
o
bl
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m
w
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t
h
t
h
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tr
a
d
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T
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p
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pur
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a
t
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y
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r
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n
o
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f
f
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c
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t
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
n
o
t
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d;
h
o
we
v
e
r
,
S
I
S
OR
U
i
n
c
o
r
p
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r
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ML
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d
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ly
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c
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f
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t
r
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ut
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li
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a
t
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o
n
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n
a
gr
i
c
u
l
t
ur
e
.
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
S
I
S
OR
U
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
a
n
a
d
v
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d
a
n
d
s
c
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l
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bl
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we
b
-
b
a
s
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d
s
y
s
t
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m
us
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ng
ML
a
l
go
r
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t
hm
s
f
o
r
a
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d
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n
g
t
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e
f
a
r
m
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r
s
i
n
m
a
k
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ng
de
c
i
s
i
o
ns
.
T
h
e
f
o
ur
m
o
du
l
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s
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n
t
h
e
S
I
S
OR
U
we
b
-
b
a
s
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d
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
c
l
u
de
c
r
o
p
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c
o
m
m
e
n
da
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
s
t
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
h
o
r
t
a
ge
pr
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di
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
vi
s
ua
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
da
s
hb
o
a
r
d.
T
h
e
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
S
I
S
OR
U
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
nv
o
l
ve
s
a
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
o
i
l
t
y
p
e
,
pa
s
t
p
r
o
duc
t
i
vi
t
y
,
we
a
t
h
e
r
,
a
n
d
pr
i
c
e
tr
e
n
ds
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
b
u
i
l
d
i
ng
o
f
S
I
S
OR
U
i
s
i
ll
us
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
igur
e
1.
F
i
gur
e
1
.
S
I
S
OR
U
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
2.
1
.
Cr
op
ad
vis
or
m
od
u
l
e
T
h
e
c
r
o
p
a
dvi
s
e
r
m
o
du
l
e
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ugge
s
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
c
r
o
ps
de
pe
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
s
o
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l
a
n
d
c
l
im
a
t
e
,
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
r
e
n
d
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
y
i
e
l
ds
.
R
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
e
s
t
(
R
F
)
c
l
a
s
s
if
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r
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s
pr
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f
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r
r
e
d
due
to
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t
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r
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li
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bil
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t
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c
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l
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bil
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t
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n
d
c
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p
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t
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l
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nli
ne
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we
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v
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s
f
r
o
m
d
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f
f
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n
t
da
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a
s
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s
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T
hi
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ppr
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m
b
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ps
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go
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l
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m
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l
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ke
s
uppo
r
t
v
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m
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c
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ne
(
S
VM
)
a
n
d
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a
i
ve
b
a
y
e
s
(
NB
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
de
l
ge
ne
r
a
t
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s
a
r
a
n
ke
d
l
i
s
t
o
f
c
r
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ps
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m
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da
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ke
r
to
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wh
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t
to
pl
a
n
t
.
F
i
gur
e
2
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
s
t
h
e
e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
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RF
m
o
de
l
a
n
d
h
o
w
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t
us
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s
t
h
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f
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a
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to
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pr
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d
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c
t
i
o
n
s
,
c
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bi
n
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t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
o
f
t
h
e
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r
e
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s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
Smar
t
int
e
gr
ated
s
y
s
tem
f
or
opti
mal
r
e
s
our
c
e
uti
li
s
ati
on
(
SI
SOR
U)
(
R
ama
K
r
is
hna
P
e
ddar
apu
)
1923
F
i
gur
e
2
.
RF
wor
kf
l
o
w
[
23]
2.
2
.
Cos
t
p
r
e
d
ict
ion
e
n
gi
n
e
Us
i
n
g
t
h
e
hi
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
l
da
t
a
c
o
l
l
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c
t
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d
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h
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pr
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vi
o
us
f
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w
y
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r
s
,
t
h
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RF
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gr
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s
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to
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l
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a
c
t
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vi
t
i
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s
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T
hi
s
i
n
c
ludes
t
h
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x
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n
s
e
a
s
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o
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i
a
t
e
d
wi
t
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y
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l
a
b
o
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s
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d
a
n
d
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t
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s
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h
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m
o
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l
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pt
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t
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c
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d
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h
c
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o
p;
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s
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va
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a
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d
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c
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t
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2.
3
.
S
h
or
t
age
an
al
ys
is
e
n
gin
e
T
hi
s
m
o
du
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h
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2.
4
.
Das
h
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d
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in
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f
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s
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t
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ns
.
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r
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ga
r
d
to
tr
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n
ds
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f
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ly
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f
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r
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n
[
8]
,
[
14]
.
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s
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²
=
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)
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r
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ga
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s
(
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s
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=
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.
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due
to
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
bil
i
t
y
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f
t
h
e
m
a
r
ke
t
i
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
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n
t
r
e
gi
o
n
s
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F
i
gur
e
6
.
P
r
e
di
c
t
e
d
v
e
r
s
us
a
c
t
ua
l
a
gr
i
c
u
l
t
ur
a
l
i
nput
c
o
s
t
s
(
2022
–
2024
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
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2252
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l
a
bl
e
,
whi
c
h
i
s
a
l
i
g
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
da
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
[
18]
whi
c
h
we
r
e
h
a
r
dwa
r
e
-
ba
s
e
d
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
s
de
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
i
n
[
10]
a
n
d
[
12]
.
T
h
e
us
e
o
f
da
t
a
t
h
a
t
i
s
publi
c
ly
a
v
a
il
a
bl
e
a
n
d
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
we
b
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
m
a
k
e
s
S
I
S
O
R
U
m
o
r
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
bl
e
t
h
a
n
s
o
m
e
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
qui
r
e
s
pe
c
i
a
li
z
e
d
e
qu
i
p
m
e
n
t
or
tec
hni
c
a
l
e
x
pe
r
t
i
s
e
.
3.
4
.
L
im
it
at
ion
s
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ir
e
c
t
ion
s
Al
t
h
o
ugh
t
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
we
r
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
t
i
ll
s
o
m
e
l
im
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
Gr
a
n
u
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
d
a
t
a
:
A
f
ut
ur
e
pl
a
n
mi
g
h
t
b
e
t
o
i
n
c
lude
r
e
m
o
t
e
s
e
n
s
i
ng
m
e
t
h
o
ds
to
a
l
l
o
w
m
o
r
e
l
o
c
a
l
i
z
e
d
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
da
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
s
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
by
L
i
e
t
al
.
[
11]
.
M
a
r
ke
t
v
o
l
a
t
i
li
t
y
:
Dur
i
ng
pe
r
i
o
ds
o
f
m
a
r
ke
t
v
o
l
a
t
i
li
t
y
a
n
d
d
i
s
r
upt
i
o
n
,
c
o
s
t
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
s
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
a
s
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
.
T
h
e
us
e
o
f
a
dd
i
t
i
o
na
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
e
ns
i
t
i
vi
t
y
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
m
a
y
b
e
h
e
l
p
f
u
l
t
o
l
o
ok
a
t
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
un
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
i
n
c
o
s
t
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
i
m
e
r
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
:
C
ur
r
e
n
t
s
h
o
r
t
a
ge
pr
e
di
c
t
i
o
ns
a
r
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
m
o
n
t
hly
t
i
m
e
s
t
e
ps
a
n
d
m
i
g
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
a
de
qua
t
e
f
o
r
t
i
m
e
-
s
e
ns
i
t
i
v
e
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
[
4]
.
F
ut
u
r
e
s
tud
i
e
s
a
r
e
n
e
e
de
d
f
o
r
we
e
k
l
y
o
r
da
i
l
y
pr
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
C
r
o
p
c
o
v
e
r
a
ge
:
T
h
e
m
o
de
l
i
s
c
ur
r
e
n
t
l
y
a
v
a
il
a
bl
e
f
o
r
hi
g
h
v
a
l
ue
a
n
d
l
o
n
g
-
c
u
l
t
i
va
t
e
d
c
r
o
ps
.
B
a
s
i
c
a
l
ly,
if
t
h
e
y
e
x
pa
n
de
d
t
o
a
wi
de
r
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
c
r
o
p
t
y
pe
s
,
t
h
e
y
wo
u
l
d
m
a
ke
f
ut
ur
e
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
ns
s
t
r
o
n
ge
r
.
T
h
e
s
e
we
a
k
ne
s
s
e
s
w
il
l
b
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
by
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng
c
h
a
n
ge
s
:
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
t
e
m
po
r
a
l
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
a
ge
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
s
-
da
t
a
m
a
de
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
que
n
t
l
y
.
R
e
i
nf
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
t
e
c
hni
que
s
us
e
d
t
o
r
e
pe
a
t
e
dl
y
upda
t
e
s
ugge
s
t
i
o
ns
b
a
s
e
d
upo
n
f
e
e
d
ba
c
k
o
f
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
I
n
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
to
t
hi
s
,
s
t
udi
e
s
o
n
f
e
de
r
a
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
n
d
a
da
pt
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
w
i
ll
be
do
n
e
i
n
o
r
de
r
to
s
upp
o
r
t
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
da
t
a
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
y
na
m
i
c
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
da
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
f
e
de
r
a
t
e
d
a
gr
i
c
u
l
t
ur
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
F
a
s
t
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
i
ng
c
a
n
b
e
a
c
hi
e
ve
d
by
e
dge
c
o
m
put
i
n
g
[
17]
,
[
28
]
.
T
o
c
o
n
c
l
ude
,
t
h
e
S
I
S
OR
U
s
y
s
t
e
m
pr
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
us
a
s
pe
c
t
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
r
o
p
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
da
t
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n
,
r
e
s
o
ur
c
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o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
,
whi
c
h
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
bi
na
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
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n
t
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
o
ne
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
h
a
d
n
o
l
im
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
s
c
r
i
pt
n
ot
o
nl
y
s
u
mm
a
r
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
s
c
r
i
pt
b
ut
a
l
s
o
e
m
p
ha
s
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
a
c
a
de
mi
c
a
n
d
pr
a
c
t
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c
a
l
s
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g
nif
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
I
S
OR
U
a
s
a
t
e
c
h
ni
que
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
pt
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
-
f
u
nc
t
i
o
na
l
a
gr
i
c
u
l
t
ur
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
a
s
f
ur
t
h
e
r
e
nh
a
n
c
e
d
by
t
he
i
n
t
r
o
du
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
I
S
OR
U
a
s
a
c
o
m
pr
e
h
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n
s
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ve
a
n
d
in
t
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gr
a
t
e
d
de
c
i
s
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o
n
s
uppo
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
ng
o
f
c
r
o
p
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
da
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
s
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
s
h
o
r
t
a
ge
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
vi
s
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
t
oo
l
s
.
F
r
o
m
a
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
s
t
a
n
dpo
i
n
t
,
S
I
S
OR
U
pr
o
vi
de
s
a
li
g
h
t
,
o
pe
n
-
s
o
ur
c
e
,
a
n
d
us
e
r
-
f
r
i
e
n
d
ly
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
to
s
uppo
r
t
b
ot
h
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
a
s
we
l
l
a
s
de
c
i
s
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o
n
m
a
ke
r
s
wi
t
h
us
e
f
u
l
i
ns
i
g
h
t
s
i
n
a
t
i
m
e
ly
a
n
d
da
t
a
dr
i
v
e
n
m
a
nn
e
r
.
W
hil
e
t
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
i
s
ba
s
e
d
o
n
da
t
a
t
h
a
t
i
s
d
i
s
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r
i
c
t
-
l
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l
a
n
d
u
s
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s
a
gr
i
c
u
l
t
ur
e
I
C
T
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
o
ud,
i
n
t
h
e
f
ut
ur
e
,
i
t
wi
ll
b
e
h
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l
p
f
u
l
t
o
i
n
c
l
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s
a
t
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l
l
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t
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da
t
a
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
f
e
de
r
a
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng.
Ov
e
r
a
ll
,
S
I
S
OR
U
de
m
o
ns
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
i
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gr
a
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b
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d
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c
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r
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t
ur
a
l
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
.
F
UN
DI
NG
I
N
F
ORM
AT
I
ON
T
hi
s
r
e
s
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a
r
c
h
r
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c
e
i
ve
d
n
o
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
f
u
n
d
i
ng.
AU
T
HO
R
CONT
RI
B
UT
I
ONS
S
T
AT
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M
E
NT
T
hi
s
j
o
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or
R
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T
a
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(
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to
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Nam
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of
Aut
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C
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S
[
1]
M
.
K
a
li
mut
hu,
P
.
V
a
is
hna
v
i,
a
nd
M
.
K
is
ho
r
e
,
“
C
r
o
p
pr
e
di
c
ti
o
n
us
in
g
ma
c
hi
n
e
le
a
r
ni
ng,”
in
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
o
f
th
e
3r
d
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
on
Sm
a
r
t
Sy
s
te
m
s
and
I
n
v
e
nt
iv
e
T
e
c
hnol
og
y
,
I
C
SS
I
T
2020
,
2020,
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926
–
9
32,
do
i:
10.1109/
I
C
S
S
I
T
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[
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K
.
G
.
L
ia
ko
s
,
P
.
B
us
a
t
o
,
D
.
M
o
s
ho
u,
S
.
P
e
a
r
s
o
n,
a
n
d
D
.
B
oc
ht
is
,
“
M
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
in
a
gr
i
c
ul
tu
r
e
:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
Se
ns
or
s
(
Sw
it
z
e
r
la
nd)
, vo
l.
18, n
o
. 8, 2018, d
o
i:
10.3390/s
1808
2674.
[
3]
S
.
W
ol
f
e
r
t,
L
.
G
e
,
C
.
V
e
r
d
o
uw
,
a
nd
M
.
J
.
B
o
ga
a
r
dt
,
“
B
ig
da
ta
in
s
ma
r
t
f
a
r
mi
ng
–
a
r
e
v
ie
w
,”
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
al
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
vo
l.
1
53,
pp. 69
–
80, 2017, do
i:
10.1016/j
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gs
y
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[
4]
D
.
M
.
S
.
R
e
dd
y
a
nd
N
.
U
.
R
a
ni
,
“
S
ma
r
t
a
gr
i
c
ul
tu
r
e
:
a
w
e
b
-
ba
s
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
e
f
f
e
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ti
ve
c
r
o
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r
e
c
o
mm
e
nda
ti
o
n
us
in
g
s
t
a
c
k
e
ns
e
mbl
e
m
o
d
e
ls
,”
2024, do
i
:
10.1109/I
C
P
E
E
V
63032.2024.10
932115.
[
5]
C
. V
. N
e
ha
N
ih
a
r
ik
a
,
K
. M
o
th
is
h
K
uma
r
,
K
.
H
a
r
ik
a
, V
.
V
e
nka
t
e
s
h, a
nd A
. Y
.
B
e
gum,
“
C
r
o
p r
e
c
o
mm
e
nda
ti
o
n w
it
h
I
oT
a
nd M
L
,”
2023, do
i:
10.1109/
I
N
C
E
T
5797
2.2023.10170561.
[
6]
R
.
G
e
bb
e
r
s
a
nd
V
.
I
.
A
da
m
c
huk,
“
P
r
e
c
is
i
o
n
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
a
nd
f
oo
d
s
e
c
ur
it
y
,”
Sc
ie
nc
e
,
vo
l.
327,
n
o
.
5967,
pp.
828
–
831,
20
10,
do
i:
10.1126/s
c
i
e
nc
e
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[
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P
.
M
o
d
y
,
A
.
S
in
gh,
P
.
S
e
jp
a
l,
A
.
S
in
gh,
a
nd
A
.
N
a
na
de
,
“
S
ma
r
tAgr
o:
pr
e
c
is
i
o
n
y
i
e
ld
p
r
e
di
c
ti
o
n,
c
r
o
p
in
s
ig
ht
s
,
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
da
s
hbo
a
r
d,”
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
ns
in
C
om
put
e
r
and
I
nf
or
m
at
io
n
S
c
ie
nc
e
,
v
o
l.
2231
C
C
I
S
,
pp.
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–
71,
2
025,
do
i:
10.1007/978
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3
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031
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75605
-
4_4.
[
8]
K
.
H
a
mpa
nna
v
a
r
,
V
.
B
ha
ja
nt
r
i,
a
nd
S
.
G
.
T
o
ta
d,
“
P
r
e
di
c
ti
o
n
of
c
r
o
p
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
c
o
ns
umpt
i
o
n,”
2018,
do
i:
10.1109/
I
C
C
U
B
E
A
.2018.8697827.
[
9]
D
.
A
.
B
o
nd
r
e
a
nd
S
.
M
a
ha
ga
o
nka
r
,
“
P
r
e
di
c
ti
o
n
of
c
r
o
p
y
i
e
ld
a
nd
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
r
e
c
o
mm
e
nda
ti
o
n
us
in
g
ma
c
hi
n
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
o
r
it
h
ms
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
A
ppl
ie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
s
and
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
vo
l.
04,
n
o
.
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376,
2
019,
do
i:
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je
a
s
t.
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v
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[
10]
Z
.
Z
ha
i,
J
.
F
.
M
a
r
tí
ne
z
,
V
.
B
e
lt
r
a
n,
a
nd
N
.
L
.
M
a
r
tí
n
e
z
,
“
D
e
c
i
s
io
n
s
upp
o
r
t
s
y
s
te
ms
f
or
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
4.0:
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ur
ve
y
a
nd
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
,”
C
om
put
e
r
s
and E
le
c
t
r
oni
c
s
i
n A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
, v
o
l.
170, 2020, d
o
i
:
10.1016/j
.c
o
mpa
g.2020.105256.
[
11]
L
.
L
i,
L
.
L
iu
, Y
. P
e
ng, Y. S
u,
Y
.
H
u, a
nd R
. Z
o
u, “
I
nt
e
gr
a
ti
o
n
of
mul
ti
m
o
da
l
da
ta
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or
l
a
r
g
e
-
s
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l
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i
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ul
tu
r
a
l
la
nd
e
v
a
lu
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t
io
n
us
in
g ma
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
nd d
e
e
p
le
a
r
n
in
g a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
s
,”
G
e
ode
r
m
a
, vo
l.
439, 2023, d
o
i:
10.1016/j
.g
e
o
d
e
r
ma
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[
12]
A
.
S
o
us
s
i,
E
.
Z
e
r
o
,
R
.
S
a
c
il
e
,
D
.
T
r
in
c
h
e
r
o
,
a
nd
M
.
F
o
s
s
a
,
“
S
ma
r
t
s
e
ns
o
r
s
a
nd
s
ma
r
t
da
ta
f
or
pr
e
c
is
io
n
a
gr
i
c
ul
tu
r
e
:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,
”
Se
ns
or
s
, v
ol
. 24, n
o
. 8, 2024, d
o
i:
10.3390/s
24082647.
[
13]
H
.
H
a
mm
o
u
c
h,
M
.
A
.
E
l
-
Y
a
c
o
ubi
,
H
.
Q
in
,
a
nd
H
.
B
e
r
bi
a
,
“
A
s
y
s
t
e
ma
ti
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
nd
me
ta
-
a
na
l
y
s
is
of
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
nt
i
r
r
ig
a
t
io
n
s
y
s
te
ms
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, vo
l.
12, pp. 128285
–
128304, 2024, d
o
i:
10.1109/AC
C
E
S
S
.2024.3421322.
[
14]
N
.
M
.
A
tt
a
r
,
S
.
K
.
S
ha
h,
V
.
H
uka
r
e
,
V
.
K
u
mbha
r
,
a
nd
T
.
P
.
S
in
gh,
“
O
pt
im
iz
in
g
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
us
a
ge
us
in
g
ma
c
hi
n
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
,”
2024, d
o
i:
10.1109/M
I
T
A
D
T
S
o
C
iC
o
n60330.2024
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[
15]
F
.
B
a
ld
u
c
c
i,
D
.
I
mp
e
d
ovo
,
a
nd
G
.
P
ir
l
o
,
“
M
a
c
hi
n
e
le
a
r
n
in
g
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
o
n
a
gr
i
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
da
ta
s
e
ts
f
o
r
s
ma
r
t
f
a
r
m
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
,”
M
ac
hi
ne
s
, vo
l.
6, n
o
. 3, 2018, d
o
i:
10.3390/m
a
c
hi
ne
s
6030038.
[
16]
A
.
A
jm
e
r
a
,
M
.
B
ha
nda
r
i,
H
.
K
.
J
a
in
,
a
nd
S
.
A
ga
r
w
a
l,
“
C
r
o
p
,
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
,
&
ir
r
ig
a
ti
o
n
r
e
c
o
mm
e
nda
ti
o
n
us
in
g
ma
c
hi
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
te
c
hni
que
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
f
or
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
A
ppl
ie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
v
o
l.
10,
n
o
.
12,
pp.
29
–
35,
2022, do
i:
10.22214/i
jr
a
s
e
t.
2022.47793.
[
17]
A
.
H
o
l
z
in
g
e
r
,
I
.
F
is
t
e
r
,
I
.
F
is
t
e
r
,
H
.
P
.
K
a
ul
,
a
nd
S
.
A
s
s
e
ng,
“
H
uma
n
-
c
e
nt
e
r
e
d
A
I
in
s
ma
r
t
f
a
r
mi
ng:
t
o
w
a
r
d
a
g
r
ic
ul
tu
r
e
5
.0,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, v
ol
. 12, pp. 62199
–
62214, 2024, d
o
i:
10.1109/A
C
C
E
S
S
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[
18]
N
.
C
.
E
li
-
Ch
ukw
u,
“
A
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
of
a
r
ti
f
i
c
ia
l
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
nc
e
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,”
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g,
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
and
A
ppl
ie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
, v
o
l.
9, n
o
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–
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o
i:
10.48084/
e
ta
s
r
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[
19]
P
.
P
a
r
a
me
s
w
a
r
i,
N
.
R
a
ja
th
i,
a
nd
K
.
J
.
H
a
r
s
ha
na
a
,
“
M
a
c
hi
n
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
s
f
or
c
r
o
p
r
e
c
o
mm
e
nda
ti
o
n,”
2
021,
do
i:
10.1109/
I
C
A
E
C
A
52838.2021.9675480.
[
20]
N
.
H
.
K
uma
r
,
G
.
D
e
e
pa
k,
B
.
V
.
S
r
in
i
v
a
s
,
B
.
A
nna
p
oo
r
na
,
a
nd
S
.
G
o
uda
,
“
O
pt
im
i
z
in
g
a
gr
i
c
ul
tu
r
e
:
a
ma
c
hi
n
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
e
c
o
mm
e
nda
ti
o
n s
y
s
t
e
m,”
2025, d
o
i:
10.1109/
N
M
I
T
C
O
N
6582
4.2025.11187977.
[
21]
A
.
K
a
mi
la
r
is
a
nd
F
.
X
.
P
r
e
na
f
e
ta
-
B
o
ld
ú,
“
D
e
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
:
a
s
ur
v
e
y
,”
C
om
put
e
r
s
and
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
in
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
,
vo
l.
147, pp. 70
–
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o
i:
10.1016/
j.
c
o
mpa
g.2018.02.016.
[
22]
A
.
B
a
lk
r
is
hna
,
R
.
P
a
th
a
k,
S
.
K
uma
r
,
V
.
A
r
y
a
,
a
nd
S
.
K
.
S
in
gh,
“
A
c
o
mpr
e
h
e
ns
i
v
e
a
na
l
y
s
is
of
th
e
a
d
v
a
nc
e
s
in
I
ndi
a
n
di
gi
ta
l
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
tu
r
e
,”
Sm
ar
t
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
al
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
, vo
l.
5, 2023, do
i:
10.1016/j
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t
e
c
h.2023.100318.
[
23]
H
.
A
.
S
a
lm
a
n,
A
.
K
a
la
k
e
c
h,
a
nd
A
.
S
te
i
ti
,
“
R
a
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our
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L
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ar
ni
ng
,
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l.
2024, pp. 69
–
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[
24]
B
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.
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[
25]
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[
26]
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[
27]
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20,
no
. 15, pp. 1
–
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o
i:
10.3390/s
20154231.
[
28]
K
. R
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. Ž
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23, n
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. 23, 2023, d
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232395
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