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[
1
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.
Sm
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SP
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wh
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ter
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
[
8
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
,
I
o
T
-
e
n
ab
led
,
an
d
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
-
d
r
iv
en
p
a
r
k
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
p
ar
k
in
g
r
eser
v
atio
n
s
,
an
d
o
c
cu
p
an
cy
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
u
s
in
g
h
is
to
r
ical
a
n
d
li
v
e
d
ata
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
ath
er
t
h
an
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
en
s
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
,
an
d
u
s
er
s
er
v
ices
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
m
ar
t
city
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
[
1
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
u
b
s
tan
t
ial
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed
o
n
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
ev
er
al
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
g
ap
s
r
em
ain
.
Ma
n
y
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
-
s
u
ch
as
s
en
s
in
g
d
ev
ices,
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
o
r
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
-
r
ath
er
th
an
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
ar
e
o
f
te
n
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
As
s
m
ar
t
cities
co
n
tin
u
e
to
e
x
p
a
n
d
,
f
u
tu
r
e
p
ar
k
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
es
m
u
s
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
,
a
n
d
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
o
t
h
er
u
r
b
a
n
s
er
v
ices.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
,
th
e
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
SPS
b
y
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
in
to
k
ey
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
en
s
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
d
ata
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
-
lay
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
t
also
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
m
ajo
r
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
ch
alle
n
g
es
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
-
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
SP
S
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
t
h
is
r
ev
iew
lies
in
it
s
r
elev
an
ce
to
em
b
ed
d
ed
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
cities,
an
d
v
er
y
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
in
teg
r
at
io
n
(
VL
SI)
-
b
ased
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
m
ak
in
g
it
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
s
ca
lab
le,
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
u
r
b
a
n
p
ar
k
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es o
f
SP
S a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
O
v
e
r
all
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
as a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
a
p
er
.
Sectio
n
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
o
u
tlin
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
A
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
en
s
o
r
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
S
P
S
.
Sectio
n
5
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
SP
S
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Sectio
n
6
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
ter
f
ac
es
f
o
r
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ar
e
d
etailed
in
s
ec
tio
n
7
.
Har
d
wa
r
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
I
o
T
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
8
.
SP
S
s
er
v
ices
ar
e
class
if
ied
u
n
d
er
s
ec
tio
n
9
.
Sectio
n
1
0
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
1
1
,
wh
ile
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
756
-
768
758
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
US
E
D
F
O
R
L
I
T
E
RA
T
UR
E
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
d
cu
r
r
en
t
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
tr
en
d
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
u
s
ed
an
o
r
g
an
ized
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
SP
S.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
p
lan
n
in
g
,
r
ev
iew,
an
d
o
u
tco
m
e
s
y
n
th
esis
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew'
s
s
co
p
e,
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
s
ea
r
ch
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
estab
lis
h
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
p
h
ase.
A
m
et
h
o
d
ical
f
ilter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
an
d
s
cr
ee
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
ev
iew
s
tep
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
SP
S
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
th
e
ch
o
s
en
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
f
in
ally
ex
am
in
ed
a
n
d
ca
teg
o
r
ized
.
Ma
jo
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
Sc
h
o
lar
,
Sp
r
in
g
er
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
Sco
p
u
s
,
I
E
E
E
Xp
lo
r
e,
a
n
d
Pr
o
Qu
est
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
ter
m
s
lik
e
"
SPS
,
"
"
I
o
T
,
"
"sen
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
,
"
"p
ar
k
i
n
g
o
cc
u
p
a
n
cy
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
,
"
a
n
d
"e
-
p
ar
k
in
g
"
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
a
wid
e
r
etr
iev
al
o
f
p
er
tin
e
n
t
p
ap
er
s
.
Sin
ce
th
i
s
tim
e
f
r
am
e
r
ef
lects
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
o
f
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
SP
S
r
esear
ch
,
o
n
ly
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
af
ter
2
0
1
5
wer
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
ed
.
A
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
al
y
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA
)
-
s
ty
le
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
lo
g
ic
was
ap
p
lied
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
in
itial
d
atab
ase
s
ea
r
ch
id
en
tifie
d
4
8
7
r
e
co
r
d
s
.
Af
ter
q
u
ality
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
2
6
1
p
ee
r
-
r
e
v
iewe
d
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
r
etain
ed
.
A
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
elev
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t
was
th
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
in
a
f
in
al
s
et
o
f
8
1
s
tu
d
ies
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
SP
S
d
esig
n
,
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
m
o
d
els,
an
d
e
-
p
ar
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
y
n
t
h
esis
wer
e
u
s
ed
.
Q
u
an
titativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
clu
d
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
en
d
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
5
to
2
0
2
5
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
SP
S
r
esear
ch
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
af
ter
2
0
1
4
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
h
ar
p
l
y
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
lite
r
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
also
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
ed
in
SP
S,
in
clu
d
in
g
ca
m
er
a,
r
ad
ar
,
in
f
r
ar
ed
,
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic,
a
n
d
m
ag
n
eto
m
eter
s
en
s
o
r
s
;
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
Z
i
g
B
ee
,
W
i
-
Fi,
d
ed
icate
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
(
DSR
C
)
,
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
C
o
AP
)
,
an
d
ce
ll
u
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
;
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
cl
u
d
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
els,
ML
,
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
(
DL
)
,
an
d
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
User
in
ter
f
ac
es
s
u
ch
as
we
b
-
b
as
ed
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
-
b
ased
,
a
n
d
VI
C
S
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
W
e
also
ex
p
lo
r
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies in
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
/I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
SPS
an
d
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
a
p
to
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
co
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
t,
ed
g
e
en
ab
le
d
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
th
e
k
ey
w
o
r
d
"sm
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
"
r
esu
lted
in
a
co
m
p
ilatio
n
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
in
d
e
x
ed
s
ch
o
lar
ly
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
u
b
lis
h
er
s
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
is
d
ata
in
d
icate
s
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
m
ater
ia
ls
av
ailab
le
o
n
t
h
e
to
p
ic
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
lar
g
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
e
x
ed
r
esu
lts
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
o
n
E
ls
ev
ier
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t
(
5
5
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
cl
o
s
ely
b
y
Sp
r
i
n
g
er
Natu
r
e
(
4
4
)
an
d
IEEE
(
4
1
)
.
Oth
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
u
b
licatio
n
v
en
u
es
in
clu
d
e
d
Sag
e
Pu
b
lis
h
in
g
(
3
7
)
,
W
iley
B
lack
well
Pu
b
lis
h
in
g
(
3
3
)
,
an
d
E
m
er
ald
Pu
b
lis
h
in
g
(
1
9
)
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
co
u
n
ts
d
im
in
is
h
ac
r
o
s
s
o
th
er
p
u
b
lis
h
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Ph
y
s
i
cs
(
1
3
)
,
T
ay
lo
r
a
n
d
Fra
n
cis
(
1
0
)
,
Ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
tin
g
Ma
ch
in
e
r
y
(
AC
M)
Dig
ital
L
ib
r
ar
y
(
9
)
,
an
d
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
m
aller
v
en
u
es,
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
b
r
o
ad
,
y
et
u
n
eq
u
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
s
ch
o
lar
l
y
f
o
o
t
p
r
in
t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
R
ec
en
t a
d
va
n
ce
s
a
n
d
eme
r
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
in
s
ma
r
t p
a
r
kin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies …
(
Mo
h
d
A
r
if S
h
a
ikh
F
a
r
id
)
759
tak
e
a
clo
s
er
lo
o
k
at
ex
is
tin
g
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
th
e
y
wo
r
k
.
W
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
f
o
u
r
m
ain
ar
ea
s
:
−
Ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
:
h
o
w
SPS
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
,
f
r
o
m
ce
n
tr
alize
d
an
d
d
ec
en
t
r
alize
d
s
etu
p
s
to
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
−
Sen
s
o
r
s
:
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
v
eh
icles,
m
o
n
ito
r
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
ac
es,
an
d
t
r
ac
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ely
o
n
.
−
Har
d
war
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
:
em
b
ed
d
e
d
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
cities,
an
d
VL
SI
-
b
ased
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
m
ak
in
g
it
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
esear
c
h
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
s
ca
lab
le,
e
n
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t,
an
d
in
tellig
en
t u
r
b
an
p
ar
k
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
−
Ser
v
ices
:
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
SPS
o
f
f
er
,
s
u
ch
as
r
eser
v
in
g
s
p
ac
es,
g
u
id
in
g
d
r
i
v
er
s
to
av
ailab
le
s
p
o
ts
,
h
an
d
lin
g
p
ay
m
en
ts
,
m
an
ag
i
n
g
g
ates,
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
in
g
p
ar
k
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
to
m
ak
e
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
m
o
o
th
er
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
.
3.
O
VE
RVI
E
W
O
F
S
M
AR
T
P
ARK
I
NG
SYS
T
E
M
W
e
h
av
e
d
iv
id
e
d
th
e
SP
Ss
in
to
1
2
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
W
SN)
,
m
u
lti
ag
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
MA
S),
co
m
p
u
t
er
v
is
io
n
(
C
V)
/
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
I
M)
,
v
eh
icu
lar
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
wo
r
k
(
VANE
T
)
,
I
o
T
,
ML
,
DL
,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
,
g
lo
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GPS),
g
lo
b
al
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
(
GSM)
,
an
d
B
lu
eto
o
th
-
b
ased
SP
S
ar
e
th
e
s
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
T
h
e
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
ies
u
s
ed
in
SP
S
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
SP
S
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
ar
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ex
a
m
in
ed
an
d
co
n
tr
asted
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Su
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
3
.
1
th
r
o
u
g
h
3
.
1
2
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
twelv
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies
in
to
wh
ich
SP
S
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Me
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
in
tellig
en
t p
ar
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sen
s
o
r
u
s
ed
in
p
ar
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
3
.
1
.
Wirele
s
s
s
ens
o
r
net
wo
r
k
B
ased
S
PS
u
s
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic,
m
ag
n
etic,
in
f
r
a
r
ed
,
o
r
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
d
etec
t
v
eh
icle
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata
wir
eless
ly
to
a
g
atew
ay
,
w
h
ich
f
o
r
war
d
s
it
to
a
ce
n
tr
al
s
er
v
er
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
u
s
er
d
is
p
lay
[
1
2
]
.
W
SN
-
b
a
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
wid
ely
ad
o
p
t
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
lo
w
co
s
t,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
lar
g
e
p
ar
k
in
g
f
ac
ilit
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
b
atter
y
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
,
s
en
s
o
r
ca
lib
r
atio
n
,
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
E
n
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
a
n
d
s
l
ee
p
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
t
o
ex
ten
d
s
en
s
o
r
life
tim
e
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
756
-
768
760
3
.
2
.
M
ulti
a
g
ent
s
y
s
t
em
B
ased
SP
S
u
s
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ag
en
ts
to
m
an
ag
e
task
s
s
u
ch
as
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
r
e
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
v
eh
icle
g
u
id
an
ce
,
an
d
p
a
y
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
ag
en
ts
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
an
d
m
ak
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ec
is
io
n
s
with
o
u
t
a
ce
n
tr
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
f
au
lt
to
ler
a
n
c
e.
MA
S
-
b
as
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
lex
p
ar
k
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
an
d
city
-
wid
e
p
ar
k
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
b
u
t
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
in
ag
en
t
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
[
1
4
]
.
3
.
3
.
S
m
a
rt
pa
r
k
ing
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
at
u
s
e
C
V
u
s
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
ca
m
er
as
to
g
et
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lik
e
p
ar
k
in
g
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
s
tatu
s
,
licen
s
e
p
late
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
an
d
,
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
f
ac
ial
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
f
o
r
b
illi
n
g
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
id
eo
o
r
i
m
ag
e
s
tr
ea
m
s
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
ca
m
er
as
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
its
n
ee
d
to
s
en
d
a
lo
t
o
f
d
ata
b
ac
k
an
d
f
o
r
th
.
Vis
io
n
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
wo
r
k
b
est
in
o
p
en
p
ar
k
i
n
g
lo
ts
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
n
e
ca
m
e
r
a
ca
n
co
v
er
a
lo
t
o
f
s
p
ac
es
[
1
5
]
.
3
.
4
.
Vehicula
r
a
d
-
ho
c
net
wo
rk
B
ased
SP
S
en
ab
le
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
v
eh
icles
an
d
r
o
ad
s
id
e
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e.
T
h
ey
ty
p
ically
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
ac
e
u
n
its
(
PS
Us),
r
o
ad
s
id
e
u
n
its
(
R
S
Us),
an
d
v
eh
icle
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
u
n
its
(
OB
Us).
Occ
u
p
an
cy
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
PS
Us
to
R
S
Us
an
d
th
en
s
h
ar
ed
with
n
ea
r
b
y
v
eh
icles,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
ar
k
in
g
av
ailab
ilit
y
u
p
d
ates
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
ile
VANE
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ef
f
icien
t
p
ar
k
in
g
g
u
id
an
ce
,
th
eir
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
lim
ited
b
y
h
ig
h
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
c
o
s
ts
an
d
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
OB
Us,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
v
eh
icles
with
o
u
t O
B
Us u
s
e
th
e
p
ar
k
in
g
f
ac
ilit
y
[
1
7
]
.
3
.
5
.
I
nte
rnet
o
f
t
hin
g
s
B
ased
S
PS
in
teg
r
ate
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
clo
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Par
k
in
g
d
ata
co
llected
b
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
is
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
th
r
o
u
g
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
W
i
-
Fi,
lo
n
g
r
an
g
e
wid
e
a
r
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
o
R
aWAN
)
,
n
ar
r
o
wb
an
d
(
NB
)
-
I
o
T
,
o
r
Z
ig
B
ee
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
h
i
g
h
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
i
n
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
,
b
u
t
f
ac
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
r
elate
d
to
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
n
etwo
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
1
9
]
.
3
.
6
.
M
a
chine le
a
rning
B
ased
SPS
an
aly
ze
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
ar
k
in
g
d
ata
to
p
r
ed
ict
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
ize
s
p
ac
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
es,
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
els
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
ar
k
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
d
y
n
am
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
d
ata
q
u
ality
,
m
o
d
el
s
elec
tio
n
,
an
d
r
e
g
u
lar
r
etr
ain
in
g
to
ad
a
p
t to
ch
a
n
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3
.
7
.
Dee
p lea
rning
B
ased
SP
S
u
s
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
c
o
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
a
l
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
C
NNs),
t
o
an
aly
ze
im
ag
es a
n
d
v
i
d
eo
s
tr
ea
m
s
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
o
cc
u
p
a
n
cy
esti
m
atio
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
au
t
o
m
atio
n
th
a
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
IM
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
lar
g
e
,
lab
eled
d
a
tasets
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
ca
r
ef
u
l m
o
d
el
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
2
]
.
3
.
8
.
Neura
l net
wo
r
k
B
ased
SP
S
em
p
lo
y
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
p
atter
n
s
in
p
a
r
k
in
g
-
r
elate
d
d
ata
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
licen
s
e
p
late
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
v
eh
icle
class
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
o
c
cu
p
an
cy
d
etec
tio
n
.
C
NNs
an
d
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t
n
eu
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
s
(
R
NNs)
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
v
is
u
al
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
d
ata.
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
h
ig
h
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
c
an
h
a
n
d
le
c
o
m
p
lex
,
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
eir
lim
itatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
h
ig
h
tr
ain
i
n
g
co
s
ts
,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
d
ata
im
b
alan
ce
,
an
d
ch
allen
g
es in
in
te
r
p
r
etab
ilit
y
[
2
3
]
.
3
.
9
.
F
uzzy
lo
g
ic
B
as
e
d
S
PS
m
o
d
e
l
d
e
a
l
s
wi
t
h
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
i
n
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
n
d
r
u
l
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
g
u
e
s
s
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
s
p
ac
e
s
a
r
e
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
le
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
i
n
g
s
l
i
k
e
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
d
a
y
,
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
c
a
r
s
a
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
a
d
,
an
d
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
p
e
o
p
l
e
h
a
v
e
u
s
e
d
t
h
e
s
p
a
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
as
t
.
F
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
i
s
ea
s
y
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
an
d
a
n
d
d
o
e
s
n
'
t
t
a
k
e
u
p
a
l
o
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
t
i
m
e
.
B
u
t
it
s
a
c
c
u
r
a
cy
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
h
a
v
i
n
g
c
l
e
a
r
r
u
l
e
s
e
ts
,
a
n
d
i
t
o
f
t
e
n
n
e
ed
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
w
it
h
r
e
a
l
-
t
im
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
o
r
v
is
i
o
n
d
a
t
a
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
[
2
5
]
.
3
.
1
0
.
G
lo
ba
l po
s
it
io
nin
g
s
y
s
t
em
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
SPS
f
o
r
n
av
ig
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
k
i
n
g
g
u
id
an
ce
.
W
h
ile
GPS
ca
n
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
d
etec
t
p
ar
k
in
g
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
,
it
c
an
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
tr
af
f
ic
an
aly
s
is
wh
en
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
C
NN
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
R
ec
en
t a
d
va
n
ce
s
a
n
d
eme
r
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
in
s
ma
r
t p
a
r
kin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies …
(
Mo
h
d
A
r
if S
h
a
ikh
F
a
r
id
)
761
o
r
DL
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
2
6
]
.
GPS
ac
cu
r
ac
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
ec
e
iv
er
ty
p
e
an
d
is
g
en
er
ally
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
o
p
en
p
ar
k
in
g
ar
ea
s
,
as si
g
n
al
er
r
o
r
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
en
clo
s
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
7
]
.
3
.
1
1
.
G
lo
ba
l
s
y
s
t
em
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
ns
I
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
2
G
d
ig
ital
ce
ll
u
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Sh
o
r
t
m
ess
ag
e
s
er
v
ice
(
SMS
)
is
a
s
er
v
ice
th
at
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
GSM
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
SP
S
is
b
as
ed
o
n
GSM
an
d
lets
y
o
u
b
o
o
k
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
o
ts
at
s
ev
er
al
lo
ts
u
s
in
g
SMS.
So
m
e
s
y
s
tem
s
also
g
iv
e
u
s
er
s
s
p
ec
ial
co
d
es
wh
en
th
e
y
m
a
k
e
a
r
eser
v
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
co
d
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ch
ec
k
th
e
r
eser
v
atio
n
an
d
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
o
n
ly
th
e
r
ig
h
t
p
eo
p
le
ca
n
p
ar
k
[
2
8
]
.
3
.
1
2
.
B
luet
o
o
t
h is
a
s
ho
rt
R
an
g
e
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
SPS
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
au
to
m
ated
v
alet
p
ar
k
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
r
o
ad
e
r
p
ar
k
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
2
9
]
.
C
r
o
wd
-
s
e
n
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
e
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
G
PS
,
ac
ce
ler
o
m
eter
s
,
g
y
r
o
s
co
p
es,
a
n
d
m
a
g
n
eto
m
ete
r
s
,
to
co
llect
p
ar
k
i
n
g
d
ata
an
d
id
en
tify
av
ailab
le
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
a
ce
s
[
3
0
]
.
4.
SE
NSO
R
S I
M
P
L
E
M
E
N
T
E
D
I
N
SM
ART P
A
RK
I
NG
S
YST
E
M
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
SP
Ss
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
in
f
r
ar
ed
r
ay
(
I
R
)
,
ce
llu
lar
s
en
s
o
r
,
m
ag
n
eto
-
r
esis
tiv
e,
ac
o
u
s
tic
ar
r
ay
,
lig
h
t
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
r
an
g
i
n
g
(
L
iDAR
)
,
r
ad
io
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
r
a
n
g
in
g
(
R
ADA
R
)
,
m
ag
n
eto
m
eter
,
ag
en
t,
r
a
d
i
o
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
id
en
tific
atio
n
(
R
FID
)
,
u
ltr
aso
n
ic,
ca
m
er
a,
an
d
i
n
d
u
cto
r
lo
o
p
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
tili
ze
d
in
SP
S sy
s
t
em
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
7
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
ev
iew
o
f
c
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
s
en
s
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
t
y
p
e
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
C
o
s
t
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
D
i
sad
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
S
t
u
d
y
I
n
f
r
a
r
e
d
90
Ev
e
r
y
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
W
o
r
k
s
i
n
l
o
w
-
l
i
g
h
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
S
u
sce
p
t
i
b
l
e
t
o
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
31
U
l
t
r
a
s
o
n
i
c
85
–
90
Ev
e
r
y
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
Lo
w
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
i
n
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
A
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
se
v
e
r
e
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
32
C
a
mer
a
80
–
95
I
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
-
h
i
g
h
D
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
v
i
su
a
l
d
a
t
a
,
l
i
c
e
n
se
p
l
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t
e
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
i
mp
a
c
t
e
d
b
y
l
o
w
l
i
g
h
t
l
e
v
e
l
s
33
M
a
g
n
e
t
o
m
e
t
e
r
sen
s
o
r
85
I
n
d
o
o
r
a
n
d
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
Lo
w
A
f
f
o
r
d
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
e
a
sy
t
o
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
El
e
c
t
r
o
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
34
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
l
o
o
p
sen
s
o
r
98
I
n
d
o
o
r
,
i
d
e
a
l
f
o
r
g
a
r
a
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e
s
H
i
g
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i
g
h
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
,
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
Ex
p
e
n
si
v
e
i
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
35
R
a
d
a
r
95
Ev
e
r
y
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
H
i
g
h
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
u
n
d
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r
a
l
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
H
i
g
h
c
o
s
t
36
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
90
W
i
d
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
sy
st
e
ms
a
n
d
r
e
a
l
-
t
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m
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
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n
O
n
g
o
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
s
37
5.
CO
M
M
UNIC
AT
I
O
N
NE
T
WO
RK
I
NG
T
ab
le
2
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
s
t
h
a
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
t
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
,
e
a
c
h
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
a
i
l
o
r
e
d
t
o
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
a
n
d
i
t
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
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t
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
S
P
S
[
3
8
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
ev
iew
o
f
c
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
e
two
r
k
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
t
y
p
e
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
D
i
sad
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
La
t
e
n
c
y
D
a
t
a
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
r
a
t
e
S
t
u
d
y
W
i
r
e
d
S
e
c
u
r
e
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
l
e
Ex
p
e
n
si
v
e
,
l
e
ss f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
<
1
ms
U
p
t
o
1
0
G
b
p
s
38
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss Z
i
g
B
e
e
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
,
c
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
Lo
w
d
a
t
a
r
a
t
e
,
s
h
o
r
t
r
a
n
g
e
~
3
0
–
5
0
ms
2
5
0
K
b
p
s
39
Wi
-
Fi
F
a
st
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
l
e
H
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
l
i
mi
t
e
d
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
~1
–
5
ms
U
p
t
o
1
G
b
p
s
40
D
S
R
C
F
o
r
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
-
to
-
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
h
o
r
t
r
a
n
g
e
,
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
~
5
0
ms
U
p
t
o
2
7
M
b
p
s
41
C
o
A
P
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
l
R
e
st
r
i
c
t
e
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
~
1
0
0
ms
U
p
t
o
1
0
M
b
p
s
42
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
w
i
d
e
-
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
i
n
r
e
a
l
t
i
me
H
i
g
h
c
o
s
t
,
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
i
ss
u
e
s
<
1
ms (
5
G
)
U
p
t
o
1
0
G
b
p
s
(
5
G
)
43
G
P
R
S
Ea
si
l
y
a
c
c
e
ss
i
b
l
e
S
l
o
w
e
r
c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
t
o
4
G
/
5
G
~
5
0
0
ms
U
p
t
o
1
0
0
K
b
p
s
44
6.
CO
M
P
UT
AT
I
O
NAL AP
P
R
O
ACH
E
S IN
SM
A
RT
P
AR
K
I
NG
SYS
T
E
M
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
u
n
it
in
S
PS
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
eith
er
o
n
cl
o
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
its
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
with
in
p
ar
k
in
g
f
ac
ilit
ies.
B
ig
d
ata
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
lar
g
e
v
o
lu
m
es
o
f
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
a
n
d
u
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
ata
g
en
er
ated
b
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t
an
aly
s
is
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
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m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
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3
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em
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er
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6
:
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762
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
ar
k
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
4
5
]
.
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
r
o
v
id
es o
n
-
d
em
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
eso
u
r
c
es,
allo
win
g
I
o
T
-
b
ased
SP
S
to
m
an
ag
e
p
ar
k
in
g
d
ata
r
e
m
o
tely
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
l
o
ca
l
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
f
o
g
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
b
r
in
g
s
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
clo
s
er
to
ed
g
e
d
ev
ices,
en
ab
li
n
g
lo
ca
l
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
ce
n
tr
alize
d
clo
u
d
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er
v
er
s
,
lo
wer
s
n
etwo
r
k
tr
a
f
f
ic
,
im
p
r
o
v
es r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
7.
USE
R
I
NT
E
RF
AC
E
I
N
SM
ART P
ARK
I
NG
SYS
T
E
M
T
ab
le
3
c
o
m
p
a
r
es
web
-
b
ased
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
-
b
ased
,
an
d
v
e
h
icle
-
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
ter
f
ac
es
u
s
ed
in
SPSs
.
W
eb
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
s
o
f
f
er
wid
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
il
ity
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eser
v
atio
n
s
an
d
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
p
d
ates,
m
o
b
ile
p
ay
m
en
ts
,
an
d
h
ig
h
u
s
er
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
th
e
m
o
s
t p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Ve
h
icle
-
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
s
en
ab
l
e
s
ea
m
less
in
-
ca
r
n
av
ig
atio
n
a
n
d
p
a
r
k
in
g
u
p
d
ates
b
u
t a
r
e
lim
ited
to
co
m
p
atib
le
v
eh
icles a
n
d
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
[
4
7
]
–
[
4
9
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es
U
ser i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
t
y
p
e
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
Li
mi
t
a
t
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[
47
]
S
mart
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48
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V
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[
49
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8.
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DDE
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[
49
]
S
y
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[
50
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[
51
]
S
e
p
a
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a
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d
w
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r
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/
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f
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[
52
]
B
l
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k
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-
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T
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[
53
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R
F
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SPS
En
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[
54
]
9.
SE
RV
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VID
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B
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DIFF
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R
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k
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
v
iewp
o
in
ts
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
r
eg
u
latio
n
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t
[
3
8
]
.
10.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
AND
CO
M
P
ARAT
I
VE
A
NAL
YSI
S O
F
SM
AR
T
P
ARK
I
NG
SYS
T
E
M
S
1
0
.
1
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n o
n
s
m
a
rt
pa
rk
ing
s
y
s
t
em
a
pp
ro
a
ches
I
o
T
-
b
ased
SP
Ss
ar
e
wid
ely
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lo
w
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
co
s
ts
.
W
SN
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
,
b
en
ef
itin
g
f
r
o
m
m
in
i
m
al
wir
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ca
m
e
r
a
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
f
ewe
r
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
v
e
h
icle
d
etec
tio
n
,
th
e
ir
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
,
d
esp
ite
g
en
er
ally
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
less
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
1
0
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n o
n
s
ens
o
r
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
in
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
n
o
s
in
g
le
s
en
s
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
atis
f
ies
all
SP
S
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
C
am
er
a
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
an
d
licen
s
e
p
late
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
b
u
t
in
cu
r
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
s
ts
.
Ma
g
n
eto
m
eter
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
b
u
t
m
a
y
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
.
R
FID
an
d
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
also
wid
ely
u
s
ed
,
with
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
eh
icle
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
p
ar
k
in
g
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
1
0
.
3
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
o
n
net
wo
r
k
ing
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies,
co
m
pu
t
a
t
io
na
l
a
pp
ro
a
ches
,
a
nd
inte
rf
a
ce
s
us
ed
in
s
m
a
rt
pa
rk
ing
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
n
o
s
i
n
g
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ee
ts
all
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
W
ir
ed
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
f
er
h
ig
h
r
el
iab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
Z
ig
B
ee
an
d
C
o
AP
ar
e
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
W
i
-
Fi
an
d
5
G
en
ab
le
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
wer
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
co
s
ts
.
Hy
b
r
id
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
an
d
f
o
g
–
cl
o
u
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Am
o
n
g
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es,
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
1
0
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n o
n
em
bedd
ed
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
a
nd
inte
rnet
o
f
t
hin
g
inte
rf
a
ce
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
h
ar
d
war
e
–
s
o
f
twar
e
co
-
d
esig
n
,
m
o
d
u
lar
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es,
an
d
ed
g
e/
f
o
g
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
laten
cy
in
SPSs
.
E
n
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
L
o
R
a,
MQ
T
T
,
an
d
B
L
E
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
AI
-
b
ased
e
d
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
9
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f
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&
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m
b
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Sy
s
t
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Vo
l.
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No
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3
,
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v
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b
er
2
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6
:
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764
an
aly
tics
,
en
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d
in
tellig
en
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p
ar
k
i
n
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m
a
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Ho
wev
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k
e
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ch
allen
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e
m
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in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
lack
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
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ize
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ar
c
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itectu
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e,
lim
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alid
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r
o
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lar
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ld
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a
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d
in
s
u
f
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icien
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o
c
u
s
o
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
1
0
.
5
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
o
n
v
a
rio
us
s
er
v
ices in
s
m
a
rt
pa
rk
ing
s
y
s
t
em
Par
k
in
g
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
t
o
p
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
Par
k
in
g
r
eser
v
atio
n
s
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
v
eh
icle
g
u
id
an
ce
h
a
v
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
m
o
d
er
ate
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
atten
tio
n
.
I
n
SP
Ss
,
g
ate
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
g
iv
en
th
e
lo
west
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
e
ar
en
'
t
m
an
y
SP
S
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
o
n
lin
e
p
a
y
m
en
t
o
p
tio
n
s
,
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
th
ese
s
er
v
ices is p
r
o
b
ab
ly
g
o
in
g
to
r
is
e
in
th
e
n
ex
t d
a
y
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
in
ter
n
et
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
11.
F
UT
UR
E
RE
SE
A
RCH
DIR
E
CT
I
O
NS
1
1
.
1
.
Nex
t
-
g
en
pa
rk
ing
f
e
a
t
ures
Par
k
in
g
4
.
0
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
in
teg
r
ates
I
o
T
a
n
d
cl
o
u
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
p
ar
k
i
n
g
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
r
eser
v
atio
n
s
,
an
d
s
tatu
s
u
p
d
ates,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
av
ailab
le
p
ar
k
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
en
h
an
ce
d
r
iv
er
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
p
ac
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
r
eser
v
atio
n
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
au
to
m
ated
v
alet
p
ar
k
in
g
.
T
h
ey
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
teg
r
ated
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
er
v
ices
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
b
icy
cle
p
ar
k
in
g
,
r
id
esh
ar
in
g
,
an
d
p
ick
-
u
p
/d
r
o
p
-
o
f
f
z
o
n
es,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
t
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
.
Fo
r
p
ar
k
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g
o
p
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ato
r
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
a
n
aly
tics
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
p
ar
k
in
g
d
em
an
d
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
au
to
m
at
ed
v
io
latio
n
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
an
d
p
ar
k
in
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
p
a
ce
-
op
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
m
ax
im
ize
p
ar
k
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
wh
ile
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
in
s
ig
h
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
r
ev
e
n
u
e
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
s
m
ar
ter
p
ar
k
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t.
Par
k
in
g
4
.
0
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
k
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
to
a
v
al
u
e
-
d
r
i
v
en
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
ar
k
in
g
with
o
th
er
u
r
b
an
s
er
v
ices
,
s
u
ch
as
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
m
u
ltimo
d
al
tr
a
n
s
it.
R
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
"Ub
er
izatio
n
2
.
0
"
o
f
p
ar
k
in
g
,
wh
er
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
icin
g
a
n
d
s
h
ar
ed
p
ar
k
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
e.
g
.
,
p
r
iv
ate
d
r
iv
ewa
y
s
)
ar
e
m
an
ag
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
au
to
m
ated
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
is
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
n
o
t
ju
s
t
tech
n
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
u
t
also
n
ew
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
[
6
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Nex
t
-
g
en
p
ar
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
1
1
.
2
.
Co
nn
ec
t
iv
it
y
:
5
G
a
nd
v
ehicle
-
to
-
ev
er
y
t
hin
g
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
5
G
an
d
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
ev
er
y
th
i
n
g
(
V2
X)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
p
ar
k
in
g
g
u
id
an
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
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n
g
l
o
w
-
laten
cy
,
h
ig
h
-
b
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d
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h
c
o
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iv
ity
an
d
en
a
b
lin
g
d
ir
ec
t v
eh
ic
le
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to
-
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
o
r
s
er
v
ices
s
u
ch
as
au
to
m
ated
v
alet
p
a
r
k
in
g
a
n
d
in
-
ca
r
r
eser
v
atio
n
s
[
6
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
p
ar
k
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
s
h
a
r
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
f
r
a
u
d
u
le
n
t a
ctiv
ities
in
s
m
ar
t p
ar
k
in
g
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
R
ec
en
t a
d
va
n
ce
s
a
n
d
eme
r
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
in
s
ma
r
t p
a
r
kin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies …
(
Mo
h
d
A
r
if S
h
a
ikh
F
a
r
id
)
765
1
1
.
3
.
Adv
a
nced
a
na
ly
t
ics
E
d
g
e
AI
,
d
ig
ital
twin
s
,
an
d
f
ed
er
ated
lear
n
in
g
(
FL)
:
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
laten
cy
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
co
s
ts
o
f
ce
n
tr
alize
d
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
r
esear
ch
is
s
h
if
tin
g
to
war
d
E
d
g
e
AI
.
B
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
ata
o
n
lo
ca
lized
s
m
ar
t
b
o
r
d
er
co
n
tr
o
l
(
SB
C
)
clu
s
ter
s
o
r
ed
g
e
g
atew
ay
s
,
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
n
ea
r
-
in
s
tan
tan
e
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
d
etec
tio
n
.
1
1
.
4
.
Dig
it
a
l
t
wins
Ar
e
b
ein
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
an
d
p
ar
k
in
g
allo
ca
tio
n
at
a
city
s
ca
le.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
d
r
iv
er
p
r
iv
ac
y
wh
ile
s
till
b
en
ef
itin
g
f
r
o
m
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
FL
is
em
er
g
in
g
as
a
cr
itical
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
FL
allo
ws
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
m
o
d
els
to
b
e
tr
ai
n
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
lti
p
le
d
ev
ices
with
o
u
t
ev
er
s
h
ar
in
g
r
aw
lo
ca
tio
n
o
r
id
en
tity
d
ata.
1
1
.
5
.
A
rt
if
icia
l int
ellig
ence
ena
bled pa
rk
ing
v
io
la
t
io
ns
det
ec
t
io
n m
ec
ha
nis
m
I
t
is
h
ar
d
an
d
ea
s
y
to
m
a
k
e
m
is
tak
es
to
en
f
o
r
ce
p
a
r
k
in
g
r
u
l
es
b
y
h
an
d
.
Au
to
m
ate
d
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
ca
m
er
as
an
d
s
m
ar
t
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
to
f
i
n
d
v
io
latio
n
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
en
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
p
eo
p
le
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
r
u
les
.
12.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
SP
Ss
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
eir
g
r
o
win
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
u
r
b
a
n
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
p
ar
k
in
g
in
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
lim
ited
s
p
ac
e
av
ailab
ili
ty
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
r
ap
id
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
.
B
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
p
ap
er
class
if
ies
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
to
m
ajo
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
es
th
e
m
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
en
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
els,
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es,
a
n
d
s
er
v
ice
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
n
o
s
in
g
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t
f
o
r
all
p
ar
k
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
o
f
an
SP
S
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
u
s
er
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
u
lti
-
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
es
ar
e
lik
ely
to
p
lay
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
cities.
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
r
eser
v
atio
n
,
p
a
y
m
en
t
in
te
g
r
atio
n
,
an
d
v
eh
icle
g
u
id
an
ce
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
ea
tu
r
es,
wh
ile
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
p
r
iv
a
cy
,
in
s
tallatio
n
co
m
p
le
x
ity
,
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
itab
ilit
y
r
em
ain
k
ey
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
s
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
I
o
T
ca
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
SPSs
.
I
o
T
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
g
atew
ay
s
,
cl
o
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
a
n
d
u
s
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
ile
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
en
ab
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
en
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
b
ett
er
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
ef
f
icien
t sen
s
o
r
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
an
d
f
aster
lo
ca
l
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
in
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
ar
k
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
esig
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
co
s
t,
wh
ile
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
r
em
ain
k
ey
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
alth
o
u
g
h
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
l
e
I
o
T
-
en
a
b
led
p
ar
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
te
n
tial f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
s
m
ar
t c
ity
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
,
f
u
r
th
er
wo
r
k
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ak
e
th
em
m
o
r
e
s
e
cu
r
e,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
,
an
d
ea
s
ier
to
d
ep
lo
y
at
s
ca
le.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
SP
Ss
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
in
teg
r
ate
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
an
aly
tics
,
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
icin
g
,
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
v
eh
icle
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
d
ig
ital
twin
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
e
n
ab
le
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
a
r
k
in
g
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
v
id
es a
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
to
d
esig
n
s
m
ar
ter
,
s
ca
lab
le,
an
d
m
o
r
e
in
tellig
en
t p
a
r
k
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
I
n
d
ian
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Pu
n
e
f
o
r
t
h
eir
v
alu
a
b
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
d
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
m
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
er
e
is
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.