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29,922 Article Results

Synthesis of nonlinear multilinked control systems of thermal power plants

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4500-4507
Oksana Porubay , Isamiddin Siddikov
The paper addresses the synthesis of nonlinear control laws for the technological parameters of drum boiler steam generators in thermal power plants, based on a synergetic control approach. The controlled system is considered to be multidimensional and highly interconnected. The inherent nonlinearity and interdependence of the technological parameters in thermal power plants necessitate the use of nonlinear control laws to achieve effective regulation. This approach enables the expansion of the range of permissible variations in regulator parameters, thereby ensuring the desired dynamic behavior of the controlled variables. An analytical method for synthesizing nonlinear vector control laws for steam generators is proposed. A methodology is developed for designing dynamic regulators capable of compensating for uncertain disturbances while accounting for control constraints. A Lyapunov function is constructed to describe the internal state dynamics of the control object. The proposed method for constructing the dynamic regulator ensures the asymptotic stability of the control system and stabilization of the controlled parameters over a wide range of load variations.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4500-4507
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Factor influencing of teachers’ readiness to implement the Independent Curriculum

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.29141
Fitra Delita , Tumiar Sidauruk , Alna Hanana , Mona Adria Wirda
The education curriculum in Indonesia is gradually changing from the 2013 Curriculum to the Independent “Merdeka” Curriculum. The new curriculum is certainly a challenge for teachers. The aim of this research is to analyze the factors that influence teacher’s readiness and to measure the level of teacher readiness in implementing the Independent Curriculum. This quantitative research was designed using a survey method. The participants involved were 172 teachers from elementary, middle, and high school education levels in Medan City, Indonesia. Data were collected using online questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics using mean scores, factor analysis, and multiple linear regression t-test. The research results show the level of teachers’ readiness in implementing the Independent Curriculum based on gender, age, and years of teaching experience, both at elementary, middle, and high school levels with a mean interval of 6.00–6.99 (the initiation level). Subsequently, there are four dominant factors that influence teachers’ readiness to implement the Independent Curriculum, which are teacher, school, government policy, and student. The teacher factor contributed the most in determining teachers’ readiness to implement the Independent Curriculum (43.7%).
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 4173-4182
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Artificial intelligence-driven integrated system for comprehensive email marketing automation

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4875-4888
Soumaya Loukili , Lotfi Elaachak , Abderrahim Ghadi , Abdelhadi Fennan
Right in the context of digital marketing, this paper presents a comprehensive integrated system that combines the latest artificial intelligence advancement – large language models and diffusion models – to generate marketing email subjects and content that result in higher engagement. The system uses finetuned large language models for compelling email subject generation and finetuned Stable Diffusion model for visually appealing and convincing email content images creation. For the latter, both knowledge graphs and vector embeddings have been incorporated to improve contextual relevance. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvement in all engagement metrics that marketers rely on, including 46% growth in open rates, 56% higher click-through rates, and an 51% boost in conversion rates, all compared to human generated content. The unified approach presented by this paper outperforms standalone models and human-generated content in terms of engagement, as the comparative analysis shows. We also discuss the ethical considerations related to content bias and personalization boundaries, alongside challenges faced in this type of projects, such as computation demands and probable solutions. Finally, this paper proposes future directions to be taken, including expansion to other digital marketing channels, the use of other advanced artificial intelligence techniques, and the development of real-time content adaptation mechanisms based on user feedback.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4875-4888
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Development of the Mongolian school climate inventory

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.30433
Davaanyam Tumenbayar , Amartuvshin Amarzaya , Lkhagvasuren Ganbat , Sandag Gendenjamts , Navchaa Tserendorj
The school climate is an essential aspect of educational practices and policies. This study aims to investigate Mongolian secondary school teachers’ perceptions of school climate and develop a measurement tool. The study involved 686 randomly selected teachers, and research data were collected online from the Mongolian National Educational Evaluation Centre. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS-21 software. This study was conducted in three phases: item generation, a pilot study, and a main study. Firstly, 77 items were developed on a 5-point Likert scale based on a literature review. Before the main survey, a pilot test was carried out with 200 teachers from the southern province of the country. Finally, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Promax rotation was used to explore the content validity of the survey. Cronbach’s alpha was applied to assess the reliability of each factor. The statistical analysis revealed a 14-factor structure based on the data. The reliability analysis results indicated that internal consistency for all factors is at an acceptable level. The study’s overall results suggest that the proposed inventory is a validated measurement tool to examine teachers’ perceptions of the school climate in Mongolian secondary schools.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3702-3711
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Proactive university students’ views on skills gained from a research colloquium

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.32973
Ma del Carmen Nolasco-Salcedo , Kleophe Alfaro-Castellanos , Diego Ulises Carranza-Sahagun , José Ávila-Paz , Angelica Patricia Ávila-Paz
Research is a key component of higher education, promoting deep learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The Academic Body of Engineering and Systems (InySis) organizes the colloquium of research initiation: proactive university students (CIIEUPA) each academic cycle (A and B) to foster research as a fundamental tool for students’ educational and professional development. This qualitative, descriptive study aimed to determine the skills acquired by students participating in CIIEUPA. The action-research methodology was employed, with participant observation used as the data collection technique. The sample consisted of second and third-semester students from the Software Engineering Competence Unit from the 2022A and 2022B cycles. The results revealed that participation in the colloquium enriched students with experiences that fostered teamwork, effective communication, critical thinking, and leadership. CIIEUPA, as an active collaborative learning methodology, allowed students to share their findings with the academic community, strengthening their commitment, and motivation toward research. Such initiatives contribute to learning and play a crucial role in the holistic development of students, promoting their growth in both academic and professional fields. This approach demonstrates the value of integrating research into the educational process, allowing students to engage meaningfully with their discipline while developing essential skills for their future careers.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3928-3934
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Development of a smart portable cupping suction device with multi-mode control using PID regulation

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp5003-5018
Mohd Riduwan Ghazali , Mohd Ashraf Ahmad , Luqman Hakim Akmalmas
Cupping therapy is a well-established traditional treatment with various health benefits. However, existing electric cupping devices lack precise pressure control and portability which limit their usability across different skin types. This paper presents the development of a smart and portable cupping suction device with multi-mode functionality for dry, wet, and massage cuppings. Designed using an ESP32C3 XIAO microcontroller, a differential pressure sensor (MPX5100DP), and a motor driver (L293D) to enable real-time pressure regulation, the system incorporates a proportional-integral derivative (PID) to maintain a consistent suction performance at the negative pressures of -25, -35, and -45 kPa. The device was tested on different skin conditions of clean, less hairy, and slightly hairy surfaces. A real-time monitoring interface was additionally integrated using a web server to track the variation in pressure. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness of the PID control system in achieving stable pressure with minimal fluctuations with enhanced user safety and comfort. It advances the medical devices for therapeutic automation by offering a portable, precise, and user-friendly cupping solution.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 5003-5018
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Does cognitive load moderate students’ learning engagement mechanism in blended learning?

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.34333
Chen Zidi , Nur Atiqah Jalaludin , Mohamad Sattar Rasul
With the popularity of technology-supported blended learning (BL) in vocational colleges, students’ cognitive load (CL) caused by the increasing complexity of BL environments potentially impact the overall learning satisfaction (LS). In order to explore the effects of CL on students’ BL, this study investigates how different dimensions of learning engagement (LE) (emotional, cognitive, and behavioral) impact on students’ LS and whether CL can moderate these relationships. This quantitative study was conducted among 615 Chinese vocational students. Survey research was carried out by questionnaires that have been well-established that were taken and modified from previous studies. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships among these variables. Findings revealed that emotional, cognitive, and behavioral engagement (BE) can positively predict LS. Additionally, BE mediates the relationship between psychological engagement (emotional and cognitive) and LS when CL is not at a low level. CL moderates the pathways from psychological engagement to BE and in turn changes the LE influence mechanism on LS. This study provides valuable insights for educators to stimulate students’ engagement by satisfying their psychological needs, and optimize teaching design to balance CL in order to maintain active LE and satisfaction levels.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3904-3916
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Examining the role of intelligence quotient in predicting senior secondary school students’ achievement in chemistry

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33639
Hannah Ejovwokoghene Avwiri , Chiekem Enwefa , Onoshakpokaiye Ejakpomeghwe Odiri
The study examines the role of intelligence quotient (IQ) in predicting academic achievement in chemistry among senior secondary school students. The purpose of the study is to determine i) whether IQ predict chemistry achievement scores of senior secondary school students in chemistry and ii) the proportion of senior secondary school students’ chemistry achievement is attributable to the IQ areas of logical thinking, spatial intelligence, numerical, and verbal aptitude. The study’s research design was a correlation. The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. The study included 1,022 senior secondary school chemistry students as its population. A sample of 320 senior secondary school chemistry students was chosen using random sampling methods from 10 public schools. Three experts validated the intelligence quotient test (IQT), which was used as the data gathering tool. IQT’s dependability was determined to be 0.68 utilizing Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (KR-20). Both simple and multiple linear regressions were used to examine the collected data. Among other things, the study’s results showed that students’ IQ predicted 1.3% of the variation in their chemistry achievement. The results showed that the four components of IQ—numerical, aptitude, spatial, and logical—all significantly influence students’ achievement in chemistry. Additionally, students’ IQ substantially influenced their chemistry achievement ratings. Since chemistry achievement is heavily influenced by numerical, aptitude, spatial, and logical intelligence, students might benefit from specialized teaching strategies that support these domains. The addition of IQ test results as a requirement for enrollment in chemistry courses was suggested.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3469-3477
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Validity and reliability: teachers’ pedagogical instrument for identifying sensory-motor abilities in handwriting readiness

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.32902
Hanum Hanifa Sukma , Muhammad Ragil Kurniawan , Mukti Sintawati , Sadiki Moshi Feruzi , Satrianawati Satrianawati
The teacher’s ability to identify students’ sensory motor skills is very important. Sensory motor skills are the foundation for children’s handwriting skills. However, there is no instrument to measure teachers’ abilities in this regard. This study aims to test the validity and reliability of the instrument measuring teachers’ pedagogical knowledge in identifying students’ sensory-motor abilities. The data was collected using a questionnaire. A total of 552 teachers responded to the survey. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The study results have developed a questionnaire with four construct components with 39 items. All four constructs have a high-reliability index. The EFA analysis indicated that all items were accepted with high agreement. The results prove that the instrument is highly valid and reliable. Based on the test results, this instrument is recommended for measuring pedagogical knowledge teachers in identifying sensory-motor abilities for elementary school students’ handwriting readiness. The measurement results can be used to determine appropriate training for teachers in developing the sensory-motor abilities of elementary school students. The innovation of this research is the development and validation of an instrument that can measure teachers’ pedagogical knowledge in identifying the sensorimotor abilities of elementary school students.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 4140-4148
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Enhancing learning outcomes through course redesign using self-assessment and inquiry models

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.32215
Fredy Martinez , César Hernández , Diego Giral
This study addresses the challenge of enhancing learning outcomes in propaedeutic education by redesigning an undergraduate deep learning course. To achieve this, the self-assessment and quality model (SQM) was combined with the community of inquiry (CoI) framework, which emphasizes cognitive, social, and teaching presence in online education. The redesigned course aligns with the guidelines of the Colombian Ministry of National Education and incorporates continuous feedback from students. Initial implementation led to improved student performance but revealed gaps in perceived learning experiences. Iterative adjustments were made to the course design based on CoI survey results, particularly focusing on increasing teacher involvement. The findings demonstrate that integrating SQM with a responsive, design-based approach can significantly improve learning outcomes and student satisfaction. This study highlights the importance of dynamic course design in higher education and offers a replicable model for other institutions.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3838-3845
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Facial image analysis for autism spectrum disorder detection in toddlers using deep learning and transfer learning

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4856-4864
Anupam Das , Prasant Kumar Pattnaik , Anjan Bandyopadhyay
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological illness that manifests itself through restricted and repeated activity patterns, frivolous or recidivist interests or hobbies and consistent handicaps to social interactions and exchanges. Better results and early intervention are dependent upon the early identification of people with ASD. Doctors employ a variety of techniques to anticipate autism, including genetic testing, neuropsychological testing, hearing and vision screenings, and diagnostic interviews. In addition to requiring more time and money, the traditional diagnosis approach makes the parents of children with extensive developmental abnormalities feel too inadequate to disclose their condition. So, we need a tool that can detect autism early in less time and money. Machine learning methods can be used to fulfill this criterion. In this study, deep learning with transfer learning (VGG-16) is used to detect autism through facial images of children and achieved almost 97% accuracy. The suggested model significantly improves accuracy and saves time and money by using face features in photos of children to identify early autism tendencies in children.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4856-4864
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Computer vision based smart overspeeding vehicle surveillance system

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4740-4750
Budhaditya Bhattacharjee , Pragyendra Pragyendra , Boopalan Ganapathy , Shanmugasundaram M.
In India, overspeeding causes more than 60% of deaths. Therefore, we need a system that tracks the median speed of cars and identifies those who regularly violate the law. Road fatalities can be reduced as a result of maintaining law and order. In this paper, we present an embedded system that can read the license plates of passing cars in real time. Using optical character recognition technology, the proposed system will capture images of license plates. In addition, it sends short message service (SMS) notifications regarding the highway speed of a specific moving vehicle violating the rules to the relevant authorities. By using this technique, several manual operations that were previously required to detect over-speeding automobiles with RADAR guns are eliminated. On the roadway, the device can only be operated by one operator due to its well-developed user interface. As part of this work, a downloadable database is developed which includes information about speeding vehicles as well as vehicles travelling on a roadway at the moment they are detected.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4740-4750
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Teaching competencies and entrepreneurial performance among the Hashemite University faculty members

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33166
Hytham M. Bany Issa , Zohair H. Al-Zoubi , Omar T. Bataineh , Hassan Mohammad Bani-Issa , Awad Faek Altarawneh
The study examines the application of teaching competencies among faculty members at Hashemite University and investigates their relationship with perceived entrepreneurial performance within a quality assurance framework. Using a descriptive-relational survey design, a sample of 340 faculty members was selected through stratified sampling during the first semester of the 2022/2023 academic year. Data were collected via a validated questionnaire measuring teaching competencies across five domains—personal, academic, administrative, cultural, and professional—and entrepreneurial performance. The findings indicated that both teaching competencies and entrepreneurial performance were at a moderate level. A positive and statistically significant relationship was identified across all competency dimensions and entrepreneurial performance, suggesting that enhanced competencies can positively impact entrepreneurial outcomes. Based on these results, the study recommends integrating teaching competency evaluations into university quality assurance policies and suggests combining intrinsic and extrinsic incentives to foster faculty productivity. These recommendations offer valuable insights for enhancing academic standards and fostering entrepreneurial skills among faculty in higher education.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3557-3564
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Training of future primary school teachers for work in an understaffed school

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.32093
Assel Omirzakova , Sаltanat Abildina , Zhuldyzay Baimaganbetova , Gulnara Amzeyeva , Aliya Sherimova
This study examined the emotional and psychological environments of primary school students and the role of teachers in maintaining their health. The goal was to understand how the educational environment affects students’ physical, psycho-emotional, and social health and to develop methods for training future primary school teachers to support student well-being. The study involved 105 future teachers from Karaganda Buketov University, Republic of Kazakhstan, selected through convenience sampling. The scale emotional response test by Mehrabyan and Epstein was used to assess empathic abilities. The results showed that 16% of participants had high empathy, 37% had average empathy, and 47% had low empathy. The findings highlight the need for enhanced empathy training and health-promoting environments in schools. Practical implications include incorporating empathy modules in teacher education programs and investing in ergonomic infrastructure to improve student well-being and academic achievement.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 4040-4049
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Understanding emotion regulation strategies in female adolescents with depressive symptoms: a qualitative study

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.31924
Siti Rashidah Yusoff , Khairul Farhah Khairuddin , Suzana Mohd Hoesni , Nur Afrina Rosharudin , Tuti Iryani Mohd Daud , Noor Azimah Muhammad , Manisah Mohd Ali , Mohamad Omar Ihsan Razman , Dharatun Nissa Puad Mohd Kari , Mohd Pilus Abdullah
In Malaysia, adolescents are at a high risk for depression, with the prevalence rising from 18.3% in 2017 to 26.9% in 2022. Additionally, the proportion of female adolescents affected is significantly higher than male adolescents, with 36.1% of females experiencing depression compared to 17.7% of males. Thus, a qualitative study was conducted to explore the emotion regulation strategies used by female adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms. Semi-structured interviews were performed with 15 female adolescents, aged 14 to 16 years, who had severe depression scores as assessed by the DASS-21. Using purposive sampling, all 15 female adolescents were selected from six public secondary schools in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The Klang Valley, which includes the two main states of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, was chosen due to its ranking among the top three states in 2022 with the highest rates of depression symptoms. All responses were recorded and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The findings revealed that female adolescents employed five emotion regulation strategies: suppressing expression, pampering themselves, seeking support, reorganizing their thoughts, and engaging in negative actions. This study explores the emotional experiences of female adolescents to design feasible and flexible interventions that address a wide range of individual needs.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3946-3959
Publish at: 2025-10-01
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