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Performance analysis of conventional multilevel inverter driven PMSM drive in EV applications

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp37-45
Rakesh G. Shriwastava , Pravin B. Pokle , Ajay M. Mendhe , Nitin Dhote , Rajendra M. Rewatkar , Rahul Mapari , Ranjit Dhunde , Hemant R. Bhagat Patil , Ramesh Pawase
This paper describes the simulation and hardware analysis of a two-level inverter-driven permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive in EV applications. The design of various sections of PMSM Drive is discussed in detail. This proposed work is based on the voltage source converter (VSC) fed four-pole, 373 W. This paper highlights the design and implementation using a microcontroller of (PMSM) drive for various operating conditions. The experimental results show that the control and power circuit used in the design can achieve excellent and consistent speed performance. The performance along with test results of the speed and load variation of the PMSM drive is studied for steady-state conditions. The performance of the motor has been checked by increasing the inverter frequency with the speed of the motor and also keeping the frequency remains constant by varying the load and speed. Hardware analysis indicates the improved performance of the motor and the drive. It has good speed and torque responses and is suitable for EPS applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 37-45
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Comparing multi-control algorithms for complex nonlinear system: An embedded programmable logic control applications

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp212-224
Sochima Vincent Egoigwe , Asogwa Tochukwu Chijindu , Lois Onyejere Nwobodo , Onuigbo Chika Martha , Frank Ekene Ozioko , Ozor Godwin Odozo , Ebere Uzoka Chidi
This paper examines the impact of multiple control algorithms, such as genetic algorithm (GA), artificial neural network (ANN), and proportional integral derivative (PID), on programmable logic controller (PLC) performance during a nonlinear thermodynamic process. The ANN was trained with data that modeled the thermodynamic process and then generated the control algorithm. GA was improved by applying the counter-premature algorithm (CPA) to address issues of pre-mature convergence, while the PID presents the current algorithm used to optimize the PLC in the existing testbed. Experimental evaluation of these models against the process set-points showed that all the algorithms were able to reject disturbance and follow the reference set points under different step changes, but each algorithm experienced different internal behaviors while trying to reject disturbance. Lastly, the result showed that while the improved GA was better than the PID, with a recorded slight overshoot due to the uncertainties of the thermodynamic process, the ANN achieved better control performance in terms of system stability than the other counterpart algorithms.
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Page: 212-224
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Optimal control of the UPFC for the stability of electrical networks

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp180-187
Houria Ababsia , Djalel Dib , Abdelghani Djeddi
The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a crucial element in contemporary power systems, specifically engineered to augment the manageability and adaptability of power transmission in electrical networks. UPFC provides instantaneous modifications to voltage magnitude, phase angle, and line impedance by using sophisticated power electronics and control algorithms. This research examines the function of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) in enhancing the power quality of electrical networks. The UPFC's capacity to dynamically regulate and optimize power flow assists in minimizing voltage fluctuations, decreasing transmission line losses, and improving system stability. In addition, UPFC effectively addresses problems such as voltage sags, swells, and flickers, hence enhancing the resilience and dependability of the power supply. This research highlights the importance of unified power flow control (UPFC) technology in improving system performance and power quality of electrical networks via a thorough examination of its applications. This article presents research on the performance of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) device in a network, specifically focusing on the use of PID and FO-PID controllers for regulating active and passive power.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 180-187
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Harmonic reduction techniques in renewable energy distribution systems using cascaded multilevel inverters: a comparative analysis

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp76-85
Nayana Gangadhara , Savita D. Torvi
Penetration of renewable energy in distribution generation increases power quality in the output. The harmonics inherent in the inverters are a major contributor to the power quality issues in the distribution system. Multilevel inverters are used to get rid of the harmonics inherent in the inverter output. Among the multilevel inverter topology cascaded multilevel inverters have taken center stage due to their simple topology and control with lesser components. This paper reviews different multilevel inverter topologies that have led to cascaded multilevel inverter topology and applies pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques to the topology. Phase disposition PWM technique is applied on the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (MLI) topology for 5-level, 7-level, and 9-level inverter topologies. The total harmonic distortion (THD) obtained for these topologies is compared with and without the use of an LC filter in the inverter output. PWM techniques including phase disposition, for five-level, seven-level, and nine-level MLI methods are applied on the cascaded multilevel inverter and results are compared for harmonic reduction in the inverter output.
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Page: 76-85
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Comparison of dual isolated converters with flyback converters for bidirectional energy transfer

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp55-63
Rahul G. Mapari , Kishor Bhangale , Sunil Somnath Kadlag , Rakesh Shriwastava
This article demonstrates a proposed technique for improving single-stage rectifiers' power factor (PF) and controlling the load voltage in response to grid voltage and load changes. To alleviate the above problem, this article offers a novel bi-directional continuous switching pulse width modulation (CSPWM) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) based converter that can improve PF and reduce harmonics. This converter is evaluated based on two cases, Case I: CSPWM-based rectification and SPWM-based inversion scheme, and Case II: Rectification and inversion, both operations using the SPWM scheme. The proposed control scheme uses two Bi-directional IGBTs and two diodes, which are bridgeless, do not need a transformer, and are free from the output current sensor. The suggested scheme is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and implemented on DSPic33FJ64mc802 platforms to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach using two cases for a 1 KW system. The suggested control scheme provides improved PF, good voltage regulation, and depreciation in harmonics and total harmonic distortions (THD) compared to existing systems that enhance converter performance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 55-63
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Battery management system employing passive control method

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp35-44
Muhamad Aqil Muqri Muhamad Fahmi , Siti Hajar Yusoff , Teddy Surya Gunawan , Suriza Ahmad Zabidi , Mohd Shahrin Abu Hanifah
A battery management system (BMS) is essential for maintaining peak efficiency and longevity of rechargeable batteries. Conventional battery management system techniques often struggle to monitor, protect, and particularly have difficulties in balancing batteries. The project proposed has introduced a battery management system that employs passive control techniques to address excess energy and overcome these challenges. In the proposed design, a shunt resistor dissipates surplus energy from lithium-ion battery cells into heat following the proposed BMS design. This passive control technique is economically efficient, uncomplicated, and does not require an external power source. A prototype of the proposed BMS design was tested and was able to accurately monitor the battery, dissipate excess energy, and protect the battery while maintaining the cell charge balance. These findings suggest that the proposed BMS has the potential to improve both the effectiveness and longevity of rechargeable batteries.
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Page: 35-44
Publish at: 2025-03-01

A novel technique for optimization of BLDC-based dual-motor electric vehicles using adaptive BFO-based PID controller

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp10-24
Rajnish Kumar , Amitesh Kumar
This study addresses the imperative for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion systems to operate at higher speeds with effective motor control, given the rapid advancement of EV technology. Specifically focusing on electric 2-wheelers, we aim to enhance their maximum speed range from 45 km/hr to 110 km/hr by optimizing the control strategy of a widely used commercial e-bike from Vespa. Our approach explores the feasibility of employing a dual motor system instead of a single motor, coupled with optimization techniques for a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller governing a linear brushless DC (BLDC) motor. Implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, our method offers advantages such as consistent convergence, ease of implementation, and high computational efficiency. By employing bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) along with an adaptive BFO (ABFO) technique to optimize the PID controller, we achieve significantly faster response times compared to conventional BFO methods. These findings underscore the efficacy of our approach in enhancing the speed control and acceleration characteristics of EV propulsion systems, contributing to the ongoing evolution of electric mobility solutions.
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Page: 10-24
Publish at: 2025-03-01

A comparative analysis of ANFIS and fuzzy controllers for a dynamic hybrid model

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp244-254
Laoufi Kaltoum , Youssef Mouloudi , Abdeldjebar Hazzab , Abdallah Ben Abdelkader
Transitioning from combustion engines to electric motors is essential to reduce CO₂ emissions and combat climate change. This study presents a dynamic hybrid model combining a fuel cell and battery for electric vehicles, emphasizing simplified parameter extraction from battery datasheets. The model integrates two energy storage systems: batteries for electrochemical storage and hydrogen for chemical storage, converted into electricity via a fuel cell stack. This dual approach enables flexible refueling options with electricity or hydrogen. An air compressor in the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack optimizes performance across varying driving conditions. The research aims to minimize fuel cell consumption and enhance energy storage efficiency using Sim Power Systems software. It employs traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers and advanced optimization techniques, including fuzzy and ANFIS, to achieve optimal power distribution between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the energy secondary source (ESS) for specific road scenarios. The proposed ANFIS-based approach demonstrates superior control in balancing energy efficiency and driving dynamics, surpassing both PID and fuzzy logic controllers in key metrics. This innovative closed-loop control system offers a promising solution for hybrid electric vehicles, ensuring optimal performance and energy management.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 244-254
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Solar photovoltaic system fed water pumping system using BLDC motor with single input and multiple output converter

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp74-80
Kommera Chaitanya , Arjyadhara Pradhan , Babita Panda
In recent times energy based on renewable energy sources is a good long-term alternative compared with traditional fossil fuel energy sources solar photovoltaic model-based irrigation water pump systems have gained more popularity. The one-input and multi-output converters are focused on BLDC motor drive-based solar photovoltaic with water pump. To model one input and multiple output converter components are connected viz it achieves tracking purpose and BLDC drive soft starting. The one-input and multiple-output converter exhibits the features of all converters and remarkably appears with the converter in the application of solar photovoltaic systems. It describes performance under varying environmental and inspects the BLDC motor effective with the suggested single input and multiple output converter for solar photovoltaic with a water pump with 95% efficacy and the price is USD 0.6/W. Test results have confirmed the BLDC motor suitability for solar photovoltaic with water pump employing MATLAB Toolbox followed by the test result verification. It is simply developed for rural areas because it is low cost, simple, and low maintenance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 74-80
Publish at: 2025-03-01

An effective transformer less 7 level inverter with optimized PID and buck boost controller for grid-connected PV systems

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp23-36
B. Mohan Rao , Mohammad Haseeb Khan , B. Mangu
This research paper presents an effective transformer-less seven-level inverter with an optimized proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and buck-boost controller for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed model aims to achieve optimum power quality (PQ) in a hybrid power system integrating battery and PV. This is accomplished by utilizing a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC-PQ) with active and reactive power is developed, utilizing a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm named the honey badger algorithm (HBA) along with the equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA), referred to as the honey badger equilibrium optimization (HBEO) algorithm. The PID controller in the proposed model is optimized using the HBEO algorithm, resulting in a highly efficient hybrid renewable energy system. By incorporating a 7-level multilevel inverter model with minimal switch usage (only 5 switches instead of 12), the proposed model ensures minimal switching losses. The proposed model is implemented and verified through the MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 23-36
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Optimizing standalone dual PV systems with four-port converter technology

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp81-89
Sharma Sha , Rajambal Kalayanasundaram
This paper analyses the four-port converter (FPC) based PV system. The discussed FPC is developed for hybrid energy sources (HES) with the merits of a single converting stage, fewer switches, and simple topology. By tapping two source ports from the midway of its two switching legs, the FPC presented in this work is developed from the basic full bridge converter (FBC). The pulses are produced using the phase angle control with pulse width modulation (PPAS) technique. Different modes of operation of the FPC are analyzed elaborately to give an insight into its topology. To efficiently manage power distribution among the ports and regulate their voltage, two key control variables have been utilized: duty ratio and phase angle. An in-depth presentation is provided on the design and modeling of a four-port converter. It provides autonomous management of power allocation among terminals and regulation of load voltage. Finally, simulated key waveforms of the FPC and simulation results to demonstrate the decoupled regulation of power sharing and load voltage of a PV system under varying input and output conditions are presented. The experimental prototype of the four-port converter results is discussed and presented in detail.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 81-89
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Rounding function-based zero crossing detection for a sensorless BLDC motor control

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp106-116
Musa Mohammed Gujja , Dahaman Ishak , Muhammad Najwan Hamidi , Mohamed Salem , Mohamad Nazir Abdullah , Khalil Alluhaybi
Permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors are favored for their low maintenance, high reliability, and efficiency, making them ideal for industrial, domestic, military, aerospace, and robotics applications. Sensor less control is the most preferred technique for PMBLDC motors due to its reliability and cost-effectiveness, eliminating the need for physical sensors. A crucial aspect of sensor less control is accurately detecting the point of zero crossing of the back electromotive force (BEMF) signals. Traditional methods, such as rotor position estimation, input observers, and AI-based strategies, can suffer from high ripples and computational inefficiencies. This paper introduces an approach using the rounding function to determine the point of zero crossing, aiming to enhance precision and reduce computational overhead. The rounding function converts continuous BEMF signals into discrete signals, minimizing ripples and facilitating accurate zero-crossing detection. This method improves detection accuracy while simplifying computation demands. Validation was performed through a MATLAB Simulink simulation and an experiment using the F28379D microcontroller, gate driver, and a six-switch inverter. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, showing agreement between experimental and simulation outcomes.
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Page: 106-116
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Analysis of the soft switching modes for energy loss measurement of high frequency closed-loop boost converter

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp64-73
Ajoya Kumar Pradhan , Sarita Samal , Prasanta Kumar Barik , Smrutiranjan Nayak
This manuscript explains the analysis of the soft switching technology to measure the energy loss of high-frequency closed loop boost converter with zero-current switching (ZCS) and zero-voltage switching (ZVS) techniques. To get these attributes, the use of soft power converters that utilize soft switching techniques is essential. This paper examines the ZCS/ZVS AC/DC converter design, used in high-power systems for renewable energy and battery charging. This converter architecture ensures semiconductor switches turn on and off at zero voltage and current. It smooths rectifier diodes, reducing switching and reverse recovery losses. It has better power quality, efficiency, and input power factor. Practical study has been done to verify the converter's theoretical analysis. Empirical research shows gentle switching enhances system efficiency. Energy losses are reduced by 26% while turning on and 20% when turning off compared to the ZVS and ZCS. The prototype converter is built to corroborate simulation results. Compared to ZVS and ZCS, switching losses are lower and efficiency decline is modest across the operating range. This shows that the simulation and experimental results are consistent.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 64-73
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Isolation of hydrogen from water and its utilization as a co-fuel for trucks into fuel-efficient vehicles

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp1-9
Sittichot Kradang-nga , Pongsakorn Kachapongkun , Thee Chowwanonthapunya
This research focused on the separation of hydrogen gas from water and its utilization as a supplementary fuel blended with the primary fuel of an internal combustion engine. The test was divided into two steps: evaluating the energy efficiency of the electrolyzer and conducting experiments on pickup trucks (common rail diesel engine, 2,499 cc) to determine energy savings and pollution emission. The results showed that the efficiency of the electrolysis system with an average electricity consumption of 125.74 W was 84.83 kWh/kgH2 and the theoretical efficiency of the electrolyzer in separating hydrogen gas from water was 45.97%. Results from the test on a pickup truck using 100% diesel fuel and hydrogen-diesel dual fuel with loads of 1,850 and 2,100 kg over a distance of 11 km showed that using a hydrogen-diesel dual system resulted in fuel savings of 27.8% and 16.70%, as compared to that of using pure diesel fuel system. Besides, levels of black smoke, PM2.5, and PM10 of the hydrogen-diesel dual fuel system were lower than those of the pure diesel fuel system.
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Page: 1-9
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Machine learning model approach in cyber attack threat detection in security operation center

10.11591/csit.v6i1.p80-90
Muhammad Ajran Saputra , Deris Stiawan , Rahmat Budiarto
The evolution of technology roles attracted cyber security threats not only compromise stable technology but also cause significant financial loss for organizations and individuals. As a result, organizations must create and implement a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy to minimize further loss. The founding of a cybersecurity surveillance center is one of the optimal adopted strategies, known as security operation center (SOC). The strategy has become the forefront of digital systems protection. We propose strategy optimization to prevent or mitigate cyberattacks by analyzing and detecting log anomalies using machine learning models. This study employs two machine learning models: the naïve Bayes model with multinomial, Gaussian, and Bernoulli variants, and the support vector machine (SVM) model with radial basis function (RBF), linear, polynomial, and sigmoid kernel variants. The hyperparameters in both models are then optimized. The models with optimized hyperparameters are subsequently trained and tested. The experimental results indicate that the best performance is achieved by the RBF kernel SVM model, with an accuracy of 79.75%, precision of 80.8%, recall of 79.75%, and F1-score of 80.01%; and the Gaussian naïve Bayes model, with an accuracy of 70.0%, precision of 80.27%, recall of 70.0%, and F1-score of 70.66%. Overall, both models perform relatively well and are classified in the very good category (75%‒89%).
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Page: 80-90
Publish at: 2025-03-01
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