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31,456 Article Results

Automated recognition of Thai fabric patterns using transfer learning with ResNet-50

10.11591/ijeecs.v43.i3.pp847-856
Kittiya Poonsilp , Pijitra Jomsri , Dulyawit Prangchumpol , Thammarat Panityakul
Traditional Thai fabric patterns are valuable cultural heritage, but expert knowledge of these patterns is declining. This study uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning (ResNet-50) to classify traditional Thai fabric patterns automatically. We collected 961 images across 19 pattern categories, split into training (57%), validation (11%), and test (32%) sets. Using ImageNet pre-trained weights and progressive fine-tuning, the model achieved 99.68% test accuracy with macro-averaged F1-score of 99.35%. Ablation studies validated our approach: augmentation improved accuracy by 2.26%, fine-tuning outperformed frozen backbone by 4.84%, and backbone comparison showed ResNet-50 achieves higher F1-score than MobileNetV2 while MobileNetV2 offers 90% parameter reduction for mobile deployment. Controlled stress tests demonstrated robustness under image degradations typical of smartphone photography. Unlike previous studies using controlled conditions, our dataset includes real-world variations. These results show that transfer learning with small datasets can match expert-level pattern recognition for cultural heritage preservation.
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Page: 847-856
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Low-cost BLDC drive with PBBO-tuned FOPID controller for enhanced speed regulation and torque ripple reduction

10.11591/ijeecs.v43.i3.pp956-964
Pandi Maharajan M. , Rohini G. , Ravindran Ramkumar , Dharani Kumar Narne
Torque ripple (TR) minimization in brushless DC (BLDC) motors has become a critical research focus due to its direct impact on drive performance, efficiency, and reliability. Conventional BLDC drives typically employ large DC-link capacitors, which increase system cost and weight and are highly sensitive to operating temperature, thereby reducing lifetime. To address these limitations, this work proposes a low-cost capacitor-based BLDC drive integrated with a torque ripple compensation (TRC) technique and optimized control using the probabilistic biogeography-based optimization (PBBO) algorithm. The PBBO method is employed to tune the parameters of a fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller, ensuring effective speed regulation and TR reduction. By probabilistically refining migration and emigration rates, PBBO enhances convergence and eliminates redundant species movements, leading to superior controller parameter optimization. Simulation studies validate the proposed PBBO-FOPID approach, demonstrating significant improvements in TR reduction and speed control compared to conventional controllers such as DGOA-FOPID and spider web-based controller (SWC). Results confirm that the PBBO-FOPID controller achieves smoother torque response, reduced ripple, and enhanced speed regulation, establishing it as a cost effective and high-performance solution for BLDC motor drives.
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Page: 956-964
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Hybrid deep neural network framework for scalable and robust cardiovascular disorder prediction

10.11591/ijeecs.v43.i3.pp940-946
Venkata Krishna Gandikota , Ponnam Lalitha , Ashok Reddy Kandula , Raghavamsi Davuluri , R. Kanchana , Vishnupriya Borra
Cardiovascular disorders remain the leading cause of global mortality, underscoring the urgent need for accurate and early prediction systems that can support timely medical intervention. Traditional diagnostic methods, while valuable, are often limited by subjectivity, time constraints, and the inability to fully capture complex patient data. To address these challenges, this study proposes a hybrid deep neural network (HDNN) framework that integrates convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, supplemented with dense layers, to enhance predictive accuracy and robustness. The hybrid architecture leverages CNNs’ ability to extract spatial features and LSTMs’ strength in modeling temporal dependencies, thereby providing a comprehensive analysis of structured and unstructured patient data, including clinical records and health metrics. Rigorous preprocessing, feature selection, and domain specific knowledge integration further improve model performance compared to conventional machine learning (ML) approaches. Experimental evaluation on benchmark datasets, including the cleveland heart disease (HD) dataset and a combined multi-source dataset, demonstrated superior results, achieving accuracies of 98.86% and 97.52%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of the HDNN framework to serve as a scalable, reliable, and clinically relevant tool, assisting healthcare professionals in early diagnosis, preventive care, and improved patient management.
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Page: 940-946
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Automated smart handbag with enhanced women's safety using cutting edge technology

10.11591/ijra.v15i3.pp669-677
Vijayaraja Loganathan , Dhanasekar Ravikumar , Ashish Ragavendra Nattamai Uthayakumar , Arulmurugan Nagarajan Renukadevi , Rishikeshwaran Balamurugan Rani , Rupa Kesavan
Women’s safety has been an area of concern, especially in public places where timely assistance cannot be provided. To mitigate this problem, this paper proposes an intelligent handbag-based women’s safety system that utilizes the concept of biometric identification, location tracking, and edge computing-based AI threat verification. The proposed system, unlike other traditional women’s safety devices that rely on GPS-GSM for emergency alerts and are more likely to send false alarms, utilizes fingerprint identification for secure and authorized use, along with YOLO v3 vision model on an ESP32-CAM for threat verification. Upon failure in the authentication process or threat detection, the system sends an SOS message with the current location via GSM with the help of GPS coordinates. The system achieves an emergency response time of 33 seconds, primarily limited by GPS acquisition delay. The results confirm the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed system in providing an intelligent emergency response system for women’s safety.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 669-677
Publish at: 2026-09-01

URL-based phishing detection using XGBoost with engineered features

10.11591/ijeecs.v43.i3.pp908-927
Jawaher Alharbi , Manal Bayousef , Hind Almisbahi
URL-based phishing involves fake uniform resource locators (URLs) created by attackers to trick users into believing they are visiting a legitimate website and thereby steal their confidential information. While several powerful machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) studies exist to detect phishing, they still face limitations. Many studies rely on third-party intervention to extract features, which introduces delays that make them unsuitable for fast detection. Another limitation is that existing studies often use small datasets, and traditional features hinder models' ability to learn new phishing techniques, resulting in poor generalization. Therefore, developing new features is crucial to ensure that anti-phishing tools can keep pace with evolving phishing tactics. In addition, the existing studies do not report detection time, which is important for fast detection, and reduces methodological clarity. This paper aims to address these limitations by applying a neural network model and traditional ML classification algorithms to support browser-based phishing detection that balances high accuracy with fast detection. Our XGBoost model achieved 98% accuracy on the test set, utilizing 40 third-party-independent features. Additionally, we achieved an average response time of 0.026225 seconds and an average computation time of 1.6977×10⁻6 seconds per URL, which demonstrates competitive speed. We provided a table of features from recent studies, together with their documented sources, to support future research and analyze key URL-based features.
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Page: 908-927
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Design and performance optimization of a magnetic based fault current limiter using BBO

10.11591/ijeecs.v43.i3.pp695-708
Tirtha Sankar Daphadar , Amalendu Bikash Choudhury , Tapan Santra
Magnetic fault current limiters (MFCLs) are taking on greater importance in the modern power system because of their ability to suppress excessive fault currents, while having no effect on normal operation. This paper proposes a simulation-based design and performance optimization of a magnetic-based fault current limiter by using biogeography-based optimization (BBO). A coupled electromagnetic-electrical model is developed to describe the nonlinear interaction between current, inductance, magnetic flux, core saturation, and magnetic biasing. The optimization is concentrated on the core geometry, length of the air gap, number of turns of the winding, and size of the magnetic element to ensure effective reduction of the fault current without violating voltage and thermal limits. Finite element analysis is used to study magnetic field distribution, saturation phenomenon, and temperature rise in normal and faulty conditions. Time-domain simulations are also performed for symmetrical and asymmetrical fault cases for transient performance evaluation. The optimized MFCL shows a great reduction of peak fault current and energy dissipation compared with the initial design, with negligible impact during normal operation. Sensitivity and parametric analyses validate the optimization design robustness, which shows that the proposed BBO-based optimization design framework is effective in improving MFCL performance in power system protection applications.
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Page: 695-708
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Visual and electrical approaches for automated verification of electronic components

10.11591/ijra.v15i3.pp658-668
Sowmya Santhanam , Aadhitya Swaminathan Velmurugan , Durkadevi Chandrahasan , Krithika Arcot Rathna Kumar , Jeevanthika Chepauk , Deepika SasiKumar , Chaithanya Sarangaraj
Reliable inspection and sorting of electronic components have become pivotal along the path of electronic manufacturing toward higher density and automation. Automated optical inspection systems at present depend on visual assessment methods because they do not include electrical testing capabilities, which results in a component verification reliability gap. In spite of recent advances, largely due to the fact that most automated optical inspection systems still abide by visual evaluation, verification of the actual electrical behavior of components became quite impossible. This paper is focused on bridging this gap through the introduction of a unified inspection framework whereby visual analysis is executed along with programmable electrical validation under a single automated process in conformity with Industry 4.0 practices. The system's synchronized workflow includes vision-based detection, optical character recognition, resistor color-band parsing, surface defect analysis, and electrical testing in real time. The component localization task uses YOLOv5, while EasyOCR with a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) structure and HSV-based segmentation delivers exact value extraction results. The testing system achieved 98.4% classification accuracy, 98.9% value recognition accuracy, and 94.9% overall sorting accuracy when tested on 3,000 photos and 400 physically inspected components at a throughput rate of seven components per minute.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 658-668
Publish at: 2026-09-01

ROVAA: Offline attendance automation using a voice–OCR-based 3-DOF robotic arm with Raspberry Pi

10.11591/ijra.v15i3.pp561-576
Rajanikanth Kashi Nagaraj , Archana Harihara Ranganatha , Surendra Hanumanthaiah Honnamachanahalli , Venu Manighatta Gopalakrishnappa
Conventional classroom attendance systems suffer from limitations in accuracy, hygiene, data privacy, and reliability in low-connectivity environments, whether they are manual, cloud-dependent, or single-modality systems. To address these gaps, this paper presents ROVAA, a low-cost, fully offline, AI-driven robotic attendance system in the classroom environment that uniquely integrates three complementary modalities: offline voice recognition, optical character recognition (OCR), and a 3- degrees of freedom (DOF) robotic arm controlled via inverse kinematics, an integration not demonstrated in prior work. The system operates on a Raspberry Pi 4 model B and employs the Vosk speech recognition model and Tesseract OCR for accurate offline processing. Audio and visual inputs are matched in real time to enable the arm to mark attendance at pre-calibrated positions on a touchscreen. Experimental validation under varied lighting and acoustic conditions yielded 96.2% speech recognition accuracy, 95.8% OCR accuracy, and 97.6% robotic arm precision, producing an overall system success rate of 92.8%, demonstrating that high reliability is achievable without cloud infrastructure. The system is designed for cost-effectiveness, data privacy, and scalability, making it suitable for resource-constrained environments such as rural schools and institutions with limited network access. It additionally serves as an educational platform for human–robot collaboration.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 561-576
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Optimal robust control for self-balancing robot-based feedback linearization and Atom Search Optimization

10.11591/ijra.v15i3.pp519-528
Alaa Jumaah Al-Maiahy , Yahya Ghufran Khidhir , Adnan Jabbar Attiya , Hisham H. Jasim
In this paper, a robust control method is suggested for attitude control of the two-wheeled self-balancing robot by combining feedback linearization with sliding mode control techniques. The proposed method takes into account important challenges such as external disturbance and system uncertainty. Feedback linearization cancels the nonlinearities in the dynamics of the robotic system, while the sliding mode control handles the uncertainties and the external disturbance. The parameters of the proposed controller are selected by tuning the controller with the Atom Search Optimization algorithm. MATLAB is used to simulate the proposed controller. Simulation results indicate a good performance of the presented controller with high robustness compared with the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Moreover, the proposed method reduces the rise time by approximately 40% and 50% with respect to PID. These results illustrate the feasibility of the presented control method to be used for real-time implementation in autonomous robotic balancing systems.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 519-528
Publish at: 2026-09-01

IoT-based approach to locate books in library system for integration with the automated library systems

10.11591/ijra.v15i3.pp647-657
Sagar S. Ajanalkar , Harshadeep S. Joshi
The main challenge in a large library is to retrieve a book effectively, where traditional barcode- or RFID-based systems require significant infrastructure and complex inventory management. An integrated IoT system consisting of LED-assisted shelf identification and an interactive web visualization application is proposed in this study for enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of automated library book retrieval. In this, a networked microcontroller architecture is used for real-time identification of the exact physical location of books by allowing users to visually locate the required books to be retrieved using LED indicators. Along with this, an interactive web visualization application is developed using HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, JSON, and MySQL for visualization of the shelf real-time location and location of the book within the shelf. The proposed system offers a cost-effective, scalable, and user-friendly solution compared to conventional RFID or barcode-based systems. Experimental testing of the proposed system passed all 9 tests conducted for its conformance in identifying the required book locations across four distinct test conditions. Beyond the library book retrieval application, the proposed system architecture has potential applications in smart warehouses, storage inventory management, and application as a supporting architecture for future systems such as autonomous service robots.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 647-657
Publish at: 2026-09-01

AI driven automated library assistance using pick-to-light system

10.11591/ijra.v15i3.pp639-646
Archana S. Ubale , Vaishali Baste , Harshada Bhushan Magar , Nilakshee R. Rajule
This paper presents the design and implementation of a library assistance system that uses a pick-to-light mechanism and integrates AI-based book recommendations. Book retrieval done manually in libraries is frequently time-consuming, prone to errors, and inefficient. As a solution, we will suggest a hybrid library assistance system, which would be based on an ATmega328 microcontroller, user identification by RFID, pick-to-light, and an AI-based collaborative filtering recommender. The user is directed to the preferred books through the LEDs placed on the shelves, and the AI module gives the user personalized suggestions. The experimental outcomes of 100 users show significant advances over the old traditional manual processes. The time spent searching for a book dropped by 96.4 seconds to 34.8 seconds, the error rate dropped to 3.2%, user satisfaction went up to 4.6, and the success rate of the entire book search process went up to 98.1%. The 500 retrieval cycles of the stress testing showed stability, reliability, and uniformity of the system, and the performance of the LED-RFID. These findings suggest that the proposed system is highly efficient for the library, minimizes human error, and positively impacts the user experience, making it applicable to real-life library environments.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 639-646
Publish at: 2026-09-01

SqueezeNet-driven AI framework for OCR of handwritten English characters and digits

10.11591/ijeecs.v43.i3.pp928-939
Areen Arabiat , Muneera Altayeb
Optical character recognition (OCR) plays a pivotal role in automated data entry, document digitization, and intelligent user interfaces, particularly as digital content continues to expand across diverse applications. Handwritten character recognition remains a challenging task due to variations in writing styles, noise, and structural complexity. This study investigates the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) strategies for classifying handwritten English characters and digits, employing the orange3 platform and a dataset of 2,728 images sourced from Kaggle, partitioned into 70% training and 30% testing sets. A SqueezeNet-based feature extraction approach was implemented to generate 1,000 discriminative features, which were subsequently used to train multiple ML classifiers, including support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF). Experimental evaluation revealed that the RF classifier achieved the highest accuracy of 99.3%, outperforming DT (90.3%) and SVM (89.9%). These findings highlight the effectiveness of lightweight deep learning architectures such as SqueezeNet in enhancing OCR performance, while demonstrating the robustness of ensemble learning methods in achieving near-perfect classification accuracy. The proposed framework underscores the potential of combining efficient feature extraction with ML classifiers to advance OCR systems for handwritten text recognition in real-world applications.
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Page: 928-939
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Fall detection system based on accelerometer/gyroscope data fusion

10.11591/ijeecs.v43.i3.pp726-736
Amina Makhlouf , Isma Boudouane , Nadia Saadia , Amar Ramdane-Cherif
Falls are one of the major causes of death among the elderly worldwide. Faced with this public health challenge, many researchers have designed continuous monitoring systems to detect this type of incident at an earlier time, in order to facilitate immediate treatment and reduce potentially serious consequences. In this paper, we present a solution for the continuous monitoring of elderly or disabled people. We developed a fall detection system based on the fusion of data from a gyroscope and an accelerometer of a wearable inertial station. Two algorithms were developed: the first uses only the data from the gyroscope, while the second is based on the fusion of gyroscopic and accelerometric data. The evaluation of the system took into account several types of falls and activities, as well as different categories of people of different gender, age, height and weight, taken from the SISFALL database. The algorithm based on the gyroscope achieved an accuracy of 87.13% and a specificity of 84.27%, while its fusion with the accelerometer improved these performances to 90.76% and 89.92%, respectively, demonstrating the benefit of sensor fusion.
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Page: 726-736
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Zeroing neurodynamics proportional-integral-derivative controller for order-2 system: design, analysis, and verification

10.11591/ijra.v15i3.pp690-697
Yunong Zhang , Junyan Liu , Zhonghua Li
This paper presents a zeroing neurodynamics proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for an order-2 single-input single-output (SISO) affine-in-control nonlinear system. The controller is derived from zeroing neurodynamics (ZN) and reformulates PID gains through ZN parameters, establishing an explicit correspondence to the closed-loop poles of the error dynamics. This enables systematic pole placement for stability and performance tuning, eliminating empirical trial-and-error. Theoretical analysis proves exponential convergence of the tracking error. The inverted pendulum, a benchmark system with strong geometric nonlinearity, is used to verify the controller. Simulations with large initial offsets and constant references show that the proposed controller maintains stable tracking in operating conditions where the conventional PID controller exhibits substantial performance degradation. The resulting framework provides a model-based and theoretically grounded alternative for nonlinear control.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 690-697
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Cost-aware global frontier matching for ROS 2 multi-robot exploration

10.11591/ijra.v15i3.pp589-596
Chu Van Cuong , Tran Tuan Anh
Multi-robot frontier exploration supports warehouse mapping and inspection robotics, but geometric assignment can produce overlapping motion and inefficient target pairing. This paper presents a ROS 2 frontier-allocation layer that combines a weighted frontier cost with global one-to-one matching. The study isolates global matching from sequential assignment while keeping the cost formulation and ROS 2 execution stack fixed. Three policies are evaluated on two indoor maps, four team sizes, and three seeds. Across 72 completed main-policy runs, global matching gives the lowest mean completion time, travelled distance, path overlap, and assignment conflict. Relative to sequential cost-based assignment, it reduces completion time by 24.3%, travelled distance by 14.2%, and path overlap by 65.8%, with lower final coverage under the same stopping rule. The results support a coordination-efficiency benefit in the tested ROS 2 simulations; broader claims require larger, heterogeneous, dynamic, and physical deployments.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 589-596
Publish at: 2026-09-01
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