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30,938 Article Results

Harmonic analysis of grid-connected parallel H-bridge VSI and CSI with isolated DC sources

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i2.pp1408-1417
Suroso Suroso , Winasis Winasis , Priswanto Priswanto
In a single-phase inverter system, parallel operation of inverters is a strategy to increase capacity, improve reliability, and increase the flexibility of the inverter system. This work discusses the basic operation of a novel parallel H-bridge current source inverter (H-BCSI) and H-bridge voltage source inverter (H-BVSI) operated in a grid-connected operation with isolated direct current (DC) sources equipped with power transformers. Each inverter circuit employed an independent current controller to regulate its alternating current (AC) output current. The proposed inverter system was tested for different operation conditions, and its characteristics were analyzed, especially for its harmonic profile. The test results showed that if the magnitude of the H-BCSI current was varied, while the H-BVSI current was kept constant, the total harmonic distortion (THD) value of load current was much lower than the THD values of H-BVSI current, H-BCSI current, and grid current, i.e., THD Iload ≤ 1%. This condition also occurred when the output current of the H-BVSI was increased gradually while the output current of H-BCSI was maintained constant. Moreover, a similar result was also obtained when both inverters’ output currents were varied simultaneously with the same value. The test results confirmed that the injected AC current of both inverters during parallel grid-connected operation worked well at unity power factor, and met the standards IEEE 1547 and IEC 61727, of which current THDs were ≤ 5%. The proposed grid-connected parallel inverter system worked, supplying a sinusoidal AC load current with high power quality.
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Page: 1408-1417
Publish at: 2026-06-01

A novel multi-terminal fuzzy-logic controlled IUPQC device for power quality enhancement in multi-feeder distribution systems

10.11591/ijaas.v15.i2.pp760-774
Venna Jaya Lakshmi , Katragadda Swarnasri
Non-linear sensitive loads are increasingly being used in a wide range of industrial and home applications. Particularly, some nonlinear sensitive loads degrade the power quality (PQ) of a multi-feeder distribution system by causing current as well as voltage quality to deviate from normal standards. To address these PQ issues, a unique multi-terminal interline unified power quality conditioner (MT-IUPQC) device has been implemented in a multi-feeder distribution system. This MT-IUPQC is made up of multi-voltage source inverters (VSI) coupled by a common direct current (DC)-linked capacitor, and which is controlled by using proportional integral (PI) control method. However, due to an inappropriate gain setting choice, this PI is not suitable for regulating the DC voltage at the specified voltage level. In this paper, an intelligent fuzzy-logic controlled MT-IUPQC provides an intelligent knowledge set with subjective assessments for improved mitigation of PQ difficulties. The recovered total harmonic distortion (THD) of source current is 2.45%, 2.71%, which are well within IEEE-519/2014 norms and significantly lower than the THD of non-linear sensitive load current of 30.19%, 30.05% in both feeder-1 and 2. In a similar way, the THD of non-linear sensitive load voltage is obtained at 0.43%, which fits well under IEEE-519/2014 norms and is significantly lower than the THD of the voltage source measured at 20.62% in feeder-1.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 760-774
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Program defect prediction model based on topology aware node evaluation pool graph topology model

10.11591/ijaas.v15.i2.pp583-593
Dan Li , Poh Soon JosephNg , Peng Yin Choo , Koo Yuen Phan , Wong See Wan
Traditional fuzzing struggles with efficiency, as maximizing code coverage does not guarantee the discovery of additional vulnerabilities. To solve this, the study introduces topology-aware node evaluation (TANE-Pool), a deep learning model that proactively predicts defects to guide the fuzzing process. The model analyzes the structural properties of a program’s attributed control flow graph (ACFG) via a diffusion attention mechanism. This process identifies fragile code regions and generates a static vulnerability score (SVS) for each basic block. The fuzzer then uses this score to prioritize test cases, concentrating its efforts on the areas most likely to contain flaws. Evaluated on the Juliet test suite and a set of real-world programs, TANE Pool demonstrates superior prediction accuracy. Its integration into a fuzzer significantly enhances the rate of vulnerability discovery, proving that a defect-prediction-guided approach is a more efficient and effective strategy for software security testing.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 583-593
Publish at: 2026-06-01

A new generation of artificial intelligence contributing to improving the image quality

10.11591/ijaas.v15.i2.pp664-676
Salwa A. Alagha , Hadeel N. Abdullah , Suad Khairi Mohammed
High-resolution (HR) images provide inclusive and critical information, which is substantial for many implementations. Production operation for high-quality images from low-quality images can be costly and time consuming. The main advancement in this domain is produced by enhanced super-resolution generative adversarial network (ESRGAN); the ESRGAN and different deep learning (DL) models exhibit prominent advances in image super-quality. This research proposes introducing the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as a multi-scale analysis stage that feeds into the network, whereby the frequencies are analyzed before being fed into the generative adversarial networks (GAN). The goal is to enhance the ability to recover edges and fine details, especially in low-resolution images. The performance of this proposed model is implemented, evaluated, and comparatively assessed. Key performance parameters, such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index metric (SSIM), are calculated, which compare the proposed model with other image-improving models (Bicubic, SRResNet, and ESRGAN). The experimental results indicate that the proposed method ESRGAN new yields a good result in image improvement, with a PSNR of (26.22, 26.00, 25.51, and 23.89) and an SSIM of (0.6638, 0.6255, 0.5882, and 0.6286) for four datasets, respectively.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 664-676
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Integrating Agricultural Productivity and Socioeconomic Indicators for Predictive Modeling of Regional Economic Growth in Indonesia

10.11591/ijaas.v15.i2.pp872-882
Septafiansyah Dwi Putra , Feri Utomo , Fitriani Fitriani , Irmayani Noer , Heriansyah Heriansyah
Economic growth and food security are closely interconnected dimensions of sustainable regional development, particularly in agrarian regions such as Lampung Province, Indonesia. However, conventional analytical approaches often fail to capture the complex and nonlinear relationships between agricultural productivity and socio-economic conditions. This study aims to analyze the determinants of regional economic growth by integrating agricultural and socio-economic indicators using a Random Forest–based modeling framework. Secondary panel data from 15 districts over the period 2014–2024 were analyzed, comprising 165 observations and 14 explanatory variables. The results show that agricultural production plays a dominant role, with rice production and harvested area contributing approximately 39.8% and 34.7% of total feature importance, respectively. The model achieved strong predictive performance with an R² of 0.68 and RMSE of 6,346.82, indicating that the selected variables explain a substantial portion of GRDP variation. Socio-economic factors, including poverty rate, per capita expenditure, and Human Development Index, also contribute meaningfully to regional economic outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of integrating agricultural productivity with social development policies to achieve inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The proposed approach provides a data-driven engineering decision-support framework that can be utilized for predictive control, infrastructure planning (e.g., irrigation allocation), and regional food system optimization.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 872-882
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Dual random optimized pulse width modulation controller for three-phase voltage source inverter driven brushless DC motor

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i2.pp966-980
Halidu Abdul Mumin , Solomon Nunoo , Joseph Cudjoe Attachie
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are widely employed in modern power electronic applications due to their high efficiency and dynamic performance. However, conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques often generate concentrated harmonic components, leading to acoustic noise, torque ripple, and reduced inverter efficiency. This paper proposes an artificial neural network–assisted dual random pulse width modulation (ANN-DRPWM) strategy to enhance the output quality of a three-phase voltage source inverter driving a BLDC motor. In the proposed approach, supervised ANN training enables dual randomization of the carrier and modulation signals, effectively dispersing harmonic energy while maintaining improved DC-link voltage utilization. A passive LC filter is subsequently integrated to further suppress residual harmonics and ensure compliance with harmonic standards. The system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and evaluated against conventional sinusoidal PWM and flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI) techniques. Results demonstrate that the proposed ANN-DRPWM method achieves a post-filter total harmonic distortion (THD) of 2.17%, along with a 6-9% improvement in inverter efficiency and a noticeable reduction in torque ripple. Overall, the proposed strategy offers an efficient and intelligent modulation solution for high-performance BLDC motor drives, suitable for applications such as electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and industrial drives.
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Page: 966-980
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Smart IoT-based temperature-controlled cooling system for solar panels using Arduino

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp781-792
Mula Sreenivasa Reddy , Kondragunta Rama Krishnaiah , Anjali Devi Gorla , Anantha Sravanthi Peddinti , Sanam Nagendram , Mohammad Najumunnisa , Bodapati Venkata Rajanna , Shaik Hasane Ahammad , Gongati Pandu Ranga Reddy
The efficiency of solar photovoltaic panels declines significantly as their surface temperature increases beyond optimal levels. This paper presents a smart, temperature-controlled cooling system based on an Arduino UNO microcontroller to enhance solar panel performance by mitigating overheating. The system integrates a DS18B20 temperature sensor and a moisture sensor to monitor real-time environmental conditions. When the temperature exceeds a defined threshold, the Arduino activates a CPU fan and water pump to dissipate heat effectively. Experimental testing demonstrated an efficiency improvement of approximately 10% to 12% during peak solar conditions. A hysteresis logic-based system with autonomous control is used to control the amount of energy and water utilized, by only cooling when required. An LCD screen displays real-time information locally on-site, while an ESP8266 WiFi module sends information to a "cloud" so that remote monitoring can occur through the ThingSpeak cloud service. The entire system operates entirely from solar energy and is capable of being operated off-the-grid as well as being environmentally friendly. Due to its low cost, modularity, and energy efficiency, this smart cooling solution provides a viable solution for rural areas or areas with limited resources to enhance the performance of photovoltaic systems.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 781-792
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Investigation of the photoluminescence properties of quantum dots using theoretical simulation

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp942-947
Le Doan Duy , Le Xuan Thuy
This study investigates the optical behavior of CdSe quantum dots, a class of semiconductor nanomaterials widely studied for light-emitting, photovoltaic, and bioimaging applications owing to their size-dependent electronic structure. The objective is to clarify the relationship between quantum dot size, size distribution, and emission characteristics through experimental and simulated optical spectra. UV-Vis absorption, photoluminescence, and simulated PL spectra were analyzed for CdSe quantum dots excited at 325 nm. The experimental PL spectrum exhibits a single and narrow emission band assigned to the 1Se → 1Sh transition, which is blue-shifted compared with bulk CdSe, confirming strong quantum confinement in 2-3 nm particles with a very narrow size distribution of less than 1%. A large Stokes shift of 0.93 eV is observed, attributed to confinement effects and surface-related states. Simulated photoluminescence (PL) spectra for 3-6 nm quantum dots show progressive red-shifting and spectral broadening with increasing particle size, while smaller quantum dots display stronger PL intensity due to enhanced confinement and more efficient radiative recombination. Parameter analysis further reveals that size deviation and linewidth broaden emission and reduce intensity without changing the peak wavelength. These findings provide useful guidance for optimizing CdSe quantum dots for QLEDs, bioimaging, and broadband optoelectronic devices.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 942-947
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Control strategy for the combined operation of grid-connected inverter and charger

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i2.pp1396-1407
Quang-Tho Tran , Quang-Sang Le
Solar power sources and electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly used because of their environmental friendliness and sustainability. They are typically connected to the power grid through devices such as inverters and chargers to either generate or receive electrical energy. These devices contain a DC voltage bus. Therefore, the combined control of these two types of devices can improve their overall operational efficiency. This article proposes a grid-connected converter with an integrated battery-charging function. In addition, it presents a control strategy for the coordinated operation of this converter during both charging and power generation at the DC bus. In this algorithm, the battery is treated as a priority load, which allows the system to eliminate the AC-DC converter used in conventional chargers. A total peak power of 9 kWp is used to investigate the processes of power generation and battery charging. The total harmonic distortions of grid current are less than 2.86% in different operational cases and meet the grid codes. The obtained results are analyzed under varying irradiance conditions to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Page: 1396-1407
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Simulation and comparison of trapezoidal triangle carrier signal with different reference signal for 1500 V DC bus 3 level ANPC inverter

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp492-504
Miteshkumar N. Priyadarshi , Sandeep Chakravorty
High voltage application to generate staircase output to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD), the multilevel topologies gaining more and more attractions, and new topologies have been developed. This paper discuss about the advantage of active neutral point clamp (ANPC) topology over neutral point clamp (NPC), flying capacitor neutral point clamp (FCNPC) and T-type neutral point clamp (TNPC) topologies are discussed when it used for DC bus voltage of 1500 V. For ANPC topology several PWM techniques are used to calculate the total harmonic distortion, including phase opposition pulse width modulation (PODPWM), phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM), and alternative phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation (APODPWM), phase shifted pulse width modulation (PSPWM), bus clamping PWM (BCPWM), trapezoidal triangle PWM (TRPWM), third harmonic injected PWM (THIPWM), and sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), three-phase sinusoidal signals with a 13th harmonic signal (THISDPWM). Also, the parasitic inductance model of ANPC topology is discussed. To use 1200 V switching device the most efficient PWM technique for a 1500 V DC bus, 3 phase 3 level ANPC inverter is determined by comparing the RMS value of phase voltage, THD, and peak voltage across the switching device. PSIM has been used to simulate a 3 level inverter using various PWM techniques.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 492-504
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Comparative performance analysis of MPPT algorithms for wind power generation: P&O, INC, and TSR methods

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp894-904
Muhammad Aulia Desky , Yulianta Siregar , Maksum Pinem
Wind energy has great potential, especially in areas with high wind speeds such as Southeast Aceh. However, wind speed fluctuations reduce turbine efficiency, necessitating maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for optimization. This study compared three MPPT methods perturb and observe (P&O), incremental conductance (INC), and tip speed ratio (TSR) to identify the most effective technique. Using MATLAB Simulink, simulations were conducted with wind speed data from Southeast Aceh and a DC-DC boost converter. Results showed the P&O method performed best, producing 847.83 W at 10 m/s, compared to 702.40 W for INC and 324.35 W for TSR. P&O also achieved the highest current output, reaching 16.45 A, while INC and TSR produced 13.66 A and 6.34 A, respectively. At lower wind speeds, P&O continued to outperform the other methods. This study concludes that the P&O method is the most effective method to improve the efficiency of wind turbines in Southeast Aceh, while INC shows moderate performance and TSR is the least effective method due to fluctuating wind speeds in a short time, so that TSR cannot maintain its maximum value. Therefore, P&O is recommended as the optimal MPPT technique for wind power plants in this region.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 894-904
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Analysis of CCS implementation in Indonesia’s coal fired power plants, economic optimization, and potential impact on Java-Bali grid for future decarbonization

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp927-941
Anggit Raksajati , Sanggono Adisasmito , Veri Hendrayawan
This study aims to evaluate impact of retrofitting carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology on coal fired power plants (CFPP) in Indonesia. Using a representative 3×330 MW CFPP, the integration of CCS increases the levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) to 124 USD/MWh. Key cost components include CO₂ capture (21.7%), energy penalty from steam extraction (18.5%), and CO₂ transport and injection (16.7%). Sensitivity analysis indicates that CCS becomes financially viable under a high carbon cap (0.9 tCO₂/MWh) and a carbon tax of 76 USD/tCO₂. Meanwhile, International carbon markets offer a potential revenue at 75 USD/tCO₂ can fully offset CCS costs. Additionally, CAPEX grants can reduce LCoE to 12.4%, serving to mitigate upfront investment for CCS deployment. Within the Java-Bali grid, CFPP account for 58.8% of the generation mix with 41% aged 10-20 years using predominantly subcritical technology while 28% are over 20 years old and follow natural retirement being replaced by renewable energy. CCS retrofitting is more economically and technically viable for mid aged plants with newer technologies and lower emission intensities, supporting grid stability with limited renewable base load availability. This strategy also serves as a transitional pathway toward long term renewable integration until the LCoE of PV+BESS falls below 50 USD/MWh.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 927-941
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Energy-aware dynamic adjustment integrated kookaburra optimization based efficient routing in WSN

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp724-734
Shobanbabu R. Jaganathan , R. Sathya , R. Karthikeyan
In this paper a novel kookaburra optimization algorithm based dynamic adjustment strategy (KOA-DAS) method has been proposed in this paper for the energy efficient (EE) clustering and routing in wireless sensor network (WSN). The satin bowerbird optimization (SBO) is utilized for optimum cluster head (CH) selection. The proposed KOA-DAS model is utilized for an efficient routing through considering the fitness functions like distance from CH to base station (BS), remaining energy and intra-communication cost. The suggested framework has been assessed using a MATLAB simulator. The efficacy of the suggested KOA-DAS framework has been determined using evaluation metrics including execution time, average residual energy, network lifetime (NL), latency, packet delivery ratio (PDR), computation cost, energy consumption (EC), and alive nodes. The suggested KOA-DAS framework achieves the lowest energy efficiency by 23.44%, 19.31%, and 14.44% than the ASFO, EELCR, and K-LionER approaches. The proposed model effectively selects the CH and routing through dynamically adjusting parameters, which results in minimum EC and extending NL.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 724-734
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Regenerative braking with battery management system in E-bike

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp565-572
B. P. Divyashree , G. Lakith , H. N. Sukanya , Nagaling M. Gurav , Neeli Mallikarjuna , Unnam Anil
Energy neither be created nor be destroyed, but it can be transformed into other forms as per the law of conservation of energy. This information is epitomized by the regenerative braking system (RBS), which transforms kinetic energy into mechanical energy, thus recuperating waste energy into mechanical energy and making it beneficial. The regenerative braking have significant impact in electric vehicle technology due to the contemporary energy challenges and dwindling resources. Regenerative braking involves apprehending the lost kinetic energy during braking and converting it into a storable or instantly usable form. The recuperated kinetic energy can be reintegrated into vehicle’s power system or stored for further use, often in a battery, especially lithium-ion batteries which are managed by a battery management system (BMS) to ensure optimal performance and longevity. The utilization of various sensors by BMS to monitor parameters such as temperature, current, and voltage, entitling it to assess the battery’s health and determine its state of charge and discharge. Additionally, the BMS protects the battery against cavernous discharge and over-voltage, which can result from rapid discharging and charging currents, thereby optimizing the utilization of battery energy. In this article, the design of an electrical regenerative braking system with a battery management system in an electric bicycle (E-bike) applications are presented. The results show that the system works well in both battery-operated and regenerative modes. When in regenerative mode, the voltage and current stay within the specified range and are suitable for charging batteries. On the other hand, during regular operation, the increase in energy consumption is matched with the battery mode mileage.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 565-572
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Comparative analysis of PM6:L8-BO organic and inverted organic solar cell

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp770-780
Karthika Krishnakumar , Ashish Grover , Pardeep Kumar
Advancements in solar technologies are driven by the pursuit of higher efficiency and reduced environmental impact. This study presents a comprehensive and comparative analysis of organic and inverted organic solar cells (OSC and IOSC), using the OghmaNano software for simulations and analysis. This work is specifically designed to compare conventional and inverted structures and understand how device engineering impacts performance metrics. When OSCs are characterized by a low work-function cathode on top, IOSCs feature a clear conductive oxide cathode at the bottom. The study focusses on extracting key electrical output, including short circuit current density (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE), through the calculated current-voltage characteristic (J-V). Various physical characteristics, such as thickness of different layers and materials deployed as electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL), are systematically investigated. Diverse top and bottom electrodes, encompassing monothin and multithin layer configurations, are proposed. The study shows that IOSC achieves higher efficiency than OSC, reaching 21.60%, while using a multithin layer ZTZ (ZnO/TiOx/ZnO) as the bottom contact, demonstrating improved charge transport and overall efficiency.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 770-780
Publish at: 2026-06-01
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