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28,296 Article Results

Classifying the suitability of educational videos for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder students with deep neural networks

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4889-4898
Alshefaa Emam , Eman Karam Elsyed , Mai Kamel Galab
This paper presents a comprehensive deep learning-based system to evaluate the educational videos' suitability for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Current methods frequently ignore important instructional elements that are necessary for improving learning experiences for students with ADHD, such as instructor hand movements, video length, object variety, and audio-visual quality. We emphasize two key issues for how to address these difficulties, first, we present the ADHD online instructor (AOI) dataset, a particular benchmark for assessing instructional hand movement in video suitability to solve the absence of a reference dataset for classifying educational videos relevant to ADHD. Second, the system includes creating an enhanced multitask deep learning model that increases classification accuracy by using task-specific enhancements and optimized architectures. This solves the requirement for a strong model that can distinguish between suitable and unsuitable instructional content. Comprehensive tests using pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) models indicate that the enhanced VGG16 model outperforms baseline methods by achieving a highest accuracy of 97.84%. The results highlight the value of integrating deep learning methods with structured benchmark datasets, exposing up the path to more resilient and flexible instructional materials designed for students with ADHD.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4889-4898
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Optimizing vehicle selection in supply chain management with data-driven strategies

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4899-4906
Imane Zeroual , Jaber El Bouhdidi
Logistics has undergone significant transformation to address the complex economic, social, and environmental challenges of the modern era. To maintain competitiveness, logistics providers have been compelled to optimize operations, meet increasing customer expectations, and improve satisfaction. Critical issues impacting logistics performance include traffic congestion, infrastructure limitations, rising demand, and the complexities of vehicle scheduling, coordination, and management. These challenges frequently disrupt delivery operations, undermining efficiency and overall system performance. This paper proposes the application of three machine learning models aimed at optimizing delivery processes, with a focus on improving vehicle assignment for order deliveries. By leveraging these models, logistics providers can enhance decision-making and operational efficiency. The study defines the core problem and evaluates several machine learning approaches to bolster logistics delivery systems.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4899-4906
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Synthesis of nonlinear multilinked control systems of thermal power plants

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4500-4507
Oksana Porubay , Isamiddin Siddikov
The paper addresses the synthesis of nonlinear control laws for the technological parameters of drum boiler steam generators in thermal power plants, based on a synergetic control approach. The controlled system is considered to be multidimensional and highly interconnected. The inherent nonlinearity and interdependence of the technological parameters in thermal power plants necessitate the use of nonlinear control laws to achieve effective regulation. This approach enables the expansion of the range of permissible variations in regulator parameters, thereby ensuring the desired dynamic behavior of the controlled variables. An analytical method for synthesizing nonlinear vector control laws for steam generators is proposed. A methodology is developed for designing dynamic regulators capable of compensating for uncertain disturbances while accounting for control constraints. A Lyapunov function is constructed to describe the internal state dynamics of the control object. The proposed method for constructing the dynamic regulator ensures the asymptotic stability of the control system and stabilization of the controlled parameters over a wide range of load variations.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4500-4507
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Artificial intelligence-driven integrated system for comprehensive email marketing automation

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4875-4888
Soumaya Loukili , Lotfi Elaachak , Abderrahim Ghadi , Abdelhadi Fennan
Right in the context of digital marketing, this paper presents a comprehensive integrated system that combines the latest artificial intelligence advancement – large language models and diffusion models – to generate marketing email subjects and content that result in higher engagement. The system uses finetuned large language models for compelling email subject generation and finetuned Stable Diffusion model for visually appealing and convincing email content images creation. For the latter, both knowledge graphs and vector embeddings have been incorporated to improve contextual relevance. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvement in all engagement metrics that marketers rely on, including 46% growth in open rates, 56% higher click-through rates, and an 51% boost in conversion rates, all compared to human generated content. The unified approach presented by this paper outperforms standalone models and human-generated content in terms of engagement, as the comparative analysis shows. We also discuss the ethical considerations related to content bias and personalization boundaries, alongside challenges faced in this type of projects, such as computation demands and probable solutions. Finally, this paper proposes future directions to be taken, including expansion to other digital marketing channels, the use of other advanced artificial intelligence techniques, and the development of real-time content adaptation mechanisms based on user feedback.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4875-4888
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Enhancing internet of things network efficiency with clustering and random forest fusion techniques

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4954-4964
Ahmed Gamal Soliman Soliman Deabes , Hani Attar , Jafar Ababneh , Hala Abd El-kader Mansour , Michael Nasief , Esraa M. Eid
The internet of things (IoT) is a key element of the future internet, enabling the acquisition and transfer of data to improve efficiency. One challenge in IoT networks is managing the energy consumption of nodes. IoT innovation constantly evolves dynamically, contributing significantly to sustainable cities and economies. Clustering techniques can help conserve energy and extend the operational lifespan of network nodes. Cluster heads (CH) manage all cluster member (CM) nodes within their group, establishing intra-cluster and inter-cluster connections. Enhancing the CH selection process can further prolong the network lifespan. Various algorithms aim to extend the active duration of IoT nodes and the overall network lifespan. A comparison of the five algorithms shows that one algorithm is better than the others in some cases. This paper discusses how fusion techniques using the random forest (RF) algorithm can enhance energy efficiency in IoT networks. Five algorithms are compared using RF, a robust machine-learning algorithm renowned for its ensemble learning capabilities. It selects the best one based on active nodes per round, residual energy for each round, and the average end-to-end delay.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4954-4964
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Design of a solar-powered electric vehicle charging station

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4465-4476
Emerson Cabanzo Mosquera , Walter Naranjo Lourido , Javier Eduardo Martínez Baquero
This manuscript presents the design of a solar-powered electric vehicle (EV) charging station in Villavicencio, Colombia, aimed at reducing reliance on the utility grid, lowering energy costs, and minimizing environmental impact. The station designed integrates a photovoltaic system to harness renewable energy, ensuring a sustainable and cost-effective charging solution. It accommodates both AC and DC fast charging options to meet diverse vehicle requirements. The design considers available space, energy generation potential, and financial feasibility to maximize efficiency and return on investment. A technical analysis of battery storage, power electronics, and system configuration is provided, along with a cost-benefit assessment. Simulation results confirm the station's ability to deliver stable power under varying conditions. With an estimated payback period of 2.8 years, this project demonstrates the economic and environmental advantages of solar-powered EV infrastructure, supporting the transition to clean transportation in Colombia.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4465-4476
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Tomographic image reconstruction enhancement through median filtering and K-means clustering

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4395-4408
Nguyen Quang Huy , Nguyen Truong Thang
Ultrasound tomography is a powerful and widely utilized imaging technique in the field of medical diagnostics. Its non-invasive nature and high sensitivity in detecting small objects make it an invaluable tool for healthcare professionals. However, a significant challenge associated with ultrasound tomography is that the reconstructed images often contain noise. This noise can severely compromise the accuracy and interpretability of the diagnostic information derived from these images. In this paper, we propose and rigorously evaluate the application of a median filter to address and mitigate noise artifacts in the reconstructed images obtained through the distorted born iterative method (DBIM). The primary aim is to enhance the quality of these images and thereby improve diagnostic reliability. The effectiveness of our proposed noise reduction approach is quantitatively assessed using the normalized error evaluation metric, which provides a precise measure of improvement in image quality. Furthermore, to enhance the interpretability and utility of the reconstructed images, we incorporate a basic machine learning technique known as K-means clustering. This method is employed to automatically segment the reconstructed images into distinct regions that represent objects, background, and noise. Hence, it facilitates a clearer delineation of different components within the images. Our results demonstrate that K-means clustering, when applied to images processed with the proposed median filter method, effectively delineates these regions with a significant reduction of noise. This combination not only enhances image clarity but also ensures that critical diagnostic details are preserved and more easily interpreted by medical professionals. The substantial reduction in noise achieved through our approach underscores its potential for improving the accuracy and reliability of ultrasound tomography in medical diagnostics.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4395-4408
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Remote sensing applied to cocoa crop identification, a thematic review

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4848-4855
Luisa Fernanda Cuellar-Escobar , Vladimir Henao-Céspedes
This article presents a thematic review of 25 publications related to the use of remote sensing techniques for the identification of cocoa crops from 2000 to 2023. Although the use of remote sensing techniques is widely used for mapping different covers because it is very useful in discriminating them, the generation of maps of cocoa crops presents challenges due to their spectral behavior similar to that of forests. This is because cocoa cultivation, being an agroforestry system that is developed in association with timber trees, causes the classification algorithms used to fail to differentiate between forest cover and cocoa crops. For this reason, this study seeks to investigate the different remote sensing techniques used in the mapping of cocoa crops, as well as an analysis of the structure of the publications highlighting the connections between countries and the factors that motivated the authors to research this crop.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4848-4855
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Dynamic head pose estimation in varied conditions using Dlib and MediaPipe

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4581-4592
Rusnani Yahya , Rozita Jailani , Nur Khalidah Zakaria , Fazah Akhtar Hanapiah
This paper presents the formulation and validation of a dynamic head pose estimation (HPE) algorithm, addressing challenges related to diverse conditions, complex poses, and partial obstructions. The study aims to create a robust algorithm that maintains high accuracy in real-time applications across varying conditions. The algorithm was implemented and assessed using Dlib and MediaPipe models. The study involved 30 participants in face and head without obstacles, face with obstacles and head with obstacles conditions. The results demonstrated impressive performance in both controlled and spontaneous head movement categories. The algorithm achieved an average accuracy of 93% for head pose estimation and 88% in detecting visual attention under spontaneous head movement categories. A correlation coefficient of 0.866 indicates a strong positive linear association between performance and attention accuracy, indicating that performance improvements are intricately linked to proportional increases in attention accuracy. However, this does not necessarily imply causation. The findings provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in assessing visual attention and demonstrate their potential applications in healthcare monitoring, educational intervention, and driver monitoring systems. The significance of these results lies in the ability to advance human-computer interaction, enhance healthcare diagnostics, and offer innovative solutions across various domains.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4581-4592
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Prospective applications of assistive robotics for the benefit of population groups

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4531-4541
Anny Astrid Espitia-Cubillos , Robinson Jimenez-Moreno , Javier Eduardo Martínez-Baquero
The development of robotics has reached various fields of application such as the assistance field, where robots support people with different abilities in different activities to provide independence, comfort and interaction, even improving their self-esteem and quality of life. The objective is to identify the main benefits of the application of assistive robotics achieved to project its future fields of action. For this purpose, the Scopus database is used to find documents related to assistive robotics, which are filtered by publication date and according to the elimination criteria determined by the authors, and then bibliometric networks are constructed using VOSviewer. Finally, the main findings are analyzed and presented according to their area of application. Five areas of application of assistive robotics are identified that benefit children, the elderly, provide hospital assistance, help people with disabilities or support therapy and rehabilitation work, developments that allow the formulation of areas for future study. It is concluded that there are many advances in assistive robotics that demonstrate robotic development and provide assistance to a particular population, but more work is still needed to increase the number of beneficiaries, reduce costs and expand research in the areas mentioned and to be developed.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4531-4541
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Field-programmable gate array-based voltage-feedback-driven battery charging with DC-DC buck converter

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4993-5002
Afarulrazi Abu Bakar , Suhaimi Saiman , Tharnisha Sithananthan , Muhammad Nafis Ismail , Saidina Hamzah Che Harun
This paper presents the design and development of a reference-driven field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based controllable battery charging system featuring a buck converter. The controller tracks and adjusts the system's duty cycle based on output voltage feedback. The primary goal was to introduce a digital pulse-width modulation generator program using a Hardware Description Language within a feedback loop. To enhance the buck converter's accuracy, the system's switching frequency was set to 20 kHz with an 8-bit counter, achieving a resolution of 0.390625% per clock cycle. An 8-bit parallel analog-to-digital converter provided feedback by measuring the output voltage and comparing it with the reference setpoint. The simulation model was developed using MATLAB/Simulink, while the Quartus II software was employed for controller programming. The resultant data was meticulously analyzed to assess the circuit's performance across various voltage and control parameters. To validate the proposed controller's effectiveness, a 400 W system prototype comprising a step-down transformer, rectifier, and buck converter was constructed and tested for voltage ranging from 24 to 72 V. Through FPGA-based digital control, this system demonstrated a voltage regulation accuracy of ±0.39 per clock cycle and the capability to continuously track and regulate the duty cycle with each clock trigger, ensuring precise control over the charging process.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4993-5002
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Decomposition and multi-scale analysis of surface electromyographic signal for finger movements

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4593-4604
Afroza Sultana , Md. Tawhid Islam Opu , Md. Shafiul Alam , Farruk Ahmed
Decomposition of the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal is vital for separating the composite, complex, noisy signals recorded from muscles into their integral motor unit action potentials (MUAPs). By precisely identifying each motor unit’s activity, this method offers greater insights into the functioning of the neuromuscular system, which helps isolate each motor unit's contribution, making it essential for understanding muscle coordination and diagnosing neuromuscular disorders. In this study, we employ the maximal overlapping discrete wavelet transform (MODWT), which is well-suited for analyzing signals in the time-frequency domain. The study decomposed the sEMG signal into six levels to identify the neural activity of finger movements and analyzed the motor unit action potential (MUAP). In the frequency range of 30.2 and 64.6 Hz, the signal exhibits the highest MUAP which is independent of movement. Using inverse MODWT, it was rebuilt from the decomposed levels. With 95.8% accuracy, the similarity between the reassembled signal and the original signal was determined using correlation analysis to assess the efficacy of the method.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4593-4604
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Computer vision based smart overspeeding vehicle surveillance system

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4740-4750
Budhaditya Bhattacharjee , Pragyendra Pragyendra , Boopalan Ganapathy , Shanmugasundaram M.
In India, overspeeding causes more than 60% of deaths. Therefore, we need a system that tracks the median speed of cars and identifies those who regularly violate the law. Road fatalities can be reduced as a result of maintaining law and order. In this paper, we present an embedded system that can read the license plates of passing cars in real time. Using optical character recognition technology, the proposed system will capture images of license plates. In addition, it sends short message service (SMS) notifications regarding the highway speed of a specific moving vehicle violating the rules to the relevant authorities. By using this technique, several manual operations that were previously required to detect over-speeding automobiles with RADAR guns are eliminated. On the roadway, the device can only be operated by one operator due to its well-developed user interface. As part of this work, a downloadable database is developed which includes information about speeding vehicles as well as vehicles travelling on a roadway at the moment they are detected.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4740-4750
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Comparative analysis of convolutional neural network architecture for post forest fire area classification based on vegetation image

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4723-4731
Ahmad Bintang Arif , Imas Sukaesih Sitanggang , Hari Agung Adrianto , Lailan Syaufina
This study presents a comparative analysis of 7 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures—MobileNetV2, VGG16, VGG19, LeNet5, AlexNet, ResNet50, and InceptionV3—for classifying post-forest fire areas using field-based vegetation imagery. A total of 56 models were evaluated through combinations of batch size, input size, and optimizer. The results show that MobileNetV2, VGG16, and VGG19 outperformed other models, with validation accuracies exceeding 88%. MobileNetV2 emerged as the most balanced model, achieving 96% accuracy with the lowest model size and training time, making it ideal for resource-constrained applications. This study highlights the potential of CNN-based classification using mobile field imagery, offering an efficient alternative to costly and condition-dependent satellite or drone data. The findings support real-time, localized identification of burned areas after forest fires, providing actionable insights for prioritizing recovery areas and guiding ecological restoration and land rehabilitation strategies.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4723-4731
Publish at: 2025-10-01

A solar-powered autonomous power system for aquaculture: optimizing dual-battery management for remote operation

10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4376-4386
Thomas Yuven Handaka Laksi , Levin Halim , Ali Sadiyoko
In Indonesia, growing fish consumption demands necessitate expanded, yet sustainable, fish production without sacrificing quality. The process of feeding and the quality of the surrounding water are important factors influencing fish quality. To address this, Parahyangan Catholic University's Fishery 4.0 project pioneers a unique technology that integrates water quality monitoring with a fish feeding feature. The design and implementation of an independent, reliable power module, which is fundamental to the functionality of this system, is at the focus of this research. This study shows that a designed power module adapted to the specific needs of Fishery 4.0 is feasible. The system powers all modules with a 12 V battery and is recharged with a solar panel. The battery can be charged to 95% capacity, yielding 8550 mAh from a 9000 mAh capacity. A UC-3906 charger IC controls the charging process, deliberately managing the parameters required for optimal battery charging. Particularly, when exposed to ideal solar radiation, the charger recharges a 9 Ah battery from 30% to full capacity in about 10 hours and 10 minutes. This study proposes a novel to battery management, which is critical for the operation of aquaculture equipment at isolated locations.
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page: 4376-4386
Publish at: 2025-10-01
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