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29,905 Article Results

Improving the performance of wireless sensor network using multi-hopping clustering partition

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp81-92
Robby Rizky , Mustafid Mustafid , Teddy Mantoro , Wahyul Amien Syafei
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) enable large-scale event monitoring; however, their performance is often constrained by low throughput. This study aims to develop a cluster-based routing protocol by implementing the multi-hopping clustering partition (MHCP) method. The MHCP process consists of three main stages: (i) cluster head (CH) selection, (ii) evaluation of node proximity to their respective CHs, and (iii) cluster partitioning to reduce intra-cluster variation. Four clusters were formed and interconnected through multi-hop communication, achieving throughput values of 142.0033, 244.1318, 119.0804, and 305.6159, respectively. In addition to the development of MHCP, the scientific contribution of this study is strengthened through the integration of the LEACH protocol and the K-means algorithm as a complementary methodological approach. LEACH improves energy efficiency through adaptive CH rotation, while K-means optimizes spatial node grouping. The combination of these methods ensures a balance between energy consumption and spatial proximity, resulting in improved throughput and extended network lifetime. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MHCP protocol achieves higher throughput than the conventional LEACH protocol across all clusters while maintaining acceptable delay and packet loss. These findings confirm that the integration of multi-hop communication and cluster partitioning effectively enhances data transmission efficiency and overall network performance in WSNs.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 81-92
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Trophallactic optimization algorithm with markov random field refinement for stroke lesion segmentation

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp131-141
Hayet Berkok , Karima Kies , Nacera Benamrane
Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) represent a critical medical emergency re quiring rapid and accurate diagnosis. Automated segmentation of stroke lesions from computed tomography (CT) images remains challenging due to low con trast, image noise, and high anatomical variability between ischemic and hem orrhagic subtypes. This paper introduces a novel hybrid approach combining the trophallactic optimization algorithm (TOA), inspired by cooperative nectar exchange in bee colonies, with markov random fields (MRF) for spatial coher ence modeling. The proposed TOA-MRF method operates semi-automatically from a single user-defined seed point, leveraging bio-inspired collective intel ligence to progressively explore and refine regions of interest. The algorithm simulates the enzymatic transformation of nectar into honey through iterative information exchange between virtual bees, followed by MRF-based regulariza tion to ensure anatomical consistency. Evaluated on a clinical CT dataset, the method achieves a Dice similarity coefficient of 87.3% for ischemic strokes and 91.2% for hemorrhagic strokes, with an overall detection accuracy exceeding 89%. Comparative analysis demonstrates the complemen tary strengths of TOA exploration and MRF refinement, offering a robust and efficient solution for clinical stroke assessment with minimal user intervention.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 131-141
Publish at: 2026-04-01

An energy-optimized A* algorithm for path planning of autonomous underwater vehicles in dynamic flow fields

10.11591/ijece.v16i2.pp753-765
Do Khac Tiep , Nguyen Van Tien , Cao Duc Thanh
This paper presents the development and implementation of an energy-optimized A* algorithm for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) path planning in these complex environments. The core of the approach is the integration of a computationally efficient flow field model and a detailed AUV energy consumption model directly into the A* search heuristic. The energy model considers factors such as drag forces, relative velocity between the AUV and the flow, and AUV maneuvering. The A* cost function is modified to prioritize paths that minimize the predicted total energy expenditure, while simultaneously ensuring obstacle avoidance and path feasibility. The algorithm was implemented and validated using a simulated environment with varying flow conditions. Results demonstrate that the proposed energy-optimized A* algorithm achieves a significant reduction in energy consumption – up to 50% in tested scenarios – compared to a standard A* implementation, while successfully generating collision-free and dynamically feasible paths. This work contributes a practical and effective solution for energy-aware AUV navigation in dynamic underwater environments, enabling longer mission durations and improved operational efficiency.
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Page: 753-765
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Perceived enjoyment and peer influence on adoption of virtual reality in higher education

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp263-271
Xiaojing Jiang , Md Gapar Md Johar , Jacquline Tham
Virtual reality (VR) exhibits substantial educational potential, but its adoption rate among Chinese students in higher education institutions remains low, with a lack of empirical research on influencing mechanisms, especially in regions like Nantong. This study constructed a model based on the unified technology acceptance and use theory 2 (UTAUT2), and collected 402 sample data from students of Nantong higher education institutions. An empirical study was conducted using the structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that perceived enjoyment (intrinsic motivation) and peer influence (extrinsic motivation) were positively correlated with the willingness to use VR and the adoption of VR. The willingness to use played a partial mediating role. This study innovatively proposed the synergistic driving effect of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation in the context of higher education in China, and provided practical guidance for the promotion of VR in higher education.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 263-271
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Taxonomy of cooperative adaptation level for cooperative adaptive mobile applications

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27542
Berhanyikun Amanuel; Addis Ababa University Gebreselassie , Nuno M.; University of Lisbon Garcia , Dida; Addis Ababa University Midekso
Adaptive mobile applications (AMAs) are software systems designed to dynamically adjust their behavior in response to contextual changes. When multiple AMAs coexist on the same device, they create an ecosystem of heterogeneous applications with distinct functionalities, interaction models, and sensor requirements. This diversity enables opportunities for cooperative adaptation, where applications synchronize their behavior for collective benefit. Building on prior work that identified cooperation as a key dimension of adaptive mobile systems, this study proposes a refined taxonomy of cooperation levels for AMAs. The taxonomy is validated through case studies and formal specification methods, demonstrating its theoretical soundness and practical applicability. The findings advance the understanding of cooperative adaptation mechanisms and provide structured guidance for designing and classifying cooperative AMAs.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 500-513
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Hybrid classical–quantum ensemble learning for real-time flight delay prediction at Tribhuvan International Airport

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27240
Pavan; Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal Khanal , Nanda Bikram; Tribhuvan University Adhikari
This study investigates ensemble learning using classical and quantum-inspired models to predict flight delays at Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA), Nepal. It combines traditional machine learning algorithms with quantum-based approaches, quantum boosting (QBoost) and the hybrid QBoostPlus, leveraging quantum properties for faster computation. The dataset includes flight records from 2020 to 2024 and Meteorological Aerodrome Reports (METAR), analyzed across four sea- sons to capture delay patterns in domestic and international flights. A combined seasonal dataset assesses model generalization. Six models; VotingClassifier, adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), xtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), categorical boosting (CatBoost), QBoost, and QBoostPlus are evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, area under the curve(AUC), and execution time. CatBoost achieved high accuracy (up to 0.97) but slower execution (up to 10,570.63 ms). QBoostPlus provides competitive AUC scores (0.83–0.95) with faster execution, improving speed by up to 99.94% and generating predictions in as little as 6.46 ms. Although quantum-inspired models have slightly lower accuracy, their computational efficiency and stability show strong potential for real-time flight delay prediction. This is the first study applying quantum-inspired ensemble learning to Nepalese aviation data, showing promise for regional airports with limited infrastructure.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 527-535
Publish at: 2026-04-01

A decentralized call recording in voice over IP based on blockchain using smart contracts

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp164-173
Abdelhadi Rachad , Lotfi Gaiz , Khalid Bouragba , Mohammed Ouzzif
Although voice over IP (VoIP) has established itself as the new paradigm for universal telecommunications, its massive deployment within businesses and government agencies has paradoxically increased the attack surface for cyber threats: stream injection fraud, identity theft, and, more recently, the emergence of voice deepfakes, rendering traditional security architectures obsolete. At the same time, conventional centralized recording systems raise trust issues, as they are vulnerable to data manipulation, unauthorized access, and single points of failure. This article presents a new architecture that decentralizes the recording and securing of VoIP calls by combining three key technologies: blockchain for immutability; smart contracts to automate communications governance and ensure the transition from a centralized to an algorithmic trust model; and artificial intelligence (AI) agents that analyze audio streams in real time. This approach transforms VoIP recording from a simple passive file into a secure, auditable, and confidential digital asset. By removing centralized control and strengthening identity verification, this architecture provides a concrete response to security requirements.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 164-173
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Enhanced long-term recurrent convolutional network for video classification

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp174-182
Manal Benzyane , Mourade Azrour , Said Agoujil
Video classification is essential in computer vision, enabling automated understanding of dynamic content in applications such as surveillance, autonomous systems, and content recommendation. Traditional long-term recurrent convolutional network (LRCN) models, however, often struggle to capture complex spatio-temporal patterns, limiting classification performance across diverse video datasets. To address this limitation, we propose an enhanced LRCN with architectural refinements, optimized filter sizes, and hyperparameter tuning, improving both temporal modeling and spatial feature extraction. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets DynTex, UCF11, and UCF50 demonstrate that the proposed model achieves accuracies of 0.90 on DynTex (+26.8% over standard LRCN), 0.92 on UCF11 (+19.5%), and 0.94 on UCF50 (+1.1%), consistently outperforming ConvLSTM, LRCN, and other state-of-the-art approaches. These findings indicate that the enhanced LRCN effectively captures spatial and temporal dynamics in video sequences, setting a new benchmark for video classification. The study highlights the impact of architectural innovation and parameter optimization, providing a solid foundation for future research on scalable and efficient deep learning models for dynamic content analysis.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 174-182
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Transforming e-government projects by developing a RAF using Scrum integrated with CASE tool in Botswana

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27431
Thapelo; North-West University Monageng , Bukohwo Michael; North-West University Esiefarienrhe
The digital transformation in Botswana has placed strong emphasis on e-government initiatives aimed at improving public service delivery. However, these projects continue to face low success rates due to challenges such as inadequate and reactive risk management practices, limited technical expertise, and fragmented implementation. This study proposes an integrated risk assessment framework (RAF) that combines Scrum methodology with computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools that allows for the development of an automated, proactive, and iterative approach to risk management that is specific to the socioeconomic circumstance of Botswana. A quantitative survey was conducted with 32 project management specialists involved in e-government projects to assess their familiarity with agile methods and CASE tools, perceptions of traditional risk management approaches, and acceptance of the proposed model. The results revealed that 90.6% of respondents were familiar with Scrum, 78.1% had used CASE tools, and 81.25% supported the new framework, highlighting the urgent need for real-time risk tracking and continuous stakeholder engagement. The proposed e-government risk assessment framework (e-GRAF) model offers a flexible and adaptive solution to strengthen risk management processes, increase the success rate of e-government projects, and improve the quality and resilience of digital governance systems in Botswana.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 466-480
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Identification of paleographic curvature using skeletonization and key point detection

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27502
Fadhilatul; Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan Fitriyah , Dian; National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Andriana , Muhammad Zulhaj; Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur Aliansyah , Lukman; Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan Hakim , Muhammad Faishol; Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan Amrulloh
Jawi script represents a vital component of the Islamic intellectual heritage of the Nusantara, preserved across numerous classical manuscripts. A primary challenge in digitizing these documents is character segmentation, particularly where handwritten characters connect without distinct boundaries. This research proposes a skeletonization-based segmentation method to address this issue, utilizing a dataset from 17 pages of the “Kitab Syair Perahu” manuscript containing 269 test characters. The pre-processing stage involves grayscale conversion, binarization, and noise removal through connected component analysis (CCA). The segmentation process then integrates skeleton structures, centroid positioning, intersection points, and loop detection. Evaluation results show the system successfully identified 187 out of 269 characters, achieving an accuracy of 0.801, a precision of 0.895, a recall of 86.38%, and an F1-score of 88.91%. While these results demonstrate the method’s effectiveness, the small dataset from a single manuscript limits its generalizability. Nevertheless, this study establishes a foundational step toward an automated Jawi image-processing system and the digital preservation of Islamic Nusantara literacy, contributing a tailored skeletonization-based approach for Jawi script.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 620-634
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control with exponential reaching law and MPL method for the coupled-tank system

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27437
Thanh Tung; Vinh Long University of Technology and Education Pham , Le Minh Thien; Saigon University Huynh
This study develops an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control (ASMC) scheme incorporating an exponential reaching law (ERL) and a minimum parameter learning (MPL) strategy to achieve liquid-level regulation in a coupled-tank system. Such systems are widely used in industrial applications, including chemical and petrochemical processing, water treatment, power generation, and the manufacturing of construction materials, as well as in boilers, evaporators, reactors, and distillation columns. The ERL-based sliding mode controller is formulated to guarantee finite-time tracking of the desired liquid level while effectively suppressing chattering near the sliding surface. The MPL approach is embedded within the fuzzy system (FS), resulting in a single online adaptive parameter, which significantly reduces computational complexity and enhances real-time performance. The stability of the closed-loop system is rigorously established using Lyapunov theory. Simulation studies conducted in MATLAB/Simulink validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, demonstrating a rise time of 6.1918 s, a settling time of 11.2553 s, zero overshoot, convergence of the steady-state error to zero, and a noticeable reduction in chattering.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 707-716
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Design and evaluation of a low‑cost real‑time fluid-level monitoring system for fuel stations

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27548
Jovianne; Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB) Birindwa , Stéphane Birindwa; Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB) Birhashwirwa
Accurate fluid level management in fuel stations is hampered by inventory errors, delayed shortage detection and costly proprietary sensors. We designed and built a low‑cost, open‑source monitoring system using an Arduino Uno, an HC‑SR04 ultrasonic sensor, a NodeMCU ESP8266 and a DHT11 temperature sensor. Validation was restricted to static short-term conditions, with a prototype tested in a 200 cm tank over 62 hours and 32 paired measurements collected at two-hour intervals. Prototype readings were compared with dipstick measurements after temperature compensation. The system achieved a mean error of 0.03 cm, a mean absolute error of 0.91 cm, a standard deviation of 1.06 cm and a root‑mean‑square error of 1.05 cm, with a 95 % confidence interval of ±0.37 cm. These results demonstrate that a calibrated and temperature‑compensated ultrasonic sensor can deliver centimetre‑level accuracy suitable for inventory management in resource‑constrained fuel stations. Future work will extend validation to dynamic transfers, sloshing/vibration, humidity effects, and long-term drift in operational tanks.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 608-619
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Hybrid PSO-WOA approach for an efficient task offloading in mobile edge computing

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27293
Fatima Zohra; Mustafa Benboulaid University (Batna 2) Cherhabil , Sonia Sabrina; Mustafa Benboulaid University (Batna 2) Bendib , Maamar; Mustafa Benboulaid University (Batna 2) Sedrati , Chahrazad; Mustafa Benboulaid University (Batna 2) Adouane , Sifeddine; Mustafa Benboulaid University (Batna 2) Benflis
Offering a promising solution for latency-sensitive and resource-constrained internet of things (IoT) applications, mobile edge computing (MEC) extends cloud capabilities to the network edge. However, the decentralized nature of edge resources, coupled with stringent latency requirements and IoT energy constraints, presents significant challenges for efficient task offloading. Integrating IoT with MEC and software-defined networking (SDN) can meet the growing demands for low latency and energy-aware resource management. This paper proposes a hybrid evolutionary algorithm combining whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) with crossover, mutation, and Lévy flight operators (CML) to balance exploration and exploitation. The algorithm minimizes a weighted sum function (energy 35%, delay 35%, and monetary cost 30%) for joint task offloading and resource allocation in SDN-enabled MEC environments. The proposed approach is evaluated against six well-known metaheuristics, analyzing performance across various metrics including scalability with up to 100 users. Experimental results, validated by non-parametric statistical tests, demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves statistically significant improvements in convergence speed, solution quality, and scalability, making it a robust and promising candidate for real-time MEC task scheduling.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 514-526
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Application of the traveling salesman problem to optimize skeletonization and stroke reconstruction

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27504
Alifah; Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan Alifah , Dian; National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Andriana , Muhammad Zulhaj; Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur Aliansyah , Lukman; Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan Hakim , Kholid; Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan Murtadlo
The preservation of Turots Nusantara manuscripts written in Pegon script faces significant challenges due to physical deterioration and the complexity of handwritten styles. This study proposes a novel digitization approach based on image processing to extract and reconstruct handwriting strokes by combining skeletonization and the travelling salesman problem (TSP) algorithm. The novelty of this research lies in the application of a modified Greedy TSP algorithm capable of recognizing branching and cyclic structures typical of Arabic–Pegon characters, enabling accurate reconstruction of handwritten stroke sequences. The process involves preprocessing (grayscale, thresholding, and morphological operations), skeleton extraction using a thinning method, and weighted graph construction based on Euclidean distance between skeleton points. The proposed system achieved an average precision of 0.552, recall of 0.815, F1-score of 0.657, and accuracy of 0.82. These results demonstrate the method’s effectiveness in detecting and reconstructing character shapes from Pegon manuscripts. Practically, this approach offers potential applications in the automatic digitization, preservation, and analysis of Pegon script, contributing to the conservation of Indonesia’s Islamic intellectual and cultural heritage.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 635-647
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Smart hydroponic greenhouse with solar energy for urban agriculture

10.12928/telkomnika.v24i2.27630
Zeluyvenca; Takumi Polytechnic Avista , Muhammad Asep; Takumi Polytechnic Rizkiawan , Yudha; Takumi Polytechnic Witanto
Increased industrial activity in South Cikarang has limited the availability of agricultural land, encouraging the adoption of controlled environment agriculture systems. This study describes the design and implementation of a smart hydroponic greenhouse that is fully supported by a 600 Wp solar photovoltaic (PV) system and controlled using an industrial-grade programmable logic controller (PLC). This system automatically regulates temperature and humidity through exhaust fans and sprayers based on real-time sensor feedback. Experimental results show that when the internal temperature exceeds 31 °C, the control system recovers to 29.7 °C within 15 minutes and maintains a temperature range of 24–30 °C. Relative humidity is maintained within the optimal range of 75–90%. The PV system produces an average daily energy output of approximately 2.0 kWh, resulting in an energy self-sufficiency ratio (ESR) of 138%, which indicates excess energy production compared to system demand. These results prove that the integration of industrial automation with renewable energy provides reliable environmental control, high energy efficiency, and operational stability for hydroponic greenhouse applications in urban industrial areas.
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Page: 727-736
Publish at: 2026-04-01
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