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Dehydration of Moringa leaves using microcontroller and IoT controlled electrical dryer

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2688-2698
Saifuddin Muhammad Jalil , Abubakar Dabet , Syarifah Akmal , Selamat Meliala , Muhammad Muhammad
The dehydration of Moringa Oleifera leaves is crucial to preserving their high nutritional value and extending shelf life for use in food and pharmaceutical applications. Traditional drying methods often result in nutrient degradation and lack precise environmental control. This study presents the design and implementation of an internet of things (IoT)- enabled electrical dryer system controlled by a microcontroller for the efficient dehydration of Moringa leaves. The system integrates temperature and humidity sensors, an Arduino Mega microcontroller, and a web-based interface for real-time monitoring and control. The electrical dryer maintains optimal drying conditions, significantly reducing moisture content while preserving essential nutrients. Data is logged and visualized through IoT connectivity, allowing for remote access and performance analysis. The dehydration of Moringa leaves requires approximately one kg of electricity for batteries in dual-energy dryers, which are based on microcontrollers and the IoT. The results demonstrate that the proposed system offers a reliable, energy-efficient, and scalable solution for the controlled dehydration of Moringa leaves, with potential applications in smart agriculture and postharvest processing. The excellent drying time is achieved in a greenhouse dryer, which maintains a temperature of 45 °C within the drying chamber, resulting in a median drying time of 6 hours. The standard moisture percentage of clean and dry Moringa leaves is measured at 18.5% (wb) and 8% (wb), respectively.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2688-2698
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design of a static synchronous compensator for the north-south high-speed railway system

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2369-2380
An Thi Hoai Thu Anh , Tran Hung Cuong
The modern high-speed rail system plays a crucial role in driving the nation’s economic development. The problem of voltage imbalance caused by intermittent load movements is a significant challenge for energy management and distribution. When electric trains are connected to the three-phase grid, power quality degradation occurs, resulting in distortion and imbalance of the three-phase grid current and voltage, which in turn increases operating costs. This paper has proposed a linear control method using a PI controller for a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to directly control the amount of reactive power loss for electric trains. This solution will also bring good and stable voltage quality to electric trains so that electric trains can operate for a long time. The STATCOM device in this paper is a three-phase voltage source converter with a simple structure and can be easily controlled. This is considered a simple and effective solution to balance voltage, improve power factor, and enhance harmonic quality for railway trains, thereby achieving an optimal operating solution. This discussion can be simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software to determine the operation and control steps for STATCOM, thereby improving the quality of the power system. The simulation results of current, voltage, and reactive power response are presented. The simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm successfully achieves the set goals of ensuring voltage stability and providing the necessary amount of reactive power for the train, thereby improving the quality of the power grid for the North-South high-speed train in Vietnam.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2369-2380
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Nonlinear backstepping and model predictive control for grid-connected permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5091-5105
Adil El Kassoumi , Mohamed Lamhamdi , Ahmed Mouhsen , Mohammed Fdaili , Imad Aboudrar , Azeddine Mouhsen
This research investigates and compares two nonlinear current-control strategies, backstepping control (BSC) and finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) for machine-side and grid-side converters in grid-connected direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (DD-PMSG) wind turbines. Addressing the control challenges in wind energy systems with varying speeds, the study aims to determine which strategy offers superior performance under identical operating conditions. The nonlinear BSC regulates stator and grid currents using Lyapunov-based techniques, while FCS-MPC leverages model predictions to select optimal switching states based on a cost function. A comprehensive simulation using MATLAB/Simulink is conducted, analyzing each controller’s transient behavior, steady-state response, torque ripple, and power quality total harmonic distortion (THD). Results show that FCS-MPC achieves faster convergence, lower overshoot, and superior power quality compared to BSC, though it requires higher computational resources. Statistical validation supports the robustness of FCS-MPC under parameter uncertainties. This work contributes a structured comparison of advanced nonlinear strategies for PMSG-based wind turbines and provides a foundation for future implementations in real-time embedded control systems. Future directions include experimental validation and hybrid model predictive controller- artificial intelligence (MPC-AI) control frameworks.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5091-5105
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Time-domain performance of QBC with self-lift circuit

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2491-2499
Subbulakshmy Ramamurthi , Palani Velmurugan , Shobana Devendiren , Soundarapandiyan Manivannan
This study examines the performance of a high-gain quadratic boost converter (QBC) coupled with a self-lift circuit under two control methodologies: sliding mode control (SMC) and fractional-order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) control. The QBC topology is used because it can boost voltage significantly, which is especially useful for renewable energy applications. Simulation studies show that both controllers can control the output voltage of the converter, but the FOPID controller works better in dynamic situations. In particular, it makes settling happen faster, cuts down on overshoot, and lowers steady-state error compared to the SMC method. The overall results show that the FOPID controller is a good choice for improving stability and transient response. This makes it a good choice for advanced high-performance power electronic systems.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2491-2499
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Improving electrical load forecasting by integrating a weighted forecast model with the artificial bee colony algorithm

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5854-5862
Ani Shabri , Ruhaidah Samsudin
Nonlinear and seasonal fluctuations present significant challenges in predicting electricity load. To address this, a combination weighted forecast model (CWFM) based on individual prediction models is proposed. The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is used to optimize the weighted coefficients. To evaluate the model’s performance, the novel CWFM and three benchmark models are applied to forecast electricity load in Malaysia and Thailand. Performance is assessed using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The experimental results indicate that the proposed combined model outperforms the single models, demonstrating improved accuracy and better capturing seasonal variations in electricity load. The ABC algorithm helps in finding the optimal combination of weights, ensuring that the model adapts effectively to different forecasting scenarios.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5854-5862
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Performance analysis of a cascaded dual full bridges 5, 7, and 9 levels inverter: experimental validation

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2464-2475
Nabil Saidani , Rachid El Bachtiri , Abdelaziz FRI , Karima El Hammoumi
Cascaded full-bridge inverter is a suitable topology for grid-connected applications due to its ability to generate an output voltage waveform that closely resembles a sine wave, resulting in lower total harmonic distortion (THD) factors. This article proposes the use of the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique to produce a 5-level voltage using a symmetrical inverter and 7 and 9-level voltage using an asymmetrical inverter composed of only two full bridges loaded by an RL circuit of 51.4 Ω and 200 mH. The study primarily focuses on analysing the impact of the number of levels on the power quality of the inverter. This includes investigating the effects of the fundamental magnitude on the produced power, as well as measuring losses in the inverter, power factor, THD factor, and fundamental magnitude for each level configuration. The study demonstrates that asymmetrical MLIs lower THD (10.9% vs. 16.7%) and increasing voltage levels enhance waveform quality but slightly reduce the fundamental voltage magnitude, impacting AC power output. The simulation analysis has been conducted using the PSIM environment, and the results have been validated through experimental measurements.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2464-2475
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Parametric optimization of microchannel heat exchanger using socio-inspired algorithms

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5303-5310
Vikas Gulia , Aniket Nargundkar
Miniaturized products and systems have emerged as game-changing innovations with huge potential in the modern period with increasing emphasis on sustainable development and green energy. Automotive, astronomical, electronics, and medical research are just a few of the industries where micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) have found use. In addition to that, microchannel heat exchangers (MCHX) have been created in response to the growing demand for effective cooling solutions for these small systems. Optimization of these MCHX is important for improving the overall system efficiency. In this work, two popular socio inspired evolutionary algorithms viz. teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) and cohort intelligence (CI) are applied for optimizing three objectives such as power density, compactness factor, and heat transfer with pressure drop (HTPD) for air-water MCHX. The results obtained are significantly improved when compared with genetic algorithm (GA). Moreover, both the techniques are observed to be robust. This study investigates the use of socio-inspired artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to support the design and optimization of heat exchangers, highlighting their potential to address complex engineering challenges more efficiently.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5303-5310
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhanced incremental conductance MPPT method for maximizing photovoltaic power generation

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2757-2767
Asnil Asnil , Refdinal Nazir , Krismadinata Krismadinata , Muhammad Nasir
This research proposes an enhanced maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm that integrates the variable step size (VSS) method to significantly improve power extraction from photovoltaic (PV) systems. The primary objective is to optimize performance under dynamic environmental conditions. Through comprehensive experimental studies, the proposed algorithm’s performance was evaluated and directly compared against conventional incremental conductance (INC) and perturb and observe (P&O) algorithms. The results demonstrate a substantial increase in power generation, with the proposed algorithm delivering 18.79% more power compared to INC and 39.67% more power than P&O. These findings underscore the efficacy of the developed algorithm at improving the efficiency and robustness of PV power generation, particularly in variable operating environments.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2757-2767
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Adaptive ANFIS-based MPPT for PV-powered green ships with high gain SEPIC converter

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2768-2779
G. Jegadeeswari , Rohini Govindaraju , D. Balakumar , D. Lakshmi , S. Marisargunam , M. Batumalay , B. Kirubadurai
To align with global climate goals, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has enforced strict measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the shipping industry by promoting energy efficiency and cleaner propulsion methods. Ship engines remain major contributors to environmental pollution due to their dependence on fossil fuels and inefficient propulsion systems, highlighting the need for clean and sustainable alternatives. This study aims to design a renewable energy-based marine power system that effectively stores and utilizes solar energy, improving overall efficiency and reducing emissions for process innovation. A hybrid setup was developed using photovoltaic (PV) panels, batteries, and a bidirectional DC-DC converter to enable flexible power flow during both charging and discharging cycles. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm was employed alongside a SEPIC converter to enhance energy extraction from the PV system under dynamic conditions. The integrated system achieved a power extraction efficiency of 97.12%, confirming the effectiveness of the ANFIS-based MPPT strategy and showcasing the viability of intelligent renewable energy solutions in maritime applications.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2768-2779
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Fault diagnosis for inverter open circuit faults using DC-link signal and random forest-based technique

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2178-2185
Hoang-Giang Vu , Dang Toan Nguyen
Three-phase voltage source inverters based on insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are widely used in various industrial applications. Faults in IGBTs significantly affect the performance of the inverter and entire system. Robust and accurate fault detection are the key requirements of fault diagnosis methods. This paper explores a method for diagnosing power switch open circuit faults of a voltage source inverter based on machine learning algorithms. The diagnosis is performed in two steps, firstly the fault is detected by applying the Random Forest classifier algorithm with the DC-link signal. Next, the fault switch location is performed by additionally using the inverter output AC current signals. The diagnostic results based on simulation data show that the fault can be detected with maximum accuracy. Meanwhile, the accuracy in locating the fault switch is also significantly improved with the additional use of current signals measured at the DC-link. Potential application of electromagnetic field signal is also highlighted for the practical implementation of fault diagnosis.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2178-2185
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design and DSP-based validation of a cascaded DSOGI-PLL for mitigating grid disturbances

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2605-2614
Ilias En-Naoui , Abdelhadi Radouane , Azeddine Mouhsen , Hamid Yantour
Ensuring a smooth power injection into an electric grid in the presence of imperfections, such as phase disturbances, voltage imbalance, frequency variations, harmonics, and DC offsets, requires fast and robust phase-locked loop (PLL) techniques. Among these, the double second-order generalized integrator (DSOGI)-based PLL is widely used due to its strong performance in challenging grid conditions. However, conventional DSOGI-PLL has limitations in handling DC offsets and harmonic disturbances. To address these challenges, this paper introduces the design of a cascaded DSOGI-PLL that enhances attenuation of DC components and low-order harmonics while maintaining computational simplicity for DSP-based implementation. Experimental validation on a TMS320F28379D DSP platform demonstrates that the proposed scheme achieves synchronization settling within 48 ms even under severely polluted grid conditions, while reducing output unit-vector THD to 0.5% when the input voltage contains 22% THD. These results confirm the cascaded DSOGI-PLL as a significant improvement over conventional PLLs.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2605-2614
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Modelling and analysis of linear DC motor with constant thrust characteristics

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2212-2223
Raja Nor Firdaus Kashfi Raja Othman , Siti Zulaika Mat Isa , Nor Aishah Md. Zuki , Suhairi Rizuan Che Ahmad , Fairul Azhar Abdul Shukor , Md. Nazri Othman
This paper introduces a portable and user-friendly innovation in food processing by replacing traditional molding methods with a linear DC motor (LDM). Traditional methods, which involve manual pressing, are energy-intensive and time-consuming, reducing productivity. The proposed LDM offers a simple, cost-effective, and robust solution capable of producing constant thrust, unlike conventional LDMs that require complex and expensive control methods and are limited to short displacements. The research focuses on modelling and analyzing an LDM with constant thrust characteristics for food processing applications. The primary objective is to model the thrust using the permeance analysis method (PAM), ensuring constant thrust capability. Verification was conducted using the finite element method (FEM) and measurement results, showing a percentage difference of 1.7% and 6.5%, respectively, between PAM and the other methods. The study provides valuable guidance for designing LDMs with constant thrust capabilities, enhancing the efficiency and practicality of food processing devices.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2212-2223
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Processor-in-the-loop performance validation of a three-phase NPC three-level inverter using a novel sinusoidal PWM technique for scalar control of an induction motor

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2257-2270
Badr N’hili , Souhail Barakat , Abdelouahed Mesbahi , Mohamed Khafallah , Ayoub Nouaiti
This paper presents the performance of a three-phase, three-level neutral point clamped inverter driving an induction motor for variable-speed applications, compared to a two-level inverter. The studied inverter operates using a novel sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique that improves the quality of voltage and current output signals while increasing efficiency. Motor speed control is achieved using the scalar control (V/Hz) method. Experimental validation of the simulation results is performed by executing the generated C code on the F28379D DSP LaunchPad within the MATLAB/Simulink and Code Composer Studio environment, applying the processor-in-the-loop (PIL) technique.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2257-2270
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Comparison of the discounted costs of controlled asynchronous electric drives with matrix and with DC link frequency converters

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2307-2320
Viktor Petrushyn , Juriy Plotkin , Vasily Horoshko , Rostyslav Yenoktaiev , Andrii Yakimets
A quality criterion based on discounted costs is proposed, which demonstrates a significant advantage of the variable frequency asynchronous motor drive with a matrix converter over the drive with a voltage source inverter, which contains a DC link. A MATLAB software simulation was conducted to ascertain the control characteristics. In light of the control range afforded by both drives, a criterion for discounted costs is proposed that is calculated as a mid-range within a specific rotational speed control range, or is determined based on a given tachogram. The aforementioned costs include the expense of the drive, the cost of losses, maintenance costs, amortization charges, and the cost of reactive power compensation due to phase shifts of the main harmonic current and voltage. In this study, we put forth a novel proposal for the incorporation of the cost of distortion power compensation resulting from the presence of harmonic components of the input current.  The latter costs characterize the electromagnetic compatibility of the drive with the network. For the first time, a quality criterion for a regulated electric drive is proposed, which has a cost component that takes into account the electromagnetic compatibility of the drive with the network. A significant reduction in this component in a drive with a matrix converter compared to a drive with a DC link predetermines a reduction in discounted costs. For a given payback period and annual inflation rate, it was determined that the mid-range discounted costs were reduced by more than 11 times and the tachogram based discounted costs were reduced by more than 10 times for a drive with a matrix converter in comparison to a drive with a DC link.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2307-2320
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Bidirectional power converter for electrical vehicle with battery charging and smart battery management system

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2592-2604
Bodapati Venkata Rajanna , Kondragunta Rama Krishnaiah , Ganta Raghotham Reddy , Shaik Hasane Ahammad , Mohammad Najumunnisa , Syed Inthiyaz , Gouthami Eragamreddy , Ambarapu Sudhakar , Nitalaksheswara Rao Kolukula
In electric vehicles (EVs), efficient energy management is critical for reliable power transfer between the battery and motor. This paper presents the design and implementation of a bidirectional DC-DC converter equipped with a smart battery management system (BMS). The system supports bidirectional power flow, operating in boost mode during acceleration and buck mode during regenerative braking, thereby enhancing overall energy efficiency and vehicle performance. A PIC microcontroller governs the system, performing real-time monitoring of key battery parameters such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), voltage, and temperature. Safety features include automatic cooling fan activation when the temperature exceeds 45 °C and generator startup when battery voltage falls below 23 V. Real-time data is displayed via an LCD interface to improve user interaction and system transparency. The proposed system achieved a conversion efficiency of 90-93% during experimental testing, with stable switching, reliable automation, and effective thermal protection. The embedded energy management system optimizes charging and discharging cycles while preventing overcharging, deep discharge, and thermal stress. This intelligent, automated power converter enhances battery life, improves EV reliability, and contributes to sustainable transportation by enabling features like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) energy transfer. The proposed architecture is well-suited for integration into modern EV infrastructure. Although the system architecture supports future V2G integration, V2G functionality was not implemented or tested in the present experimental setup.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2592-2604
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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