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30,938 Article Results

Geospatial patterns and determinants of toddler stunting: evidence from geographically weighted regression

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.23216
Muhammad Anismuslim , Henny Pramoedyo , Sri Andarini , Sudarto Sudarto
This study aimed to map and analyze the spatial distribution of toddler stunting in Malang and identify key risk factors that are spatially correlated with stunting incidence across sub-districts and villages. A geospatial modeling approach using geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed to account for local variations in the influence of risk factors, reflecting the heterogeneity of conditions that contribute to stunting in different areas. The analysis revealed significant spatial autocorrelation, with stunting cases clustering in specific locations. Results indicate that sanitation risks and household waste management practices were the most significant determinants of stunting prevalence among toddlers in Malang. Improper waste segregation, which leads to odors and attracts flies, and ineffective disposal methods, such as open burning or dumping, were strongly associated with higher stunting rates. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions addressing environmental health and sanitation at the local level. By integrating geospatial analysis with GWR modeling, this study highlights the spatial heterogeneity of stunting determinants, providing evidence to guide community-specific public health strategies. Improved sanitation practices and proper household waste management are critical to reducing toddler stunting in areas with clustered risk.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 110-117
Publish at: 2026-03-05

The wellness equation: understanding health practices and behaviors of university students in Southern Philippines

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26278
Jomar B. Esto , Jemwell B. Francisco , Ruben L. Tagare Jr. , Cheeze R. Janito , Norge D. Martinez , Eduard S. Sumera , Marichu A. Calixtro , Vinus P. Java , Moreno B. Java Jr. , Gladys Pearl O. Ambrocio , Jessa S. Buisan , Gauvin Adlaon
This study aimed to explore the health practices and behaviors of university students in the Southern Philippines, focusing on key domains such as health perception and management, nutritional practices, physical activity, sleep, cognitive function, and stress tolerance. Using a quantitative, descriptive correlation design, data were gathered from 1,086 students through a simple random sampling technique. The primary instrument used was the health practices and behaviors questionnaire, which assessed students' health behaviors across the various domains. Statistical analysis involved computing composite means to describe health practices and Spearman's rho to examine the interrelationships between these behaviors. Results indicated that students exhibited moderate health practices across most domains, with a significant positive correlation found between health behaviors in areas such as physical activity, stress tolerance, and sleep. The study highlights the interconnected nature of health behaviors and the need for integrated health promotion strategies that address multiple aspects of student well-being simultaneously. The findings suggest that universities should focus on holistic programs that foster healthier lifestyles, improving students’ overall health outcomes and academic performance. Future research should explore additional factors influencing student health behaviors, including socio-economic, environmental, and cultural influences, to create more targeted interventions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 81-91
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Acute and chronic lead exposure and intelligence quotient among Indonesian adolescents: a cross-sectional study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26914
Noviana Dewi , Indah Tri Susilowati
Lead exposure is a persistent environmental health concern that can impair cognitive function in adolescents. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between acute and chronic lead exposure and intelligence quotient (IQ) scores among Indonesian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 39 adolescents who were chosen through purposive sampling. Acute exposure was assessed using blood lead levels(n = 15), while chronic exposure was evaluated with hair lead levels(n = 24). IQ was measured using WAIS administered by a licensed psychologist, while associations between the variables were examined utilizing the Chi-square test. The results revealed that chronic lead exposure was significantly linked to below-average IQ (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.07-3.36), while acute exposure had a weaker relationship (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13-0.89; p = 0.022). These results indicated the importance of long-term environmental exposure control.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 208-215
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Effectiveness of delivery mode of pharmacist intervention to improve medication adherence and clinical outcomes in people with depression: a systematic review

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.25537
Yosi Febrianti , Ika Puspita Sari , Anna Wahyuni Widayanti , Diana Setiyawati
Depression is a treatable mental health condition with various medication options available. For patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), adherence to antidepressants is essential for effective treatment. However, low medication adherence remains a significant challenge, particularly in individuals with depression. Pharmacists play a crucial role in managing these patients. This systematic review evaluated the impact of pharmacist-led interventions, focusing on the effectiveness of delivery modes (in-person vs. online) in improving medication adherence and clinical outcomes for patients with depression. Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials were included. Data were sourced from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using keywords such as "pharmacist intervention," "education," "medication adherence," "depression," and "medication compliance." Three reviewers independently screened and selected articles, and methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Randomized Controlled Trial Checklist. From an initial pool of 791 publications, 364 underwent a comprehensive review, and 14 met the inclusion criteria. The most successful interventions were those conducted face-to-face (83%), compared to those conducted through video and phone calls (16%). However, neither method could improve the severity of depression significantly. Pharmacist interventions can enhance patient adherence to antidepressant medication in patients with depression. Compared to virtual methods, face-to-face techniques are more effective at improving adherence. However, they were not able to improve the symptoms of depression.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 99-109
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Causes and risk factors of neonatal mortality through the AMP-SR framework: a scoping review in Indonesia

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26918
Sulicha Nurhayati , Martha Irene Kartasurya , Cahya Tri Purnami
Neonatal mortality in Indonesia continues to increase, especially during the first 0-6 days of life, indicating persistent gaps in the quality of maternal and neonatal care. The maternal perinatal surveillance and response audit (AMP-SR) is implemented to identify causes of death and guide preventive and curative actions. This scoping review aims to explore the causes and risk factors of neonatal mortality using the AMP-SR framework. Article searches were conducted in Google Scholar, Garuda, and PubMed using the keywords (“Neonatal Death” OR “Cause of Death” OR “Kematian Neonatal”) AND (“AMP-SR” OR “Death Notification”). Inclusion criteria comprised primary studies published in Indonesian or English between 2021 and 2025 that examined neonatal deaths using the AMP-SR approach. Seventeen articles were selected and thematically analyzed following the PRISMA guidelines. The main causes of neonatal death were clinical conditions, including asphyxia, prematurity, sepsis, hypothermia, and congenital abnormalities. Identified risk factors encompassed maternal age, pregnancy complications, referral delays, inadequate quality of care, and limited health worker competence. Most neonatal deaths occurred within the first 72 hours of life, predominantly among male infants with low birth weight or gestational age under 37 weeks. These findings demonstrate that neonatal mortality results from interconnected medical, maternal, and health system factors that can be systematically identified through AMP-SR. From a policy and practice perspective, strengthening the routine use of AMP-SR findings to inform targeted quality improvement, referral system strengthening, and workforce capacity-building is essential to reduce preventable neonatal deaths in Indonesia.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 242-255
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Physical activity and associated factors among Indonesian pregnant women: a mixed-method study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.24497
Feva Tridiyawati , Dg Marshitah Pg Baharuddin , Nicholas Pang
Exercise is recommended for pregnant women, but many are sedentary. Studies on barriers to physical activity and exercise among pregnant women in West Java Province, Indonesia, are scarce. This study aims to identify and explore the underlying factors associated with physical activity during pregnancy in West Java, Indonesia. This study was conducted using a mixed-methods strategy that integrates quantitative and qualitative data. The study surveyed pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia, from January to March 2023. The study involved 18-year-olds, married women, and fluent Bahasa participants. It used a questionnaire to assess physical pregnancy activity intention, and analyzed data using descriptive, correlation withp<0.025 included in linear regression analysis. While in a qualitative study used semi-structure interview. A study of 200 pregnant women found that age negatively correlated with total metabolic equivalent of task (MET), while gestational age, education level, body mass index (BMI), and pregnancy complications positively impacted it. Pregnancy symptoms, limited time, and low social support were identified as themes impacting adhering to physical activity recommendations. The study reveals that factors such as age, gestational age, education level, BMI, and pregnancy complications significantly influence total MET in pregnant women, suggesting the need for personalized interventions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 118-125
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Game on for health: designing gamified campaigns to drive behavioral change

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26232
Nurul Hidayah Mat Zain , Anita Mohd Yasin , Zainab Othman , Siti Nuramalina Johari , Norshahidatul Hasana Ishak , Siti Rahayu Abdul Aziz
An awareness campaign aims to reach out to the public, measure the outreach accurately, and motivate the public to act. In other words, awareness campaigns deliver messages on the importance and effects of the promoted event to the audience. However, studies that examine the users’ perception of design for behavior change through gamified health awareness campaigns are limited, especially in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Subsequently, analysis of such perceptions is crucial in supporting game designers in developing engaging games for health awareness campaigns. Thus, the current study explores users’ perceptions based on elements in the GAMEBC Model: Autonomy, Relatedness, Competence, and Engaging. A total of 180 students from UiTM Cawangan Melaka (UiTMCM), Jasin Campus, participated in the study. The data was evaluated using conventional descriptive statistical methods. The findings revealed users’ perceptions of the design for behavior change in the context of a gamified health awareness campaign. The study offers a valuable understanding of the necessity of creating a comprehensive gamified campaign that promotes behavioral change for improved quality of life.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 72-80
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Empathy and forgiveness on student victims of toxic relationships

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.24037
Felani Omie Timpal , Arthur Huwae
A toxic relationship shows a negative impact on the physical and mental condition of individuals who have undergone the subject. Even though the students have experienced unpleasant conditions in life, to continue her life journey, the student needs to make peace and build a concept of forgiveness for the circumstances that are formed through empathy. This research aims to determine the relationship between empathy and forgiveness in students who have been victims of toxic relationships. The method used is quantitative correlational. An equal number of 355 students who had been victims of toxic relationships came to be participants in this study, with the sampling technique used, specifically, incidental sampling. This study uses a scale, namely the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (α = 0.863) and Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations -18 (α = 0.843). The research data analysis method uses the product-moment correlation test from Karl Pearson. The results show that there was a significant positive relationship between empathy and forgiveness (r = 0.228 and sig = 0.000 (p<0.01). Empathy contributed 5.2% to forgiveness. It appears that empathy is one of the factors associated with increased forgiveness in students who have been victims of a toxic relationship.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 274-282
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Post-COVID-19 syndrome in children: a scoping review

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26788
Raphael Folorunsho Oluwasina Babatola , Evelyn Funke Folorunsho
Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) have emerged as significant pediatric health challenges, yet the true prevalence and long-term effects remain unclear. Children typically experience milder acute infections than adults, but a subset develop persistent physical, neurological, and psychological symptoms that impair quality of life. To synthesize current evidence on the long-term symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of PCS and MIS-C in children and adolescents from 2021-2025. Following the PRISMA-ScR framework, 30 studies involving children aged 0-19 years were systematically reviewed across major databases. Thematic analysis identified clinical patterns, risk determinants, and mechanistic explanations. The construal level theory (CLT) was used to interpret behavioral and psychological adaptations influencing recovery. While most pediatric cases resolved fully, 15-30% of MIS-C survivors exhibited prolonged neuropsychological symptoms, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and mood disturbances lasting beyond12 weeks. Risk factors included adolescent age, severe acute illness, and preexisting conditions. Major gaps include inconsistent definitions, limited longitudinal follow-up, and the absence of standardized rehabilitation or psychosocial care protocols. Post-COVID-19 sequelae in children warrant structured follow-up programs integrating neurocognitive assessment, mental health support, and standardized care pathways to reduce long-term disability and guide policy formulation. Post-COVID-19 syndrome, MIS-C, pediatrics, long COVID, scoping review.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 8-22
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Association between risky dietary behaviors and academic achievement among adolescent girls: a cross-sectional study in Surabaya, Indonesia

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26877
Tatarini Ika Pipitcahyani , Ervi Husni , Dina Isfentiani , Nina Primasari , Halimatus Sa'diyah , Mohammad Zamroni
Risky dieting is an unbalanced eating pattern increasingly practiced by adolescent girls and has the potential to impact cognitive function and academic achievement. However, previous research has focused more on the impact of risky dieting on nutritional status and physical health, while empirical evidence regarding its relationship with academic achievement in adolescent girls is still limited, particularly in the context of higher education. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between risky dieting and academic achievement in adolescent girls. The study used a quantitative design involving 70 adolescent girls. Data were collected through a peer counselor-based questionnaire to measure risky dietary habits and academic achievement. Data analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. The results showed p-values of 0.05 and 0.023, respectively, indicating a significant relationship between risky dieting and academic achievement. Adolescent girls who engaged in risky dieting tended to have lower semester GPAs (11%) and cumulative GPAs (4%). The study concluded that risky dieting contributes to decreased academic achievement. This study contributes by expanding empirical evidence regarding the impact of risky dieting on academic achievement and emphasizes the importance of integrating nutrition interventions and health education in strategies to improve academic achievement in adolescent girls.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 92-98
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Technology to support mental health adolescents: a literature review

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26331
Lina Handayani , Heni Trisnowati , Isah Fitriani , Beddu Hafidz , Asa Ismia Bunga Aisyahrani
The increasing prevalence of mental health issues among adolescents highlights a critical public health concern. Adolescents face unique challenges during this developmental phase, including academic pressure, social media influence, and the stigma surrounding mental health, which may hinder their willingness to seek help. This paper aims to explore the role of technology in preventing and addressing mental health challenges among adolescents, focusing on the potential of digital tools to provide accessible and effective support. This study is a literature review using the PRISMA method, covering articles published between 2001 and 2024. A total of 56 relevant articles were retrieved from the Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. This study seeks to analyze technological interventions in mental health care. The primary strategies include examining mobile applications, telehealth services, and other digital platforms that facilitate early detection and the sustainable management of mental health conditions. The review also considers the implications of privacy, data security, and digital literacy in implementing technology. Findings indicate that digital tools can significantly enhance access to mental health resources, enable timely interventions, and reduce the stigma associated with seeking help.A comprehensive approach that combines technological innovation with robust data protection is crucial to improving adolescent mental well-being. By leveraging the power of technology while ensuring personal information security, stakeholders in mental health, technology, and policy can collaborate to create effective, accessible, and safe mental health interventions for young people.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 43-56
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Antibiotic susceptibility profile of uropathogens in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria in tertiary care hospital: a cross-sectional study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26813
K. Murugesh , Harvick P. Gowda , K. Pushpalatha , J. V. Sathish
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common during pregnancy due to physiological and anatomical changes that predispose women to infections. One such condition, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), if left undiagnosed and untreated, can lead to serious maternal complications such as pyelonephritis, postpartum UTI, and hypertensive disorders, as well as neonatal complications including preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ASB, identify the major uropathogens, and analyze their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in pregnant women, to guide effective antenatal care and treatment. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 midstream urine samples, which were cultured using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates obtained were identified, and their antibiotic susceptibility was determined following standard guidelines. Out of 100 samples, 14 (14%) were positive for significant bacteriuria. The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (42.8%), followed by Escherichia coli (28.6%) and Klebsiella species (28.6%). ASB was most prevalent in women aged 21-30 years (64.3%), during the first trimester (64.2%), and among multigravida women (57.2%). The isolated organisms showed good susceptibility to Ceftazidime/Clavulanic acid, Ciprofloxacin, Vancomycin, Amikacin, Piperacillin–Tazobactam, Imipenem, Teicoplanin, and Linezolid. Early detection and treatment can significantly reduce adverse outcomes, making bacteriuria screening an essential part of routine antenatal care.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 132-139
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Predictive factors of quality of life among older adults in rural Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26906
Pagela Pascarella Renta , Rahmad Rahmad
The older adults are a vulnerable group facing physical, social, and economic health challenges that impact their quality of life. Information on the quality of life of the older adults in rural Indonesia is still limited, so this study aims to identify predictors of quality of life in the older adults in the working area of the Dusun Tengah Community Health Center, Lubuk Sandi District, Seluma Regency, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. This quantitative cross-sectional study involved 60 elderly individuals who met the inclusion criteria. The research instruments included quality of life with WHOQOL-BREF, activities of daily living with the Barthel Index, ambulation with CAS, mobility with the timed up and go (TUG) Test, and lower limb muscle strength with the 30-second STS Test. The results showed that age, employment status, income, walking ability, mobility, lower limb muscle strength, and activities of daily living were significantly associated with quality of life (p < 0.05). In contrast, gender, education level, and social support were not significantly associated with quality of life. Multivariate analysis identified walking ability (OR = 13.65; 95% CI: 1.03-180.61) and income (OR = 5.81; 95% CI: 1.02-33.07) as the most dominant predictors of quality of life in the older adults. These findings provide important implications that interventions to improve the quality of life in older adults in primary health care need to prioritize programs to improve ambulation, prevent physical function decline, and strengthen the economic aspects of older adults, especially in rural areas.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 256-265
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Evaluating the performance of TAG-IT for prediabetes detection in Indonesian population

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26887
Yaltafit Abror Jeem , Rahma Yuantari , Hajar Admira Widiatninda , Russy Novita Andriani , Siti Solichatul Makkiyyah
Early detection of prediabetes plays a critical role in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially within primary care, where access to laboratory testing may be constrained. Non-laboratory-based risk assessment instruments, including the tool to assess the likelihood of fasting glucose impairment (TAG-IT), can facilitate preliminary risk screening. This study sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the TAG-IT questionnaire in detecting prediabetes, using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as the reference standard. A cross-sectional design was implemented across three community health centers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Although 308 individuals were initially enrolled, only 93 participants with complete datasets were eligible for final analysis. The discriminative capacity of TAG-IT was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis along with a contingency table. Among the participants analyzed, 24.7% (23/93) were classified as having prediabetes. The TAG-IT tool exhibited modest discriminatory performance, yielding an AUC of 0.656 (95% CI 0.525-0.786; p = 0.026). Using the identified optimal threshold, sensitivity reached 52.2% while specificity was 67.1%. The negative predictive value was 81.0%, indicating better performance in excluding low-risk individuals. Overall, TAG-IT demonstrated moderate utility as a preliminary screening instrument in primary healthcare, particularly for identifying individuals unlikely to have prediabetes.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 32-42
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Smart accommodation solution: innovative boarding house locator in Bayombong municipality

10.11591/ijict.v15i1.pp1-12
Carmelo Alejo D. Bisquera , Vilchor G. Perdido , Napoleon Anthony M. Mendoza
The search for affordable and conveniently located student accommodation is a common challenge, especially for students unfamiliar with their surroundings. This study presented the development and evaluation of a geographical information system (GIS)-enabled boarding house locator developed for Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) students. The platform simplified the accommodation search process by providing a digital solution that integrates spatial data, real-time updates, and filtering options. The platform significantly reduced the time and cost of traditional housing searches. It helped students save 181.25 minutes per search and an average of 35 PHP in transportation costs compared to conventional methods like physical visits and word-of-mouth. Usability testing with 175 participants revealed high satisfaction, with the platform receiving an average rating of 4.83 for usability and 4.75 for performance. Key features such as interactive maps, location-based searches, and real-time updates enhanced the user experience by providing accurate, and up-to-date listings. The GIS-based platform outperformed traditional search methods in terms of efficiency and user satisfaction and offered a digital solution to common housing challenges faced by students. The results suggested the platform had strong potential for wider application at other universities. Overall, this system provides a scalable, cost-effective solution to improve student accommodation search and management.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 1-12
Publish at: 2026-03-01
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