Articles

Access the latest knowledge in applied science, electrical engineering, computer science and information technology, education, and health.

Filter Icon

Filters article

Years

FAQ Arrow
0
0

Source Title

FAQ Arrow

Authors

FAQ Arrow

29,922 Article Results

Graph based semantic email classification: a novel approach for academic institutions

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5218-5230
Aruna Kumara B. , Madan H. T. , Rashmi C. , Sarvamangala D. R.
Electronic mail classification in educational institutes becomes the fundamental task to manage information efficiently. Due to the globalization and the technological advancement, volume of email users increasing consistently, which in turn increases the volume of digital data exponentially. This necessitates the developing automated email classification systems for the better and organized work. This paper develops a novel graph-based similarity (GBS) approach based on semantic similarity to address these challenges. The method initially selects the most relevant features based on feature weights, later it builds a graph by using Jaccard co efficient method for each category with features as nodes and correlation between the nodes as edges. Later, these graphs are used as templates for each category and classifies each new incoming email into the specific class based on the similarity among the graph templates and a new email. The GBS method was compared with the well-known benchmarked email classifiers and the findings demonstrated that the GBS method outperformed with 98.91% accuracy after fine-tuning of graph parameters and the classifier hyper parameters. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted, achieving a highest area under curve (AUC) score 0.989, demonstrating robust classification proficiency across all categories.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5218-5230
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Combining convolutional operators in unsupervised networks for kidney abnormalities

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4541-4551
Aekkarat Suksukont , Anuruk Prommakhot , Jakkree Srinonchat
Deep learning plays a pivotal role in advancing the diagnosis of renal dysfunction, achieving performance levels comparable to those of medical experts. However, disease domain variations and model differences can impact learning quality. To address renal dysfunction, we propose dual stream convolutional (DSC) and dual-input convolutional (DIC) for unsupervised learning. The proposed network is designed to process multi scale data and employs parallel data aggregation to enhance learning capabilities, improving the reliability of the experimental results. DSC achieved training losses of 0.0069, 0.0056, 0.0042, and 0.0048 for normal, cyst, stone, and tumor datasets, respectively, while DIC achieved losses of 0.0066, 0.0063, 0.0044, and 0.0058 for the same categories. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed models outperform state of-the-art approaches, making them well-suited for broad application in clinical research studies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4541-4551
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Large language models for pattern recognition in text data

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5311-5332
Aknur Kosayakova , Kurmashev Ildar , Luigi La Spada , Nida Zeeshan , Makhabbat Bakyt , Moldamurat Khuralay , Omirzak Abdirashev
Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed in settings where both reliability and efficiency matter. We present a calibrated, seed‑robust empirical comparison of an encoder fine‑tuned model (bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT)‑base) and a decoder in‑context model (generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)‑2 small) across Stanford question answering dataset v2.0 (SQuAD v2.0) and general language understanding evaluation (GLUE)-multi-genre natural language inference (MNLI), Stanford sentiment treebank 2 (SST‑2). Beyond accuracy, we assess reliability (expected calibration error with reliability diagrams and confidence–coverage analysis) and efficiency (latency, memory, throughput) under matched conditions and three fixed seeds. BERT‑base yields higher accuracy and lower calibration error, while GPT‑2 narrows gaps under few‑shot prompting but remains more sensitive to prompt design and context length. Efficiency benchmarks show that decoder‑only prompting incurs near‑linear latency/memory growth with k‑shot exemplars, whereas fine‑tuned encoders maintain stable per‑example cost. These findings offer practical guidance on when to prefer fine‑tuning versus prompting and demonstrate that reliability must be evaluated alongside accuracy for risk‑aware deployment.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5311-5332
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Arabic text classification using machine learning and deep learning algorithms

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5201-5217
Rawad Awad Alqahtani , Hoda A. Abdelhafez
The classification of Arabic textual content presents considerable challenges due to the language's rich morphological structure and the wide variation among its dialects. This study aims to enhance classification accuracy by leveraging ensemble learning techniques and a deep bidirectional transformer-based model, specifically the multilingual autoregressive BERT (MARBERT). To address linguistic variability, advanced preprocessing techniques were employed, including Farasa, Tashaphyne, and Assem stemming methods. The Al Khaleej dataset served as the basis for supervised learning, providing a representative sample of Arabic text. Furthermore, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) with bigram and trigram feature extraction was utilized to effectively capture contextual semantics. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach, particularly with the integration of MARBERT, achieves a peak classification accuracy of 98.59%, outperforming existing models. This research underscores the efficacy of combining ensemble learning with deep transformer-based models for Arabic text classification and highlights the critical role of robust preprocessing techniques in managing linguistic complexity and improving model performance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5201-5217
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Support vector machine performance: simulation and rice phenology application

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4878-4890
Hengki Muradi , Asep Saefuddin , I Made Sumertajaya , Agus Mohamad Soleh , Dede Dirgahayu Domiri
In the case of classification, model accuracy is expected to result in correct predictions. This study aims to analyze the performance of two kinds of support vector machine (SVM) methods: the support vector machine one versus one (SVM OvO) method and the generalized multiclass support vector machine (GenSVM) method. This method will compare to the generalized linear model, namely the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) method. Simulations were conducted using SVM OvO and GenSVM methods to get an overview of the parameters affecting both methods' performance. Furthermore, the three classification methods are implemented in the case of modelling the rice phenology and tested for performance. Simulation results show that, however, the SVM OvO and GenSVM machine learning methods are sensitive to the choice of model parameters. The empirical study results show that the SVM OvO and GenSVM methods can produce satisfactory model accuracy and are comparable to the MLR method. The best rice phenology model accuracy was obtained from the SVM OvO model, where 79.20 ± 0.21 overall accuracy and 70.69 ± 0.29 kappa were obtained. This research can be continued by handling samples, especially when class members are a minority, and can also add random effects to the SVM model.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4878-4890
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Team up for better learning: evaluating team-based learning in anatomy education

10.11591/ijere.v14i6.35431
Asty Amalia Nurhadi , Linda Jones , Budu Budu
This study evaluated the effectiveness of team-based learning (TBL) in teaching musculoskeletal anatomy compared to traditional lectures. A total of 267 second-year medical students participated. Student performance was assessed using pre- and post-tests, and results were analyzed with a paired t-test (p<.05), revealing significantly higher anatomy scores following TBL. Student perceptions were explored through a Likert-scale questionnaire analyzed descriptively, and focus group discussions (FGDs), which were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Students reported that TBL enhanced their understanding of musculoskeletal anatomy and added value by illustrating clinical relevance, encouraging active learning, promoting discussion and communication skills, improving motivation, and reinforcing class preparedness. TBL also fostered knowledge integration, critical thinking, and peer teaching. Despite its benefits, students noted challenges such as limited in-depth discourse, varying group dynamics, subjective peer evaluations, and logistical constraints like unsuitable room setups. Overall, the findings suggest that TBL is an effective alternative to traditional lectures in anatomy education, supporting both academic performance and the development of key competencies essential for future medical professionals.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4948-4956
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Explainable artificial intelligence with anchors method for breast cancer treatment recommendation

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4494-4501
Reena Lokare , Mansing Rathod , Jyoti Sunil More
In the search of precision medicine for breast cancer, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) offers unprecedented opportunities to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies. This paper discovers the prospective of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to demystify the black-box landscape of AI, fostering both transparency and trust. We introduce an XAI-based approach, anchored by the anchors explanation method, to provide interpretable predictions for breast cancer treatment. Our results demonstrate that while anchors improve the interpretability of model predictions, the precision and coverage of these explanations vary, highlighting the challenges of achieving high-fidelity explanations in complex clinical scenarios. Our findings underscore the importance of balancing the trade-off between model complexity and explainability. They advocate for the iterative development of AI systems with iterative feedback loops from clinicians to align the model's logic with clinical reasoning. We propose a framework for the clinical deployment of XAI in breast cancer. Ultimately, XAI, equipped with techniques like Anchors, holds the promise of enhancing precision medicine by making AI-assisted decisions more transparent and trustworthy, empowering clinicians and enabling patients to engage in informed discussions about their treatment options. However, anchors lag in the accuracy of rules and remains a challenge to the AI developers.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4494-4501
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhancing cross-site scripting attack detection by using FastText as word embeddings and long-short term memory

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4923-4932
Muhammad Alkhairi Mashuri , Nico Surantha
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is one of the dangerous cyber-attacks and the number of attacks continues to increase. This study takes a new approach to detect attacks by utilizing FastText as word embedding, and long-short term memory (LSTM), which aims to improve the performance of deep learning. This method is proposed to capture the broader meaning and context of the data used, leading to better feature extraction and model performance. This study not only improves the detection of XSS attacks, but also highlights the potential for better text processing techniques. The results obtained showing this method achieves higher results than other methods, with an accuracy of 99.89%.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4923-4932
Publish at: 2025-12-01

A comprehensive impression on identifying plant diseases using machine learning and deep learning methodologies

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4694-4702
Ravikanth Motupalli , John T Mesia Dhas , Swapna Neerumalla , Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh , Butti Gouthami , Pavan Kumar Ande
Maintaining healthy plants is essential for long-term agricultural production because agriculture is the backbone of many economies. Agricultural productivity is greatly endangered by plant diseases, which result in huge economic losses. Identifying plant diseases using traditional approaches can be quite laborious, time-consuming, and knowledge-intensive. Automated, precise, and quick diagnosis of plant diseases has been made possible by recent developments in artificial intelligence, mainly in deep learning, and machine learning. This study gives a thorough analysis of how machine learning and deep learning are currently being used to detect plant diseases. Methodologies, datasets, evaluation measures, and the inherent difficulties of the area are all examined. In order to better understand these technologies in practical agricultural contexts, this review will try to shed light on their advantages and disadvantages.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4694-4702
Publish at: 2025-12-01

EmoVibe: AI-driven multimodal emotion analysis for mental health via social media dashboards

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4565-4578
Deepali Vora , Aryan Sharma , Mudit Garg , Steve Fransis
Monitoring mental health via social media often utilizes unimodal approaches, such as sentiment analysis on text or single-staged image categorization, or executes early feature fusion. However, in real-world contexts where emotions are conveyed via text, emojis, and images, unimodal approach leads to obscured decision-making pathways and overall diminished performance. To overcome these limitations, we propose EmoVibe, a hybrid multimodal AI framework for emotive analysis. EmoVibe uses attention-based late fusion strategy, where text embeddings are generated from bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) and visual features are extracted by vision transformer. Subsequently, emoticon vectors linked to avatars are processed independently. Later, these independent data features are integrated at higher levels, enhancing interpretability and performance. In contrast to early fusion methods and integrated multimodal large language models (LLMs) like CLIP, Flamingo, GPT-4V, MentaLLaMA, and domain-adapted models like EmoBERTa, EmoVibe preserves modality-specific contexts without premature fusion. This architecture saves processing cost, allowing for clearer, unambiguous rationalization and explanations. EmoVibe outperforms unimodal baselines and early fusion models, obtaining 89.7% accuracy on GoEmotions, FER, and AffectNet, compared to BERT's 87.4% and ResNet-50's 84.2%, respectively. Furthermore, a customizable, real time, privacy-aware dashboard is created, supporting physicians and end users. This technology enables scalable and proactive intervention options and fosters user self-awareness of mental health.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4565-4578
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhancing communication and interaction in the movie industry based SparkMLlib's recommendation system

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4661-4674
Said Chakouk , Abdelkerim Zitouni , Nazif Tchagafo , Ahiod Belaid
In the ever-evolving landscape of streaming platforms, recommendation systems contribute significantly to enhancing the user experience. This article examines the significance of these systems in suggesting movies, analyzing their impact on user satisfaction and platform performance. Utilizing SparkMLlib, a powerful tool for large-scale data processing, we explore various recommendation techniques, including collaborative filtering and content-based filtering. We highlight the dimension of digital communication to further enhance the accuracy of recommendations and foster greater user engagement. Our study also addresses the challenges and future opportunities related to recommendation systems, emphasizing the need for transparency and ethical algorithms. This research highlights the potential for recommendation systems to revolutionize the digital entertainment landscape and shape the future of the movie industry.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4661-4674
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhancing credit card fraud detection with synthetic minority over-sampling technique-integrated extreme learning machine

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4749-4762
Iman Kadhim Ajlan , Mohammed Ibrahim Mahdi , Hayder Murad , Fahad Taha AL-Dhief , Nurhizam Safie , Yasir Hussein Shakir , Ali Hashim Abbas
Many works in cybersecurity detection suffer from low accuracy rates, particularly in real-world applications, where imbalanced datasets and evolving fraud strategies pose significant hurdles. This study introduces an optimized extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm to address these challenges by dynamically adjusting hidden nodes ranging from 10 to 100 with an increment step of 10 and integrating two activation functions. The proposed method utilizes the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) to handle class imbalance effectively and incorporates a comprehensive evaluation using descriptive statistics, visualization, and significance testing. The proposed ELM-SMOTE method achieves the highest results including an accuracy of 99.710%, recall of 85.811%, specificity of 99.743%, and G-mean of 92.068%. These outcomes reflect the robustness and adaptability of the proposed ELM algorithm in detecting fraudulent transactions. This study emphasizes the importance of a holistic performance analysis, addressing gaps in existing methods and providing a scalable framework for real-world fraud detection applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4749-4762
Publish at: 2025-12-01

The use of geographic information systems to measure the financial performance of micro enterprises

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5333-5343
Elfreda Aplonia Lau , Sri Endayani , Umi Kulsum , Andrew Stefano , Abdul Rokhim , Purbawati Purbawati
This study examines the application of geographic information systems (GIS) to measure and visualize the financial performance of micro enterprises in remote areas of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Micro enterprises are crucial to local economies but often face barriers such as limited capital access, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient business training. Using a mixed-method approach, the research combined surveys of 200 micro business owners, secondary economic data, and GIS-based spatial analysis. The results indicate clear spatial disparities: enterprises located closer to financial institutions and training programs achieved 25–30% higher profitability and stronger operational resilience. GIS mapping effectively identified performance clusters and underserved zones, providing actionable insights for targeted policy interventions. Key factors influencing financial outcomes include access to capital, training opportunities, and infrastructure quality. This study demonstrates the value of GIS as a decision-support tool for policymakers in designing spatially informed financial assistance, infrastructure planning, and mobile training deployment. The findings contribute to socio-economic planning discourse and propose a replicable GIS-based framework for strengthening microenterprise resilience in underdeveloped regions.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5333-5343
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Inexpensive human audiometric system using Raspberry Pi and artificial intelligence

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4502-4510
Abdulrafa Hussain Maray , Muataz Akram Hassan , Taha Hussein Marai Al-Hassan
The most common and widespread disease in Iraq is hearing impairment for children and newborns. Also, in cities, people are exposed to high levels of noise, loud sounds at work, like factories, and machinery noise. In this paper, a system was designed and implemented to measure the level of hearing in the human ear, in order to reduce the cost of these devices. This system uses Raspberry Pi 3 microcontrollers, which are considered cheap and have high capabilities in open-source programming. Their abundant availability will lead to the provision of these systems in homes, health centers, and hospitals. In this proposed algorithm, two sine waves are generated by the microcontroller with different frequencies. It is transmitted by the MP3 audio transmission cable through the analog-to-digital (ADC) port. These audio signals are generated at a frequency of (0.5 to 12 kHz), these frequencies are the ones that humans can hear, and they can be represented by pulse width modulator (PWM) technology (x=255 samples). Convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained on the dataset acquired through deep learning algorithms.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4502-4510
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Melanoma classification using ensemble deep transfer learning

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4943-4956
Soumya Gadag , Panduranga Rao Malode Vishwanathac , Virupaxi Balachandra Dalal
Melanoma, a type of skin cancer, poses significant challenges in early detection and diagnosis. Several methods for early melanoma detection, including visual inspection and several machine learning models, face challenges with accuracy. To overcome these issues, deep learning has been widely adopted in various biomedical applications. In this work, we employ deep transfer learning methods to classify melanoma. Firstly, we collect publicly available datasets containing melanoma images, their corresponding ground truth for segmentation, and class labels. Subsequently, we perform data preprocessing, normalization, and label encoding to address issues of varied illumination, image noise, and data imbalance. Next, we conduct feature extraction utilizing the previously trained deep learning models, VGG, ResNet, InceptionResNet, and MobileNet. The characteristic vectors obtained from each model are fused to produce a comprehensive depiction among the provided pictures. In the classification stage, we employ ensemble learning using transfer learning models, including EfficientNet, Xception, and DenseNet. These models are trained on the final feature vector to classify melanoma images effectively. The effectiveness of the suggested method is verified using publicly available ISIC 2017–2020 datasets, these model reports average accuracy scores of 96.10%, 97.23%, 97.50%, 98.33%, and 98.60%, in that order.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4943-4956
Publish at: 2025-12-01
Show 86 of 1995

Discover Our Library

Embark on a journey through our expansive collection of articles and let curiosity lead your path to innovation.

Explore Now
Library 3D Ilustration