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29,922 Article Results

Evaluating cholera vaccine effectiveness in Harare Western District amidst a new outbreak, 2023

10.11591/ijphs.v14i4.26786
Mary Munashe Mwashita , Innocent Hove , Tsitsi Juru , Farai Josphas Chitiyo , Addmore Chadambuka , Gerald Shambira , Notion Gombe , Gibson Mandozana , Mufuta Tshimanga
Following targeted oral cholera vaccination (OCV) in 2018/2019, cholera cases declined. However, by July 17, 2023, Harare Western district reported 98 cases and 3 deaths. We investigated the outbreak to assess the long-term effectiveness of OCV in Harare Western district. We conducted a 1:2 unmatched case-control study among 46 cases and 92 controls. A case was any resident of Harare Western district with laboratory-confirmed cholera infection between April 22, - July 20, 2023. Antimicrobial susceptibility data were analyzed and multivariable logistic regression identified independent factors. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1-OR) x 100). OCV effectiveness was 72o% (95% CI 39-87; p<0.001). The majority of participants were females (52.2%) cases and 51.1% controls. Experiencing a sewage burst [aOR 9.75, 95% CI (2.60 to 36.62)] was an independent risk factor. Handwashing with soap [aOR 0.03,95% CI (0.01 to 0.17)], cholera vaccination [aOR 0.17, 95% CI (0.04 to 0.64)], and having a handwashing facility [aOR 0.04, 95% CI (0.01 to 0.18)] were independent protective factors. A total of 47.2% of boreholes (42/89) and 66.7% of wells (2/3) had excessive coliforms. Cholera strains were largely sensitive to ciprofloxacillin (90%). The outbreak was driven by water, sanitation and hygiene factors. This study provides evidence on long-term effectiveness of two-doses of OCV in an endemic urban setting. Vaccination status relied on participant recall and vaccination cards due to the absence of a central register, and while the study was sufficiently powered to assess the effectiveness of the two-dose regimen, the number of cases limited evaluation of single-dose effectiveness. Implementation of targeted OCV campaigns is recommended.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1635-1646
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Classification system of banana types and ripeness levels based on convolutional neural network

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4891-4901
Lucia Jambola , Arsyad Ramadhan Darlis , Windi Malaha , Dwi Aryanta
Recently, the availability of bananas in supermarkets has been relatively abundant. However, most buyers experience problems categorizing the type and level of ripeness of bananas, so the level of purchases of this fruit decreases. This study implements a system that can automatically classify bananas based on type and level of ripeness so that buyers can choose them based on their needs. In this study, the proposed system could classify the types and degrees of banana ripeness using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) where the system was implemented in real-time using the hardware of the Jetson Nano as a processing unit and a camera system as a sensor. The methodology adopted in this research involves implementing CNN architectures, i.e., ResNet-18 and ResNet-50, under various conditions. The training phase comprises 60 epochs, while testing considers illumination parameters from LED lights with power of 6 watts, 12 watts, and 22 watts under distances ranging from 10 to 100 cm. The results show that the system could classify the type and level of ripeness of bananas in real-time with an accuracy of 93% that is achieved using the 22-watt power for all type and ripeness levels. 
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4891-4901
Publish at: 2025-12-01

A comprehensive impression on identifying plant diseases using machine learning and deep learning methodologies

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4694-4702
Ravikanth Motupalli , John T Mesia Dhas , Swapna Neerumalla , Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh , Butti Gouthami , Pavan Kumar Ande
Maintaining healthy plants is essential for long-term agricultural production because agriculture is the backbone of many economies. Agricultural productivity is greatly endangered by plant diseases, which result in huge economic losses. Identifying plant diseases using traditional approaches can be quite laborious, time-consuming, and knowledge-intensive. Automated, precise, and quick diagnosis of plant diseases has been made possible by recent developments in artificial intelligence, mainly in deep learning, and machine learning. This study gives a thorough analysis of how machine learning and deep learning are currently being used to detect plant diseases. Methodologies, datasets, evaluation measures, and the inherent difficulties of the area are all examined. In order to better understand these technologies in practical agricultural contexts, this review will try to shed light on their advantages and disadvantages.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4694-4702
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Graph based semantic email classification: a novel approach for academic institutions

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5218-5230
Aruna Kumara B. , Madan H. T. , Rashmi C. , Sarvamangala D. R.
Electronic mail classification in educational institutes becomes the fundamental task to manage information efficiently. Due to the globalization and the technological advancement, volume of email users increasing consistently, which in turn increases the volume of digital data exponentially. This necessitates the developing automated email classification systems for the better and organized work. This paper develops a novel graph-based similarity (GBS) approach based on semantic similarity to address these challenges. The method initially selects the most relevant features based on feature weights, later it builds a graph by using Jaccard co efficient method for each category with features as nodes and correlation between the nodes as edges. Later, these graphs are used as templates for each category and classifies each new incoming email into the specific class based on the similarity among the graph templates and a new email. The GBS method was compared with the well-known benchmarked email classifiers and the findings demonstrated that the GBS method outperformed with 98.91% accuracy after fine-tuning of graph parameters and the classifier hyper parameters. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted, achieving a highest area under curve (AUC) score 0.989, demonstrating robust classification proficiency across all categories.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5218-5230
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Large language models for pattern recognition in text data

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5311-5332
Aknur Kosayakova , Kurmashev Ildar , Luigi La Spada , Nida Zeeshan , Makhabbat Bakyt , Moldamurat Khuralay , Omirzak Abdirashev
Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed in settings where both reliability and efficiency matter. We present a calibrated, seed‑robust empirical comparison of an encoder fine‑tuned model (bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT)‑base) and a decoder in‑context model (generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)‑2 small) across Stanford question answering dataset v2.0 (SQuAD v2.0) and general language understanding evaluation (GLUE)-multi-genre natural language inference (MNLI), Stanford sentiment treebank 2 (SST‑2). Beyond accuracy, we assess reliability (expected calibration error with reliability diagrams and confidence–coverage analysis) and efficiency (latency, memory, throughput) under matched conditions and three fixed seeds. BERT‑base yields higher accuracy and lower calibration error, while GPT‑2 narrows gaps under few‑shot prompting but remains more sensitive to prompt design and context length. Efficiency benchmarks show that decoder‑only prompting incurs near‑linear latency/memory growth with k‑shot exemplars, whereas fine‑tuned encoders maintain stable per‑example cost. These findings offer practical guidance on when to prefer fine‑tuning versus prompting and demonstrate that reliability must be evaluated alongside accuracy for risk‑aware deployment.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5311-5332
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Support vector machine performance: simulation and rice phenology application

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4878-4890
Hengki Muradi , Asep Saefuddin , I Made Sumertajaya , Agus Mohamad Soleh , Dede Dirgahayu Domiri
In the case of classification, model accuracy is expected to result in correct predictions. This study aims to analyze the performance of two kinds of support vector machine (SVM) methods: the support vector machine one versus one (SVM OvO) method and the generalized multiclass support vector machine (GenSVM) method. This method will compare to the generalized linear model, namely the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) method. Simulations were conducted using SVM OvO and GenSVM methods to get an overview of the parameters affecting both methods' performance. Furthermore, the three classification methods are implemented in the case of modelling the rice phenology and tested for performance. Simulation results show that, however, the SVM OvO and GenSVM machine learning methods are sensitive to the choice of model parameters. The empirical study results show that the SVM OvO and GenSVM methods can produce satisfactory model accuracy and are comparable to the MLR method. The best rice phenology model accuracy was obtained from the SVM OvO model, where 79.20 ± 0.21 overall accuracy and 70.69 ± 0.29 kappa were obtained. This research can be continued by handling samples, especially when class members are a minority, and can also add random effects to the SVM model.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4878-4890
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Hybrid AI framework for anomaly detection and root cause analysis in multi-agent systems

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5290-5302
Tahri Rachid , Ouammou Abdellah , Lasbahani Abdellatif , Abdessamad Jarrar , Balouki Youssef
Anomaly detection and root cause analysis (RCA) are critical for securing intelligent systems against evolving threats. Traditional models often suffer from high false alarms, weak adaptability to streaming contexts, and limited interpretability. This work proposes a hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) framework that integrates machine learning (ML) with prior knowledge, semantic rules, and bio-inspired modeling. The approach strengthens detection of diverse attacks, including DoS/DDoS, Probe, U2R, and R2L, while reducing human intervention. Experiments on the NSL-KDD dataset demonstrate that our method decreases spurious alerts by up to 90%, improves accuracy by 2–4%, and reduces false positives/negatives by about 4%. Beyond statistical gains, the framework ensures robustness in real-time environments, offering interpretable and scalable anomaly detection for heterogeneous systems. These results highlight the potential of hybrid symbolic–subsymbolic AI to enhance reliability in next-generation security infrastructures.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5290-5302
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Arabic text classification using machine learning and deep learning algorithms

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5201-5217
Rawad Awad Alqahtani , Hoda A. Abdelhafez
The classification of Arabic textual content presents considerable challenges due to the language's rich morphological structure and the wide variation among its dialects. This study aims to enhance classification accuracy by leveraging ensemble learning techniques and a deep bidirectional transformer-based model, specifically the multilingual autoregressive BERT (MARBERT). To address linguistic variability, advanced preprocessing techniques were employed, including Farasa, Tashaphyne, and Assem stemming methods. The Al Khaleej dataset served as the basis for supervised learning, providing a representative sample of Arabic text. Furthermore, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) with bigram and trigram feature extraction was utilized to effectively capture contextual semantics. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach, particularly with the integration of MARBERT, achieves a peak classification accuracy of 98.59%, outperforming existing models. This research underscores the efficacy of combining ensemble learning with deep transformer-based models for Arabic text classification and highlights the critical role of robust preprocessing techniques in managing linguistic complexity and improving model performance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 5201-5217
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Classifying classical music’s therapeutic effects using deep learning: a review

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4933-4942
Angelin Angelin , Samuel Ady Sanjaya , Dinar Ajeng Kristiyanti
Mental health issues are the leading cause of global disability, increasing the need for treatment options. While there is much research on the emotional recognition of music in general, there is a gap in studies that directly connect musical features with their therapeutic effects using deep learning. This systematic literature review explores the use of deep learning in classifying the therapeutic effects of classical music for mental health. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework, a total of 15 papers were reviewed. This review synthesized studies on the role of musical elements that affect mental states. Different feature extraction methods, including mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), spectral contrast, and chroma features, are discussed for their roles in classifying these therapeutic effects. This review also looks at deep learning algorithms like convolutional neural network (CNN), deep neural network (DNN), long short-term memory (LSTM) network, and combined models to assess their effectiveness. Common evaluation methods are also assessed to measure the performance of these models in audio classification. This review highlights the potential of combining deep learning with classical music for mental health support, and to future possibilities for applying these methods in the real world.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4933-4942
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Deep learning approaches for Braille detection and classification: comparative analysis

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4652-4660
Surekha Janrao , Tavion Fernandes , Ojas Golatkar , Swaraj Dusane
This study proposes a hybrid approach to Braille translation leveraging the strengths of both YOLO for object detection and multitude of classification models such as ResNet, and ResNet for accurate Braille character classification from images. Upon comparing numerous models on various performance metrics, ResNet and DenseNet outperformed other models, exhibiting high accuracy (0.9487 and 0.9647 respectively) and F1-scores (0.9481 and 0.9666) due to their deep, densely connected architectures adept at capturing intricate Braille patterns. CNNs with pooling showed balanced results, while MobileNetV2's lightweight design limited complex classification. ResNeXt's multi-path learning achieved respectable performance but lagged behind ResNet and DenseNet. In the future the results from our study could be further explored on contracted Braille recognition, be adapted to various Braille codes, and optimized for mobile devices, for real time Braille detection and translation on smartphones.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4652-4660
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhancing credit card fraud detection with synthetic minority over-sampling technique-integrated extreme learning machine

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4749-4762
Iman Kadhim Ajlan , Mohammed Ibrahim Mahdi , Hayder Murad , Fahad Taha AL-Dhief , Nurhizam Safie , Yasir Hussein Shakir , Ali Hashim Abbas
Many works in cybersecurity detection suffer from low accuracy rates, particularly in real-world applications, where imbalanced datasets and evolving fraud strategies pose significant hurdles. This study introduces an optimized extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm to address these challenges by dynamically adjusting hidden nodes ranging from 10 to 100 with an increment step of 10 and integrating two activation functions. The proposed method utilizes the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) to handle class imbalance effectively and incorporates a comprehensive evaluation using descriptive statistics, visualization, and significance testing. The proposed ELM-SMOTE method achieves the highest results including an accuracy of 99.710%, recall of 85.811%, specificity of 99.743%, and G-mean of 92.068%. These outcomes reflect the robustness and adaptability of the proposed ELM algorithm in detecting fraudulent transactions. This study emphasizes the importance of a holistic performance analysis, addressing gaps in existing methods and providing a scalable framework for real-world fraud detection applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4749-4762
Publish at: 2025-12-01

EmoVibe: AI-driven multimodal emotion analysis for mental health via social media dashboards

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4565-4578
Deepali Vora , Aryan Sharma , Mudit Garg , Steve Fransis
Monitoring mental health via social media often utilizes unimodal approaches, such as sentiment analysis on text or single-staged image categorization, or executes early feature fusion. However, in real-world contexts where emotions are conveyed via text, emojis, and images, unimodal approach leads to obscured decision-making pathways and overall diminished performance. To overcome these limitations, we propose EmoVibe, a hybrid multimodal AI framework for emotive analysis. EmoVibe uses attention-based late fusion strategy, where text embeddings are generated from bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) and visual features are extracted by vision transformer. Subsequently, emoticon vectors linked to avatars are processed independently. Later, these independent data features are integrated at higher levels, enhancing interpretability and performance. In contrast to early fusion methods and integrated multimodal large language models (LLMs) like CLIP, Flamingo, GPT-4V, MentaLLaMA, and domain-adapted models like EmoBERTa, EmoVibe preserves modality-specific contexts without premature fusion. This architecture saves processing cost, allowing for clearer, unambiguous rationalization and explanations. EmoVibe outperforms unimodal baselines and early fusion models, obtaining 89.7% accuracy on GoEmotions, FER, and AffectNet, compared to BERT's 87.4% and ResNet-50's 84.2%, respectively. Furthermore, a customizable, real time, privacy-aware dashboard is created, supporting physicians and end users. This technology enables scalable and proactive intervention options and fosters user self-awareness of mental health.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4565-4578
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhancing communication and interaction in the movie industry based SparkMLlib's recommendation system

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4661-4674
Said Chakouk , Abdelkerim Zitouni , Nazif Tchagafo , Ahiod Belaid
In the ever-evolving landscape of streaming platforms, recommendation systems contribute significantly to enhancing the user experience. This article examines the significance of these systems in suggesting movies, analyzing their impact on user satisfaction and platform performance. Utilizing SparkMLlib, a powerful tool for large-scale data processing, we explore various recommendation techniques, including collaborative filtering and content-based filtering. We highlight the dimension of digital communication to further enhance the accuracy of recommendations and foster greater user engagement. Our study also addresses the challenges and future opportunities related to recommendation systems, emphasizing the need for transparency and ethical algorithms. This research highlights the potential for recommendation systems to revolutionize the digital entertainment landscape and shape the future of the movie industry.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4661-4674
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Melanoma classification using ensemble deep transfer learning

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4943-4956
Soumya Gadag , Panduranga Rao Malode Vishwanathac , Virupaxi Balachandra Dalal
Melanoma, a type of skin cancer, poses significant challenges in early detection and diagnosis. Several methods for early melanoma detection, including visual inspection and several machine learning models, face challenges with accuracy. To overcome these issues, deep learning has been widely adopted in various biomedical applications. In this work, we employ deep transfer learning methods to classify melanoma. Firstly, we collect publicly available datasets containing melanoma images, their corresponding ground truth for segmentation, and class labels. Subsequently, we perform data preprocessing, normalization, and label encoding to address issues of varied illumination, image noise, and data imbalance. Next, we conduct feature extraction utilizing the previously trained deep learning models, VGG, ResNet, InceptionResNet, and MobileNet. The characteristic vectors obtained from each model are fused to produce a comprehensive depiction among the provided pictures. In the classification stage, we employ ensemble learning using transfer learning models, including EfficientNet, Xception, and DenseNet. These models are trained on the final feature vector to classify melanoma images effectively. The effectiveness of the suggested method is verified using publicly available ISIC 2017–2020 datasets, these model reports average accuracy scores of 96.10%, 97.23%, 97.50%, 98.33%, and 98.60%, in that order.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4943-4956
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Deep learning-based evaluation for distributed denial of service attacks detection

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4982-4992
Neethu S. , H. V. Ravish Aradhya , Viswavardhan Reddy Karna
Software-defined network (SDN) introduces a programmable and centralized control mechanism for managing network infrastructure, enhancing flexibility and efficiency. However, this architecture is prone to security threats, particularly distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks that exploit centralized control. This study presents a comparative analysis of several deep learning (DL) models—namely, multilayer perceptron (MLP), artificial neural network (ANN), convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM)—for detecting DDoS threats within SDN environments. The research incorporates key preprocessing techniques such as feature selection and synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) to handle class imbalance. The results indicate that sequence-aware models like LSTM and RNN are highly effective in interpreting temporal network behavior, with LSTM achieving the highest performance (accuracy: 91%, precision: 86%, recall: 94%, and F1-score: 90%). These findings underscore the potential of advanced DL methods in fortifying SDN infrastructures against complex cyber threats.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4982-4992
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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