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Control strategy for the combined operation of grid-connected inverter and charger

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i2.pp1396-1407
Quang-Tho Tran , Quang-Sang Le
Solar power sources and electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly used because of their environmental friendliness and sustainability. They are typically connected to the power grid through devices such as inverters and chargers to either generate or receive electrical energy. These devices contain a DC voltage bus. Therefore, the combined control of these two types of devices can improve their overall operational efficiency. This article proposes a grid-connected converter with an integrated battery-charging function. In addition, it presents a control strategy for the coordinated operation of this converter during both charging and power generation at the DC bus. In this algorithm, the battery is treated as a priority load, which allows the system to eliminate the AC-DC converter used in conventional chargers. A total peak power of 9 kWp is used to investigate the processes of power generation and battery charging. The total harmonic distortions of grid current are less than 2.86% in different operational cases and meet the grid codes. The obtained results are analyzed under varying irradiance conditions to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Page: 1396-1407
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Simulation and comparison of trapezoidal triangle carrier signal with different reference signal for 1500 V DC bus 3 level ANPC inverter

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp492-504
Miteshkumar N. Priyadarshi , Sandeep Chakravorty
High voltage application to generate staircase output to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD), the multilevel topologies gaining more and more attractions, and new topologies have been developed. This paper discuss about the advantage of active neutral point clamp (ANPC) topology over neutral point clamp (NPC), flying capacitor neutral point clamp (FCNPC) and T-type neutral point clamp (TNPC) topologies are discussed when it used for DC bus voltage of 1500 V. For ANPC topology several PWM techniques are used to calculate the total harmonic distortion, including phase opposition pulse width modulation (PODPWM), phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM), and alternative phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation (APODPWM), phase shifted pulse width modulation (PSPWM), bus clamping PWM (BCPWM), trapezoidal triangle PWM (TRPWM), third harmonic injected PWM (THIPWM), and sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), three-phase sinusoidal signals with a 13th harmonic signal (THISDPWM). Also, the parasitic inductance model of ANPC topology is discussed. To use 1200 V switching device the most efficient PWM technique for a 1500 V DC bus, 3 phase 3 level ANPC inverter is determined by comparing the RMS value of phase voltage, THD, and peak voltage across the switching device. PSIM has been used to simulate a 3 level inverter using various PWM techniques.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 492-504
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Dual mode control of an integrated on-board charger powered BLDC drive

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i2.pp1058-1068
Caroline Ann Sam , Varghese Jegathesan
The high adoption of electric vehicles in transportation has created a demand for compact, efficient, and cost-effective charging solutions for them. Conventional onboard chargers are often bulky, which adds to the overall cost of the drive system, whereas off-board charging infrastructure remains limited. In order to address these issues, this work illustrates the design and modelling of an active power factor corrected integrated onboard charger which gets reconfigured from the electric vehicle drive train components. The proposed circuit setup is designed to work in dual mode, i.e., in the role of a DC-DC converter while charging the vehicle battery and as a three-phase inverter while driving the vehicle. The front-end power factor correction circuit, in addition to the reconfigured DC-DC converter, charges the 24 V, 20 Ah lead acid battery under constant current constant voltage (CC-CV) mode, achieving a power factor close to unity. Modelling and control of the proposed 200 W reconfigurable converter-fed 24 V, 180 W brushless direct current (BLDC) drive is validated using MATLAB/ Simulink Software. Simulation results demonstrate a power factor of 0.996 in grid-connected operation with a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 4.96%. The proposed architecture achieves a compact structure with only 8 switches enabling charging, propulsion and regenerative braking operation. The proposed converter thus contributes to a cost-effective electric vehicle and provides the scope of future extension to vehicle to home (V2H), vehicle to load (V2L), and vehicle to vehicle (V2V) applications as well.
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Page: 1058-1068
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Analysis of CCS implementation in Indonesia’s coal fired power plants, economic optimization, and potential impact on Java-Bali grid for future decarbonization

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp927-941
Anggit Raksajati , Sanggono Adisasmito , Veri Hendrayawan
This study aims to evaluate impact of retrofitting carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology on coal fired power plants (CFPP) in Indonesia. Using a representative 3×330 MW CFPP, the integration of CCS increases the levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) to 124 USD/MWh. Key cost components include CO₂ capture (21.7%), energy penalty from steam extraction (18.5%), and CO₂ transport and injection (16.7%). Sensitivity analysis indicates that CCS becomes financially viable under a high carbon cap (0.9 tCO₂/MWh) and a carbon tax of 76 USD/tCO₂. Meanwhile, International carbon markets offer a potential revenue at 75 USD/tCO₂ can fully offset CCS costs. Additionally, CAPEX grants can reduce LCoE to 12.4%, serving to mitigate upfront investment for CCS deployment. Within the Java-Bali grid, CFPP account for 58.8% of the generation mix with 41% aged 10-20 years using predominantly subcritical technology while 28% are over 20 years old and follow natural retirement being replaced by renewable energy. CCS retrofitting is more economically and technically viable for mid aged plants with newer technologies and lower emission intensities, supporting grid stability with limited renewable base load availability. This strategy also serves as a transitional pathway toward long term renewable integration until the LCoE of PV+BESS falls below 50 USD/MWh.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 927-941
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Performance degradation analysis of induction motors using Simulink and hybrid method

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp525-534
Kamrai Janprom , Sittadach Morkmechai , Natchanun Prainetr , Supachai Prainetr
Voltage unbalance faults (VUF) have a significant adverse impact on the performance and operational lifespan of induction motors. This paper presents a hybrid method that integrates multi-sensor analysis to evaluate induction motor behavior under different levels of electrical fault conditions. The research methodology comprises the development of a three-phase induction motor model in MATLAB/Simulink, combined with experimental monitoring of current, voltage, rotational speed, acoustic signals, and torque. The collected data are analyzed using linear regression to quantify performance degradation. The results indicate that increasing fault severity correlates with reductions in motor efficiency and operational stability. Furthermore, a hybrid technique incorporating modulation analysis of acoustic signals derived from vibration and resonance is proposed to improve the accuracy of efficiency and loss estimation. This approach outperforms conventional methods and demonstrates strong potential for industrial applications, as it effectively mitigates the negative effects of voltage supply faults.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 525-534
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Rule-based energy management strategies for a hybrid microgrid using grey wolf optimizer

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp858-879
Sarmid Shakir Abdulsattar , Chee Wei Tan , Shahrin Ayob , Yasir Shakir Abdulsattar , Ahmed Tijjani Dahiru , Chin Kim Gan , Kwan Yiew Lau
This study utilizes grid-connected microgrids using photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines (WTs) in a residential system. For improved reliability, the system uses battery storage and diesel generators (Dgen). The proposed system uses supervisory controllers (as a rule-based energy management system) for energy management strategy implementations. The essence of using the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is to strategize the rule-based energy management system in the proposed microgrid operations. The primary objectives are to achieve a low levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and determine the optimal number of microgrid components. The performance of the GWO is compared with three other optimization algorithms, namely, antlion optimizer (ALO), particle swarm optimizer (PSO), and cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), for benchmarking purposes. The findings indicate that the proposed GWO supersedes ALO, PSO, and CSO in energy cost reduction by 30.3% (0.0448 $/kWh), 65.6% (0.0971 $/kWh), and 120% (0.1774 $/kWh), respectively. The suggested algorithm selects the optimum number of the system’s components, which is 46 PV modules, 30 wind turbines, and 10 units of batteries. An improved GWO-based algorithm based on hybridization with gradient descent algorithms is envisaged to implement a customer-centered energy management that can ensure customer satisfaction and further reduce energy cost.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 858-879
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Hourly scheduling of thermal units utilizing an innovative hybrid approach

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp600-609
Vempalle Rafi , Shaik Hussain Vali , Sadhu Radha Krishna , Uppuluri Suryavalli , M. Rajesh , Sayapogu Prateepkumar
The producing unit must be turned on at a time that meets the power system network's needs. It also determines the order of unit shutdowns based on cost. Unit commitment includes computation and turning units on and off. Committed units are planned to join the power system network. The combinatorial character of unit commitment makes it a crucial research issue and optimization job in contemporary power system. In order to effectively use the available resources and equalize the load demand on an hourly basis, unit commitment might be used. In order to solve an optimization issue involving unit commitment, this work introduces a new hybrid approach that combines a whale optimization algorithm (WOA) with a self-organizing migration algorithm (SOMA). An important part of any migration loop is the WOA technique, which is used to evaluate the optimum strength population from the populations that are created stochastically. The suggested hybrid approach is evaluated using two test systems. Before moving on to the IEEE 39 bus system, a four-unit system is implemented. The efficiency of the suggested hybrid WAOSOMA is addressed by comparing the generated simulation results with approaches found in the literature.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 600-609
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Wind direction based aggregation of wind power plants under exact wind speeds

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp818-830
Ali M. S. Al-Bayati , Huda Hamza Abdulkhudhur
Modeling of a wind power plant (WPP) containing numerous wind turbines in a highly detailed manner requires a substantial computational cost. Further, the response and dynamic behavior of the WPP systems are significantly influenced by the dynamic nature of wind speed. This paper presents a methodology of aggregating WPP systems with consideration for wind speed directions. To attain a realistic aggregated model, an algorithm for calculating actual exact wind speed at each wind turbine within the WPP was proposed considering different wind speed directions. Furthermore, the best wind speed direction for a fixed site area that produces a minimum wind energy losses inside the WPP was also assessed and reported. The results revealed the importance of employing the exact wind speed calculations within the WPP to ensure that the aggregated WPP model accurately represents real-world conditions. The results of this paper highlighted the role of wind direction in determining the response of WPPs and provide guidance on maximizing the WPP throughput during the year under the prevailing wind speed direction at the site.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 818-830
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Self tuning of output scaling factor for type-2 interval fuzzy controllers

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp480-491
Mouna Ghanai , Kheireddine Chafaa , Ali Medjghou , Nadia Bounouara
In this study presents a self-tuning type-2 fuzzy logic controller framework, which operates on the principle of continuously adjusting the controller structure by modifying the controller gain (scaling factor) as a function of the error and its rate of change, in order to achieve optimal control performance. The proposed structure is both simple and robust, with real-time gain adaptation facilitated by two type-2 fuzzy systems; the first one containing the rules of control task for speed regulation, and the second one containing the rules for the adaptation of the scaling factor. Both systems have the same inputs error and its variation. This work specifically focuses on tuning the output scaling factor, which is considered equivalent to the controller gain. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated through its application to the control of an induction machine, a system known for its complexity and strong nonlinearity. Simulation results demonstrate that the fuzzy controller significantly enhances performance, even under challenging operating conditions such as low-speed regimes.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 480-491
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Sliding mode control of a solar powered switched-inductor based quadratic DC-DC converter for sustainable EV battery charging application

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp712-723
Jawahar Marimuthu , Edward Rajan Samuel Nadar
The growing demand for sustainable transportation and fast charging solutions requires efficient power conversion technologies for solar electric vehicles or electric vehicles (SEVs/EVs). A non-isolated solar-powered switched-inductor quadratic DC-DC converter is proposed here to achieve high voltage gain in a practical way under reduced stress on power devices. A switched-inductor network blended with CCM operation avoids the extremely high duty cycles and high electromagnetic interference in conventional boost converters. A sliding mode control (SMC) strategy is applied here to improve robustness against parameter variations, ensure stable operation against dynamic load variations, and extract maximum power during solar-powered charging operation. This makes the topological platform proposed in this study especially suitable for a wide variety of applications, such as for SEVs and fast-charging applications of EVs. Detailed MATLAB/Simulink analyses along with a laboratory-scale prototype verify the performance of the converter under practical operation conditions and confirm the high efficiency of 91-96% at varied irradiance, low voltage ripple of 0.5-1.5% of output voltage and input current ripple of 5-12% of input current, reduced switching losses of 1-4%, and suitability of the presented converter for renewable-energy-based transportation systems.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 712-723
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Mathematical modelling and automated control strategies for sugarcane crushing system of sugar factory

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp554-564
Govind Singh Jethi , Sandeep Sunori , Surya Kant , Pradeep Juneja
Mathematical models form the basis of automation and digitalization. Control and optimization of industrial processes are important for increasing productivity and efficiency, especially in the sugar industry. This research focuses on modeling and controlling the juice extraction process, which is an important activity in sugar production. The mathematical model is obtained by creating a variable based on simple equations where the cane level in the Donnelly channel is the input and the juice output. The model captures the complexity of the process and provides a solid basis for the design of control systems. Two advanced control concepts: H-infinity control and model control (MPC) were used in MATLAB to meet the criteria. While H-infinity control provides performance in the presence of uncertainty and disturbances, MPC optimizes control performance by predicting future results. This paper observes and compares the results of two control systems to analyze their performance. This comparison highlights the advantages and limitations of each method. The research results are of great importance for increasing the efficiency and reliability of industrial processes in the sugar industry.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 554-564
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Impact of synchronous condensers on voltage stability in systems with high renewable energy penetration

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp760-769
Juan Esteban Rodríguez Quiroga , Mario A. Rios
The rapid integration of renewable energy sources (RES) poses significant challenges to power system reliability, particularly regarding voltage stability and reduced loadability margins. This study investigates the impact of synchronous condensers as a mitigation strategy to enhance stability in grids with high renewable penetration. The research objective is to evaluate how these devices influence loadability margins while considering the inherent stochastic nature of RES. The methodology employs PV curves for static voltage stability assessment, utilizing the 2m+1 point estimate method (PEM) to model uncertainty with high computational efficiency. This approach allows for the calculation of statistical indicators, including mean values, standard deviations, and confidence intervals for loadability margins. Simulations were conducted on the IEEE reliability test system (RTS) using NEPLAN360 software. The results demonstrate that the deployment of synchronous condensers (SCs) significantly improves voltage stability by increasing load margins and reducing the standard deviation of uncertainty. Conclusions indicate that these devices are effective reactive power compensators that provide a more robust operational environment against RES variability. Future research will focus on the optimal sizing and placement of these compensators to further maximize grid security.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 760-769
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Analyzing the ability of capacitor energy in a modular multilevel converter to support inertia in an AC system

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp646-662
Dunya Sh. Wais , Huda A. Abbood
Flexible DC transmission systems based on modular multilevel converters have the potential to support the inertia of AC power grids by using sub-module capacitor energy storage. However, existing studies generally believe that the inertia provided by flexible DC systems is limited by their energy storage time constants, which is weaker than that of synchronous motors, and lacks quantitative indicators to measure their support strength. Introducing the flexible-DC equivalent inertia constant (FDEIC) as a precise metric for assessing inertia support under different management schemes, this research presents a new analytical framework based on frequency responses. Results show that the inertial response is influenced by control bandwidth, DC-voltage dynamics, and circulating-current behaviour. A more generalized multi-terminal FDEIC is created to account for the impact of raised total capacitor energy, and the theory is further expanded to cover DC grids with more than one terminal. A three-terminal flexible DC grid simulation model is built in the PSCAD environment, and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed quantitative analysis method.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 646-662
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Super-twisting sliding mode control for enhanced performance of grid-connected PV systems with H-bridge multilevel inverter

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp464-479
CH. Venkata Amarnadh , T. Vijay Muni , T. Anuradha Devi , Rakesh Teerdala , M. Kiran Kumar , Kambhampati Venkata Govardhan Rao
This paper presents an enhanced control strategy for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system employing a novel H-bridge multilevel inverter (MLI). The key contribution of this work lies in replacing the conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller with a super-twisting sliding mode controller (STSMC) for DC-link voltage regulation. Unlike earlier approaches that suffer from slow response, steady-state errors, and limited robustness under varying solar and temperature conditions, the proposed STSMC ensures faster transient response, finite-time convergence, and strong disturbance rejection without the chattering problem of classical sliding mode controllers. Another distinctive aspect of this study is the integration of STSMC with direct model predictive control (DMPC) for grid current regulation, enabling accurate reference current generation and improved synchronization. The novel H-bridge MLI topology further enhances system efficiency by reducing the number of switches while producing a seven-level output with lower total harmonic distortion (THD). Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy achieves superior performance compared to the conventional PI-based system, with improvements in voltage stability, current quality, and reduced THD. These findings confirm the novelty and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for reliable and efficient PV grid integration.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 464-479
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Adaptive P&O algorithm for fast and acurate maximum power point tracking for PV system

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp590-599
Fathurrahman Fathurrahman , Rika Sri Utami , Akhyar Akhyar , Khairun Saddami
In this study, we proposed an adaptive perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm designed for efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems. This method addresses key challenges in solar energy systems, including variability in solar irradiation and partial shading conditions. The proposed method introduced a dynamic and adaptive in adjusting the step size of the P&O as it nears the maximum power point (MPP), enhancing tracking precision and reducing energy losses. To show the ability of the proposed, we compared it with the conventional P&O and GWO & P&O. The proposed adaptive P&O MPPT algorithm consistently maintains near ideal tracking efficiency of ≈99.7% across various irradiance scenarios, significantly outperforming conventional P&O, which drops to 74.45% under partial shading. Overall, it achieves an average efficiency of 99.71%, surpassing hybrid P&O GWO (99.52%) and conventional P&O (91.30%), demonstrating superior reliability and energy harvesting performance. The results indicated that the proposed could reduce power deviations and obtain greater accuracy in detecting MPP. The study confirms the method's potential for optimizing energy extraction and suggests further refinement for broader applicability. This advancement represents a significant step in enhancing the reliability and efficiency of PV systems in both grid-connected and off-grid applications.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 590-599
Publish at: 2026-06-01
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