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31,458 Article Results

Nutritional profile and immunomodulatory potential of a polyherbal honey formulation for stunted children

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.23026
Akrom Akrom , Titiek Hidayati , Arif Budi Setianto , Laela Hayu Nurani , Ikhwan Dahlan Rais , Nurkhasanah Nurkhasanah , Lukman Hardia , Prasasti Bintarum , Muslih Anwar
Stunting remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia and has been linked to immune dysregulation, including increased pro-inflammatory TNF-α and reduced anti-inflammatory IL-4 activity. Nutrient-dense polyherbal supplementation may provide a complementary strategy to support nutritional status and immune function. This experimental study investigated the nutritional composition and immunomodulatory activity of polyherbal honey (PHH) formulated with curcuma xanthorrhiza, black cumin seeds, and honey. Vitamins, minerals, and bioactive constituents were characterized using laboratory assays. The immunomodulatory effects of PHH were subsequently evaluated in HTB-183 cells by measuring IL-4 and TNF-α expression after exposure to different formulation concentrations. The analysis confirmed the presence of vitamins A, C, and E; calcium and potassium; and several bioactive compounds in the PHH formulation. PHH exposure increased IL-4 expression and reduced TNF-α expression relative to untreated cells, although the magnitude of these responses varied across concentrations. These findings demonstrate that PHH contains nutritional and phytochemical constituents with potential immunomodulatory activity. Further preclinical and clinical investigations are required to determine its efficacy and safety as complementary nutritional support for children with stunting.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 821-830
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Predictors of blood pressure among adults: the role of lifestyle and body composition

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.27128
Evelin Malinti , Yunus Elon , Mori Agustina br Perangin-angin
Hypertension is influenced by multiple biological and behavioral factors; however, the relative contributions of body age and body composition remain unclear. This study examined the associations of lifestyle behaviors, body age, and body composition with blood pressure among 167 adults in Indonesia using a cross-sectional design. Lifestyle score, body age, body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass, total body fat percentage, and blood pressure were assessed using standardized procedures. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Body age was the only significant predictor of systolic blood pressure (β = .311, p = .002). In contrast, skeletal muscle mass (β = .172, p = .030) and total body fat percentage (β = .248, p = .017) were significant positive predictors of diastolic blood pressure. Lifestyle score and BMI were not significant predictors in the regression models. These findings suggest that physiological aging and body composition are more strongly associated with blood pressure than lifestyle behaviors. Incorporating body age and body composition assessments into cardiovascular risk screening may improve hypertension prevention and early intervention strategies.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 669-677
Publish at: 2026-09-01

NFC technology improving depressive symptoms in adolescents with depression: quasi-experimental study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.27129
Susaree Prakhinkit , Adjara Titawattanaku
Depression is a critical global mental health problem that occurs frequently in adolescent in Thailand and can lead to severe consequences, including suicide. Near field communication (NFC) provides a new way for accessing user to data of mental health care. The objectives this study was to determine the effects of NFC on depressive symptoms. A quasi-experimental two-group pretest-posttest was designed. The provincial school was randomly allocated to the control group CON, NFC groups. Each group consisted 50 participants aged 16-18 years who had depression scores 22 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). The NFC group used NFC-enabled smartphones and NFC tags for four weeks in their home environment. The first paticipants were assigned developing self awareness, the second were assigned emotional expression, third were assigned coping strategies, the finally the participants were recieved reflection activity, and SC group received standard care and followed their normal daily routines. After completing intervention, participans responded CES-D. The results indicated that depressive symptoms in the NFC group significantly decreased post-intervention compared to the baseline p < .05. Furthermore, the NFC group demonstrated significantly lower depression scores than the control group after completing the program p < .05. In conclusion, NFC technology is an effective decreasing depressive symptom in adolescents with depression.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 887-892
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Multimodal non-hormonal intervention with phytoestrogen nutrition and Damask rose aromatherapy improves quality of life in early menopausal women: a quasi-experimental study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.27078
Putri Dewi Anggraini , Ratih Kumala Dewi , Luluk Khusnul Dwihestie , Benedicta Audrey Putri Trisnadewi , Ratih Paramastuti
Early menopause and perimenopause are increasingly recognized as critical women’s health issues due to their substantial hormonal instability, heightened symptom burden, and negative impact on quality of life. Safe non-hormonal interventions remain limited, particularly in community settings, despite growing evidence supporting phytoestrogens and mind body therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week holistic intervention integrating phytoestrogen nutrition, Damask rose aromatherapy, and guided relaxation on hormonal regulation, metabolic markers, menopausal symptoms, and quality of life among early menopausal and perimenopausal women. Using a quasi-experimental design, 44 participants received soy-based dietary supplementation, nightly aromatherapy, and structured relaxation practices, with pre-post assessments of estradiol, lipid profile, fasting glucose, Menopausal Rating Scale (MRS), and Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL). The intervention produced significant improvements across all domains, including increased estradiol (p < 0.001), reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and fasting glucose (p = 0.001-0.003), and substantial reductions in menopausal symptoms and psychological distress (p < 0.001). Early menopausal women exhibited greater improvements, reflecting their higher biological sensitivity to multimodal interventions. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrated, non-hormonal strategies to address complex menopausal changes, with practical implications for community-based women’s health programs. Study limitations include the modest sample size and quasi-experimental design, highlighting the need for larger controlled trials.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 763-776
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Red spinach flour substitution in cookies: effects on iron content, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability for anemia prevention

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.27105
Yeni Tutu Rohimah , Dwi Retna Prihati , Titik Lestari
Iron deficiency anemia affects approximately 30% of Indonesian women of reproductive age, underscoring the urgent need for affordable, iron-rich food interventions. This study investigated the effect of red Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) flour substitution on iron content, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability of composite flour cookies. A completely randomized design was employed with five substitution levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), each with three replications, yielding 15 experimental units of cookie batches. Iron content was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, antioxidant activity via the DPPH method, and sensory acceptability through hedonic testing by 30 semi-trained panelists. Results demonstrated that iron content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with higher substitution levels, while antioxidant activity improved from very weak to moderate categories. However, sensory acceptability declined significantly at substitution levels of 30% and above, particularly in color and taste attributes. The 20% substitution level emerged as the optimal formulation, achieving substantially elevated iron content contributing meaningfully toward the recommended dietary allowance per serving, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and maintained good sensory acceptability across all attributes. These findings suggest that red Amaranth-substituted cookies represent a feasible, community-level dietary strategy for complementing existing iron deficiency anemia prevention programs in Indonesia.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 839-847
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Association between exclusive breastfeeding and stunting among toddlers in a high-burden rural community of South Central Timor: a cross-sectional study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.26943
Roslin E. M. Sormin , Emanuel Gerald Alan Rahmat
This cross-sectional study assessed the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and stunting among toddlers in Batuputih, South-Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Conducted in July 2025, it involved 52 children aged 6-59 months using total sampling. Exclusive breastfeeding history was obtained through caregiver interviews and verified with health records to reduce recall bias. Height-for-age z-scores were measured using WHO standards, and data were analyzed with Fisher’s exact test and penalized logistic regression with Firth correction to address the small sample size. Stunting prevalence was 59.6%, while exclusive breastfeeding coverage reached 82.7%. All toddlers who were not exclusively breastfed were stunted. Regression analysis confirmed a strong protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against stunting (OR 0.05; 95% CI 0.003-0.92; p = 0.012), which remained significant after adjusting for birth weight, sex, recent illness, and maternal education. These findings highlight exclusive breastfeeding as a critical protective factor in high-burden rural settings. Yet, the persistence of stunting despite high coverage underscores the need for integrated strategies at the primary health-care and district levels. Strengthening breastfeeding counseling must be complemented by maternal nutrition, infection prevention, and sanitation improvements within broader stunting prevention frameworks tailored to rural Timorese communities.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 745-752
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Comparative study of hospital stay duration among cesarean section patients using ERACS and conventional care in Lampung, Indonesia

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.26890
Anita Anita , Muhammad Abduh Musyaffa
This study is important to evaluate the impact of the effectiveness of the enhanced recovery after cesarean section (ERACS) method compared to conventional care on the length of hospital stay in cesarean patients in Lampung, Indonesia, considering the increasing number of cesarean sections and the need to optimize patient recovery and reduce care costs. This research is a quantitative study using a retrospective observational design. The total population was 210, with 102 samples (51 ERACS groups: 51 conventional groups) taken using purposive sampling. The research was conducted from March to September 2025 at Anugerah Medical Center and Yukum Medical Center Hospital Lampung. Inclusion criteria included cesarean patients aged ≥18 years, with written consent, ERACS, and conventional eligible. Exclusion criteria were complications, previous surgery, and chronic medical conditions. The ERACS group had a mean length of stay of 1.10 days (86.3% stayed 1 day), while the conventional method had a mean length of stay of 2.20 days (78.4% stayed 2 days). The test showed p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant difference between the two groups. The ERACS method proved more effective in reducing length of stay, which is expected to improve hospital quality and performance. This study contributes to health practice by advocating for the adoption of ERACS protocols, which may lead to better resource allocation and more efficient healthcare delivery in the context of increasing cesarean rates.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 753-762
Publish at: 2026-09-01

A recent hybrid of IoT with adaptive extended Kalman filter fuzzy logic for children’s health dietary

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1217-1225
Noorrezam Yusop , Massila Kamalrudin , Mohd Nazrien Zaraini , Siti Fairuz Nurr Sardikan
The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity highlights the critical need for intelligent dietary monitoring systems that are tailored to individual nutritional requirements. This work describes the creation and testing of an internet of things (IoT) hybrid using an adaptive extended Kalman filter and fuzzy logic (AEKFFL-IoT) model aimed at providing personalised food calorie prediction for children. The system uses IoT devices to collect real-time sensor data, such as height, weight, and BMI, and then employs extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithms to denoise signals and anticipate trends. Fuzzy logic inference is then utilised to adaptively calculate caloric requirements based on biometric data. Experimental results reveal that the proposed AEKFFL model has a training root mean square error (RMSE) of 21.43 kcal and a testing RMSE of 22.35 kcal, exceeding existing rule-based, wearable, and ANN-driven models in terms of accuracy and generalisation. Furthermore, the system achieves high classification accuracy (94.5%) for BMI categorisation and fuzzy rule application. Comparative examination confirms the model’s adaptability, real-time integration, and mobile deployment capability. This study presents a scalable and intelligent approach for child-centered dietary monitoring, paving the path for personalised digital health interventions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1217-1225
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Metaverse based immersive learning prototype for satellite communication using silvercoms model

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1408-1418
Komputerio Akbar , Meyliana Meyliana , Harco Leslie Hendric Spits Warnars , Ilvico Sonata
Advancements in immersive technologies and the metaverse are transforming engineering education. Satellite communication, as a complex and abstract domain, requires innovative approaches to enhance conceptual understanding and learner engagement beyond traditional methods. This study proposes the Silvercoms model, an immersive learning framework tailored for satellite communication systems education, integrating metaverse technology with pedagogical design. The model combines 3D interactive simulations, collaborative virtual environments, and systems-level content delivery, structured using the 6E instructional model and supported by the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) to address both cognitive and motivational aspects of learning. The system is developed using a systems engineering approach and implemented with Unity3D in a virtual reality (VR) based metaverse environment. The prototype includes modules such as satellite orbit simulation, satellite history, and interactive satellite systems, enabling experiential and concept-driven learning. This study contributes by integrating immersive technology with structured pedagogical frameworks, offering a novel approach to improving learning effectiveness in satellite communication systems education.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1408-1418
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Advanced encryption standard with asymmetric key exchange for text encryption

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1263-1271
Ravindra K Reddy , Vijayalakshmi P
When creating communication systems, securing data is crucial and improved randomization in creating secret keys contributes to more secure systems. Unfortunately, the symmetric ciphers used for data encryption, such as the advanced encryption standard (AES), may be subject to attacks that exploit timing measurements to deduce the secret key used for encryption, resulting in a significant lack of research on the security of hybrid implementations (usually defined as incorporating AES and asymmetric ciphers) for AES encryption. We introduce a new hybrid encryption method that combines the AES encryption standard with elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). In this hybrid form of encryption, ECC is utilized to facilitate secure encryption and transmission of the AES key and cycle through 16 rounds of AES to encrypt the majority of the data. We provide a performance comparison between the new algorithm and the AES-128 encryption standard. Our findings indicate that the new hybrid encryption method produced an average encryption time of 0.0002 seconds for 10MB files, significantly faster than the AES-128 encryption standard, which takes an average of 0.0016 seconds. The new hybrid method exhibits significant resistance to cryptanalytical attempts, experiencing an average avalanche effect of 49.84%, while maintaining the AES nonlinearity value at 112. As such, we conclusively state that the new hybrid encryption method utilizing ECC and AES will provide effective security for user data against timing side-channel attacks while remaining an efficient method for performing encryption.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1263-1271
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Social media interaction of halal fashion brand in Indonesia: a netnographic study of image management

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1395-1407
Azhar Alam , Fatmawati Fatmawati , Muhamad Al Bagir , Raisa Aribatul Hamidah
Research on halal fashion has largely focused on consumer purchase decisions, with limited attention to how halal fashion brands interact with consumers and manage their brand image on social media platforms such as Instagram. This study addresses this gap by examining brand interaction patterns and image management strategies among leading halal fashion brands in Indonesia. Using a netnographic approach, it analyzed 1,321 Instagram posts from six halal fashion brands over six months (July–December 2022), applying content and image‑management codes to classify post types (photos and videos) and representation strategies (personalized, contextual, and celebrity use). The findings show a slightly higher proportion of photo posts (51%, 674 posts) than video posts (49%, 647 posts), with hijab fashion brands more active than Muslim and sports fashion brands in producing content. Across all brands, image management relied predominantly on personal context and non‑celebrity representation, while professional context and celebrity‑based posts were used less frequently. These results suggest that halal fashion brands strategically emphasize relatable, personalized, and non‑celebrity content to build brand image and engagement on Instagram, offering practical guidance for brand managers in designing effective social media strategies and contributing novel empirical evidence on brand interaction and image management in the halal fashion sector.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1395-1407
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Design and analysis of low-k dielectric TSV liners for noise mitigation in high-frequency 3D ICs

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1188-1196
Pathakunta Guru Prathap Reddy , Sravan Abhilash Kothapalli
Moore’s Law has driven the development of very large-scale integration (VLSI) technology, allowing continuous transistor scaling to increase speed, density, and performance. However, as two-dimensional (2D) integrated circuits (ICs) near their physical and performance boundaries, and 2.5D ICs still face interconnect delay and power issues, three-dimensional (3D) integration has become a practical solution. In 3D ICs, multiple active layers are vertically stacked and connected via through-silicon vias (TSVs), providing short, high-bandwidth interconnects between layers. Electrical TSVs are essential for signal transmission, but also cause noise coupling between adjacent TSVs, where an aggressive TSV can induce interference in a nearby TSV. This coupling can impair signal integrity, increasing delay and power consumption. To mitigate this, low-dielectric-constant (low-k) materials are used to reduce capacitive coupling. In this study, materials such as benzocyclobutene (BCB), Perylene-N, and Teflon AF 1600 are compared with conventional SiO₂. Generally, TSVs are two structures — single-liner and stacked-liner — which are analysed at 10 GHz and 1 THz frequencies. At 10 GHz, the single-liner structure incorporating SiO₂ exhibits a noise reduction of about 6.56 dB, whereas the stacked-liner configuration using Teflon AF 1600 provides a noticeably greater reduction of 8.40 dB. As the operating frequency increases to 1 THz, the advantage of the low-k dielectric becomes more evident, yielding 9.63 dB noise reduction for the single-liner and 12.04 dB for the stacked-liner structure. These results indicate that low-k materials effectively suppress capacitive coupling and mitigate high-frequency interference in 3D ICs. The stacked-liner design contributes additional isolation by creating a secondary dielectric barrier, which further minimizes electric field interaction between neighboring interconnects. Thus, the integration of low-k dielectrics with optimized liner architectures significantly enhances signal integrity and overall electromagnetic performance in advanced high-frequency 3D IC systems.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1188-1196
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Enhanced anomaly detection in IoT networks via feature fusion and learning-based echo state networks

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1154-1166
P. Palpandi , B. Sakthivel , M. Ponnrajakumari , M. Indirani , S. Govindaraju , S. Deivasigamani
The fast development of internet of things (IoT) networks has led to an increased probability of cyberattacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are needed for identifying unauthorised access and malicious activities in such dynamic environments. However, existing machine learning (ML) models failed to handle the complexity and variability of modern cyber threats. In this work, a hybrid deep learning (DL)-based anomaly detection model is presented for IoT cybersecurity. The model combines three types of features: (i) supervised feature extraction using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to extract the most discriminative features, (ii) unsupervised feature learning through autoencoders to capture latent representations of the input data, and (iii) statistical features such as mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis to learn input characteristics. The fused feature matrix is fed into a learning based echo state network (LBESN) for final detection. The parameters of the LBESN model are tuned using black eagle optimizer (BEO). Experimental results on standard intrusion detection datasets such as UNSW-NB15, KDD99, and InSDN show that the proposed model achieves superior performance in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score compared to conventional DL techniques.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1154-1166
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Multi-criteria optimization of emergency unit allocation using COPRAS and SMART: a case study in Palembang

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1419-1430
Evi Yuliza , Fitri Maya Puspita , Indrawati Indrawati , Sisca Octarina , Frisca Frasilia
Increasing living standards and instant eating patterns have improved people's demands for quality health services. Hospitals as health service facilities are actually real-time networks that expected to be able to provide effective and efficient services. This research uses the complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) and simple multi-attribute rating technique (SMART) methods to determine the hospital with the most optimal emergency unit (EU) services in each subdistrict based on predetermined criteria. The research results show that the COPRAS method is produces performance index values ranging from 0.0195 to 0.1317, while the SMART method yields scores between 0.054 and 0.122, both demonstrating consistent ranking outcomes. The three hospitals, with the most optimal EU performance are Dr. Mohammad Hoesin, RSU Pertamina, and RSJ Ernaldi Bahar, with Dr. Mohammad Hoesin achieving the highest utility value (0.1317). The novelty of this study lies in the integration of real-time spatial and operational data from Google Maps and RS Online into a hybrid set covering problem (SCP) framework, combining the strengths of COPRAS and SMART.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1419-1430
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Exploring multi-answer visual question answering with object detection: a systematic review

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1097-1114
Nidaul Hasanati , Taufik Djatna , Imas Sukaesih Sitanggang , Arif Imam Suroso
Visual question answering (VQA) is a challenging research area that enables machines to answer natural language questions based on visual content by jointly understanding images and text. Conventional VQA systems typically produce a single answer for each image–question pair. However, many real world visual questions are ambiguous or complex, allowing multiple valid answers to exist. This systematic literature review (SLR) focuses on multi answer VQA systems and the use of object detection, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We analyzed 58 peer-reviewed journal articles retrieved from the Scopus database published between 2020 and 2025. Ten of these studies clearly stated that generating multiple answers was their main goal. Forty-eight others indirectly supported answer variability by using object-based or multi-instance reasoning. Through this review, we examine the current methodologies for supporting multi-answer generation, including model architecture, datasets, and evaluation metrics. Most multi answer generation approaches utilize attention mechanisms, graph neural networks, and transformer-based models. Additionally, we propose a taxonomy of multi-answer VQA organized along four dimensions. Limitations are identified in datasets and evaluation metrics (i.e., answer ambiguity/subjectivity). Future research should focus on improving model interpretability and designing an evaluation framework that incorporates subjective and context-sensitive responses.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1097-1114
Publish at: 2026-09-01
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