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31,458 Article Results

E-cigarette knowledge and use among undergraduate students in Oman: a cross-sectional study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.27017
Wafa Al Jabri , Ali Bani Oraba , Sultan Bani Oraba , Lui Al Nadhiri , Osama Al Jamoudi
The increasing prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) uses among youth globally, including in Oman, raises significant public health concerns. Despite a ban on the sale and marketing of e-cigarettes in Oman since 2015, their use remains legal and has increased among university students. This study aims to assess e-cigarette knowledge among students at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) and examine its association with e-cigarette use. It addresses a gap in the Omani literature, where evidence on e-cigarette knowledge and use among university students remains limited despite existing regulatory restrictions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to gather data on students' knowledge, and use of e-cigarettes. Among 449 university students, overall knowledge of e-cigarettes was relatively high, with most participants acknowledging their potential health risks and supporting regulatory measures; however, some misconceptions still remained. Students from scientific colleges showed significantly higher knowledge levels than those from humanities colleges (p < 0.05). Although only 12.7% reported ever using e-cigarettes, there was a significant negative correlation between knowledge and use (r = -0.245, p < 0.001), indicating that higher knowledge was associated with lower likelihood of e-cigarette use. The findings suggest the importance of strengthening health education and regulatory efforts to improve e-cigarette awareness and reduce use among university students in Oman.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 717-725
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Health locus of control and health behaviour in Minangkabau metabolic disorder patients

10.11591/ijphs.v15i3.27094
Rida Yanna Primanita , Alfian Yanda Putra , Puput Nofia Rahma
Metabolic disorders require sustained health behaviors, yet the psychological predictors of such behaviors may operate differently across cultures. This cross-sectional study examined whether health locus of control (HLOC) predicts multidimensional health behavior among Minangkabau adults with self-reported metabolic disorders in West Sumatra, Riau, and Jambi. A total of 274 participants completed multidimensional HLOC and health behavior scales. Reliability testing, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, multiple linear regression, and one-way ANOVA based on dominant HLOC type were conducted. Internal and powerful-others HLOC positively predicted total health behavior, whereas chance HLOC was not significant; however, the overall explanatory power was small (R² = 0.048). Health behavior did not differ meaningfully across dominant HLOC types, with very small effect sizes across diet, sleep, smoking, risky beverage consumption, and exercise (η² < 0.02). These findings suggest that in a collectivistic Minangkabau context, health behavior may be shaped not only by personal control beliefs but also by family, authority, and community norms. The cross-sectional design and self-reported diagnoses limit causal and clinical inference. Family-based education, community leader involvement, and culturally adapted health campaigns are recommended.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 678-686
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Exploring multi-answer visual question answering with object detection: a systematic review

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1097-1114
Nidaul Hasanati , Taufik Djatna , Imas Sukaesih Sitanggang , Arif Imam Suroso
Visual question answering (VQA) is a challenging research area that enables machines to answer natural language questions based on visual content by jointly understanding images and text. Conventional VQA systems typically produce a single answer for each image–question pair. However, many real world visual questions are ambiguous or complex, allowing multiple valid answers to exist. This systematic literature review (SLR) focuses on multi answer VQA systems and the use of object detection, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We analyzed 58 peer-reviewed journal articles retrieved from the Scopus database published between 2020 and 2025. Ten of these studies clearly stated that generating multiple answers was their main goal. Forty-eight others indirectly supported answer variability by using object-based or multi-instance reasoning. Through this review, we examine the current methodologies for supporting multi-answer generation, including model architecture, datasets, and evaluation metrics. Most multi answer generation approaches utilize attention mechanisms, graph neural networks, and transformer-based models. Additionally, we propose a taxonomy of multi-answer VQA organized along four dimensions. Limitations are identified in datasets and evaluation metrics (i.e., answer ambiguity/subjectivity). Future research should focus on improving model interpretability and designing an evaluation framework that incorporates subjective and context-sensitive responses.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1097-1114
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Enhanced anomaly detection in IoT networks via feature fusion and learning-based echo state networks

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1154-1166
P. Palpandi , B. Sakthivel , M. Ponnrajakumari , M. Indirani , S. Govindaraju , S. Deivasigamani
The fast development of internet of things (IoT) networks has led to an increased probability of cyberattacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are needed for identifying unauthorised access and malicious activities in such dynamic environments. However, existing machine learning (ML) models failed to handle the complexity and variability of modern cyber threats. In this work, a hybrid deep learning (DL)-based anomaly detection model is presented for IoT cybersecurity. The model combines three types of features: (i) supervised feature extraction using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to extract the most discriminative features, (ii) unsupervised feature learning through autoencoders to capture latent representations of the input data, and (iii) statistical features such as mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis to learn input characteristics. The fused feature matrix is fed into a learning based echo state network (LBESN) for final detection. The parameters of the LBESN model are tuned using black eagle optimizer (BEO). Experimental results on standard intrusion detection datasets such as UNSW-NB15, KDD99, and InSDN show that the proposed model achieves superior performance in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score compared to conventional DL techniques.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1154-1166
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Conversational AI in museums: a systematic literature review using the people–process–technology framework

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp955-966
Diana Utomo , Siti Elda Hiererra
The adoption of conversational artificial intelligence (AI) in museums has opened a new opportunity to create a richer visiting experience to tell stories for the preservation of culture. This paper contributes a systematic literature review (SLR) of 33 peer-reviewed papers covering the period from 2020 to mid-2025, by applying the people–process–technology (PPT) model to examine the social technological aspects of AI implementation. This combination is novel in a museum context, as previous research has largely treated these separately. Findings indicate a pronounced shift from text based chatbots (21% or 7 of 33 papers) to more immersive and interactive platforms (30% or 10 of 33 papers), reflecting the transition from the pandemic (2020 – 2023) to the post-pandemic period (2024 – 2025). Besides the evolution of these technologies, the technology component highlights the importance of data governance, digital preparedness, and value alignment at and across different levels. The people component includes the relevance of hedonic and utilitarian values. Meanwhile, the process component emphasizes both strategic and technical aspects of AI design and implementation, such as knowledge structuring, media selection, and narrative representation. In line with this agenda, this study addresses the trends in literature and provides a path for sustainable appropriation by museums.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 955-966
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Prototype of real-time Mexican sign language classifier

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp986-994
Alan Ramírez-Noriega , Yobani Martínez-Ramírez , Samantha Jiménez , Marcos Murillo-Corrales
Mexican sign language (MSL) is the language used by the deaf community in Mexico. Like Spanish, it has its own distinct grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. However, instead of relying on sounds, MSL conveys meaning through gestures, facial expressions, and body movement. This research proposes the creation of an image dataset of the MSL alphabet for real-time sign detection. A neural network model was developed to recognize these signs, achieving an accuracy of approximately 60%. Although this result is modest, the study establishes a foundation for future work that could facilitate communication for MSL users or lead to the development of educational applications for language learning.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 986-994
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Design and implementation of an AI, IoT, and blockchain-based system for circular economy transition in landfill management: a case study of Quilmaná, Peru

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1254-1262
Brandon Perez Flores , Juan Villantoy Peralta , Jimmy Acosta García , Jesús Zamora Mondragon , Cesar Patricio-Peralta , Luis Segura Terrones , Héctor Odín Delgado-Enríquez , Walter Patricio Peralta , Richard Aguilar Paredes
This study presents the design and implementation of an integrated system based on artificial intelligence (AI), internet of things (IoT), and blockchain to support circular economy practices in landfill management. The system addresses the lack of integrated and validated digital solutions for environmental monitoring, resource optimization, and social inclusion in resource-constrained contexts. Developed under a design science research (DSR) approach, the system combines IoT sensors for real-time monitoring, machine learning models (LSTM for methane prediction, CNN for waste classification, and reinforcement learning (RL) for biogas optimization), and a blockchain-based platform for transparent transactions and recycler formalization. The system was implemented and evaluated over 12 months using operational data. The LSTM model achieved 95% prediction accuracy, while the CNN model demonstrated high classification performance. Results indicate a 35% reduction in landfill waste, a 40% decrease in CH₄ emissions, and a 30% increase in recycler income, with 60% of informal workers formalized. These findings demonstrate that integrating AI, IoT, and blockchain enables the transformation of landfill systems into scalable circular economy platforms for sustainable waste management.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1254-1262
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Predicting student academic success using entry test, language, and spiritual formation data with ensemble learning

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1322-1330
Evander Banjarnahor , Budi Wibawanta , Ronald Belferik , Rijanto Purbojo
Student academic success is influenced by various factors, both academic and non-academic. This study aims to examine the correlation between key student attributes and final grade point average (GPA), as well as to develop a machine learning model to predict academic success. The correlation analysis involved academic variables such as admission scores (Mathematics, English, Indonesian, and academic aptitude test/TPA), English ability test (EAT), spiritual formation (SF), and first-year GPA (GPA_1). The results indicate that GPA_1 has the highest correlation with final GPA (0.63), followed by SF (0.44), while other variables exhibit lower correlations. To enhance prediction accuracy, a machine learning approach using three primary models was employed: Naïve Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), and an ensemble learning method based on a stacking classifier that combines SVM and Naïve Bayes. The evaluation used five train-test split ratios and performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Experimental results reveal that the SVM model achieves the highest accuracy at 88.40%, followed by the ensemble model combining SVM and Naïve Bayes (88.00%) and the Naïve Bayes model (87.10%). These findings confirm that the machine learning approaches, could effectively predict student academic success, providing a foundation for academic decision-making and educational intervention strategies.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1322-1330
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Improving the performance of leaf disease detection and classification using beetle swarm optimization technique

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp967-974
Penugonda Seetha Rama Krishna , S. Nagarajan
The timely identification and diagnosis of leaf diseases is crucial for crop productivity and health. This study proposes a robust approach to this issue by combining beetle swarm optimization (BSO) with other ML models. Four different datasets were used to train our model: apple leaf, grape leaf, plant village leaf, and tomato leaf for disease detection. The process begins with preparing the leaf images, involving contrast enhancement and noise reduction. Through color-based segmentation, we can distinguish healthy regions from diseased ones, aiding in the classification process. Our research demonstrates the effectiveness of the BSO-convolutional neural networks (CNN) method in recognizing and categorizing plant diseases with high accuracy rates. Leveraging the power of BSO to adjust the model’s parameters and incorporating color-based segmentation enhances the model’s robustness and accuracy. The results of this study highlight the potential of automated disease management systems for agriculture, providing agronomists and farmers with the necessary tools to address and monitor emerging threats to their crops effectively.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 967-974
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Enhanced thermal management in 3D integrated circuits coupling

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1208-1216
Vempalle Rafi , Shaik Hussain Vali , Pradyumna Kumar Dhal , Sadhu Radha Krishna , Murkur Rajesh , Malagonda Siva Kumar
3D IC integration, which comprises vertically stacking several IC layers, is one of the new technologies that works well with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) implementations. The layers of a three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) are physically and electrically connected via copper-silicon bonding and through silicon vias (TSVs). Limitations in 3D IC designs, such as layer-to-layer thermal difficulties and TSV-to-substrate and TSV-to-TSV noise coupling, significantly impact system performance as a whole. Integrating 3D ICs relies heavily on heat spreaders and thermal through silicon vias (TTSVs). Overheating is a common cause of IC failure; however, heat spreaders and FIN to TTSV have been suggested as potential remedies for this problem in the last few years. A 3D IC might melt under the stress of an applied voltage because it becomes hotter inside. Engineers have added fins to the TTSV in a number of ways, each of which maximizes heat dissipation in a different way, in order to reduce this danger. The exceptional thermal cooling characteristics of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have led to their widespread dissemination. This research shows that a FIN may efficiently transport thermal energy to a heat sink by using heat spreaders and optimum orientations to distribute heat in all directions. Additionally, we demonstrated the many scenarios in which the IC's potential distribution is impacted by various thermal cooling effects. We found that when it comes to transferring heat away from heat sources and TSVs, CNTs outperform Graphene. We included Al2o3, Si3N4, and SiO2 as examples to examine the consequences of modifying the model's dielectric characteristics.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1208-1216
Publish at: 2026-09-01

A recent hybrid of IoT with adaptive extended Kalman filter fuzzy logic for children’s health dietary

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1217-1225
Noorrezam Yusop , Massila Kamalrudin , Mohd Nazrien Zaraini , Siti Fairuz Nurr Sardikan
The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity highlights the critical need for intelligent dietary monitoring systems that are tailored to individual nutritional requirements. This work describes the creation and testing of an internet of things (IoT) hybrid using an adaptive extended Kalman filter and fuzzy logic (AEKFFL-IoT) model aimed at providing personalised food calorie prediction for children. The system uses IoT devices to collect real-time sensor data, such as height, weight, and BMI, and then employs extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithms to denoise signals and anticipate trends. Fuzzy logic inference is then utilised to adaptively calculate caloric requirements based on biometric data. Experimental results reveal that the proposed AEKFFL model has a training root mean square error (RMSE) of 21.43 kcal and a testing RMSE of 22.35 kcal, exceeding existing rule-based, wearable, and ANN-driven models in terms of accuracy and generalisation. Furthermore, the system achieves high classification accuracy (94.5%) for BMI categorisation and fuzzy rule application. Comparative examination confirms the model’s adaptability, real-time integration, and mobile deployment capability. This study presents a scalable and intelligent approach for child-centered dietary monitoring, paving the path for personalised digital health interventions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1217-1225
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Advanced encryption standard with asymmetric key exchange for text encryption

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1263-1271
Ravindra K Reddy , Vijayalakshmi P
When creating communication systems, securing data is crucial and improved randomization in creating secret keys contributes to more secure systems. Unfortunately, the symmetric ciphers used for data encryption, such as the advanced encryption standard (AES), may be subject to attacks that exploit timing measurements to deduce the secret key used for encryption, resulting in a significant lack of research on the security of hybrid implementations (usually defined as incorporating AES and asymmetric ciphers) for AES encryption. We introduce a new hybrid encryption method that combines the AES encryption standard with elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). In this hybrid form of encryption, ECC is utilized to facilitate secure encryption and transmission of the AES key and cycle through 16 rounds of AES to encrypt the majority of the data. We provide a performance comparison between the new algorithm and the AES-128 encryption standard. Our findings indicate that the new hybrid encryption method produced an average encryption time of 0.0002 seconds for 10MB files, significantly faster than the AES-128 encryption standard, which takes an average of 0.0016 seconds. The new hybrid method exhibits significant resistance to cryptanalytical attempts, experiencing an average avalanche effect of 49.84%, while maintaining the AES nonlinearity value at 112. As such, we conclusively state that the new hybrid encryption method utilizing ECC and AES will provide effective security for user data against timing side-channel attacks while remaining an efficient method for performing encryption.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1263-1271
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Intelligent engineering framework for managing hospital cardiac arrest resources

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1290-1302
Chams Eddine Fathoun , Mohamed Ridda Laouar , Safa Abid , Sean B. Eom
In-hospital cardiac arrest in intensive care remains frequent (often cited incidence roughly 0.5%-7.8% of admissions), while causes differ in what staff and equipment must be ready. We ask whether vital-sign trajectories from a standard EHR can classify which of three cardiac-related mechanisms is most salient arrhythmia, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or respiratory failure or hypoxia so ICU resources can be aligned with risk. Using MIMIC-IV, we extracted diagnoses and charted vitals in the 12 hours before the index event, applied cleaning, aggregation, label encoding, sequence padding, and class balancing (3,000 cases per class), then trained and compared eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR) with 5-fold cross-validation on an 80/20 split. XGBoost performed best (about 93% accuracy; sensitivity 89.15%; specificity 90.43%; AUC-ROC 0.94). Feature importance highlighted heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure patterns consistent with bedside monitoring practice. The study supports mechanism-oriented triage labels derived from widely recorded vitals, as a complement to generic early warning scores, for prioritizing telemetry, respiratory support, and cardiology pathways. External validation and prospective evaluation are needed before deployment.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1290-1302
Publish at: 2026-09-01

A multi-expert approach to content-based image retrieval using feature fusion and late re-ranking

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1376-1384
Ali Abdulazeez Mohammed Baqer Qazzaz , Yousif Samer Mudhafar
As digital data rapidly grows, content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has become important for optimizing collections of visual data. This work proposes a retrieval framework which operates in two stages and improves accuracy by using systematic fusion of features. In the first stage, first-stage wide-scope descriptors called bag-of-visual-words (BoVW), scattering wavelet transform (SWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and principal component analysis (PCA) retrieve initial candidate images. The second stage undertakes detailed re-ordering of candidate images by implementing the local binary pattern (LBP), histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), and singular value decomposition (SVD) descriptors to re-evaluate similarity scores. Each individual descriptor returned results for mean average precision for the top 10 retrieved images (mAP, top-10) of between 0.63 and 0.79 and the fused framework achieved 0.88, which is evidence of the viability of complementary feature integration. These findings support the hypothesis that while multiple descriptors performed well and delivered high retrieval accuracy, hierarchical fusion of multiple handcrafted descriptors does not involve the computational costs associated with deep learning methods.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1376-1384
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Early detection of vascular streak dieback (VSD) disease in cocoa plants using deep learning

10.11591/ijict.v15i3.pp1087-1096
Dewi Marini Umi Atmaja , Arif Rahman Hakim , Fadhil Rozi Hendrawan , Komang Diah Devi Pramesty , Naufal Fadhilah Fitrah , Faiz Rochmatullah Widhaputra
Vascular streak dieback (VSD), caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae, poses a significant threat to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) production, leading to substantial yield losses and plant mortality. Early detection is critical to mitigate disease spread and reduce economic impact. While convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures like VGG-16 and ResNet-50 excel in leaf disease detection, no prior studies address stem-based VSD symptomatology where the disease originates in vascular tissues. This study presents the first CNN specifically developed for cocoa stem VSD detection, achieving 99.16% test accuracy with a lightweight architecture that outperforms VGG16/ResNet50 in both accuracy and mobile inference speed. A novel dataset of 215 cocoa stem images was curated and augmented for robustness. Additional evaluation metrics, including precision, recall, specificity, and F1-score, further confirm the reliability of the model. The model was successfully converted into TensorFlow Lite (TFLite) format, enabling deployment on mobile devices for real-time disease detection. This study highlights the potential of integrating deep learning into mobile and drone-based agricultural systems to support precision farming and early intervention strategies.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 1087-1096
Publish at: 2026-09-01
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